考研英语语法非谓语详解ppt

Example: He seldom comes except to look at my pictures.
注③:不定式符号的省略问题 Example: The child did nothing except weep. He will do anything for you except lend you money. They could do nothing but wait for the doctors to arrive.
非谓语动词 非谓语动词（不定式、动名词、分词）不是真正意义上的谓语动词，在句中都不能 单独作谓语。但都具有动词的某些特点，可以有自己的宾语或状语，构成非谓语动 词短语。都不受主语人称和数的限制（即无人称和数的变化），但有时态和语态的 变化。 Example: He ask me did it.（×） He ask me to do it.（√） Lily likes sing.（×）
主动 完成式
(not) to have done
被动
(not) to have been done
发生在谓语动作/状态之前的 被动动作
完成进 行式
主动
(not) to have been doing
在谓语动作/状态之前一直在 进行着的动作
It is a great pleasure to have been working with you.
比较： 不定式的时态意义。
Example: He is said to be studying abroad. 据说他正在国外读书。 （不定式的进行式表示动作正在进行） He is said to have studied abroad. 据说他在国外学习过。 （不定式的完成式表示动作已经结束） E. 不定式的被动形式 当不定式逻辑上的主语是这个不定式表示的动作的承受者 时，不定式一般要用被动形式。不定式的被动形式根据其与谓语动作发生的先后 关系，有一般式和完成式两种。 1．一般式 to be done Example: These are the books to be given out to the students. 这些是要发给学生的书。 2．完成式 to have been done Example: The novel is said to have been translated into many languages. 据说这部小说已被译成多种语言。 F. 不定式的否定形式 由not或never加不定式构成。 Example: We decided not to go out because of the bad weather. 由于天气不好，我们决定不出去。 注意：谓语动词的否定和不定式的否定不同的意义 Example: I did not promise to wake him up. 我没有答应叫醒他。 I promised not to wake him up. 我答应了不叫醒他。
Lily likes singing.（√） She punished by her father. （×） She was punished by her father. （√）
掌握非谓语动词的关键在于：弄清三大非谓语动词各种不同的结构形式、每种结 构所表达的时间概念及其主被动关系；弄清楚三大非谓语动词各自所作的句子成 分；不同的非谓语动词作同一句子成分时的区别；三大非谓语动词的其他特殊用法。
注③： It is adj. (for sb) to do sth. Example: It is not hard for one to do a bit of good.
It was difficult for me to do the work.
注④：某些形容词在上述结构中作表语时，常在不定式之前加上 “of + 名词词组” 来说明不定式所指的是谁的情况 Example: It’s kind of you to think so much of us. It’s very nice of you to be so considerate. 注⑤: It is + a pleasure/an honor/a pity to do. Example: It is a pleasure for me to help you. 注⑥: It takes sb +time to do. Example: It took us five hours to get there.
→
It is important to get enough sleep at night
注②：这种后置不定式的结构也适用于某些谓语动词不是系动词的句子 Example: To hear him talk like that made us very angry
→ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
It made us very angry to hear him talk like that.
(4). 宾补 Complement
Example: Don’t force yourself to write when you have nothing to say 1．只能用不定式结构作宾语补足语的动词： ① 表示“希望”“愿望”等心理状态的动词，如：wish, desire, expect, love, prefer, encourage, trust 等。 Example: What do you desire me to do? The director preferred her to act the old lady. ② 含有“让”“允许”“促使”“致使”等祈使意义的动词，如：let, allow, permit, decide, mean, lead, bring, put, hurry, cause, 等。 Example: We mustn’t let this happen again. His father put him to mind the sheep. ③ 带有“请求”“恳求”等感情色彩的动词，如：ask, desire, invite, beg, request, worry 等。 Example: He begged me not to tell his father about it. She was always worrying her father to take her to Paris.
1. I want to be a teacher. 2. I saw him go out.
进行式
主动
(not) to be doing
He happened to be working when the boss came in. 1. I happened to have come across your brother. 2. We planned to have met each other at ten. 1. I’m glad to have been invited to visit your factory. 2. He expects to have been told the truth yesterday.
(2). 表语 Predicative Example: My job today is to water all the flowers in the garden.
1．主语和表语都是不定式（其含义往往一是条件，一是结果）
Example: To be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the people. To do that would be to cut the foot to fit the shoe. 2．主语是以aim, duty, hope, idea, intention, mistake, plan, proposal, job, suggestion 等为中心词的名词词组，或以 what 引导的名词性从句表示，后面的不定 式说明其内容 Example: My idea is to climb the mountain from the north. Your mistake was not to write that letter. My suggestion is to start work at once. What I would suggest is to start work at once. 注：在某些句型中，当主语部分有动作动词do 时，作表语的不定式可以省略符号 “to” Example: All we have to do is push the button. The only thing I can do now is go on by myself. All I could do was send him a telegram.
(3) 宾语 Object
Example: These days everyone wants to get rich fast 1．“动词 + 带 to 的不定式结构”。这类动词常见的有：afford, agree, arrange, ask, choose, decide, demand, desire, expect, hope, learn, manage, offer, pretend, promise, refuse, want, wish, like, hate, prefer, continue, try, start, forget, mean, intend, begin, 等， Example: I’ve arranged to meet him at ten o’clock. I didn’t expect to find you here. 2．“动词 + 疑问词 + 带 to 的不定式结构”。（这种不定式结构接近一个名词从句）。 这类动词常见的有：tell, advise, show, teach, find out, decide, discuss, learn, forget, inquire, know, explain, remember, see, understand, wonder 等。 Example: I don’t know what to do I haven’t decided whether to sell it or not. We must find out where to put it.
不定式的句法功能 不定式具有名词、动词、形容词和副词的特性，在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语、 定语、状语和宾语补足语； (1). 主语 Subject Example: To get enough sleep at night is important. 注①：在很多情况下，特别是在口语中，常采用先行it代替主语，而把不定式后置：
A. 不定式的一般式 表示的动作通常与主要谓语的动作同时或几乎同时发生，或 是在它之后发生。 Example: He appears to be very happy. 他看起来好像很高兴。（同时发生） To catch the train, we'd better hurry to the station by taxi. 为了赶上火车，我们最好赶紧乘出租车去车站。 （to catch the train发生在hurry to the station之后）
注① ：如果作宾语的不定式结构有自己的补语，则应使用先行 it，把不定式后置， Example: I find it difficult to understand him. We thought it wrong not to help her. They found it impossible to get everything ready in time. 注② ：不定式结构一般不可作介词宾语, 只有在个别场合, 即在含有否定意义 的带有介词 except 或 but (=except) 的结构中才能这样用
（一）不定式 结构形式及每种结构所表达的时间概念及其主被动关系
名称 语态 主动 一般式 被动 (not) to be done 发生在谓语动作/状态之后或 同时发生的被动动作 与谓语动作/状态同时发生的 动作 发生在谓语动作/状态之前的 主动动作 The teacher wanted the materials to be typed soon. 结构形式 （not）to do 时间概念及主被动关系 发生在谓语动作/状态之后或 同时发生的主动动作 举例
B. 不定式的进行式 表示正在进行的动作。 Example: It happened to be raining when I got there. 我到达那里的时候，天碰巧在下雨。 C. 不定式的完成式 表示的动作在谓语表示的动作之前发生。 Example: I'm sorry to have lost your key. 我很抱歉把你的钥匙弄丢了。 D. 不定式的完成进行式 表示的动作在谓语之前发生并且一直进行着。 Example: He was said to have been living in London for twenty years. 据说他在伦敦一直住了20年。