委婉语的翻译
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与禁忌语密切相关,和神、性、排泄、死亡、 罪恶、过错等有关的委婉语。
文体委婉语(stylistic euphemism)
恭维话,溢美之词,与禁忌语无关 secretary(秘书)—— admHale Waihona Puke Baidunistrative assistant (行政助理)
2. 按语义划分
积极委婉语(positive euphemism) 语义的扬升,把原来低的、差的说成好的
例1:怪不得他们拿姐姐比杨妃,原来也体丰怯热。(《红楼梦》) No wonder they compare you to Lady Yang, you're both ''plump and sensitive to the heat''. (Notes: Lady Yang, favorite of Emperor Minghuang of the Tang Dynasty, was supposed to be rather plump.) (Yang Xianyi) 例2:Harry used an Anglo-Saxon word. 哈里用了一个脏词。(注:Anglo-Saxon在这里是委婉语。一般说来 英语中最脏的粗话,如“字母词”,都是源自古英语,故名。)
五、委婉语的表现形式——修辞
• • • 隐喻: sleep peacefully 或 rest in peace (安息) 墓地——人生后花园 死——仙逝、仙游,星陨、花落 省略:She is expecting. (她有了) 迂回陈述:理论水平差——理论水平亟待进一步提高 不赞成某个观点——有待商榷 He is getting wrinkles. —— He is statrting to get character line. 降格陈述:stupid —— a bit slow for one's age / be weak in 青少年罪犯——失足青年 类比:butcher(屠夫)—— meat technologist(肉类技术专家) garbage collector (垃圾清运工)—— sanitation engineer (环卫工程师) 夸张:Personal Assistant to the Secretary (秘书的个人助理,实际上是厨师) 提喻:龙颜 —— 皇帝
《红楼梦》中委婉语
• 秦氏拉着凤姐的手,强笑道:“……我自想着,未必能熬 得过年去。” Holding His-feng's hand, Ko-ching forced a smile, " … I doubt if I shall last the year out." • 凤姐儿低了半日头,说道:“这个就没法了!你也该将一 应的后事给她料理料理。冲一冲也好。”尤氏道:“我也 暗暗的叫人预备了;就是那件东西不得好木头,且慢慢地 办着呢。” • His-feng lowered her head for a while. " There seems to be little hope," she said at last. " If I were you I'd made ready the things for the funeral. That may break the bad luck." "I've had them secretly prepared. But I can't get any good wood for you know what, so I've let that go for the time being."
(housewife 家庭主妇—— domestic engineer家务工程师)
消极委婉语(negative euphemism) 语义的减弱,把不好的事情说得温和一些 (cheat in the exam —— need help) 中性委婉语(neutral euphemism) pass away 逝世
• •
• •
六、英汉委婉语比较
1. 关于“年老” 西方:mature, adult, third age, senior citizen 中国:李老,老板,老总,老寿星,老师傅,老师,老马识途 2. 关于“贫穷富裕” 西方:the needy/ deprived/ less well off, the less deprived, people of means, the well off 中国:拮据,手头紧,囊中羞涩 老板,大腕,大款 3. 关于“性爱” 西方:to approach, art of pleasure, business, amorous 中国:房事,秘事,那个 4. 关于“低微职业” 西方:administrative assistant (秘书) landscape architect (花匠) domestic engineer (佣人) 中国:公关小姐(大堂侍应生) 打工一族(离家谋生的)
(语境、对象、意图)
功能
------ 避讳功能(代替禁忌语) ------ 掩饰功能(化妆词cosmetic words)
slaughter (屠杀)—— depopulation (减少人口) invasion (侵略)—— involvement (介入)
------ 礼貌功能(避免冒昧、不礼貌)
5. 文体方面的考虑(语体、感情色彩等)
pass away 逝世 正式用语 to pass over to the great beyond 驾鹤西游 神仙用语 necktie party 领带舞会(绞死) 美国司法用语 demise 薨 /驾崩 古代诸侯/帝王之死 Parinirvana 圆寂 僧尼之死
ugly(长相丑)—— plain (平平,一般) blind (失明)——visually retarded (视力上有障碍)
------ 幽默功能
be sent into prison —— live at government's expense
四、委婉语的分类
1. 根据表述的事物禁忌与否 传统委婉语(traditional euphemism)
• • • • • • • • •
go to his long home (回到永久的家) go to sleep forever (长眠) to be no more (不在了) to depart (去世了) to join the majority (见祖先去了) to go west (归西去了) to go to glory (升天了) to go to one's last home (回老家去) to go to a better world (去安乐世界)
例3:Thousands of people flocked to the hospital to pay their respect to the remains of the great film-star. 成千上万的人涌入医院瞻仰这位伟大影星的遗容。 例4:Anner's mother warned her that men would take advantage of her. 安娜的妈妈警告她说,男人会占她便宜的。
例3:We had been married for eight months before I fell. 我俩结婚八个月后我就怀上了。
例4:对不起,我得去方便一下,就一会儿。
Sorry, I must answer the call of nature . It won't be long.
