program template for Spaceship
高中英语外研版必修二教师用书Module 5 Newspapers and Magazines
Module 5Newspapers and Magazines【美文阅读】How to Improve a Newspaper DesignDo you ever wonder why there are some newspapers that are really popular and have a wide readership？Then，try to take a look at their design.Remember，the first thing that people get to see in a newspaper is its layout(布局)．Nobody would bother reading the whole paper，especially if it doesn't look interesting.So，if you want to make your publication look more attractive and increase your readership，try these four easy steps to improve your newspaper design.Purchase a Publishing Design ProgramBuying software on publishing design can help a lot in creating the perfect layout for your paper.Try to look for programs that can create layouts for you，which includes typesetting and template (模板)features.Set Up a Basic TemplateTemplates not only make your task simpler and easier but can also help you e up with neat layouts.Try to refer to the designs of top newspapers for you to be able to take note of the typefaces(字型)for headlines，front pages，etc.Pick an Identifiable Typeface for Your LogoAnother thing to do to improve your newspaper design is to have a clear typeface for your logo (标识语)．This lets your readers know the type of content your paper has.Keep in mind that the simpler the logo，the better.Organize the Sections of Your NewspaperFor a better reading experience，try to e up with a way on how to organize your paper's content.One good example is to separate it into sections and pages.Also，give each section a header so that your readers will not be confused when looking for specific articles that they want to read.A newspaper's design is an important factor in determining whether your paper will have a lot of subscribers or not.By following these four simple things，you will definitely be able to improve your newspaper design.【诱思导学】1．Do you agree the four easy steps can improve your newspaper design?【答案】略2．Nowadays the newspaper has considerable value.Everybody should read it.It supplies us with a variety of news every day.Can you list some types of news items you can find in newspaper?【答案】Business news；celebrity news；economy news；fashion news；international news；politics news；sports news.Period ⅠPreviewing(教师用书独具)●教学目标本课时主要是通过学生对学案所给出的内容的学习，了解本课文中所出现的词汇，初步了解课文以及相关的背景知识，对下一堂课对课文的全面理解起到一个铺垫作用。
stk astrogator编程例子 -回复
stk astrogator编程例子-回复在线火箭轨道设计工具：STK Astrogator在太空探索和卫星部署的过程中，轨道设计是一个至关重要的领域。
STK Astrogator是一款功能强大的软件工具，可用于进行火箭轨道设计、航天器飞行动力学建模和航天任务分析。
本文将介绍STK Astrogator的编程示例，并为您提供一步一步的指导。
我们将从安装软件开始，然后学习如何编写Astrogator脚本，最后展示一个真实的应用案例。
第一步：安装STK Astrogator要使用STK Astrogator，您首先需要从官方网站（第二步：了解Astrogator脚本语言Astrogator脚本语言是一种基于对象的编程语言，它允许您通过代码控制Astrogator的各个方面。
这种脚本语言使用一系列的命令和函数来操作航天器和轨道元素。
在本例中，我们将使用Astrogator脚本语言来设计一个地球同步轨道。
第三步：打开Astrogator模块启动STK软件套件后，单击主菜单中的“Astrogator”选项，然后选择“New Astrogator Object”。
这将打开Astrogator模块，并为您提供进行轨道设计的环境。
第四步：创建一个新任务在Astrogator模块中，选择“File”菜单，然后选择“New”。
这将创建一个新的Astrogator任务对象，您可以在此任务中定义航天器和轨道参数。
第五步：定义轨道和航天器属性在任务属性窗口中，您可以定义航天器和轨道的各个参数，例如质量、初始位置、速度和姿态等。
在本例中，我们将创建一个地球同步轨道，因此需要设置轨道高度和倾角等参数。
第六步：编写Astrogator脚本单击“BCF”或“Script”选项卡，您将看到一个编辑器窗口，可以在其中编写Astrogator脚本代码。
根据需求，您可以使用不同的命令和函数来定义航天器的飞行任务。
例如，您可以使用“Launch”命令定义发射序列，使用“KeplerianPropagator”函数进行轨道传播等。
使用VC6.0创建工程
使用Microsoft Visual C++ 6.0
VC6程序开发的结构：
每次开发必须有一个workspace
一个workspace可以包含多个project
porject即工程，工程可以生成可执行文件（exe）， 静态链接库（lib）和动态链接库（dll）以及其他一些 类型的程序文件
一个Project可以包含多个头文件(*.h)和实现文件(*.c)， 不过整个工程至多只能有一个main函数
14
使用Microsoft Visual C++ 6.0
WorkSpace Project
.h .C .C ... Project
WorkSpace Project .c
工程唯一的main函数
15
使用Microsoft Visual C++ 6.0
对于大型程序的开发，把所有的代码放入 一个c文件显然是不合适的，VC++6.0的工 程管理结构可以帮助开发人员把大型程序 分散为多个逻辑部分，以便管理
.h----- 这种文件为头文件，包含的主要是 自定义数据类型、函数等的定义和声明放 置在头文件中。 .c----- 代码实现文件。
10
在VC++6.0中
.dsw---- Developer Studio Workspace，最高级别的配置 文件，记录了整个工作空间的配置信息，是一个纯文本 的文件，在vc创建新项目的时候自动生成。 .dsp---- VC开发环境生成的工程文件，文本格式。在VC 中，应用程序是以Project的形式存在的，Project文件的 扩展名为.dsp，在Workspace文件中可以包含多个Project, 由Workspace文件对它们进行统一的协调和管理，每个 工程都对应一个dsp文件。 .opt---- VC开发环境自动生成的用来存放WorkSpace中各 种选项的文件。工程关于开发环境的参数文件。如工具 条位置信息等。 .ncb----无编译浏览文件(no compile browser), NCB为 VC++自动创建的跟踪文件，其中存放了供ClassView、 WizardBar和Component Gallery使用的信息，由VC开发 环境自动生成。无编译浏览文件。当自动完成功能出问 题时可以删除此文件。build编译工程后会自动生成。
高一英语翻译试题答案及解析
高一英语翻译试题答案及解析1. Have you ever considered a trip to Shangri-la!? The British writer James Hilton described a beautiful kingdom 【1】.where three rivers joined together, steep mountains reached to the sky, and fields of long grass covered the earth. Three mountains, Meili, Baimang and Haba, which are covered with snow, tower over the land. Below the mountain, the sunshine reflects on the many lakes,【答案】那里三河交汇，奇峰高耸，深草如茵覆盖大地。
【解析】考查定语从句。
划线部分是where引导的定语从句，steep是形容词，意为“陡峭的”，故翻译为：那里三河交汇，奇峰高耸，深草如茵覆盖大地。
【2】.making them shine like diamonds against the rich countryside. Lakes, surrounded by vast grassland, look like jewels. Sheep, cows and horses feed freely on the green grass and【答案】使它们在富丽乡村景色的映衬下，如钻石般闪耀璀璨。
【解析】考查非谓语动词。
划线部分是非谓语动词短语作伴随状语，make sb/sth do sth使/让......做某事，against在此意为“映衬”，故翻译为：使它们在富丽乡村景色的映衬下，如钻石般闪耀璀璨。
【3】.forests around are home to lots of birds and animals. In this peaceful world,【答案】周边的森林是众多鸟类和动物的家园。
中国科技馆英语作文
中国科技馆英语作文各位同学们，你们想知道中国科技馆英语要怎么写吗？如果还没思路的同学要继续往下看看哦。
Today, my mother and I went to the China Science and Technology Museum near the bird's nest in Beijing. From afar, the newly built Chinese science and Technology Museum is grand and spectacular.We walked in and found that it was a four storybuilding with a main exhibition hall and an attached hall. Among them, the main exhibition hall is divided into four exhibition halls aording to the Chinese light, exploration and discovery, science and life, challenge and future theme, which has many exhibits and large area, which is really breathtaking. I often go to the Tianjin Museum of science and technology, in contrast, is simply pale into insignificance by parison.There's something I like very much in every showroom. The exhibition hall in the light of China, the main exhibition is China invented in ancient times, a rice mill, water tankers, Zhaozhou Bridge Model and Ricou car etc.. Ricourt meter car design with two hand drum hammer little shepherd, we drive the car, running through the small gear, every kilometer below the beat of a drum, the drum is gauged by hitting the car a total of the number ofkilometers away, reflects the ancient people's ability andcleverness. In the discovery and discovery exhibition hall, the main exhibits are natural science exhibits, dinosaur bones, geic inheritance, specimens of many plants and the growth of the 2550 old tree rings, etc..Growth in 2550 is a giant sequoia trees, the original tree 65 meters high, 5 meters in diameter. In natural environment, the survival time is so long, it is rare. In the science and the life of the main exhibition hall, isthe science of life, there is a train, travel, and Simulation of gravitational pull abacus electronic cabin etc.. Visitors can enter the simulation cabin andexperience the pleasure of driving airplanes in person.I've been on a plane, but I've never been in a cockpit, soI'm curious and full of expectations about being able to fly. When I fly the plane, the front of the screen showsthe runway, the sky, I seem to really hover in the blue sky. In the challenge and future exhibition hall, the main exhibition is the highest level of science and technology and human imagination of the future, there are space suit, Shenzhou 1 return warehouse, space station model and transgenic use. Enter the space station model, I understand the life of astronauts, weightlessness in the circumstances, astronauts life has a lot of inconvenience. Of course, the space station also has a lot of very user-friendly design, such as the installation of treadmills and so on.To the closing time, I still do not want to leave, Chinese science and Technology Museum makes me linger. I want to study hard, practice painting, grow up, we should bine the painting skills and the use of modern science and technology, so that our life will bee better!It was the last day of Beijing tourism, and we came to the new China Science and technology museum.In the hall, the most striking thing is the magic pendulum over the top of the head. It has many white spheres, up and down, left and right swing, from time to time to change