水生态系统存在的问题及补救措施

水生态系统存在的问题及补救措施

Problems and remedial measures of water ecosystem

随着人们用水量的持续增加,以及人们对水生态系统日益严重的干扰,中国水生态系统受损严重。水生态系统修复即指通过一系列保护措施,最大限度减缓水生态系统的退化,将已经退化的水生态系统恢复或修复到可以接受的、能长期自我维持的、稳定的状态水平。河流的存在与它的生态条件优劣,与我们人类的生存是紧密相连的,在城市防洪泄洪方面也起着重要作用,但人类城市化建设对河流的改造,使河岸硬质化,水质及景观遭到破坏,河流生态功能退化,河流的生态修复能够,提高河流自净能力,改善水环境,因此河流的生态修复是十分有必要的。

As people consumption continues to increase, as well as the people to the increasingly serious interference in aquatic ecosystems, water ecosystems in China were severely damaged. Water ecosystem refers to through a series of protective measures, the maximum slow degradation of water ecological system, the ecological water system has been degraded restoration or repair to the acceptable level, can be long-term self sustaining, stable. The river and its ecological condition, and the survival of our species is closely linked, but also plays an important role in the city flood control release flood waters, but the transformation of the river city of human construction, make the hard, water quality and landscape destruction, river ecological function degradation, the ecological restoration of river can, improve the river self-purification ability, improve water environment, so the ecological restoration of river is very necessary.

1.我国中小河流治理存在的问题

There are 1 small and medium-sized rivers governance problems

(1)缺乏系统治理,防洪标准偏低;(2)洪涝灾害频繁,人员伤亡严重;(3)管理薄弱,河流规划和整治的前期工作滞后;(4)未注重河流系统性作用;(5)投入不足,治理任务艰巨;(6)经济发展与河争地问题凸显

(1) the lack of system management, flood control standard is low; (2) frequent flood disasters, serious casualties; (3) the management of the weak, lagging behind the prophase work of river planning and management; (4) did not focus on the role of river system; (5) insufficient investment, governance task is arduous; (6) highlight the economic development and river dispute problem

2.中小河流治理规划应遵循的基本原则

The basic principles of treatment planning of 2 medium and small rivers

(1)遵循自然原则。根据河流生态系统的自我调节能力,合理利用,适当的进行人为改造,保证河流系统自然、健康发展,构建河流与人类的和谐关系。(2)功能协调原则。在河流的不同时期和不同河段有着不同的功能需求,因此主要功能要优先考虑,各项功能相互协调。(3)生态循环与平衡原则。生物多样性是维持河流生态系统平衡和健康的基础,增加河流系统的生物多样性,使河流系统的物质和能量处于良性循环。(4)景观美化原则。经过河流生态修复后,可以给人们带来美好的享受。依据景观生态学原理,增加景观异质性,保留原河道的自然属性,运用植物以及其他自然材料塑造亲水的河流景观,突显城市地方特色与文化。

(1) follow the natural principle. The rational use of the river ecological system of self-regulation, the transformation, as appropriate, to ensure the healthy development of natural, river system, constructing the harmonious relationship between river and human.

(2) coordination principle. Have different functional requirements in different periods and different section of the river, so the main function is to give priority to, the function of

coordination. (3) the ecological cycle and balance principle. Biological diversity is to maintain the balance of river ecosystem and the foundation of health, increase the biodiversity of river system, the system of the matter and energy in the virtuous cycle. (4) the landscape principle. After the river ecological restoration, can bring people beautiful enjoyment. Based on the principles of landscape ecology, increasing landscape heterogeneity, retain the original river natural attribute, the use of plants and other natural materials creating hydrophilic river landscape, local characteristics and cultural highlights city.

3.河流水系生态修复的任务

3 river ecological restoration task

河流水系生态修复的任务:(1)改善水质、水文条件。包括水力学条件、水量等方面的改善,合理配置水资源,维持最小生态需水量。控制污染源头,提倡清洁排放改善水质。(2)改善河流地貌特征。恢复河流的横向连通性和纵向连续性,扩大滩地,防止河床材料硬质化。(3)稀有、濒危物种的恢复。恢复水陆交错带植被,注重河流生物栖息地的建设。

River ecological restoration task: (1) the improvement of water quality, hydrological conditions. Including hydraulic conditions, water and other aspects of the improvement, the rational allocation of water resources, to maintain the minimum ecological water requirement. Pollution source control, promote clean emissions to improve water quality. (2) improved the geomorphic feature. To rehabilitate rivers lateral connectivity and vertical continuity, expansion of the bed material, prevent hardening. (3) recovery of rare, endangered species. Restoring ecotone vegetation, pay attention to the construction of river habitat.