3. 加注译法(addition)
2. 套译法(application of existing euphemism)
例1:少刻,宝玉出席解手。(《红楼梦》) Presently, Baoyu left the room to relieve himself. (Yang Xianyi) 例2:史太君寿终归地府。(《红楼梦》) The lady dowager passes away peacefully. (Yang Xianyi)
1. 委婉语就是用一种不明说的,能使人感到愉快的 含糊说法,代替具有令人不悦的含义或不够尊重 的表达方法。 ——《语言与语言学词典》 2. 委婉语是用一种无害的或悦耳的词语替代一种直 接的、唐突的言词,用善意的话语把事实掩盖起 来的修辞手段。 ——《英语委婉语详解词典》
委婉语指用文雅的、悦耳的或委婉的说法来代替 粗野的、刺耳的或直露的说法。
4. 意译法(free translation)
例1:贾母听了,忙问: “怎么了?”丫鬟回说: “南院马棚 子里走了水了。不相干,已经救下去了。”(《红楼梦》) At once they asked what had happened. A maid explained that a fire had broken out in the stables in the south court, but there was no danger as it was now under control. (Yang Xianyi) 例2:(benches) For mature people 老人专座
有关怀孕的委婉语
• • • • She is in trouble. 她碰到麻烦。 She has been unwise. 她不够明智。 She has been too friendly.她过于友善。 She is in an interesting condition.她处在很有趣 的 情况中。 • She is expecting. 她快生了/她有了。 • She is knocked up. 她有了。(俚语)
语言现象 (一定场合、交际) 委婉语 社会文化现象 (反映社会现象、人类心理)
二、委婉语的特征
间接性 (驾鹤西去,香消玉殒,捐躯) 模糊性 (有了,有喜,没了) 悦耳性 second-hand furniture(旧家具)
antiques (古董)
三、委婉语的使用动机及其功能
动机 ------ 避讳 ------ 尊重、礼貌、拘谨、顾及受话人心理
七、委婉语的翻译策略
1. 直译法(literal translation)
例1:等我化了灰的时候再散也不迟。(《红楼梦》) Why not wait till I've turned to ashes. (Yang Xianyi) 例2:归西 ascend to the western paradise
2012/4/6
目录
1 委婉语的定义 2 委婉语的特征 3 委婉语的使用动机及其功能 4 委婉语的分类/类别 5 委婉语的表现形式 6 英汉委婉语比较 7 委婉语的翻译策略(例子) 8 练习与鉴赏
一、委婉语(euphemism)的定义
• euphemism(委婉语)一词源自希腊语。 词头"eu-"的意思是"good"(好),词干 "phemism"的意思是"speech"(言语),整 个字面意义就是"good speech"(吉言、好 的说法)。
八、委婉语翻译鉴赏
• His daughter is rather weak in the head. 她女儿脑子不太好使。 • Your grammar is not particularly good. 你的语法不够好。(= poor) • I have to pay a call. 我得去方便一下。 • We are rather pinched those days. 那时我们的日子过得很紧。 • They parted after two years of marriage. 他们结婚两年后就分开了。 (=divorced) • I'm afraid he has misrepresented the facts. 我想他没有说真话。(=lied) • The girl is hard of hearing. 这女子的耳朵不好使。(=deaf) • Sometimes I think she sticks too much to her principles. 有时我觉得她太坚持自己的原则。(=stubborn)
文体委婉语(stylistic euphemism)
恭维话,溢美之词,与禁忌语无关 secretary(秘书)—— admHale Waihona Puke Baidunistrative assistant (行政助理)
2. 按语义划分
积极委婉语(positive euphemism) 语义的扬升,把原来低的、差的说成好的
例1:怪不得他们拿姐姐比杨妃,原来也体丰怯热。(《红楼梦》) No wonder they compare you to Lady Yang, you're both ''plump and sensitive to the heat''. (Notes: Lady Yang, favorite of Emperor Minghuang of the Tang Dynasty, was supposed to be rather plump.) (Yang Xianyi) 例2:Harry used an Anglo-Saxon word. 哈里用了一个脏词。(注:Anglo-Saxon在这里是委婉语。一般说来 英语中最脏的粗话,如“字母词”,都是源自古英语,故名。)
五、委婉语的表现形式——修辞
