外文翻译试论艺妓对日本文化的影响

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艺妓文化和岩崎峰子
译文
日本艺伎的世界一直是神秘的。

她们的行业被称为“花柳界”。

年轻貌美的艺伎一脸粉黛,浓妆艳抹,迷倒无数风流人物。

然而,当你走进她们的世界就会发现,真正的艺伎生活却是别有一番滋味。

艺妓被认为是日本的文化偶像。

艺妓比很多人想象的更现代。

在艺妓出现之前,有一部分女性是作文音乐工作者存在的,平安时代后才出现真正意义上的艺妓。

天正十七年(1589年),京都的建筑物很多都用来作为艺术工作者的表演场所,很多达官贵人在那里寻欢作乐,吸引了很多艺人前往那里寻找生计,她们为客人表演舞蹈,演唱诗歌,弹奏乐器,受到了人们的欢迎,人们称这些表演者为艺妓。

艺妓的历史渊源
艺妓的历史渊源
艺妓是传统的日本女性艺人,日本浮世绘中的艺妓在日语中,“妓”字保留了传统汉语的用法,既可代表女性艺术表演者,亦可代表女性性工作者。

而艺妓的“妓”是指前者,因为艺妓在原则上是艺术表演者,并不从事性交易。

但在现代汉语中,多把“妓”字直觉关联到性交易方面,因此才有了“艺伎”这种以避讳为目的的现代汉语翻译写法。

日语中的“伎”是指男性表演者。

不过,这里面包含着男欢女乐的成分,所以称之为艺伎。

然而因为艺妓行业的兴盛,求人益多,且为风花雪月的环境,多少不免有唯利是图的业者,所以也有艺妓的出身是因为生家需用钱、孤儿等等社会弱势的因素,而签下卖身契,或遭人口贩子贩卖的。

也许是为了早日还债赎身,也许是抗拒不了金钱诱惑,有些艺妓便开始从事性交易。

虽然传统上,这类自甘沦落的行为是会受到惩戒的,但事实上,直至第二次世界大战战后为止,日本各地都广泛存在这种形同娼妓的卖身艺妓,而且变相专营这种生意的不肖业者亦多而有之。

尽管如此,真正一流的艺妓还是“卖艺不卖身”的。

“卖艺不卖身”并非指艺妓没有爱情生活,相反的,一流的艺妓和一般女性一样,可能会有唯一一个的爱人,结为有如夫妻的关系,称为“旦那(丈夫之意)”,甚至委身于他,而“旦那”也会提供金钱等实质援助,照料艺妓的生活所需。

辞去艺妓工作后即与爱人结为连理,共组家庭者亦不乏其人。

现代的艺妓
随着时代的变迁,日本类似的戒律已经不存在了。

由于艺伎训练严格,生活辛苦,再加上是以取悦男性为主的服务业,所以这一行业已经成为一种夕阳产业,人数越来越少。

据说现在真正称得上艺伎的人也就200多个。

京都是最大的艺伎聚集地,目前共有5条“花街”(即艺伎云集的地方)。

日本的“观光京都网”还专门推出了一种与舞伎共餐的特殊服务。

所谓舞伎就是还没有“毕业”的艺伎。

因为比艺伎年轻,所以很受欢迎,价格也十分昂贵。

在高级料亭就餐再找一名舞伎陪同的话,费用高达7500日元,服务时间是90分钟。

培养一名艺伎投入很大,但一旦其出山成名,要价也是很高的,特别是年轻貌美的高级艺伎身价更高,一般人员不敢问津,但巨商富贾﹑花花阔少﹑大企业大公司却不惜千金一掷。

经济繁荣时,大公司为揽生意,总要把请艺伎当成公关手段。

艺伎虽衰犹存,但风光不再,衰落是趋势,消亡也只是时间问题。

值得注意的是,尚操此业的艺伎却不失信心。

她们觉得,艺伎是京都和日本的“脸面”,应该加以保留。

她们甚至周游各地,借以提高身价。

有的人更明确地说:艺伎是京都的象征,传统的古老文化必须加以保护。

近年来,对于艺伎的衰与兴、保与弃还存在针锋相对的斗争。

著名艺妓岩崎峰子
岩崎峰子1949年生,5岁的时候就开始学习各种舞蹈技能,10岁就继承了家族企业,15岁正式出道,成为全日本的第64名舞伎,想想我们15岁的时候都在干嘛,她从15岁做舞伎开始,连续6年的时间,一直都是花魁和年度收入最高的人。

