省略与替代

省略与替代
省略
省略和替代一样，是一种避免重复，突出关键词语并使上下文紧密连接的语法手段。

在英文写作中，节约用词是一条重要的修辞原则，只要不损害语法结构或产生歧义，能省略就应省略, 能替代就替代。

（一）并列句中的省略
在并列句中，第二分句（或第三、第四分句）往往可以省略与前句相同的成分。

如：
Some books are to be tasted, others (are) to be swallowed, and some few (are) to be chewed and digested.
（二）简单句中的省略
1．省略主语
1)祈使句中的主语通常被省略。

如：(You) Be seated, please.
2．省略主谓语或主谓语的一部分。

如：
Why（do you）not say hello to him ?（为什么不和他说声再见呢？）
3．省略宾语。

如：
—Which of them is the better choice ?（他们中谁是更合适的人选？）
—Well, it’s hard to tell（it）. （哟，这很难说。

）
4．同时省略几个成分。

如：
—Have you finished your work ?（你完成工作了吗？）
—（I have）Not（finished my work）yet. （还没有。

）
（I wish）Good luck（to you）！（祝你顺利！）
5．其他一些省略结构
1）名词所有格所修饰的名词，若表示住宅、店铺、教堂或上文已暗示或明确指出过的事物时，常常可以省略。

如：We spent the weekend at the Blacks’.
2）what和how引导的感叹句中，常可省略主语it和be动词。

如：
What a wonderful victory（it is）for Wilma!
How wonderful（it was）to be treated like a normal child, even when I was bad.
3）不定式动词（短语）省略，单独使用不定式符号to。

①代替动词不定式后被省略的动词，常在expect，forget，hope，intend，like，love，mean，prefer，
refuse，seem，try，wish等后边。

如：
I asked him to see the fil m, but he didn’t want to.
②在have，need，ought，be going，，used等后。

如：
I didn’t want to go there, but I had to.
③在某些形容词glad，happy，pleased，delighted等后，如：
—Will you join in the game ?
—I’d be glad to.
④否定形式的省略用not to。

如：
—Shall I go instead of him ?
—I prefer not to.
⑤如果不定式中含有be，have，have been，通常保留be，have和have been。

如：
—Are you a sailor ? —No, but I used to be.
—He hasn’t finished yet.—Well, he ought to have.
（三）复合句中的省略
1．定语从句中作宾语的关系代词that，which，whom常可以省略；当先行词是time，reason，place 时作状语的关系副词when，why，where也可以省去。

如：
This is the first time（when）he had trouble with the boss.
2．当wh-疑问词引导宾语从句且后边的内容与前边重复时，可以把重复的内容省去，而保留wh- 疑问词。

如：Tom was sad, but I don’t know why（he was sad）.
3．状语从句中的省略现象
一般来说，省略现象多出现于下列五种状语从句中：
由when，while，as，before，after，till，until，once等引导的时间状语从句；
由if，unless，whether等引导的条件状语从句；
由though，although，even if，whatever等引导的让步状语从句，
由as，than引导的让步、比较状语从句；
由as，as if，as though 方式状语从句。

上述状语从句在省略时，并不是任何成分都可以省略，而是遵循一定的原则：
1）当状语从句的主语和主句的主语一致时，可以省略状语从句的主语和系动词be，这时从句中可出现如下结构：
①连词(as, as if, once) + 名词
Once（he was）a teacher, he now works in a government office.
②连词(though，whether，when) + 形容词
Work hard when（you are）young, or you’ll regret.
③连词(whether, as if, while) + 介词短语
He looked everywhere as if（he was）in search of something.
④连词(when，while，though) + 现在分词
While（I was）walking along the street, I heard my name called.
⑤连词（when，if，even if，unless，once，until，than，as）+ 过去分词
The exhibition is more interesting than（it was）expected.
⑥连词（as if，as though）+ 不定式
He opened his lips as if（he were）to speak.
注意：当从句的主语和主句的宾语一致时，间或也有这样的省略：
Her father told her to be careful when（she was）crossing the street.
2）当从句中的主语是it，谓语动词中又含有系动词be时，可以把it和系动词be一起省略。

此时构成连词(if，unless，when，whenever) + 形容词的结构。

如：
Unless（it is）necessary, you’d better not refer to the dictionary.
另外，我们还可以用so或not代替上文内容，此时可有if + so/not省略句式。

Get up early tomorrow. If not（you don’t get up early），you will miss the first bus.
He may not be at home then, if so（he is not at home），leave him a note.
替代
在某些情况下，当我们省略掉某个词、词组或句子时，还需要用某个替代词。

常用的替代词有：do/does, so, not, to, neither, nor, do, so, do that, do it, one/ones, the same等。

（一）so和not作替代词，代替被省略的某个词、词组或句子，一般同表示个人看法或想法的动词连用，作be afraid，believe，become，all，do，expect，fear，hope，imagine，say，see，speak，suppose，think等的宾语。

Not代替否定的句子，还可放在perhaps，probably，absolutely等副词后。

如：She was not angry at first, but became so（=angry）after a while.
—Is he the best student in the class ?
—I think so（=He is best student in the class. ）
—I think not（=He is not the best student in the class）.
（二）替代的应用
1．So可以放在句首或句尾，但若谓语动词是see, notice, hear等，则只能放在句首。

如：
I believe（say, think…）so. = So I believe（say, think…）.
—He is absent today. —So I see（hear, notice）.
2．在表示肯定或怀疑意义的句中不可用so。

