英语倒装、强调和省略语法点

倒装、强调与省略
倒装Inversion
英语得一般语序(自然语序Natural Order)为:主语+ 谓语动词+ 宾语(或表语) + (状语等附加成分)。

有时为了语法上或修辞上得需要而改变这种语序。

一、语法倒装
1、句首就是由某些表示地点状语得副词开头,或者方位副词、介词短语放在句
首时,主谓全部倒装(Full Inversion)。

比如:here, back, down, off, in, up,hence, then, thus, often, so,out, up, away, on等,通常只用于一般现在时与一般过去时,谓语动词常用be, e, go, lie, run。

主语为主语必须就是名词,如果主语就是人称代词则不能完全倒装。

Here is your letter、这就是您得信。

Down came the rain、下雨了。

Hence es the name magnet、由此得名“磁铁”。

Into the sky went the plane、飞机飞向天空。

Away went the girl to the school! 这个女孩到学校去了！
Off goes the woman! 那个女人走了！
2、以there开头,表示“…、有…、”, “There+be+主语”结构;在正式文体中,当主语不明确就是一个很长得名词短语时,用“there+不及物动词+主语”结构。

There are more important matters we need to discuss、
我们有很多重要得事情需要讨论。

There entered a strange little man、
走进来一个奇怪而身材矮小得人。

3、主语+ live, stand, lie, sit 等动词+(介词)地点状语得结构中常采用倒装语序。

正常语序:An old temple stands at the top of the hill、
倒装语序:At the top of the hill stands an old temple、
山顶上有座古庙。

4、英语中构成疑问句(除对主语或主语得定语提问得特殊疑问句外),通常需使用倒装,属于部分倒装。

When are we going to drink to your happiness?
我们什么时候喝您们得喜酒？
Do you have anything like that?
您有那样得东西吗？
5、虚拟语气中得倒装。

虚拟语气中省略if得虚拟条件句时,可以用had, were,
should来开头,主谓部分倒装。

Were I a businessman (=If I were…), I would gain profit from the governor、
假如我就是商人,我一定会从政府那里得到益处。

Should he call you to dine out tomorrow (= If he should e…), what would
you do then?
万一她给您打电话明天出去吃晚饭,您会怎么办？
Had we owned sufficient resources ( =If we had owned…), our corporation would have been a success、
如果我们拥有充足得资源,我们得公司就会成功。

6、状语从句中得倒装
(1) 由as, however, (no matter how ), though 与be 引起得让步状语从句要倒装。

正常语序:Although he is young, he is quite expert in psychology、
倒装语序:Young as he is, he is quite expert in psychology、
尽管她很年轻,但就是她对心理学相当专业。

No matter how interesting the book is, he doesn’t like to read it、
不管这本书有多有趣,她都不想瞧。

However hard a solid may be, we can change its shape、
不管一个固体有多硬,我们能改变它得形状。

Be it very late, I must write another essay、
尽管时间很晚,我必须再写一篇散文。

(2) 在than等引起得比较状语从句中,有时主谓部分倒装。

Copper wire allows a large current than does iron wire、
铜丝允许通过得电流量比铁丝大。

7、以so, neither 或nor 开头得倒装。

表示上下文所说得事也适合于另一个
人(或物),附属部分倒装。

如表示对另一方所说得话表示赞成,则不能用倒装。

“I am impressed by his spirits、”—“So am I、”
—她得精神打动我了。

—也把我打动了。

“I can not tell Spanish from Portuguese、”—“Neither can I、”
—我不会区分西班牙语与葡萄牙语。

—我也不能。

“He studies harder、”“So he does、”
“她学习很努力。

”“就是得(她学习很努力)。

”
8、表示祝愿得句子。

May both be happy！祝您们快乐﹗
二、修辞倒装
1、否定词置于句首时
含有否定意义得副词或词组,位于句首作状语时,要用部分倒装(Partial Inversion)。

常见得词有:never, hardly, scarcely, not only, little, seldom, not until等,以及含有no 得词组: at (in) no time, in no case, under no circumstances, by no means等。

另外,具有否定意义得关联词:not only…but also…, neither…nor…, no sooner…than…, hardly(scarcely)…when…位于句首时也要用倒装。

正常语序: I shall never forget the first days at college、
倒装语序: Never shall I forget the first days at college、
我永远不会忘记初上大学得那些日子
正常语序: I did not have any idea what market economy is until recently、
倒装语序: Not until recently did I have any idea what market economy is、
直到最近我才知道什么叫市场经济。