a variety of beautiful shapes. Dad said the magic square was designed by a Chinese scientist. Looking at the magic pendulum, I can not help but marvel at the magic of science and technology.We took the sightseeing elevator to the two floor. The first thing that es up to you is three dinosaur fossils. This is Yunnan province donated to the national science and technology museum. Which is the largest museum Street dragon, thirteen meters high, twenty-seven meters long, is the most in asia. Another two smaller dragons, one is a double ridge dragon, one is Lu Feng long. Look at these three huge monster, I seem to see the Jurassic period, the three dinosaur swagger walk.Come to the third floor, explore and live exhibition hall, see from ancient times to now, washing machine from scratch, step by step progress process.On the four floor, the capsule of Shenzhou 1 is standing in front of us. Return to the cabin as an ancient bell, its body, keep landing when burning, as if to tell us its extraordinary experience.I think the science museum is fun, and let me push back the door to scientific knowledge again". My father and mother agreed that next year we will e!Two years ago, I went to the Museum of science and technology of the old hall, we will go to the Museum of science and technology today, it was built in the nest beside, I heard that there are many new things, I'm looking forward to.Far away, we saw a big silver ball, and then we knew it was the 4D theater of the science museum.We bought a ticket into the main hall, the main hall is divided into three layers, the first layer is the exploration and discovery, so many inside experience ah, I each try; the second layer is the technology and life experience, I fly, I sat in the cabin, saw numerous lights and button the pilot felt really great. The third floor is the challenge and the future. I've experienced the moonwalk and the robot dance. There are too many things in the mainexhibition hall, some of them are very deep. When I grow up, I will play more when I know more knowledge.We e from the main hall, bought a ticket to the Science Park, science park is very suitable for our students to play, just went to see a group of kids in the house, I also join, moving bricks can be so tired! Then I went to experience grinding grits, and milk, the most interestingis the bubble blowing, I use a large circular ring, blow a lot of big bubbles, bubbles in the air is really beautiful.There are many projects I can not describe, because the science and Technology Museum is too big, I have been wandering for two days have not finished. If you're free, you'd better go and see for yourself.In August 3rd, my long-awaited day arrived, because my father wanted to take us to Beijing. With Chao Chuxiang and my childhood panion, I got on the train to Beijing, and the wind brought us to the capital of our motherland -- Beijing.The train, I saw a tall building in Beijing, they are like a soldier guarding the city. After lunch, we arrivedat the China Science and technology museum. As soon as I entered the gate, I was attracted by the motion template at the door, and the piston moved and drove the attacheddevice to run regularly. In the hall, all the students from all over the country are watching the magic things carefully. We came to the two floor, where there were a lotof people watching the little ball adventure. With the "bang" sound, the ball is pushed to a place by the high pressure air, and it moves for a period of time, but every time it can aurately fall in the designated position, it is amazing.We went out of the showroom and Dad took me to the movies. Entering the cinema, a huge ball of shadow appeared in front of me, and you couldn't imagine its huge scene. The movie started, the shock of the film, so that the audience is like immersive, if you are not hands-on experience, you can not feel his charm.How time flies! Suddenly, the science and Technology Museum. At the time, I left unable to part. Coming out of the science museum, I thought, "next time, I'm going to e here and see the magic of this technology.Every time I go to Beijing, I spend a whole day at the Beijing Museum of science and technology.Science and Technology Museum and the magnificentbird's nest echo from afar, it is like a silver ball, like a mysterious ufo. The Museum of science and Technology Museum is about forty thousand square meters, with five floors, namely, "Science Park", "China Light", "exploration and discovery", "science and technology and life", "challenge and future" five themes exhibition hall.Into the lobby of the first floor, the ceiling, covered with white ball, under the control of puter, small ball variety, a while like Pyramid, a string of geic chains as soon as possible...... In the northwest corner of the first floor, one of my most interesting exhibitions is "Science Park", which is specially designed for children aged 3 to10 years. Walking into the exhibition hall is like ing to a fairy tale world. "Happy farm", a car is a small tractor ploughing, little friends can try sitting on a tractor ploughing, work process simulation of tractor front on the big screen, very interesting. In the "space station", children drive the spaceship to see the earth, and also travel through the space-time tunnel to simulate space exploration activities. In the swimming Bay, the exhibition design some games, such as pipe games, children manipulate the valve to let the water flow to different destinations, through transparent glass to see if the control of waterflow in the pipeline, understand the principle of tap water. We know a lot of Science in the game of happiness.Beijing science and Technology Museum is the largest, the most abundant exhibits, the most advanced facilities of professional science and technology. We also know a lot of profound knowledge in happy and relaxed games.。
科幻作文模板制作手工作品
科幻作文模板制作手工作品英文回答：DIY Science Fiction Craft Template。
1. Gather your materials:Cardboard or thick paper。
Scissors。
Glue or tape。
Markers or paint。
Other embellishments, such as glitter, sequins, or fabric scraps。
2. Design your template:Sketch out your sci-fi design on paper. It could be a spaceship, robot, alien creature, or anything else from your imagination.Consider the size and shape of your template, as well as the materials you will be using.3. Cut out your template:Use scissors to carefully cut out your template. Make sure the edges are clean and smooth.4. Assemble your craft:Use glue or tape to attach the pieces of your template together. Be patient and careful to ensure that the structure is sturdy.5. Decorate your craft:Use markers or paint to add color and details to your sci-fi craft. You can also use other embellishments,such as glitter, sequins, or fabric scraps, to make it more interesting.中文回答：科幻手工艺品制作模板。
邀请汤姆来参我生日加聚会英语作文
邀请汤姆来参我生日加聚会英语作文全文共5篇示例，供读者参考篇1My Best Friend Tom Has to Come to My Birthday Party!Hi! My name is Michael and I'm going to be 9 years old next week! I'm so excited because my mom is letting me have a big birthday party. I get to invite all my best friends from school and we're going to have cake, pizza, games, and even a bouncy castle! It's going to be the best party ever.The only problem is that my very best friend Tom might not be able to come. Tom and his family just moved here from England a few months ago. His dad got a new job working for a company in our city. At first, Tom had a really hard time because he didn't know anybody and he missed his friends and relatives back in England. But I was one of the first kids to introduce myself and be friendly to him.Tom and I hit it off right away. We have so much in common! We both love reading comics, especially Spider-Man. We're obsessed with soccer and play every day at recess. We both think math is boring but that science class is really cool, especiallywhen we get to do experiments. And funniest of all, we both hate Brussels sprouts! Yuck! Tom is definitely my closest friend here.Unfortunately, Tom's parents don't have a lot of money since the move. His dad's new job doesn't pay very much yet. And his mom hasn't been able to find a job here so far. So when I invited Tom to my birthday party, he got a sad look on his face. He said his parents can't afford to buy me a present and he didn't want to