英语词典编纂

6.2 Types of lexical item
• A „lexical item‟ is any word, abbreviation, partial word, or phrase which can figure in a dictionary (often as the headword of an entry) as the „target‟ of some form of lexicographic description, most commonly a definition or a translation.
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1. Front and back matter The content of these sections varies a great deal depending on the perceived needs of users.
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The idiom shows morphosyntactic flexibility, allowing inflections, agreement of possessives, and so on. e.g. Joe is getting too big for his boots. / She had got too big for her boots./ People who are too big for their boots.
6.1 Preliminaries
• Some basic terms and concepts
• Headword list is a list of the words that are the headwords of entries in the dictionary. • Lemma denotes a word belonging to a particular word class. e.g. the two lemmas of play: play (noun); play (verb) • Lexical units (LU) are the various senses a lemma has. LUs are the core building blocks of dictionary entries.
6.2.2.3 Compounds
• Compounds of interest to lexicographers belong mainly to three word classes: nouns, adjectives, and verbs. • These three types of compound are listed below. Lexicographer must learn to recognize them in the corpus.
6. Planning the Dictionary
• In this chapter, we discuss what the dictionary will contain. • 6.1 Preliminaries • 6.2 Types of lexical item • 6.3 The constituent parts of a dictionary • 6.4 Building the headword list • 6.5 Organizing the headword list • 6.6 Types of entry
abbreviations and contractions
grammatical words( function) alphabetisms e.g. BBC
acronyms e.g. NATO contractions e.g. don’t bound affixes e.g. im-, -ment productive affixes e.g. ex-,anticombining forms e.g. flat-lifted
6.2.2.1 Fixed and semi-fixed phrases
Transparent collocations: e.g. to risk one’s life Fixed phrases: e.g. ham and eggs Similes: e.g. white as snow Catch phrases: e.g. horses for courses Proverbs: e.g. too many cooks( spoil the broth). Quotations: e.g. an eye for an eye Greetings: e.g. good morning Phatic phrases: e.g. have a nice day
6.2.2.4 Phrasal verbs
• A phrasal verb is a multiword expression consisting of a verb plus one or more particle(s). The particle may function either as a preposition or as an adverb, or both. Semantics (the kind of meaning phrasal verbs carry) literal meaning figurative or metaphorical meaning Syntax (how phrasal verbs interact with the rest of the language) verb + adverbial particle (intransitive unit) e.g. get up early verb + adverbial particle (transitive unit) e.g. hold over the decision verb + prepositional particle (transitive unit) e.g. see through one’s evil plan verb + adverbial + prepositional ( transitive unit) e.g. look forward to a party
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Figurative compounds e.g. civil servant , lame duck
b. Semi-figurative compounds e.g. high school , blind drunk c. Functional compounds e.g. police dog , house agent
6.2.2.5 Support verb constructions
• We restrict it to the so-called „light verbs‟ which carry less meaning in such constructions than in many other contexts. e.g. make, take, have, give, and do A few of us took a walk through the village walked through the village He took from his pocket a blue handkerchief. ( a full lexical meaning ‘remove’)
6.3 The constituent parts of a dictionary
• A good dictionary reflects the type of people who will be using it and what they will be using it for. Knowing these facts helps us decide what goes into the dictionary and how the material should be structured. Most dictionaries have two major components: the A-Z entries and all the other „non-linier‟ material which we can broadly categorize as ‘front matter’ and ‘back matter’ Front matter A forward and acknowledgements Introduction to dictionary An explanation of abbreviations, labels, and codes in the text How to use the dictionary( conventions of the dictionary layout)
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A few properties shared by idiomatic compounds It‟s fixed in form. It participates in semantic relationship with single words. ( e.g. sky blue and red are cohyponyms of color) Its meaning is more than the sum of its parts.
partial words
6.2.2 Multiword expressions
• MultiworБайду номын сангаас expressions( MWEs) • The term covers all the different types of phrases that have some degree of idiomatic meaning or behavior. • MWEs are a central part of the vocabulary of most languages, and need to be accounted for in the dictionary. They are particularly important for learners‟ dictionaries. • The lexicographer‟s rule is “ its meaning is more than the sum of its parts”.
6.2.2.2 Other phrasal idioms
• These are the most difficult MWEs to handle in lexicography. Every idiom has at least one. Some have several. No idiom has them all. The wording is never entirely fixed. e.g. hit and/or miss, it was a …’s dream c. b. There are syntactic restrictions upon the idiom‟s behavior, in that it undergoes only limited grammatical transformations. e.g. It’s raining cats and dogs. √ Cats and dogs are being rained. ×
6.2.1 Single items
• 1. Single items: simple words, various kinds of abbreviation, and partial words.
lexical words
simple words
(common words)
Single items