• • • 隐喻: sleep peacefully 或 rest in peace (安息) 墓地——人生后花园 死——仙逝、仙游,星陨、花落 省略:She is expecting. (她有了) 迂回陈述:理论水平差——理论水平亟待进一步提高 不赞成某个观点——有待商榷 He is getting wrinkles. —— He is statrting to get character line. 降格陈述:stupid —— a bit slow for one's age / be weak in 青少年罪犯——失足青年 类比:butcher(屠夫)—— meat technologist(肉类技术专家) garbage collector (垃圾清运工)—— sanitation engineer (环卫工程师) 夸张:Personal Assistant to the Secretary (秘书的个人助理,实际上是厨师) 提喻:龙颜 —— 皇帝
《红楼梦》中委婉语
• 秦氏拉着凤姐的手,强笑道:“……我自想着,未必能熬 得过年去。” Holding His-feng's hand, Ko-ching forced a smile, " … I doubt if I shall last the year out." • 凤姐儿低了半日头,说道:“这个就没法了!你也该将一 应的后事给她料理料理。冲一冲也好。”尤氏道:“我也 暗暗的叫人预备了;就是那件东西不得好木头,且慢慢地 办着呢。” • His-feng lowered her head for a while. " There seems to be little hope," she said at last. " If I were you I'd made ready the things for the funeral. That may break the bad luck." "I've had them secretly prepared. But I can't get any good wood for you know what, so I've let that go for the time being."
(housewife 家庭主妇—— domestic engineer家务工程师)
消极委婉语(negative euphemism) 语义的减弱,把不好的事情说得温和一些 (cheat in the exam —— need help) 中性委婉语(neutral euphemism) pass away 逝世
• •
• •
六、英汉委婉语比较
1. 关于“年老” 西方:mature, adult, third age, senior citizen 中国:李老,老板,老总,老寿星,老师傅,老师,老马识途 2. 关于“贫穷富裕” 西方:the needy/ deprived/ less well off, the less deprived, people of means, the well off 中国:拮据,手头紧,囊中羞涩 老板,大腕,大款 3. 关于“性爱” 西方:to approach, art of pleasure, business, amorous 中国:房事,秘事,那个 4. 关于“低微职业” 西方:administrative assistant (秘书) landscape architect (花匠) domestic engineer (佣人) 中国:公关小姐(大堂侍应生) 打工一族(离家谋生的)
(语境、对象、意图)
功能
------ 避讳功能(代替禁忌语) ------ 掩饰功能(化妆词cosmetic words)
slaughter (屠杀)—— depopulation (减少人口) invasion (侵略)—— involvement (介入)
------ 礼貌功能(避免冒昧、不礼貌)
5. 文体方面的考虑(语体、感情色彩等)
pass away 逝世 正式用语 to pass over to the great beyond 驾鹤西游 神仙用语 necktie party 领带舞会(绞死) 美国司法用语 demise 薨 /驾崩 古代诸侯/帝王之死 Parinirvana 圆寂 僧尼之死
ugly(长相丑)—— plain (平平,一般) blind (失明)——visually retarded (视力上有障碍)
------ 幽默功能
be sent into prison —— live at government's expense
四、委婉语的分类
1. 根据表述的事物禁忌与否 传统委婉语(traditional euphemism)
• • • • • • • • •
go to his long home (回到永久的家) go to sleep forever (长眠) to be no more (不在了) to depart (去世了) to join the majority (见祖先去了) to go west (归西去了) to go to glory (升天了) to go to one's last home (回老家去) to go to a better world (去安乐世界)
例3:Thousands of people flocked to the hospital to pay their respect to the remains of the great film-star. 成千上万的人涌入医院瞻仰这位伟大影星的遗容。 例4:Anner's mother warned her that men would take advantage of her. 安娜的妈妈警告她说,男人会占她便宜的。
例3:We had been married for eight months before I fell. 我俩结婚八个月后我就怀上了。
例4:对不起,我得去方便一下,就一会儿。
Sorry, I must answer the call of nature . It won't be long.
