2010语言学概论第02讲_第02章_1_语言的声音媒介、语音学
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(Dai et al. 13)
6
2. Why is speech considered more basic than writing? Please write down your answers as the result of group work or individual work. 1) Statistically, speech exists in every language while no written form exists in two thirds of the 5000 languages in the world. 2) Historically, speech came into being much earlier than writing. 3) Functionally, writing is invented to record speech. 4) Individually, speech is acquired before writing.
3
2. Phonology
2.1 The phonic medium of language
4
1. What is the difference between “the phonic medium of language” ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้nd “the speech sounds”? 1) The phonic medium of language refers to the limited range of sounds which are meaningful in human communication. 2) The speech sounds refer to the individual sounds within the range of the phonic medium of language.
21
10. What is the difference between narrow transcription and broad transcription?
1)Broad transcription: simple set of letter-symbols. . In broad transcription, only letters of the IPA are used together with oblique strokes / /. Broad transcription is regarded as phonemic transcription. It is widely used in textbooks and dictionaries. • Examples: /stop/ /top/ /plein/ 2)Narrow transcription: detailed transcription with special mark(diacritics). . In narrow transcription, both letters and diacritics of the IPA are used together with square brackets [ ]. Narrow transcription is regarded as phonetic transcription. It is used to distinguish small difference in speech production. • Examples: [phat] vs. [spat] "pot" vs "spot" (Dai et al.17-18; Hu et al. 38)
The phonic medium of language ≈ Family
The speech sounds ≈ Family members
5
(Dai et al. 13)
Class work 03-1 Try to find out the reasons to justify the view “speech is more basic than writing”. Purpose 1) Draw your attention to the important aspect of the study. 2) Give you an opportunity to develop your critical reading skills by using analysis and synthesis. Procedure 1) Read “2.1 The phonic medium of language” carefully to pick out the relevant points. (Analysis) 2) Rewrite and organize the points on your own words as group or individual work. (Synthesis)
13
7. What organs are involved in producing language?
Nasal cavity Lips Teeth Teeth ridge Oral cavity Hard palate Soft palate Uvula Tongue Pharyngeal cavity
(Dai et al. 14; Hu et al. 24)
9
5. Discuss the relationship between articulatory phonetics, auditory phonetics and acoustic phonetics in terms of the process of human linguistic communication.
10
(Dai et al. 14; Hu et al. 24)
6. Discuss the relationship between articulatory phonetics, auditory phonetics and acoustic phonetics in terms of the process of human linguistic communication. The process of human communication Speaker Producer Articulatory phonetics Speech sounds Product Acoustic phonetics Hearer Receiver Auditory phonetics
2
Study focus and key issue (重点与难点)
1. Study focus The International Phonetic Alphabet 2. Key issue How to use the International Phonetic Alphabet to distinguish different speech sounds?
(Dai et al. 13)
7
2. Phonology … 2.2 Phonetics 2.2.1 What is phonetics?
8
4. What is phonetics?
1) Phonetics is the study of speech sounds. (Longman Dictionary of Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics) 2) Phonetics is the study of the phonic medium of language, that is, all the sounds that occur in the world’s languages. (Dai et al. 14)
Resonating Cavities:
Resonating Cavities: Nasal vs Oral Cavity
•
Articulatory Phonetics: Human Speech Apparatus
• Anatomy of the vocal tract •
2. Phonology … 2.2 Phonetics …
11
(Dai et al. 14; Hu et al. 24)
2. Phonology … 2.2 Phonetics … 2.2.2 Organs of speech
12
7. What organs are involved in producing language?
(Dai et al. 14-16; Hu et al. 32-35)
Session 2 Phonetics
Readings: Dai, Weidong, et al. A New Concise Course on Linguistics for Students of English. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press. 2002. 13-22.
(Hu et al. 27)
20
9. How many parts does the IPA consist of? 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) Consonants (Pulmonic) ◇ Consonants (Non-Pulmonic) ◇ Vowels ◇ Diacritics ◇ Suprasegmentals ◇ Tones & Word Accents ◇ Other Symbols ◇
1
Objectives (教学目的): 1) To draw your attention to the areas of the phonetic study. 2) To assist you to know more about the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). 3) To help familiarize you with the factors involved in describing English consonants and vowels.
2.2.3 Orthographic representation of speech sounds —broad and narrow transcriptions
19
8. What are main principles of the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)? 1) There should be a separate letter for each distinctive sound. 2) The same symbol should be used for that sound in any language in which it appears.
共鸣腔
Resonating cavities Speech organs Vocal cords Lungs
14
(Dai et al. 14-16; Hu et al. 26)
• How are speech sounds produced?
Human vocal tract is just like a (extremely flexible) musical instrument! The human vocal tract can be rapidly reshaped in many different ways to take on different resonating properties. The effect of this is to create the variety of different sounds in human speech.