如：
误：I doubt so. 正：I doubt it.
3．在ask和know之后也不用so。

如：
误：Why do you ask so ? 正：Why do you ask that ?
4．do so一般只用替代动态动词，不替代静态动词。

如：
She said she would go with me, but she didn’t do so. （正）
—Alice feels better today.
—I think she does. （正）
—Yes, so she does.（正）
不可说：I think she does so.
基础训练
1.(2003春季全国高考题)The man we followed suddenly stopped and looked as if_______whether he was going in the right direction.
A.seeing
B.having
C.to have seen
D.to see
2.(2002全国高考题)Meeting my uncle after all these years was an unforgettable moment，________ I will always treasure.
A.that
B.one
C.it
D.what
3.Here are four choices，which do you think is the best________?
A.choices
B.that
C.ones
D./
4.—What’s the difference between the first house and the second?
—The first one has a garage while the second has ________.
A.nothing
B.none
C.no one
D.neither
5.—Have you ever been to Shanghai? —________.
A.Not yet
B.Haven’t
C.Yet not
D.Still not
6.—Don’t forget to come to my birthday party.—________.
A.I don’t
B.I won’t
C.I don’t forget
D.I won’t forget
7.—Be sure to get up earlier tomorrow morning. —________.I’ll be as early as a bird.
A.OK.I will
B.I’m afraid 1 can
C.Of course not
D.No，I will
8.—What’s the matter with you?—I didn’t pass the test，but 1 still ________
A.hope so
B.hope to
C.hope it
D.hope that
9.—Is she really ill? —________. he’s in hospital.
A.I hope so
B.I’m sure
C.1 don’t think so
D.I’m afraid so
10.I am happy if you ________.
A.happy
B.are
C.will
D.be
11.—I say it is your turn to be on duty today. —________?
A.Mine
B.I
C.Myself
D.Me
12.Don’t come in unless ________.
A.inviting
B.inviting to
C.invited to
D.being invited to
13.—I usually go there by train.
—Why not ________by boat for a change?
A.to try going
B.try to go
C.to try and go
D.try going
14.The doctor did what he could ________the boy，but in vain.
A.save
B.to save
C.saving
D.saved
15.All the girl want ________do is________stay at home and study hard.
A./；to
B.to；to
C.to；/
D.either B or C
16.—Why did you take a taxi? —I ________.I was late.
A.have to
B.have to do
C.had to
D.had to do
17.—Why didn’t you do your homework yesterday?—But ________，sir.
A.I did so
B.I didn’t do it
C.I didn’t forget
D.I did do it
18.He is not ________his sister，but ________.
A.taller than；stronger
B.so tall as；strong
C.taller than；is stronger
D.as tall as;stronger
19.—You look happy today，Mary.
—I like my new dress and Mother ________，too.
A.likes
B.does
C.is
D.do
20.—What do you think made Mary so upset? —________ her new bicycle.
A.As she lost
B.Lost
C.Losing
D.Because of losing
21.—Who’s got all my money?—He ________.
A.does
B.is
C.was
D.has
22.What doctors can do is________ people’s life.
A.save
B.saving
C.to save
D.A or C
23.Although________to stop，he kept on working.
A.tell
B.told
C.was told
D.having told
24.Ask him to take you home________possible.
A.at
B.while
C.if
D.if they
25.The English book for kids is the best of its kind ________.
A.that has ever been made
B.ever made
C.ever been made
D.has ever been made
26.—Will Susan win the Nobel Prize this time?
—It is likely that she ________.
A.will
B.does
C.will do
D.wins it
27.I prefer the climate of Kunming to________of Wuhan.
A.it
B.one
C.this
D.that
28.—Mr.Black has just arrived.—Really? ________.He didn’t ac cept our invitation.
A.I can’t imagine it
B.1 don’t think so
C.I hope so
D.I don’t believe him
29.We don’t go to the cinema as much as ________.
A.we used to go
B.we used to do
ed to
D.we used to
30.Canada has a large area than________China.
A.that of
B.the one of
C.it of
D./
31.________，I’ll have a letter sent to your company.
A.If necessary
B.If it were necessary
C.As I’m necessary
D.Unless it is necessary
32.—Have you been here long?—________.
A.No，not very
B.Not much
C.Yes，only little
D.No，only yesterday
33.—Do you follow me?—Yes，________.
A.it is good
B.I will
C.perfectly
D.very good
34.Look out for cars________the street.
A.when crossed
B.when crossing
C.if you crossed
D.while you are crossing
35.She worked very hard________still rather poor in health.
A.though she
B.although she
C.though
D.although was
36.—Is the stamp very unusual? —________.
A.Yes，very much
B.Yes，it is so
C.Yes，very
D.Yes，not very
37.—Can you climb that tree，my boy? —________?
A.I
B.Mine
C.Myself
D.Me
38.—Will you waste your time and money on that?—Certainly ________.
A.I not
B.no
C.won’t
D.not
39.—Mary said the lecture was boring. —Yes，I said ________.
A.that
B.this
C.the kind
D.the same
40.—Alice，why didn’t you do it the day before?—I ________，but I had an unexpected visitor.
A.had
B.would
C.was going to
D.does
41.—Do you need a new tie to go with your new suit，Mr.Smith? —No.________.
A.I’m having plenty of ties
B.I have lots of ties to do it
C.I think I have several that will do
D.There are lots of ties to do it
42.—Are you a film star?—________.
A.Yes，I was
B.I used to be
C.I used to
D.I’m used to
43.—I’m going to dig it up.—What ________?
A.with
B.by
C.at
D.from
44.—They have done a good job.—________.Let’s go to congratulate th em.
A.So they have done
B.So they have
C.So have they
D.So is it
45.He smokes a lot.Does his father ________?
A.smoke so
B.smoke that
C.do so
D.did that。