可见她的技能多厉害。

而在21岁的时候岩崎峰子正式升级成为艺伎。

在日本那个年代能成为艺伎这个职业的人,不是普通人,会经过多年的培训学习,要学习舞蹈、音律、礼仪、茶道等各种专业知识,堪比现在的大学专业课。

举个例子,做艺伎的人脸上都会涂白,眼角会点上红点,说法就是红点增加女人的魅力,涂白是因为那年代没有点灯,为了更好的展示自己的漂亮,所以能成为艺伎绝非等闲之辈。

岩崎峰子在日本是一个传奇人物,21岁成为艺伎后,先后有很多国际政要人物都是她的宾客。

美国总统福特、英国女王伊丽莎白、查尔斯王子等都曾经见识过她的本领。

而她在这方面的造诣也是相当的高。

而能见到她的人更不会是普通人物了。

岩崎峰子从事艺伎8年后宣布退出,这在当时是轰动了全国,众人纷纷表示不解,但是岩崎峰子最终还是回归了生活,嫁人生子。

在这期间,朝贡制度完全中断。

1539 年,当 1523 年以来的第一个日本使团抵达宁波时,地方当局收缴了使者们的武器,并将他们置于严密的监督之下。

他们没有机会和中国商人交易,因而没能从这次出使赚到钱。

因为下一个使团不应在 1549 年以前来到,1544 年当另一个使团到来贸易时,官员们拒绝和使者们打交道。

组织这个使团的日本人于是求助于中国的商人。

一个中国商人王直随这个使团返回日本。

1545 年,他带领一个私人的贸易代表团回到双屿锚地。

此后,这类私人代表团变得很常见,而往返航行日本的船队的规模每年都在增大。

由于贸易额增加,与之有联系的暴行也在增加。

在许多情况下都发生了激烈的争吵,因为和非法贸易有关的富有之家拒不向海外贸易团伙偿付他们的欠款。

这些富有之家有时威胁要用他们的权势迫使
地方官员们采取行动反对他们的债权人。

商人们则以抢劫和焚烧违约的富有之家的财产进行报复。

绍兴府一个谢姓的庄园在 1547 年夏就因这种缘故而被抢劫和焚烧。

这份产业属于谢迁(1450—1531 年)的弟弟,谢迁在三个皇帝下面当过大学士。

《艺伎回忆录》的出现
1992年岩崎峰子接待了美国留学生阿瑟·高登,他花了2个星期去做了岩崎峰子的艺伎专访,录制的录音都达到100个小时。

而后的阿瑟·高登将岩崎峰子作为原型撰写成了一本书《艺伎回忆录》,这在当时是非常轰动的。

这本书当时在美国可以说反响特别大,因为那时候外国人会把艺伎与青楼女子混为一体,所以很多时候都被曲解了,而这部书在日本也引起了强烈的不满,由于高登未经许可滥用岩崎峰子的名字,岩崎峰子作为艺伎形象大使的身败名裂,这件事最后还被起诉状告了。

而后的岩崎峰子决定亲自撰写,其目的就是让所有人都真正的了解日本文化,了解什么是真正的艺伎。

2001年日本出版了岩崎峰子的回忆录,引起了很大的轰动,而后的几年里,增印了多次,远销国内外,让美国人重新认识了日本文化,艺伎并不是他们眼中的“娼妇”,而岩崎峰子写这本书的时候已经50有余了。

小说出版后,高顿因为没有遵守隐晦的协议,直接在小说前言中使用了艺伎的原名,结果被岩崎峰子告上法庭,指控他污蔑自己名誉并违反合同,原告岩崎峰子指出,原本的合同是故事中的主要人物都要求是改名换姓,因为艺伎界里有严格的“封口”规矩,一旦违反则视为重罪。

