语言学教程第一章

It helps to develop your ability to think consciously, the ability to find and solve problems.
It is tested if you pursue your graduate study in the English department.
• Try other round objects. (check the validity of hypotheses)
A
15
The study object of linguistics
• What is language?
• What are rules there are that govern the structure of language?
Parole is the actual speaking of language by an individual speaker. It is an individual linguistic phenomenon.
3) Langue and parole
Saussure made the distinction between langue and parole.
Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community. It is a social phenomenon.
A
22
A
23
Synchronic or diachronic?
• 近代汉语副词研究60年（1949-2009） • 汉语基本颜色词的进化阶段与颜色范畴 • 离合词形成的历史及成因分析 • 主观化对句法限制的消解 • 国外话语标记研究及其对汉语研究的启示 • 中英文前言作者自称语语用对比研究
A
24
A
17
A
18
1.3 Important distinctions in linguistics
1. Descriptive vs. prescriptive 2. Synchronic vs. diachronic 3. Langue and parole 4. Competence and performance 5. Speech and writing
A
11
1. What is Linguistics?
A
12
1.1 The definition of linguistics
Linguistics
—lan—gu—ag—e.
is
the—sc—ien—tif—ic study
——
of
Two important messages are conveyed in
English Linguistics
School of Foreign Languages, Shandong University of Technology
What do you expect of the course?
A
2
Course Description
➢ Textbook: 胡壮麟（主编），2011，《语言学教
A
6
How to study
➢ 网络教学平台
➢ Preview and review ➢ Relate it to your daily language use,
use it as a tool to explain
➢ An official account in Wechat : 语言学 午餐Ling-Lunch
A
9
What to learn in this session
• Chapter 1 Invitations to linguistics • Chapter 2 Speech sounds • Chapter 3 Morphology (word formation) • Chapter 4 Syntax (sentence structure) • Chapter 5 Meaning • Chapter 8 Language in use (meaning in
A
13
The method used in linguistic study
1. Collect and observe language facts, which are found to display some similarities, and generalizations are made.
A
20
• Prescriptive: • 网络语言不标准，不规范。
• Descriptive: • 网络语言的性质、词汇、句法、修辞特征； • 网络语言的规范以及对待网络语言的态度； • 网络语言与语文教学、当代社会文化、网民的
社会心理特征、网络词语及其意义生成的认知 机制等。
A
21
2) Synchronic vs. diachronic
• What do all languages have in common?
• How social factors are reflected in language?
• How does a child acquire his mother
tongue?
Awenku.baidu.com
16
• ……
1.2 Main branches of linguistics
Synchronic study of language takes a fixed instant as its point of observation. Diachronic study examines language through the course of time. It studies the development or history of language.
Course Description
➢ Aim:This course will present you with some of the basic knowledge about language, including the nature of language, its system and organization, its relations with other factors such as psychology, culture, society, mind, literature, language learning and teaching, etc.
What is special about language of linguistics?
• Language of commonsense Vs. Language of science
• The discourse of science cannot translate into commonsense without lost of meaning.
this definition:
first, ‘scientific’ communicates the method that should be adopted in linguistic study;
second, ‘language’ communicates the proper object of study for linguistics.
➢ Have a basic understanding on the key ideas and main branches of linguistics.
➢ Develop the ability of observation and analysis
A
4
Why bother to study linguistics
程》（第四版），北京大学出版社。
➢Time for the course：two sessions, one year
➢Assessment method: final examination (70%) +attendance+homework Miss more than six classes, fail; Leave of absence for private affairs for more than eleven classes, fail.
• In any typical group of science students there will be some who find themselves in difficulty.
A
8
Is linguistics difficult to learn?
• 人之为学有难易乎？学之，则难者亦易 矣；不学，则易者亦难矣。
2. Hypotheses about the language structure are formulated.
3. The formulated hypotheses are checked against the observed facts to prove their validity.
Is English or Chinese a more developed language than others?
……
A
5
Why bother to study linguistics
It makes you distinct from mere English learners and English speakers.
use)
A
10
Chapter One
The basic issues in this chapter: 1. What is Linguistics?
1.1 The definition of linguistics 1.2 Main branches of linguistics 1.3 Important distinctions in linguistics 2. What is Language? 2.1 The definition of language 2.2. Design features of language 2.3 Functions of language
A
14
• A one year old boy pronounces some unintelligible sounds. His mom finds it like the sound of ball. (collect and observe)
• Thirsty? Hungry? Ball? Circles? The boy smiles when mom call circles in a handkerchief ball. Something round is a ball.（hypotheses）
The prescriptive study of language is to state that certain linguistic phenomena or rules should or should not be obeyed, like a grammar book does.
Linguists usually use the first method in their study of language.
The myths of language wait us to reveal: 四川人不怕辣，湖南人辣不怕，贵州人怕不辣。 我激动得说都不会话了。 菊 清平乐
相逢缥缈，窗外又拂晓。长忆清弦弄浅笑，只恨人间花少。 黄菊不待清尊，相思飘落无痕。风雨重阳又过，登高多少 黄昏。
Is bilingual environment beneficial for children’s IQ?
A
19
1) Descriptive vs. prescriptive
The descriptive study of language is to record linguistic phenomena or rules, to study language as a social phenomenon.