come emptyhanded. I felt really bad for him.I tried to explain to Tom that he doesn't need to bring a present. He is my present! Having my best friend with me on my birthday is the best gift of all. It wouldn't be any fun celebrating without him there. Tom is so much fun to hang out with. He always finds a way to make me laugh with his silly jokes and faces. I don't care about getting a store-bought gift. I just want my best buddy Tom to come.Mom and Dad overheard me talking to Tom about the party. They came over and told Tom not to worry about bringing a gift. They know his family is on a tight budget right now after the move. Mom said the most important thing is that we'll get to spend time together celebrating my birthday. She loves having Tom over because he is so polite and well-behaved. Even though he's from far away, he fits right in.Tom's eyes lit up with a huge smile when he heard that. He gave me and my parents a big hug. He said he would absolutely love to come to my party, and that he didn't care about bringing a gift either. We were both so relieved! A birthday party just isn't the same without your best friend there.I already have so many fun activities planned for the party. First, we're going to have a huge pizza lunch with all my favorite toppings - pepperoni, sausage, and black olives. Yum! Then we'll play some awesome party games like musical chairs, pin the tail on the donkey, and an epic Nerf gun battle in the backyard. After that, we'll take turns bouncing around in the bouncy castle. We can bounce as high as we want and do crazy flips without mom yelling at us!But you know what I'm most excited about? The grand finale - the incredible birthday cake! Mom ordered a specialSpider-Man themed cake for me from the fancy bakery downtown. It's going to be a giant 3-foot wide cake decorated to look just like the comic book cover of Amazing Spider-Man #300! With Spider-Man kicking Venom right in the face! How cool is that?! I can't wait to blow out the candles and stuff my face with that delicious cake.And Tom will be right there beside me, being as silly as ever.I can already picture him making goofy faces trying to get me to crack up while I'm blowing out the candles. He'll probably make a big production about rubbing the cake remnants all over his face and hair just to be a goof. And you better believe I'll fire back by smooshing a handful of frosting down the back of his shirt! We'll both end up looking like ridiculous sugar monsters. But that's what birthdays with your best friend are all about - having as much fun as possible!Mom and Dad already scheduled the party for next Saturday afternoon. That means I still have a whole week to build up the anticipation and excitement! I can't stop thinking about how awesome it will be. I'll get to be the star of the show surrounded by all my friends, being silly, stuffing our faces, and most importantly, creating more hilarious memories with Tom. A birthday party is just not complete without your very best friend there to celebrate with you.So Tom, if you're reading this - YOU HAVE TO COME! Pretty please with a cherry on top? Don't make me beg! Bros before anything, right? I'll never let you live it down if you miss my 9th birthday extravaganza! No party is going to stop us from having a blast together. I don't care if you can't bring a present. Havingyou there to share the day with me is the greatest gift I could ask for. It seriously won't be the same without you. So you better be there, buddy! I'll be waiting!篇2My Best Friend Tom and My Awesome Birthday PartyHi there! My name is Alex and I'm going to tell you all about my super fun 10th birthday party and how I invited my best friend Tom. Get ready for an exciting story!It all started a few weeks before my birthday. Mom and Dad asked me what kind of party I wanted to have this year. Without hesitation, I knew exactly what I wanted - a big sleepover party with ALL my friends from school! I absolutely LOVE sleepovers. Staying up late, eating junk food, telling spooky stories, and just being silly with my buddies is the BEST.Of course, I couldn't have a sleepover without inviting Tom. He's been my very best friend since we were just little kids in kindergarten. We do everything together - play soccer, video games, you name it! Tom is really funny and always makes me laugh with his goofy jokes and impressions.After deciding on a sleepover, it was time to make the invitations. I found this really cool template online with aspaceship blasting off into outer space. How awesome is that?! I printed it out and carefully wrote all the party details like the date, time, my address, and things to bring like a sleeping bag and favorite snacks.Then came the hard part...I had to decide who to invite! Obviously Tom was at the top of my list. But I also wanted to invite Jeremy, Mark, Ryan, and a bunch of other friends from my class. Boys only though, no girls allowed! Sorry girls, but this was going to be an epic guys night.The next day at school, I could hardly contain my excitement.I passed out the invitations one by one to all my friends. When I got to Tom's desk, I said "Hey Tom! You've got to come to my sleepover birthday bash next weekend. It's going to be insane!" Tom's eyes lit up with joy as he looked over the intergalactic invitation. "This looks so cool! You know I'll be there, buddy," he replied with a big grin.In the days leading up to the party, Mom helped me get everything ready. We blew up dozens of balloons, hung up streamers and banners, and she even rented a huge bounce house for the backyard! Tom texted me saying how stoked he was and that he couldn't wait. I was counting down the days.Finally, the night of the party arrived! Ding dong, the doorbell started ringing constantly as all my friends showed up. Tom was one of the first to get there, overnight bag in hand. "Happy birthday, dude!" he exclaimed, giving me a hearty high five and handing me his present to open later.Soon, the house was filled with 12 rowdy, cheering boys ready to party all night long. First up was the bounce house, which we went wild in for at least an hour straight. We took turns doing crazy flips and bouncing off the walls. Such an adrenaline rush!After we were all tuckered out, we headed inside for pizza, chicken nuggets, and the most massive bowl of junk food imaginable. Chips, candy, cookies, you name it! Tom and I loaded up our plates sky high and chugged down blue raspberry slushy drinks. So unhealthy but so delicious!The rest of the night was non-stop fun and laughter. We played video games, had an epic Nerf war throughout the house, and watched a hilariously bad sci-fi movie while pigging out on ice cream sundaes. Around midnight we all put on our PJs and sleeping bags and gathered in the living room.That's when the spooky storytelling began! Taking turns, each of us tried to tell the scariest tale possible. Some of themwere actually pretty creepy and gave us the chills. Tom's story about the haunted graveyard and zombie kids was hands down the winner though. I almost peed my pants!Eventually, we all passed out from exhaustion around 3am. I woke up the next morning in a daze, surrounded by my snoring friends andії'лpile of junk food wrappers everywhere. W hat. A. Night. Tom was crashed out right next to me, still clinging to his pillow.As everyone groggily woke up, we all agreed it was hands down the best sleepover any of us had ever been to. We recharged with a massive stack of pancakes, sausage, and maple syrup before my friends had to head home later that morning.Tom was the last one to leave. Before he walked out the door, he gave me a big bear hug. "Thanks for the awesome party, Alex! You're the best bud ever. This was legendary!" I hugged him back tightly. "No way man, thank YOU for coming and being my bestie. Can't wait to do it again next year!"And that's the epic tale of my 10th birthday sleepover party and how I invited my best friend Tom to join in on all the fun and craziness. A night I'll never forget! Thanks for reading, and let me know if you ever want to hear more exciting stories. I've got plenty! Catch ya later!