英语科技论文写作Unit 7
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Unit 7 Textual Development (2)
Topical Highlights
• Typical Features of Papers of Experimental Nature • Process Undertaken in the Experiment: starting with a process introduction, steps taken to complete the experiment, detailed approaches, summing-up or conclusive ideas of the process • Technology Involved in the Experiment
– To describe what his readers really need to know as brief as possible
– To keep in mind that a process involves several steps which take place in a certain time sequence
Topical Highlights
• Materials Used in the Experiment • Equipment Introduced in the Experiment • Conditions Provided in the Experiment • Special Attention: Variety – variety in sentence structure and sentence opening, essentials to making a paper more readable, avoiding monotony and enabling the author to express him/herself more effectively
Process Undertaken in the Experiment
The first true piece of sports equipment that man invented was the ball. In ancient Egypt, as everywhere, pitching stones was a children's favorite game. But a badly thrown rock could hurt a child, looking for something less dangerous to throw, the Egyptians made what were probably the first balls. At first, balls were made of grass or leaves held together by vines. Later they were made of pieces of animal skin sewed together and stuffed with feathers or hay. Even though the Egyptians were warlike, they found time for peaceful games. Before long they had developed a number of ball games, each with its own set of rules. Perhaps they played ball more for instruction than for fun. Ball play was thought of mainly as a way to teach young men the speed and skill they would need for war. (from Reading Laboratory)
of steps is made.
Process Undertaken in the Experiment
• Steps Taken to Complete the Experiment
– The steps could be listed one by one either chronologically or logically according to what has happened in the real investigation or experimental process. – If there is no need for further divisions, the writer can begin to relate what is really done when the process is performed.
Typical Features of Papers of Experimental Nature
• The functions description are of experiment
– To benefit readers – the introduction of experimental materials, instruments, methods, etc. can provide other professionals with illumination and inspiration, and should facilitate further deliberations and research for the readers
Process Undertaken in the Experiment
• Starting with a Process Introduction
– The main division should be based on the
completion of a stage of the work.
Process Undertaken in the Experiment
• Detailed Approaches
– When the overall picture of a process has been formulated, the stages should be explained in a logical order. The explanation of a stage should include telling what happens, and if necessary, why it happens.
– The illustration should be made purposeful by
dividing the process into the work done in the
field or/and that actually done in the laboratory.
Process Undertaken in the Experiment
Typical Features of Papers of Experimental Nature
• The functions description are of experiment
– To convince readers – experimental results should be reliable and convincing – To allow readers to duplicate the experiment – the process and method of experiment should have reproducibility, and the described experiment should be duplicated by others under the same conditions
Process Undertaken in the Experiment
– A professional has to present to the readers what experiment or experiments he has done and what is the findings in his experiment.
Process Undertaken in the Experiment
– The key to a clear description of a process is to make plain what the steps are and what their time sequence is. – Expressions like “first”, “second”, “then”, “next”, “after” (a certain step has been completed), and “finally” are useful in such situations. – An introductory sentence describing the main parts of the whole process can help the readers to understand the overall organization more easily.
• Steps Taken to Complete the Experiment
– To describe or treat steps as a whole so as to
give the readers an integrated or a general
impression
– A definition is often needed before the division
Process Undertaken in the Experiment
•Steps Taken to Complete the Experiment
Sulphur extraction by the Frasch Process
In some parts of the world sulphur deposits lie too deep to be mined in the ordinary way. However, in about 1900 an American engineer called Herman Frasch developed a process for the extraction of this deep-lying sulphur. The Frasch process depends on the fact that the melting point of sulphur is only a little above the boiling point of water. The process consists of three basic operations: First, large amounts of water are super-heated; in other words, the water is heated under pressure above its normal boiling point. Second, this super-heated water is pumped down the well so that it melts the sulphur. Finally, the molten sulphur is pumped to the surface.
Process Undertaken in the Experiment
• Starting with a Process Introduction
– The introduction should contain necessary comments on the process as a whole. – Try to illustrate the process in five or six steps, but no more.
Process Undertaken in the Experiment
• Detailed Approaches
– When explaining a natural process, we need first of all to give a brief statement of the scientific facts, principles, or 百度文库heories that cause the process to occur, and then have to mention possibly the conditions under which the process occurs.