4.河流生态修复技术

4 River Ecological Restoration Technology

(1)在保证防洪安全的前提下,合理拆除阻水结构,将人造化的矩形、梯形断面修整为自然形态,根据河流生态学理念,宜宽则宽、需弯则弯,保持河道的自然平面形态的同时,满足河道的排涝泄洪以及抗旱引水需求,处理好生态保护及土地规划利用两者之间的关系。

(1) in the premise of ensuring flood control safety, reasonable removal water blocking structure, rectangular, trapezoidal cross-section trimming the artificial of natural form, according to the river ecology, appropriate width is wide, need to bend it bends, maintain the natural shape channel at the same time, meet river drainage release flood waters and drought water demand, handle the ecological protection and land use planning and the relationship between the.

(2)河流护岸的生态修复可采用石块、木材、植物或者其他的透水性材料代替硬质材料对河岸进行加固处理,保证河床的稳定同时防止河道的淤积,不阻碍河流中的物质与岸边物质能量交换,改善地下水补给与地表水质量,生态护岸为植物提供了生长的良好条件,能成为动植物的栖息地。

(2) ecological restoration of river revetment can use stone, wood, plant or other porous materials instead of hard material to strengthen the river bed, ensure stable and prevent the river siltation, not hinder the matter and the matter and energy exchange in the improvement of rivers, groundwater and surface water quality, ecological revetment provided good conditions for growth of plants, can become the habitat of animals and plants.

(3)除恢复生物栖息地以外,还需培育物种,来达到物种多样性的目的。人工和生物调节相互结合,在防止外来物种对本地物种造成侵害的前提下,通过选育、培养、引种以及种群动态调控等生物技

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术,再加以保护,恢复生物多样性,增加水体自净能力,改善水体生态环境。

(3) in addition to restore habitat outside, still need to cultivate the species, to achieve the purpose of species diversity. Artificial and biological regulation combined with each other, in order to prevent alien species infringe on native species, cultivation, breeding, introduction and population dynamics through the regulation of biotechnology, further protection, restoration of biodiversity, increases the self-purification ability, improve water ecological environment.

5中小河流治理中生态修复的重要性

The importance of ecological restoration in 5 middle and small rivers

中小河流承载着调节局部气候、淡水供给、为多种生物提供栖息地的作用,沿岸有活跃的物质、养分和能量流动。自然状态下的中小河流堤岸往往物种丰富,生产力高。因此,生态河流研究的空间尺度应该是对河道具有直接影响的空间,主要包括河槽、河堤、河堤背水坡及其护堤地5~10 m(没有堤防的河道为河口两侧外20~50 m)的范围。天然河道系统内的水量、水质和生物三者相互联系,相互制约,共同构成河道生态系统。自然河道堤岸是生物活动最为活跃的区域,其间植物、微生物的存在为河道生物及水质自然净化带来了活力。然而,不合理的河道治理工程势必引起生物生境的破坏,长河道边坡是由多种异质性很强的生态因子描述的生境,形成了极为丰富的流域生境多样化条件,这种条件对于生物群落的性质、优势种和群落密度以及微生物的作用都产生重大影响。

Small and medium-sized rivers carrying regulating local climate, water supplies, provide habitat for a variety of biological, physical, nutrient and energy flow active coast. Small and medium-sized river embankments under natural conditions are often rich species, high productivity. Therefore, the spatial scale of ecological river research should be has a direct influence on the channel space, including channel, embankments, embankment downstream slope and the 5~10 m (not the embankment of the river estuary on both sides 20~50 m) range. Natural river systems within the water, water quality and biological three interrelated, interaction, together constitute the river ecological system. Natural river bank is the most active region for biological activity, between plants, microorganisms for river biology and natural purification has brought vitality. However, the unreasonable River project is bound to cause of habitat destruction, river road slope is ecological factor by a variety of strong heterogeneity description of habitats, form rich river habitat diversification conditions, these conditions have a major impact on the nature, biological community dominant species and community density and microorganisms.