篇3Here's an essay inviting Tom to my birthday party, written in a primary school student's tone with 2000 words in English:Hey there, buddy! It's me, your pal from school. Guess what? My birthday is coming up real soon, and you know what that means, right? It's party time! Yep, my mom and dad are throwing me a super awesome birthday bash, and you're totally invited. How cool is that?I can't wait to tell you all about the amazing plans we have in store. First off, we're gonna have a mega bounce house in the backyard. Can you imagine how much fun it'll be to jump around like crazy kangaroos? And that's not even the best part! My dad's friend owns this really neat petting zoo, and he's bringing some of the cutest baby animals for us to play with. I'm talking tiny little piglets, fluffy chicks, and maybe even a couple of adorable bunnies!But wait, there's more! We're also going to have a face painting station. You know how much I love getting my face painted like a cool superhero or a ferocious tiger. Maybe this time I'll let them paint me like a unicorn or a mermaid. Wouldn'tthat be hilarious? You have to get your face painted too, Tom. It's going to be so much fun!Oh, and get this – my mom's hiring a magician to come and perform some crazy tricks. I've seen videos of magicians making things disappear and reappear out of nowhere. It'smind-blowing! I can't wait to see their magic up close. Maybe they'll even teach us a trick or two. How awesome would it be if we could learn to pull a rabbit out of a hat?Of course, no birthday party would be complete without lots and lots of delicious treats. We're gonna have a massive cake with my name written on it in bright, colorful icing. And not just any cake, Tom – a triple-decker chocolate fudge cake with sprinkles galore! My mouth is watering just thinking about it. There will also be plenty of pizza, candy, ice cream, and all sorts of yummy snacks to keep us fueled for the party madness.But you know what the best part of the whole party is going to be? Having my very best friend there to celebrate with me! It just wouldn't be the same without you, Tom. We've been buddies since we were just tiny tots, and I can't imagine ringing in another year of my life without my partner in crime by my side.So, what do you say, Tom? Are you in for the most epic birthday bash ever? You've got to come, buddy. It'll be a blast – Ipromise! Just let me know if you can make it, and we'll have a total riot together. I'm counting down the days until we can party like there's no tomorrow!Your friend forever,[Your Name]篇4Hi Tom! It's me, your friend [Your Name]. I'm writing to you because my birthday is coming up really soon and I'm having a super fun party to celebrate! I really really hope you can come.My birthday is on [Date] this year and my mom is throwing me a huge party at our house. She said I can invite as many friends as I want! We're going to have a bouncy castle set up in the backyard. Can you believe it? A real life bouncy castle! I've always wanted to go in one of those. My mom said we can jump and bounce around in it as much as we like. Just thinking about it makes me want to jump up and down with excitement!There's also going to be a dunk tank at my party. I saw them on TV before and they look like so much fun. Basically, you throw these balls and try to hit a target, and if you do, the person sitting above the tank gets dunked into the water below! How hilarious would that be to see our teacher or principal getdunked? I'm definitely going to try my best to dunk them if they come.Of course, what's a birthday party without cake and ice cream? My mom is ordering a gigantic triple chocolate cake from my favorite bakery. It's going to be taller than me! And we're having every ice cream flavor you can imagine - chocolate, vanilla, strawberry, mint chocolate chip, cookie dough, you name it! I can't wait to eat way too much and get a stomachache. Isn't that what birthdays are for?We're also going to have a bunch of awesome games and activities. My dad is setting up a whole obstacle course in the yard with a climbing wall, a crawling tunnel, and even a mudpit at the end! He's a little crazy but I love him. We'll also have classics like an egg toss, a three-legged race, and a huge game of Red Rover. I want to play them all a million times.Oh and get this - my parents also hired a magician to perform at the party! They said he's supposed to be really good and knows all the best card tricks and illusions. I've never seen a real magic show before so I'm super psyched. Hopefully he can teach us all some magic tricks too. Maybe you and I can start doing magic shows around the neighborhood after my party!I'm honestly so so excited for my birthday, Tom. This party is going to be the best day ever. But it just wouldn't be the same without you there. We've been best friends since we were tiny kids and I can't imagine celebrating another birthday without you by my side. Pretty pretty please say you'll come! I need my BFF and birthday buddy with me.I promise we'll have a blast jumping, bouncing, playing games, eating way too much junk food, and watching an amazing magic show together. We can make this the most epic birthday either of us has ever had! Just let me know if you can make it. I'll be waiting to hear from you!Your bestie,[Your Name]篇5An Invite for Tom's Birthday Bash!Hey Tom! It's me, your bestie forever, Michael. I'm writing you this letter to invite you to the BIGGEST, BADDEST party of the year - my 10th birthday party! I'm turning double digits this year, which is a really big deal. I'll finally be in the same cool age group as my older brother Jake. No more being a little kid!My mom is letting me invite all my best friends from school over for an epic celebration on Saturday, April 22nd from 2pm to 5pm. We're going to have sooo much fun! First up, we're going to play tons of games in the backyard - maybe some freeze dance, musical chairs, and I even asked my dad to set up an obstacle course with the climbing dome and slide! He's the best at putting together crazy obstacle courses.Then, we'll take a break and have the most delicious birthday cake you've ever tasted. My mom is making my favorite - a huge chocolate fudge cake with chocolate frosting and gummy worms on top! She said I can have as many gummy worms as I want since it's my big 1-0 birthday. Maybe we can have a little contest to see who can eat the most gummy worms without throwing up.I bet I can beat you!After our super sugary cake break, we'll head inside to open presents. I'm hoping to get that new remote control monster truck I've been wanting. It goes super fast and can even do awesome stunts! We could totally take turns racing it around the house. Just don't break anything ok? My mom will kill me!The grand finale of the party is...drumroll please... a magic show! That's right, my uncle Jerry is going to come over and do all sorts of crazy magic tricks for us. He's a professional magician and everything. I heard he might even let us try to learn a trick or two. Maybe you'll finally discover your hidden talent for magic!So whatdya say Tommy boy? Can you come and celebrate my birthday awesomeness with me? Your mom can just drop you off at 2pm and pick you up at 5pm. I really, really, really hope you can make it! It won't be the same super fun party without my number one best friend there. Let me know as soon as you can if you're coming!I gotta go now, my little sister Emily is being annoying and trying to steal my LEGOs again. Don't be jealous of my cool LEGO collection ok? You can come play with them at the party if you want!Your BFF (Best Friend Forever),Michael。
大学英语作文梦想工作的作文模板及范文
