管理会计名词解释(英文)

Prime cost: The sum of direct materials and direct labor costs, as these are the primary inputs into the production process.
Chapter 4
Cost structure: The proportion of the total costs that are variable and fixed.
Relevant range: A firm's normal reange of operations. Over this range, we expect a stable relation between activity and cost.
Segment margin: The contribution margin of a segment( e.g., product, customer, geographical region) less traceable fixed costs.
Controller: The person in an organization who manages the day-to-day accounting and issues guidance concerning corporate accounting policies.
Treasurer: The person in an organiztion who manages cash flows and serves as the contact point for banks, bondholders, and other creditors.
Unit-level Cost: A cost that increases or decrease in direct proportion to the number of units produced( used synonymously with variable cost).
variable cost: A cost that is proportional to the volume of activity.
Product mix: The proportion, expressed in units, in which products are expected to be sold.
Chapter 6
Avoidable fixed costs: Costs that need not be incurred if an option is not chosen. Same as controllable fixed costs.
Inventoriable cost (Product cost): A financial accounting concept under GAAP. Any cost associated with getting products and services ready for sales.
Responsibility accounting: Set of concepts pertaining to decision rights and performance evaluation in decentralized organizations.
Chapter 8
Process control chart: Help emolyee track performance on a real-time bais.
Relevant cost analysis: The same as Incrementat: Step in a joint process after which we can identify and process the joint products separately
Totals or gross approach: An approach that includes non-controllable costs and benefits to construct a contribution margin statement for each decision option.
Chapter 7
Cost center: Organizational unit that has control over and is accountable for costs incurred in offering products or services.
Investment center: Organizational setting where decision-making authority is dispersed through-out the firm
Excess or idle capacity: A condition that obtains when avaiable capacity exceeds realized demand
Incremental (differential) approach: An approach for framing and solving decisions that involves expressing the benefits and costs of the various decision options relative to one of the options.
Mixed cost: A cost that contains both fixed and variable components.
Overhead: The costs of capacity resources
Product-level cost: A cost that varies in proportion to the number of prodcuts.
Facility-level cost: Cost that does not vary at the unit-, batch-, or product-level. Cost required to sustain the organization.
Fixed cost: A cost that does not change as the volume of activity changes
Critical success factors: Things that must "go right" for the organization to be successful.
Benchmark: Systematic evalution of various activities and business process relative to the best practices.
Step cost: A cost that inreases in discrete steps as the volume of activity increases.
Sunk cost: A past expenditure that cannot be changed
Traceability: The degree to which we can directly relate a cost or a revenue to a decision option.
Joint cost: A cost that is common to two or more products. Costs of a joint process
Joint product: Products that are produced in a joint process, it is not possible to produce one joint product without producing the others as well.
Capacity costs: The sum of variable and fixed overhead costs.
Conversion costs: The sum of direct labor and manufacturing overhead costs
Cost driver: Attributes that we can measure for each cost object that are used to distribute the cost pool among cost object.
Master budget: Comprehensive set of operating and financial budgets.
Profit center: Organizational unit that has control over and is accountable for both revenues and costs.
Chapter 3
Allocation rate: The cost pool divided by the allocation volume.
Allocation volume: The sum of the cost driver amounts across all cost objects
Chapter 1:
Chief financial officer (CFO): The person in an organization who oversees all accounting and finance functions
Chief internal auditor (CIA): The person in an organization who oversees the internal audit function.
Chapter 9
Direct estimation: Capacity costs involves systematically examining each cost account to evaluate whether ( and how much) a decision would change a capacity cost.
Cost object: The items, or entities, to which costs are to be allocated.
Cost pool: The total costs to be allocated
Gross margin: Revenue less product costs
Chapter 5
Contribution margin ratio: The unit contribution margin divided by the unit price. The contribution margin ratio represents the protion of each sales dollar that, after coverin variable costs, goes toward covering fixed costs and, ultimately, profit.
Opportunity cost: The value of the next-best option
Chapter 2:
Batch-level cost: A cost that varies in proportion to the number of batches of units made (used synonymousl with step cost)