非谓语动词-动词ing形式

动词-ing形式
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2.动词-ing形式的句法功能
动词-ing形式相当于名词、形容词和副词的用法，在句中可以充当主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和补语。

1)作主语
动词-ing形式作主语比较抽象，而动词不定式作主语比较具体。

动词-ing形式作主语一般用形式主语it.
e.g.
Looking (/ To look) after the children is their duty.
Seeing is believing./ To see is to believe. 眼见为实。

It is no use helping them at this time.
It is their duty looking after the children.
It is foolish behaving like that.
2)作宾语
plan to visit Beijing (plan在先，visit在后) 一般可以后接动词-ing形式的及物动词和动词短语有advise, allow, resist, admit, escape, risk, avoid, forgive, suggest, consider, imagine, understand, delay, appreciate, enjoy, finish, mind, keep, can’t stand, excuse, miss, put off, practice, give up, deny, prevent等，另外介词后面的动词用-ing形式。

3)作表语
动词-ing形式充当表语有两种用法。

一种是名词性用法，表示主语的内容；另一种是形容词性用法，表示主语的特性。

e.g.
My job is looking (/to look) after the patient.
My job is quite boring.
4)作定语
①说明被修饰名词的作用和用途，“动词-ing形式+名词”相当于“名词+for+动词-ing形式”。

e.g.
drinking water (=water for drinking)饮用水
a walking stick (=a stick for walking)拐杖a swimming pool (=a pool for swimming)游泳池
②表示正在进行的主动性动作，“动词-ing形式+名词”相当于名词后跟一个定语从句。

e.g.
the coming birthday (=the birthday that is coming)
How happy the laughing girl is! (=…the girl who is laughing)
Who is the girl standing at the school gate? (=…the girl that is standing at the school gate?)
The boy sleeping on the desk is Yang Bing. (=The boy is sleeping on the desk is …) The building being built will be a library. (=The building which is being built…) 注：动词-ing形式作定语时，单个的动词-ing形式一般放在被修饰的名词前，而动词-ing形式的短语则要放在名词后。

Barking dogs seldom bite. (谚)爱叫的狗很少咬人。

I met a group of students returning from school.
5)作状语
动词-ing形式作状语时，可表示时间、原因、让步、条件、结果、方式和伴随等。

表示时间、原因、让步和条件的动词-ing 形式一般放于句首，表示结果、方式和伴随的动词-ing形式一般放于句末。

e.g.
The secretary worked late into the night, preparing a long speech for the headmaster. (表伴随)
Having been shown the lab building, we went to visit the library. (表时间)
The girl came out in a hurry, leaving the door open. (表结果)
Being rich, he was unhappy. (表让步) Working hard, you will succeed. (表条件) They worked out the problem using a special method. (表方式)
Not having done the homework, Mary has criticized by the teacher. (表原因)
6)作补语
动词-ing形式放在名词或代词后作宾语补足语，表示宾语进行的动作。

相当于形容词的动词-ing形式作宾语补足语表示宾语所处的状态。

后接动词-ing形式作宾语补足语的动词有have, leave, keep, get, find, see, hear, notice, watch, feel, smell 等。

该结构变为被动语态时，充当宾补的动词-ing形式变为主补。

此时，动词-ing 形式表示主语进行的动作或所处的状态。

e.g.
The policeman found a young man stealing on a bus.
You shouldn’t keep the horse running all the way.
The peasants have their tractors working day and night during the harvest time.
All the students find the film interesting.
A young man was found stealing on the bus by the policeman.
The horse shouldn’t be kept running all the
3.动词-ing形式的常用固定结构
下列动词-ing结构属固定用法，它们没有
Talking of looking for a job, I had a bitter experience last year.
Personally speaking, your plan isn’t practical at all.
Judging from her accent, the woman must be from southern England.
Considering the view of the house, it is worth the money.
重点、常用句型聚焦
1. It’s no use arguing with him about that. 相关句型：It is (/seems) no use (/ no good/ useless) doing sth“做某事没用(/没好处)”
2. The people came out of the hall, talking and laughing.人们有说有笑出了大厅。

(一般式表伴随)
e.g.
The chairman sent me an invitation, inviting me to speak at the medical conference.
All the heads of the company had a meeting yesterday, discussing how to increase the output.
The boy sat in the library all day today, collecting materials for his graduation papers.
3. On hearing that, he knew it was too late. on doing sth相当于“as soon as +从句”，on后面也可与arrival, return, departure, appearance等名词搭配。

e.g.
On seeing their teacher, the children hid themselves behind the wall.
On the arrival of the star, all the fans ran
4. What do you mean by saying that?你那么说是什么意思？
表示“通过……方式”的介词短语有很多，常用的介词有by, on, over, through等。

但与动词-ing形式搭配时只能用by。

e.g.
Only by speaking and reading more can you improve your English.
His family help him by supporting him with money.
The old man made a living by fishing in the lake.
I have gained a lot of materials by talking with the farmers.
5. Would you mind (my/me) opening the window?
带有逻辑主语的动词-ing形式即sb(’s) doing sth。

该结构在充当主语时只能用sb’s doing sth，在充当其他成分时，两者都能使用。

e.g.
Can’t you forgive your daughter(’s) lying to you?
Mary’s coming late made the teacher angry.
We highly appreciate you (/your) leading us the money.
6. Why do you keep breaking things today? keep doing可以表示连续不断的动作，也可以表示断断续续的动作，而keep on只能表示连续不断的行为，后面不能接静态动词-ing形式，如lying, standing, sitting, thinking, sleeping等。