大学英语作文梦想工作的作文模板及范文全文共6篇示例，供读者参考篇1Essay TemplateIntroduction• What is your dream job? Why did you choose this job?• Explain what this job is and why it interests you so much.Body Paragraph 1• Describe in detail what the main duties and responsibilities of this job are.• Use examples and vivid details to illustrate what a typical day would be like.Body Paragraph 2• Explain what kind of special training, education or skills a re needed for this job.• Discuss any challenges or downsides to pursuing this career path.Body Paragraph 3• Talk about where you could work at this job (locations, types of companies, etc.)• Discuss what the work environment and conditi ons would be like.Body Paragraph 4• Describe what you think would be the most fun, exciting or rewarding parts of this job.• Give examples of why you think you would really enjoy doing this job.Conclusion• Restate why this is your dream job and summarize the key points from the essay.• Mention any other thoughts, hopes or plans you have for pursuing this career.Sample EssayMy Dream Job as an AstronautHave you ever looked up at the twinkling stars and wondered what it would be like to fly up into space? Well, that'smy biggest dream - to become an astronaut! I've always been fascinated by planets, galaxies, and the mysteries of the great unknown in our vast universe.If I could have my dream job, I would want to be an astronaut who gets to travel up into outer space frequently on rocket ships and space shuttles. Astronauts have to be super brave and really smart. Their main job is to conduct important scientific experiments and space exploration missions while orbiting the Earth or traveling to other planets.On a typical day, an astronaut might wake up, put on their specially designed spacesuit, and then jet off into the dark cosmic sky aboard a powerful rocket. Up in space, they would spend hours running tests, collecting samples, repairing equipment, and working closely with their astronaut crew. They would also have to exercise lots to keep their muscles from deteriorating without Earth's gravity weighing them down.To become an astronaut, you have to go through years of intense training on how to operate all the complex machinery on a spacecraft. You also have to become and an expert in subjects like physics, aerospace engineering, astronomy, and survival skills. It's definitely not an easy path! Plus, you have to be intip-top physical shape to withstand the extreme forces of blasting off into space.Astronauts can work for government space agencies like NASA or private companies like SpaceX that build high-tech rockets. No matter where they work, the environment is always going to be really high-pressure, cramped living quarters on a shuttle, spaceship, or space station. You have to be okay with being confined to small spaces and being very far away from family and friends for long stretches.Despite those challenges, I still think being an astronaut would be the most awe-inspiring job ever! Can you imagine how incredible it would feel to gaze back at our tiny blue planet from out in the inky blackness of the cosmos? Or walking on the dusty, cratered surface of the moon? I would love the thrill of rocket launches, doing real hands-on science experiments, and maybe even someday being part of a Mars expedition crew.Becoming an astronaut is my ultimate dream career because it combines my fascination with space, astronomy, adventure and intellectual curiosity. I'm going to work really hard in school, especially focusing on math and science. And I'll make sure to exercise often and be as physically fit as I can be. I hope that witha lot of perseverance and not giving up on my big dream, I can defy gravity and make the ongalatical journey to the stars!篇2Essay TemplateIntroduction• What is your dream job? Why does it interest you?• A personal story/experience that sparked your interest in this jobBody Paragraph 1• Describe the main duties/responsibilities of this job• What skills are needed to do this job well?• What kind of person is well-suited for this career?Body Paragraph 2• Why are you drawn to this job? What about it excites you?• What are some potential challenges or downsides to be aware of?• How can you overcome/prepare for those challenges?Body Paragraph 3• Educational requirements and steps to prepare for this career• Extracurriculars, internships, training that could help• Where could you work? Different environments for this jobConclusion• Restate why this is your dream job and what makes you suited for it• How will doing this job make you feel? What goals could it help achieve?• Final inspirationa l thoughts about pursuing your passionSample EssayMy Dream Job as an AstronautEver since I was a little kid, I've dreamed of becoming an astronaut! I'm totally obsessed with space. I haveglow-in-the-dark stars all over my bedroom ceiling and walls. I read every single book about planets, galaxies, and space exploration that I can find. And I even went to Space Camp last summer! That's where I got to experience what it's like to live and work in space for a week. It was the best week of my whole life. I can't wait to make that my real job someday!Astronauts have a pretty cool job if you ask me. Their main responsibilities are to travel into outer space, conduct science experiments, pilot and maintain the spacecraft, and even go on spacewalks to repair satellites or the International Space Station. You have to be really smart and know a ton about math, science, engineering, and technology to be an astronaut. But you also have to be brave, mentally tough, and able to stay calm under extreme pressure. Space is a dangerous place after all!I think I'd make a great astronaut because I'm brave, love adventure, and are endlessly curious about the unknown wonders of the universe. I could spend hours stargazing through my telescope, learning about black holes, asteroids, and searching for alien life. Being weightless and floating around in a space shuttle sounds like a total blast! Though I don't love the idea of eating dehydrated food packets or using avacuum-sealed toilet...space plumbing sounds pretty gross if I'm being honest!But those are small prices to pay for the adventure of a lifetime. To have a shot at this dream job, I know I'll need to work incredibly hard in school, especially at math, physics, and computer science. Joining my school's astronomy and robotics clubs will also help prepare me. And if I'm really lucky, maybe Ican land an internship at NASA while in college. They look for top students who have taken lots of advanced science and engineering courses. Most astronauts have at least a master's degree before applying.With enough determination and lazer-focus though, I'm confident I can make the cut. My parents always tell me I'm brilliant and can achieve anything I set my mind to. Becoming an astronaut would be a childhood dream come true! Just imagine the views of planet Earth from the International Space Station...or being one of the first humans to walk on Mars. That would be insanely epic! Having a job exploring the great unknown would never feel like actual "work." Every day would be filled with wonder, discovery, and looking at our universe with fresh eyes. What could be better than that? Chasing this dream job is my personal mission for the future!篇3My Dream JobHave you ever thought about what you want to be when you grow up? I have, and I can't wait to tell you all about my dream job! It's going to be the coolest, most awesome job in the whole wide world.Ever since I was a tiny little kid, I've always loved animals. I had a bunch of stuffed animal toys that I carried everywhere with me. My favorite was a big fluffy dog named Rufus. I used to pretend he could talk and we would have long conversations about everything under the sun. I told him all my secrets and he was such a good listener!When I was 5 years old, my parents finally let me get a real pet - a puppy named Bingo! He was the cutest, most adorable ball of fur you've ever seen. I taught him all kinds of tricks like shaking paws, rolling over, and playing dead. We went on walks together every single day and I brushed his fur until it shined like silk. Bingo was my best friend in the whole world.That's when I decided that my dream job would be to work with animals when I grew up. Can you imagine how much fun that would be?! Getting to play with cute puppies and kittens and bunnies all day long. Taking them on walks, giving them treats, and snuggling up for naps together. It would be like the dream life!At first I thought I wanted to be a pet groomer. You know those people who give dogs and cats fancy haircuts and baths? They get to make the animals look their absolute fluffiest and most adorable. With my arts and crafts skills, I could make dogslook like teddy bears or sculpt their fur into crazy shapes like pineapples or dragons. How cool would that be?But then I realized that as a groomer, I would have to use scary tools like scissors and buzzers that might scare the animals.I definitely don't want any pets to ever feel