胡壮麟《语言学教程》第一章-第六章重难点

名词解释

Syntactic function/ predicate/ performance/ tone/ semi-vowels/ minimal pairs/ intonation/ competence/ proposition/ cognition

Minimal pair, semi vowels, tone, intonation, competence, performance, predicate, syntactic function, proposition, cognition, conceptual metaphors, image schemas, hyponymy, endocentric construction, inflection Minimal pair refers to a pair of words, as pin and bin, or sheep and ship, differing only by one sound in the same position in each word

Semi-vowels The segments are neither vowels nor consonants but midway between the two categories.

Intonation the occurrence of recurring fall-rise patterns, each of which is used with a set of relatively consistent meanings, either on single words or on groups of words of varying length. Tone a set of fall-rise patterns affecting the meanings of individual words.

Predicate refers to a major constituent of sentence structure in binary analysis in which all obligatory constituents other than the subject were considered together.

A language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of

rules is called his linguistic competence.

Performance refers to the actual use of language in concrete situation.

Syntactic function shows the relationship between a linguistic form and other parts of the linguistic pattern in which it is used. Cognition In psychology it is used to refer to the mental processes of an individual, with particular relation to a view that argues that the mind has internal mental states and can be understood in terms of information processing, especially when a lot of abstraction or concretization is involved, or processes such as involving knowledge, expertise or learning for example are at work. In cognitive linguistics, cognition refers to the conceptualization of linguistic structures and patterns.

A proposition is what is expressed by a declarative sentence when that sentence is uttered to make a statement.

Chapter 1

Design feature of language

Arbitrariness

1.bowwow 汪汪

2.Syntactic level 有句法顺序

3.Convention 约定俗成为什么树叫树而不是别的

Duality

1.底层构建上层

Creativity/productivity

1.duality 不同地层结构可以组成很多上层结构

2.Recursiveness 句子可以无限长

Displacement

1.不受限制，可以谈论过去/未来，真的/假的

Functions of language

Halliday —— ideational，interpersonal，textual

◆Informative function 语言用于表达一个概念或内容

◆Interpersonal function

◆Performative function （change social status如结婚词，定罪词，表达动作，我让你去关

门）

◆Emotive function 感叹词（damn it）

◆Phatic communion 寒暄功能（问你吃了吗，并不真的问吃了没）

◆Recreational function 写诗陶冶情操

◆Metalingual function 用语言解释语言（词典中，一个词下很多释义）

Important distinctions in linguistics

◆Descriptive VS prescriptive

尊重语言事实，客观描述

约定俗成的

现在更关注descriptive

◆Langue & Parole （更倾向于parole）Saussure 提出（社会角度）

Langue 语言（抽象）parole 从小生活在某个社区影响的语言

◆Competence & performance （心理角度）Chomsky提出

天生具备的语言能力依据参数规则转化出所说所写

A knowledge of grammar, to incorporate the pragmatic communicative competence --communicative competence

Chapter 2

Gesture -- movements of the tongue and the lips

Voiceless consonants-- air can pass through easily

voiced consonants -- airstream causes them to vibrate against each other

Consonants and vowels 区别（obstruction of airstream）元音不受阻