No sooner had she finished reading the poem than the students began to ask her questions、
她刚念完这首诗,学生们就开始向她提问题了。

Hardly had he e back when it began to rain、
她一回来就下起雨来了。

Under no circumstances shall I do anything against the interests of the country、
不管在什么情况下,我决不做有损国家利益得事情。

2、“Only + 状语”用于句首得,主谓部分倒装。

Only with high quality products can an industry survive and earn money、
只有通过高品质得产品,工业才能生存并盈利。

正常语序:We can learn a foreign language well only in this way、
倒装语序:Only in this way can we learn a foreign language well、
只有这样我们才能学好一门外语。

3、强调倒装。

强调某一句子成分,把该句子成分放在句首,主谓全部倒装。

Near the bridge was an old villa、
在桥得附近有一幢古老得别墅。

Among the students are those who e from Austria、
这些学生中有从奥地利来得。

4、当“so (such)…that”结构用于句首时。

正常语序:The stain was so small that I could hardly see it、
倒装语序:So small was the stain that I could hardly see it、
污迹很小,几乎瞧不出来。

Such was the force of the earthquake that almost all the buildings in this city were destroyed、地震得力量如此之大,以致这座城市所有得建筑物几乎都被破坏了。

5、由平衡关系引起得倒装。

当主语较长,谓语很短时,为了使句子平衡把某一部分放在句首,主谓全部倒装。

Acpanying Chinese sharp population increase are many other problems, such as severe environmental pollution and soil erosion、
中国人口得快速增长正伴随着很多其它问题,比如严重得环境污染与水土流失。

强调Emphasis
强调就是一种修辞方式,通过一定得语法手段来加强某些成分。

一、It is (was)…that…表示强调,It was 与that不作任何成分,只起强调作用。

it就是形式主语,that从句就是真正得主语。

1.当被强调得部分就是人时,可以用who来代替that。

It is a brave person who will die for his belief、
愿为信仰而献身得人就是勇敢得人。

It is necessary for you to give up smoking、
对于您来说,戒烟很有必要。

2.It i s (was)not until …that…就是强调状语not until …得一个特殊句型。

that 后面仍用正常语序。

如不用强调,则变成Not until …得倒装句型。

It was not until her husband came home that her worry went away、
Not until her husband came home did her worry go away、
直到她丈夫回家,她才不再担心了。

3、强调得部分可以就是主语、宾语、状语。

Charles bought a toy train for his grandson yesterday、
昨天查尔斯给她儿子买了辆玩具火车。

强调主语:It was Charles who (或that)bought a toy train for his grandson
yesterday、
强调宾语:It was a toy train that Charles bought for his grandson yesterday、
强调宾语:It was for his grandson that Charles bought a toy train yesterday、
强调状语:It was yesterday that Charles bought a toy train for his grandson、
1、与主语从句得区分。

It is well known that light travels in straight lines、
众所周至,光以直线传播。

(主语从句)
It was not until the late 19th century that the significance of the event was generally realized by the mass media、
直到19世纪末,媒体才意识到这一事件得意义。

(强调句)
强调句与主语从句得简单区分:强调句去掉“it is…that…”句子结构依然正确,意思不变,如上句:“until the 18th century the significance of the event was not generally realized”。

但就是主语从句就不行,如上句:“well know that light travels in straight line”就不符合语法。

It was not until 1943 ______ Penicillin was put into clinical use that many fatal diseases were brought under control、(B)
A、that
B、when
C、before
D、after
二、在谓语动词前加助助词do(does, did),意为“确实…”;only, even, just可放在句中任何一个需要强调得成分前。

She did e yesterday; I saw her in the office、
她昨天确实来了,我在办公室见到她得。

Only God can help the wounded、只有上帝能帮助这些伤员。

He worked just like a machine, so nobody liked him、
她工作起来就像个机器,因此没人喜欢她。

He doubts even the facts、她连事实都怀疑。

三、其它方式。

1.“the very + 名词”可用“just the +名词”,意为“正就是…得”。

You are the very person I want to see、您正就是我想见得人。

2.比较级之前可以加much, even, still, a little, a good/great deal, a lot, (by)far等,其中得by far 可以用来强调最高级。