afraid or unsafe around me. A groomer might not be the best dream job for me after all.Next, I considered being a veterinarian. That's an animal doctor who helps sick pets get better when they're hurt or not feeling well. Can you imagine how incredible it would be to have the skills to make a dog'sowi or a cat's hairball go away? Veterinarians are like superheroes for animals!I started learning all about how to take care of different kinds of pets and what to do if they get sick or injured. I watched videos about how to bandage owies, give them yummy medicine, and help them recover from surgeries. I even put bandages on my stuffed animals to practice!However, I don't think I could handle some of the really sad parts of being a vet. What if a pet was so sick that they couldn't get better no matter what I did? I don't think I'd be able to cope with losing my animal friends. It would simply break my heart into a million pieces.Just when I was starting to feel discouraged that my dream job didn't exist, I learned about an incredible new career - being an animal encounter leader at an adventure park! This job literally sounded like everything I could possibly want and more.As an animal encounter leader, I would get to introduce people (especially kids like me) to the most amazing animal species from all over the world. We're talking sloths, kangaroos, lemurs, porcupines - you name it! Each day would be like taking a trip to the wildest, most exotic destinations on earth.Part of the job would be teaching fun facts about the different animals - like how they keep safe, what they like to eat, and their incredible hidden talents. For example, did you know that sloths are such talented swimmers that they can hold their breath longer than dolphins? How crazy is that?!The biggest perk of being an animal encounter leader is that I'd get to actually interact with animals!篇4Essay TemplateIntroduction (2-3 sentences)• Sentence 1: A broad statement about dreams and goals• Sentence 2: Why having a dream job is important• Sentence 3: Thesis statement with your specific dream job Body Paragraph 1 (5-7 sentences)• Sentence 1: Topic sentence stating what your dream job is• Sentences 2-6: Describe your dream job - what kind of work you would do, where you would work, who you would work with/for, etc.• Sentence 7: Transition to next paragraphBody Paragraph 2 (5-7 sentences)• Sentence 1: Topic sentence about why you want this dream job• Sentences 2-6: Explain the reasons why you want this job (interests, skills, values, pay, making a difference, etc.)• Sentence 7: Transition to next paragraphBody Paragraph 3 (5-7 sentences)• Sentence 1: Topic sentence about the steps needed to achieve this dream• Sentences 2-6: Describe education, training, experience, etc. required• Sentence 7: Transitional closing sentenceConclusion (3-4 sentences)• Sentence 1: Summ arize main points about your dream job• Sentence 2: Why accomplishing this dream is important to you• Sentence 3: Restate thesis in new words• Sentence 4: A general closing thought about dreams/goals Sample Dream Job EssayI have always been a kid with big dreams. Ever since I was little, I've imagined myself doing really cool jobs when I grow up. My ultimate dream job is to be a zookeeper!As a zookeeper, I would get to work hands-on with all sorts of amazing animals every single day. I would feed them, give them medicine when sick, train them to do tricks, and keep their habitats clean and comfortable. Some of the animals I could work with are elephants, lions, bears, monkeys, and tropical birds. My favorite part would be getting to interact directly with the animals and learn about their behaviors. I would work at a huge zoo with different areas for all the environment types likegrasslands, forests, Arctic areas, and more. It would be the best playground ever!I want to be a zookeeper so badly because I am completely obsessed with animals. I think they are awesome, fascinating creatures. I have loved learning about different species since I was very little. When I was 5, I amazed my parents by being able to name over 100 dinosaur species! Now at age 10, I can identify most animals and birds in our local area. Animals are my absolute favorite thing in the world. I also love being outdoors in nature which is why a zookeeper job would be ideal. I wouldn't be stuck behind a desk all day. Caring for animals and conserving nature fits perfectly with my interests and values.To achieve my dream of being a zookeeper, I know I will need lots of education and experience. After high school, I will need to earn a bachelor's degree in zoology, biology, animal behavior, or some other related field of study. During my studies, I should pursue internships at zoos or animal care facilities to get hands-on experience. Many zoos look for prospective keepers with experience volunteering or working at animal shelters too. Once I have my degree, I will apply for entry-level keeper jobs and work my way up to the larger animals from there. It will takemany years of hard work and dedication, but I know it will be worth it to live my dream career!Ever since I was a little kid, I've had my heart set on being a zookeeper. It is the perfect combination of my biggest passions - animals, nature, being outdoors, and caring for other living beings. Of course, it won't be easy, but I am determined to do whatever it takes to make this dream a reality. Having a job I absolutely love is so important to me. I don't want to be stuck doing something I don't enjoy my whole life. With hard work, I know I can achieve this dream and wake up every day being so grateful and happy to go to work with incredible animals! Dreams really can come true if you put your mind to it.篇5My Dream JobHave you ever thought about what you want to be when you grow up? I have! I've had so many different ideas over the years - a firefighter, a teacher, a scientist, an artist. But lately, I've been dreaming about one job that sounds like the best ever. Are you ready to hear about my dream job?I want to be a professional gamer! How cool would that be? Getting paid to play video games all day long. Just imagine - nomore teachers assigning homework or quizzing you on stuff you'll never use in real life. No more having to wake up super early for school. Your whole job would be mastering the latest and greatest games.The really talented pro gamers get scouted and signed by big esports teams. Esports means competitive video gaming, kind of like how football, baseball, and other sports have professional leagues. These teams have fancy training facilities with powerful gaming rigs and coaches who help the players analyze their gameplay and get better. It's a professional athlete's life, but for gamers!Then the teams travel all around the world to compete against other pro gamers in big tournaments. These events are held in huge arenas packed with fans cheering on their favorite players and teams. Can you picture it? Thousands of people going wild because you just pulled off an amazing move or clutch victory in a game. Talk about an adrenaline rush!The prizes for winning major esports tournaments are insane too. We're talking millions of dollars up for grabs. The very best players can make a fortune from tournament winnings, lucrative team contracts, sponsorship deals, streaming their gameplayonline, and more. They become international celebrities in the gaming world.My friends always laugh when I tell them I want to be a pro gamer, but I think it sounds like the best job ever. Just imagine - you get to play amazing, cutting-edge games for a living. You can make millions by being the absolute best at something you genuinely love doing. You get to travel around the globe and hang out with other gamers who are just as obsessed with gaming as you are. What's not to love?Still, I can't help but dream about making it as a pro gamer. Just being able to play video games all day and get paid for it would be a dream come true. I have my sights set on becoming the next big esports superstar!Maybe I'll start off streaming my gameplay online and trying to build up a big fan base. Or I could enter every gaming tournament I can find, both online and in-person events. I'll spend every spare minute practicing my favorite games, analyzing pro gameplay, and looking for any little edges or exploits to help me get an advantage.No matter what, you can bet your bottom dollar that I'm going to be putting in the hard work to make this dream a reality. After all, the life of a professional gamer is basically just onenon-stop awesome experience. You get to indulge your biggest passion and compete at the highest levels in something you love more than anything. What could be better than that?My friends and family can laugh all they want, but I know in my heart that this is the job I was born to do. While they're stuck working boring 9-to-5 office jobs, I'll be busy becoming the gaming world's next superstar sensation. Just you wait and see!So that's my dream job in all its glory. I can't wait to make it a reality and look back on this essay someday when I'm a rich and famous pro gamer. Maybe I'll even have some of my young fans writing essays about how they want to follow in my footsteps. Wouldn't that be cool?For now, I better get back to leveling up my character and practicing my skills. The road to gaming greatness starts today! Wish me luck, because I'm determined to make this dream come true, no matter what it takes. Thanks for reading, and game on, my friends!