Topical Highlights
• Typical Features of Papers of Experimental Nature • Process Undertaken in the Experiment: starting with a process introduction, steps taken to complete the experiment, detailed approaches, summing-up or conclusive ideas of the process • Technology Involved in the Experiment
– To describe what his readers really need to know as brief as possible
– To keep in mind that a process involves several steps which take place in a certain time sequence
Topical Highlights
• Materials Used in the Experiment • Equipment Introduced in the Experiment • Conditions Provided in the Experiment • Special Attention: Variety – variety in sentence structure and sentence opening, essentials to making a paper more readable, avoiding monotony and enabling the author to express him/herself more effectively
Process Undertaken in the Experiment
The first true piece of sports equipment that man invented was the ball. In ancient Egypt, as everywhere, pitching stones was a children's favorite game. But a badly thrown rock could hurt a child, looking for something less dangerous to throw, the Egyptians made what were probably the first balls. At first, balls were made of grass or leaves held together by vines. Later they were made of pieces of animal skin sewed together and stuffed with feathers or hay. Even though the Egyptians were warlike, they found time for peaceful games. Before long they had developed a number of ball games, each with its own set of rules. Perhaps they played ball more for instruction than for fun. Ball play was thought of mainly as a way to teach young men the speed and skill they would need for war. (from Reading Laboratory)
of steps is made.
Process Undertaken in the Experiment
• Steps Taken to Complete the Experiment
– The steps could be listed one by one either chronologically or logically according to what has happened in the real investigation or experimental process. – If there is no need for further divisions, the writer can begin to relate what is really done when the process is performed.
Typical Features of Papers of Experimental Nature
• The functions description are of experiment
– To benefit readers – the introduction of experimental materials, instruments, methods, etc. can provide other professionals with illumination and inspiration, and should facilitate further deliberations and research for the readers
Process Undertaken in the Experiment
• Starting with a Process Introduction
– The main division should be based on the
completion of a stage of the work.
Process Undertaken in the Experiment
• Detailed Approaches
– When the overall picture of a process has been formulated, the stages should be explained in a logical order. The explanation of a stage should include telling what happens, and if necessary, why it happens.
– The illustration should be made purposeful by
dividing the process into the work done in the
field or/and that actually done in the laboratory.
Process Undertaken in the Experiment
Typical Features of Papers of Experimental Nature
• The functions description are of experiment
– To convince readers – experimental results should be reliable and convincing – To allow readers to duplicate the experiment – the process and method of experiment should have reproducibility, and the described experiment should be duplicated by others under the same conditions
Process Undertaken in the Experiment
– A professional has to present to the readers what experiment or experiments he has done and what is the findings in his experiment.
Process Undertaken in the Experiment
– The key to a clear description of a process is to make plain what the steps are and what their time sequence is. – Expressions like “first”, “second”, “then”, “next”, “after” (a certain step has been completed), and “finally” are useful in such situations. – An introductory sentence describing the main parts of the whole process can help the readers to understand the overall organization more easily.
• Steps Taken to Complete the Experiment
– To describe or treat steps as a whole so as to
give the readers an integrated or a general
impression
– A definition is often needed before the division
Process Undertaken in the Experiment
•Steps Taken to Complete the Experiment
Sulphur extraction by the Frasch Process
In some parts of the world sulphur deposits lie too deep to be mined in the ordinary way. However, in about 1900 an American engineer called Herman Frasch developed a process for the extraction of this deep-lying sulphur. The Frasch process depends on the fact that the melting point of sulphur is only a little above the boiling point of water. The process consists of three basic operations: First, large amounts of water are super-heated; in other words, the water is heated under pressure above its normal boiling point. Second, this super-heated water is pumped down the well so that it melts the sulphur. Finally, the molten sulphur is pumped to the surface.
Process Undertaken in the Experiment
• Starting with a Process Introduction
– The introduction should contain necessary comments on the process as a whole. – Try to illustrate the process in five or six steps, but no more.
Process Undertaken in the Experiment
• Detailed Approaches
– When explaining a natural process, we need first of all to give a brief statement of the scientific facts, principles, or 百度文库heories that cause the process to occur, and then have to mention possibly the conditions under which the process occurs.