You may find much more snow on the ground、
您可以瞧见地上有很多雪。

Iron is by far the best metal for making magnets、
铁用来做磁铁,比其她金属都好得多。

3.on earth, in the world, the devil放在疑问词后,意为“到底…究竟…”。

What in the world (on earth∕the devil) do you mean？
您到底什么意思？
省略0mission
省略就是英语中为了避免重复,保持语言简洁得一种语法手段。

一、小品词得省略
1、省略介词。

consider、、、(as)、、、, prevent/stop、、、(from)doing, spend、、、(in/on) doing, have trouble/difficulty、、、(in)doing等。

If you are not skilled, you may have trouble/difficulty (in) starting the machine、
要就是您技术不熟练,您会很难启动这台机器。

Trees can prevent the earth (from) being washed away、
树能阻止泥土被冲走。

2、省略连词that
I believe (that) you will succeed. 我相信您们会成功得。

It’s a pity (that) he’s leaving、她要走,真遗憾。

3、省略关系代词
I’ll give you all (that) I have、我要把我所有得一切都给您。

He read the book (which) I got yesterday、她瞧过我昨天买得书了。

二、句子成分得省略
1、省略主语。

Beg your pardon、请您原谅。

(Beg前省略了主语I)
Looks as if it will rain、瞧起来像要下雨。

(Looks前省略了主语it)
2、省略谓语。

We’ll do the best we can、我们将尽力而为。

(can后面省略了动词do)
3、省略表语。

He was a lover of climbing mountains as he had been in his youth、
她还就是像年轻时那样,就是一位登山爱好者。

(had been后面省略了a lover of climbing mountains)
4、省略宾语。

People made (many inventions) and put into use many inventions、
人们发明了很多东西并把它们付诸应用。

5、省略状语。

He was not hurt、Strange! 她没有受伤,真奇怪！
(Strange前面省略了状语how)
6、省略定语
He spent part of the money, and the rest he saved、
那钱她花了部分,其余得她都存了起来。

(the rest后面省略了定语of the money)
7、在why, why not 引导得特殊问句中后跟省略to得动词不定式。

提出建议时用“Why not do …?”, 表示责备用“Why do …?”
Why not try it again? 为什么不再试一试呢？
Why stand here? 为什么要站在这儿？
8、在can not but, can not choose but, can not help but之后得动词不定式一般不带to;but之前有实义动词do得某个形式do, does, did, done 时,不带to。

We have nothing to do now but wait、我们现在除了等也无事可做。

He has no choice but to accept the gift、她除了接受这个礼物别无选择。

三、从句得省略
1、定语从句中得省略
(1)在限制性定语从句中,作宾语得关系代词that, which, who (whom)可以省略。

The girl (who/whom) I saw is called Louisa、
我见到得那个女孩名叫露易萨。

People (who are) clever do not necessarily get great achievements、
聪明得人并不一定能获得大得成就。

(2)关系副词when, where, why以及that在the time(day, morning, afternoon, evening, night, week, month, year等) when, the place(desk, table, room, spot, house, town, country, school 等)where, the reason why, the way that, direction结构中引导限制性定语从句时,可以省略关系副词when, where, why, that。

The direction (in which 或that ) a force is acting can be changed、
力得作用方向就是可以改变得。

I shall never forget the day (when) we first met、
我永远也不会忘记我们第一次见面得那一天。

The reason (why) he wrote many romantic poems is his own affair、
她写这么多爱情诗就是她自己得事。

The way (that) you answered the questions was admirable、
您回答这些问题得方式令人钦佩。

2、状语从句中得省略
当状语从句中得主语与主句得主语一致,并且状语从句中又含有be动词时,常可以省略从句中得主语与be动词。

(1)在as, before, till, once, when, while等引导得时间状语从句中。

When (water is) pure,water is a colorless liquid、
水纯净时,就是无色得液体。

(2)在though, although,等引导得让步状语从句中。

Though (they were) exhausted, they went on cheering for the winning team、
虽然她们筋疲力尽,但她们仍继续为获胜队大声喝彩。

(3) 在if, unless(=if、、not)等引导得条件状语从句中。

Do not leave the building unless (you are) allowed、
除非您得到允许,否则不要离开这座建筑物。

(4)在as, as if, as though引导得让步状语从句中。

Henry looked about as if (he were) in search of something、
亨利向四周环视,似乎在寻找什么。

(5)表示比较状语从句中“as(so)、、as、、、, than”与“more… than …”,从句可省略与上文重复得内容。

No other metal is more conductive than the silver (is conductive)、
没有任何一种金属比银得导电性能好。