篇6Essay TemplateIntroduction• What is your dream job and why? Give a few reasons why this job interests you.• You can start with something like: "Ever since I was a little kid, I've dreamed of becoming a _____ when I grow up. This job seems so exciting/fun/interesting because _____."Body Paragraph 1• Describe what this job involves - the daily responsibilities and tasks.• Use simple language a child would use, with examples they can relate to.• You can start with: "A _____ has to do things like _____, _____, and _____ every day."Body Paragraph 2• Explain where people with this job work - the work environment/setting.• Describe what the work atmosphere is like using vivid details.• You can start with: "_____ usually work at places like _____ and _____. These places are _____."Body Paragraph 3• Talk about why you would be good at this job and what qualities/skills make you suited for it.• Give specific e xamples from your ownpersonality/experiences.• You can start with: "I think I would be a great _____ because I am _____, _____, and _____."Body Paragraph 4• Discuss any challenges this job might have and how you could overcome them.• Use basic language explaining the difficulties and your problem-solving approach.• You can start with: "Being a _____ is probably not easy all the time though. Some hard parts are _____. But I could _____."Conclusion• Restate your pass ion for this dream job and your determination to achieve it.• End with a concluding thought about working hard towards your goals.• You can start with: "In the end, _____ is still my biggest dream. I'll study hard and practiceso one day I can _____!"Sample EssayEver since I was a little kid, I've dreamed of becoming a zookeeper when I grow up. This job seems so exciting and fun because you get to work hands-on with all different types of cool animals every day!A zookeeper has to do things like feeding the animals, cleaning their spaces/cages, monitoring their health, and giving educational talks to visitors. I imagine scooping out piles of hay or shaking buckets of fish to call the animals over. Then I'd get to see them up close as they munch away!Zookeepers usually work at places like zoos and animal sanctuaries. These places are awesome because they have tons of exhibits with every animal you can think of - lions, monkeys, snakes, you name it! The atmosphere always seems lively, and zookeepers get to be outside in nature a lot instead of stuck behind a desk.I think I would be a great zookeeper because I am patient, nurturing, and an animal lover. I'm really good at being gentle and making my pets feel safe. Plus, I'm never afraid to get dirtyor do hands-on work. In third grade, I did a project about koalas and found them absolutely fascinating!Being a zookeeper is probably not easy all the time though. Some hard parts are having to clean out gross, smelly cages and making sure you pay close enough attention so no animals get loose or hurt. But I could just take it one task at a time while being very careful and responsible.In the end, being a zookeeper is still my biggest dream. I'll study hard in school, especially science, and keep practicing caretaking skills so one day I can hopefully achieve my goal! Getting to interact with amazing creatures and help give them a safe home would make every challenging moment worth it. I can't imagine a better way to spend my future career.。
关于邀请朋友来参加生日的英语作文
关于邀请朋友来参加生日的英语作文全文共5篇示例，供读者参考篇1My Super Fun Birthday Party!Hi friends! I'm so excited because my birthday is coming up really soon. I'm turning 9 years old this year! I can't wait to have my birthday party. It's going to be the best party ever!For my birthday this year, I really want all of my best friends to come over for a party at my house. I'm going to invite Johnny, Samantha, Jacob, Emily, Michael, and Sophie. They are my very best friends in the whole wide world. A birthday party just wouldn't be the same without them!I've been making lots of plans to make sure my party is going to be super fun and awesome. First, I asked my mom if we could have the party at our house in the backyard. She said yes! Our backyard is really big with lots of room to run around and play games. It's the perfect place for a party.Next, I had to decide on a theme for my party. After thinking about it for a while, I decided I want a science theme! How cool is that? We can do fun science experiments and learn aboutawesome things like planets, chemicals, and dinosaurs. I just love science so much.For the decorations, I'm going to have my mom order some cool science stuff online. I want to get plastic beakers and test tubes to use as cups and decorations. I also really want a big poster of the periodic table to hang up. We can use it for decoration and learning! How neat is that?My favorite part of planning the party has been deciding on the activities and games we'll do. First, I'm going to have an experiment station set up where we can do hands-on science activities. I want to make little volcanos that erupt with baking soda and vinegar. We can also make sandwiches from bread, peanut butter, and bird seed to look like fossils! Isn't that such a fun idea?Another activity I have planned is a scavenger hunt. I'm going to hide little science themed objects and clues all around the backyard. The first person to find them all wins a prize! I'm not sure what the prize will be yet, but I'm thinking maybe a science kit with a microscope or telescope. A prize like that would be so awesome.We'll also play classic games like red rover, freeze dance, and tag. Of course I have to include those! What's a kid's birthdayparty without running around and having a blast? My friends and I love being active and playing games that get our energy out.For food at the party, I'm going to have my mom make a science themed menu. I want dirt pudding cups, made with chocolate pudding, gummy worms, and crushed Oreos on top. We can also have rocket dog hot dogs, because hot dogs kind of look like little rockets! And for a healthy option, we can have Martian apple mummies made from apple slices with sunbutter and pretzels. Everything will be super yummy!After we play games and have some fun food, it will be time for presents and cake. I can't wait to see what kinds of gifts my friends get me. I really hope I get some new science kits or books. But I'll be happy with whatever they pick out because it's the thought that counts.And the cake... oh boy, I'm so excited for the cake! I asked my mom if we could get a cake made to look like a science lab. She said the bakery could do it! I'm picturing a rectangular cake with fun decorations like beakers, goggles, and lab coats on top. For the inside, I want green slime filling between the layers. A cake like that would be so stinkin' cool!Once we've had cake and opened presents, we'll keep on playing and having fun until it's time for the party to be over. Ijust know my 9th birthday is going to be the most amazing day ever. Celebrating with my best friends with a science theme is my dream come true! We'll make so many fantastic memories.I can't wait to invite all my friends over. I'm going to make special invitations just for them. Maybe I'll draw some science stuff on the front like beakers and planets. I'll tell them all about the super fun plans I have for games, activities, snacks, and cake. I'm sure they'll be just as excited as I am!Well, that's all the details about my upcoming 9th birthday party. It's going to be out of this world! I'll make sure to tell you all about how it went after it happens. I just know it's going to be the best day ever!See you at the party, friends!