6
2. Why is speech considered more basic than writing? Please write down your answers as the result of group work or individual work. 1) Statistically, speech exists in every language while no written form exists in two thirds of the 5000 languages in the world. 2) Historically, speech came into being much earlier than writing. 3) Functionally, writing is invented to record speech. 4) Individually, speech is acquired before writing.
3
2. Phonology
2.1 The phonic medium of language
4
1. What is the difference between “the phonic medium of language” ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้nd “the speech sounds”? 1) The phonic medium of language refers to the limited range of sounds which are meaningful in human communication. 2) The speech sounds refer to the individual sounds within the range of the phonic medium of language.
21
10. What is the difference between narrow transcription and broad transcription?
1)Broad transcription: simple set of letter-symbols. . In broad transcription, only letters of the IPA are used together with oblique strokes / /. Broad transcription is regarded as phonemic transcription. It is widely used in textbooks and dictionaries. • Examples: /stop/ /top/ /plein/ 2)Narrow transcription: detailed transcription with special mark(diacritics). . In narrow transcription, both letters and diacritics of the IPA are used together with square brackets [ ]. Narrow transcription is regarded as phonetic transcription. It is used to distinguish small difference in speech production. • Examples: [phat] vs. [spat] "pot" vs "spot" (Dai et al.17-18; Hu et al. 38)
The phonic medium of language ≈ Family
The speech sounds ≈ Family members
5
(Dai et al. 13)
Class work 03-1 Try to find out the reasons to justify the view “speech is more basic than writing”. Purpose 1) Draw your attention to the important aspect of the study. 2) Give you an opportunity to develop your critical reading skills by using analysis and synthesis. Procedure 1) Read “2.1 The phonic medium of language” carefully to pick out the relevant points. (Analysis) 2) Rewrite and organize the points on your own words as group or individual work. (Synthesis)
13
7. What organs are involved in producing language?
Nasal cavity Lips Teeth Teeth ridge Oral cavity Hard palate Soft palate Uvula Tongue Pharyngeal cavity
(Dai et al. 14; Hu et al. 24)
9
5. Discuss the relationship between articulatory phonetics, auditory phonetics and acoustic phonetics in terms of the process of human linguistic communication.
10
(Dai et al. 14; Hu et al. 24)
6. Discuss the relationship between articulatory phonetics, auditory phonetics and acoustic phonetics in terms of the process of human linguistic communication. The process of human communication Speaker Producer Articulatory phonetics Speech sounds Product Acoustic phonetics Hearer Receiver Auditory phonetics
2
Study focus and key issue (重点与难点)
1. Study focus The International Phonetic Alphabet 2. Key issue How to use the International Phonetic Alphabet to distinguish different speech sounds?
(Dai et al. 13)
7
2. Phonology … 2.2 Phonetics 2.2.1 What is phonetics?
8
4. What is phonetics?
1) Phonetics is the study of speech sounds. (Longman Dictionary of Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics) 2) Phonetics is the study of the phonic medium of language, that is, all the sounds that occur in the world’s languages. (Dai et al. 14)
Resonating Cavities:
Resonating Cavities: Nasal vs Oral Cavity
•
Articulatory Phonetics: Human Speech Apparatus
• Anatomy of the vocal tract •
2. Phonology … 2.2 Phonetics …
11
(Dai et al. 14; Hu et al. 24)
2. Phonology … 2.2 Phonetics … 2.2.2 Organs of speech
12
7. What organs are involved in producing language?
(Dai et al. 14-16; Hu et al. 32-35)
Session 2 Phonetics
Readings: Dai, Weidong, et al. A New Concise Course on Linguistics for Students of English. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press. 2002. 13-22.
(Hu et al. 27)
20
9. How many parts does the IPA consist of? 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) Consonants (Pulmonic) ◇ Consonants (Non-Pulmonic) ◇ Vowels ◇ Diacritics ◇ Suprasegmentals ◇ Tones & Word Accents ◇ Other Symbols ◇
1
Objectives (教学目的): 1) To draw your attention to the areas of the phonetic study. 2) To assist you to know more about the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). 3) To help familiarize you with the factors involved in describing English consonants and vowels.
2.2.3 Orthographic representation of speech sounds —broad and narrow transcriptions
19
8. What are main principles of the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)? 1) There should be a separate letter for each distinctive sound. 2) The same symbol should be used for that sound in any language in which it appears.
共鸣腔
Resonating cavities Speech organs Vocal cords Lungs
14
(Dai et al. 14-16; Hu et al. 26)
• How are speech sounds produced?
Human vocal tract is just like a (extremely flexible) musical instrument! The human vocal tract can be rapidly reshaped in many different ways to take on different resonating properties. The effect of this is to create the variety of different sounds in human speech.