原告指她的名字出现在小说里,曾遭受到恐吓和死亡威胁,还有人要求她“切腹谢罪”。

最终她选择了控诉高顿,此案于2003年通过调停以高顿之父赔偿而结束。

虽然该书在美国畅销,但日本人对此大加抨击,认为小说歪曲了很多日本艺伎文化,有日本人批评这是西方化后的日本文化,是美国人对日本文化的强奸。

后来岩崎峰子自己出版了《真正的艺伎回忆录》来反击。

——(美)佛提乌斯.岩崎峰子自传[M].剑桥:剑桥大学出版社,2004.
附原文
The geisha culture and MinekoIwasaki
Japanese Geisha world has always been mysterious. Their industry is called "the courtesan". Beautiful young geisha face makeup, makeup, captured the hearts of countless truly great men. However, when you walk into their world will find true geisha life is not a good feeling. Geisha is regarded as a cultural icon of Japan. Geisha is more modern than many people think. Before the appearance of Geisha, some women were in the presence of composition musicians, and the real geisha came into being after the peace time. It was seventeen years (1589), Kyoto building many artists used as venues, where many high officials and noble lords pleasure, attracted many artists to seek their livelihood, for the guests to dance, singing poetry, playing musical instruments, welcomed by the people, people call these performers as a geisha.
The historical origin of Geisha
A geisha is a Japanese female artist of the traditional Japanese Ukiyo-e Geisha in Japanese, "prostitute" retains the traditional Chinese usage, either on behalf of women's art performers, but also on behalf of female sex workers. The geisha's "prostitute" refers to the former, because the geisha is an artistic performer in principle, and does not engage in sex trade. But in modern Chinese, how to associate prostitute word intuition into the sex trade, hence the "modern Chinese translation wording geisha" this kind of taboo for the purpose. "Kabuki" in Japanese refers to the male performers. However, it contains the male happy female happy ingredient, it is called a geisha. However, because of the geisha industry flourished, and the world person, how much a debauch, mercenary industry, so a Geisha was born because of family factors, orphans and so on social vulnerable needed money, and signing contract, or by traffickers trafficking. Perhaps in order to pay ransom, perhaps can not resist the temptation of money, some women began to engage in the sex trade. Although traditionally, this kind of downward behavior will be punished, but in fact, until after the Second World War, Japan there is widespread throughout this is a prostitute and a Geisha, disguised in this business franchise hoarders also has it. Nevertheless, the real first-class geisha or "not prostitute entertainer". "Not prostitute entertainer" does not mean that no geisha love life, on the
contrary, the first-class geisha and women in general, there may be only a lover, to have such as husband and wife relationship, known as "Dan (the husband of Italy), even to give herself to him, and once that will provide money and other material assistance needed to take care of the life of a geisha. After working with geisha quit lover married and have a family who is also no lack of such people.
Modern Geisha
With the changes of the times, similar commandments in Japan have no longer exist. The geisha training strictly, life is hard, plus is to please the male dominated service industry, so the industry has become a sunset industry, the number is less and less. It is said that now truly geisha people also more than 200. Kyoto is the largest gathering of Geisha, there are 5 "new"
(i.e. a gathering place). Japan's "sightseeing Kyoto network" also specializes in a special service for dining with Kabuki. The so-called Kabuki dance is not "graduation" geisha. Because young Geisha, so very popular, the price is very expensive. The cost is up to 7500 yen and the service time is 90 minutes for a Kabuki accompanied by a Kabuki in a high - level kiosk. The cultivation of a Geisha into a large, but once the famous mountain, the asking price is very high, especially young senior geisha worth more, the general staff tycoon, but be beyond the means of, flower, Kuoshao companies but hesitate to spend money extravagantly. The economy is booming, large companies to take the business, please put to public relations as a geisha. Geisha though bad still, but no longer, fading is the trend, it is only a matter of time. It is worth noting that still fuck this industry without losing the confidence of a geisha. They think, geisha is Kyoto and Japan's "face", should be retained. They even travel around to improve their value. Some people are more clear: Kyoto geisha is a symbol of ancient cultural tradition must be protected. In recent years, for the fall and rise of the geisha, and also has abandoned the tit for tat struggle.
Famous Geisha Iwasaki Mineko
Iwasaki Mineko was born in 1949, at the age of 5 began to learn a variety of dance skills, at the age of 10 he inherited the family business, 15 year old official debut, became Japan's sixty-fourth dancer at the age of 15, think about what we are doing, her Kabuki dance from the age of 15, for 6 consecutive years, all the time is the miss and the highest annual income。

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