3. 加注译法(addition)
2. 套译法(application of existing euphemism)
例1:少刻,宝玉出席解手。(《红楼梦》) Presently, Baoyu left the room to relieve himself. (Yang Xianyi) 例2:史太君寿终归地府。(《红楼梦》) The lady dowager passes away peacefully. (Yang Xianyi)
1. 委婉语就是用一种不明说的,能使人感到愉快的 含糊说法,代替具有令人不悦的含义或不够尊重 的表达方法。 ——《语言与语言学词典》 2. 委婉语是用一种无害的或悦耳的词语替代一种直 接的、唐突的言词,用善意的话语把事实掩盖起 来的修辞手段。 ——《英语委婉语详解词典》
委婉语指用文雅的、悦耳的或委婉的说法来代替 粗野的、刺耳的或直露的说法。
4. 意译法(free translation)
例1:贾母听了,忙问: “怎么了?”丫鬟回说: “南院马棚 子里走了水了。不相干,已经救下去了。”(《红楼梦》) At once they asked what had happened. A maid explained that a fire had broken out in the stables in the south court, but there was no danger as it was now under control. (Yang Xianyi) 例2:(benches) For mature people 老人专座
有关怀孕的委婉语
• • • • She is in trouble. 她碰到麻烦。 She has been unwise. 她不够明智。 She has been too friendly.她过于友善。 She is in an interesting condition.她处在很有趣 的 情况中。 • She is expecting. 她快生了/她有了。 • She is knocked up. 她有了。(俚语)
语言现象 (一定场合、交际) 委婉语 社会文化现象 (反映社会现象、人类心理)
二、委婉语的特征
间接性 (驾鹤西去,香消玉殒,捐躯) 模糊性 (有了,有喜,没了) 悦耳性 second-hand furniture(旧家具)
antiques (古董)
三、委婉语的使用动机及其功能
动机 ------ 避讳 ------ 尊重、礼貌、拘谨、顾及受话人心理
七、委婉语的翻译策略
1. 直译法(literal translation)
例1:等我化了灰的时候再散也不迟。(《红楼梦》) Why not wait till I've turned to ashes. (Yang Xianyi) 例2:归西 ascend to the western paradise
2012/4/6
目录
1 委婉语的定义 2 委婉语的特征 3 委婉语的使用动机及其功能 4 委婉语的分类/类别 5 委婉语的表现形式 6 英汉委婉语比较 7 委婉语的翻译策略(例子) 8 练习与鉴赏
一、委婉语(euphemism)的定义
• euphemism(委婉语)一词源自希腊语。 词头"eu-"的意思是"good"(好),词干 "phemism"的意思是"speech"(言语),整 个字面意义就是"good speech"(吉言、好 的说法)。
八、委婉语翻译鉴赏
• His daughter is rather weak in the head. 她女儿脑子不太好使。 • Your grammar is not particularly good. 你的语法不够好。(= poor) • I have to pay a call. 我得去方便一下。 • We are rather pinched those days. 那时我们的日子过得很紧。 • They parted after two years of marriage. 他们结婚两年后就分开了。 (=divorced) • I'm afraid he has misrepresented the facts. 我想他没有说真话。(=lied) • The girl is hard of hearing. 这女子的耳朵不好使。(=deaf) • Sometimes I think she sticks too much to her principles. 有时我觉得她太坚持自己的原则。(=stubborn)