篇2My Super Awesome Birthday Party!Hi everyone! My name is Emily and I just turned 9 years old last week. For my birthday this year, I got to have the most amazing party ever. I'm so excited to tell you all about it!A few weeks before my birthday, I started making plans. The first thing I had to do was decide who to invite. I grabbed a pieceof paper and made a list of all my best friends from school - Sophie, Ava, Liam, Noah, and Olivia. They're the ones I play with at recess every day. I also included my neighbors Lucy and Jack because they're a lot of fun too.Next, I had to pick a theme for the party. After thinking about it for a while, I decided I wanted an outer space themed party! Space is just so cool with all the planets, stars, rockets and aliens. I told my mom and dad my idea and they thought it was awesome. We went online together to look at party supplies with spaceships, aliens, and glow-in-the-dark stars.Once we had the guest list and theme figured out, it was time to make the invitations. I found a template online that had a cartoon rocket blasting off into space. It looked perfect! I printed it out and handwrote all the details like the date, time, and my address. I also added a quick note saying "Come in your best space costume!" because I wanted everyone to dress up. The invitations turned out super cute.A week before the party, the decorations started going up around the house. Mom hung paper lanterns from the ceiling that looked like planets - Saturn with its rings, Jupiter with its red stripes, and more. Dad made a little area with black walls and hung glow-in-the-dark stars and moons all over it to look likeouter space. They even set up a makeshift control panel with flashing lights and buttons to make it feel like the inside of a spaceship! I was so excited every time I saw the decorations.Finally, the day of the party arrived! I put on my alien costume that Mom made for me - it had antennae on the headband, a green face, and a silver jumpsuit. I looked so cool! As my friends started arriving, I met them at the door. Sophie and Ava came as astronauts, Liam and Noah were aliens like me, Olivia was a comet, and Lucy and Jack were the sun and moon. Everybody's costumes looked amazing.After everyone made it to the party, the fun really began. First, we played some games out in the backyard like anegg-launching contest and moon rock toss. Then we had a couple relay races where we had to hop around like astronauts and collect Moon rocks. It was hilarious watching everyone waddle around! We took a break to eat some space snacks like meteor brownie pops, Milky Way crispy treats and Moon pie cupcakes. They were delicious!Once we regained our energy, we went inside to the pretend spaceship area for an alien dance party. We jumped around and shook our alien bodies to songs like "Rocket Man" and "Walking on the Moon." It was a blast! After dancing for a while, we satdown to open presents. I got so many awesome gifts like space LEGOs, glow-in-the-dark slime, and a planetarium that projected the night sky on the walls. So cool!As the party was winding down, my parents brought out the grand finale - an actual rocket launch! Well, not a real rocket, but they had set up a baking soda and vinegar "rocket" that they launched across the yard using a soda bottle. We counted down from 10...9...8...and when we got to 1, that rocket went soaring into the sky! It was just like a real spacecraft blasting off into space. We all cheered and clapped as it flew higher and higher until eventually coming back down to Earth.After the rocket launch, it was time for cake and ice cream. I had a circular cake decorated to look just like the planet Saturn. It was delicious! As we ate our dessert, we talked about our favorite parts of the party. Everyone agreed that the whole day was out-of-this-world awesome.When it was finally time for my friends to go home, they all gave me a big birthday hug. I was a little sad to see my party ending, but so happy I got to celebrate with my best friends. This outer space birthday was one I'll never forget - it was a total blast! I'm already counting down the days until I can plan my 10thbirthday party. Maybe next year it will have a superhero theme?A girl can dream! Thanks for reading about my amazing day!篇3My Awesome Birthday PartyHi there! My name is Tommy and I just turned 8 years old last week! It was the best birthday ever and I want to tell you all about the awesome party my parents threw for me.A few weeks before my birthday, my mom asked me who I wanted to invite to my party. I made a big list of all my best friends from school and the neighborhood kids I play with. I invited Billy, Samantha, Jacob, Emily, Michael, and Chris from my class. I also invited Jimmy from down the street and his little sister Amy.My mom sent out the coolest invitations! They were shaped like dinosaurs with the party details printed inside. The invitations said:"Hey Dudes! Let's get rawring and celebrate Tommy's 8th birthday party!When: Saturday, April 15th from 2pm - 5pmWhere: Tommy's House (With a big backyard!)Activities: Dinosaur fossil dig, T-Rex piñata, Jurassic Park movie watchingSnacks & Cake: Dino nuggets, Jurassic bark desserts, volcano cakeRSVP to Mrs. Johnson at 555-DINO by April 10th"I was so excited when everyone RSVP'd that they could come! The only bummer was that Chris couldn't make it because he had a family thing.The day of the party finally arrived and my dad spent all morning blowing up dinosaur balloons and hanging up Jurassic Park decorations. We had a huge chocolate volcano cake with candy rocks all around it. There were dinosaur skeletons, trees, and tent decorations to make it look like a real dino jungle!As soon as my friends started arriving, we rushed out to the backyard for the first activity - a dinosaur fossil dig! My dad had buried some fake dinosaur bone fossils in a big sandbox and we all grabbed shovels and brushes to dig them up. It was so much fun getting dirty and discovering all the bones! Jimmy found a huge T-Rex skull fossil.After we finished digging up fossils, it was time for thepiñata! We took turns putting on a blindfold and trying to whackopen the big T-Rex piñata. It took forever but finally Michael knocked it open and we all grabbed as much candy as we could!We were getting pretty hungry after all that playing, so we headed inside for some dino nuggets. They were in the shape of different dinosaurs like triceratops and brontosaurus. They were so delicious, especially dipped in the zesty Jurassic sauce! My favorite snacks were the volcano brownies that actually oozed hot fudge lava when you broke them open.With our bellies full, we settled in to finally watch Jurassic Park on the big TV. It's my all-time favorite movie - I've probably seen it 100 times but it's still so awesome! We turned off all the lights and my mom brought us Jurassic dirt cups with gummy worms for dessert.After the movie ended, it was time for presents. I was so spoiled and got so many cool dinosaur toys, books, games, and clothes. My best present was definitely the huge 3-foot longT-Rex figure that makes super realistic roaring sounds when you press its tail! I can't wait to chomp around the house and scare my little sister with it.Finally, it was time for my favorite part - the birthday cake! We all gathered around the table singing "Happy Birthday" as my mom brought out the epic volcano cake. I got the honor ofcutting into the side and making the "lava" candies ooze out. The cake was so rich and fudgy, I think I'm still full a week later!As my friends were getting picked up by their parents, they all told me that it was the best birthday party ever. I had such an awesome time with my favorite people doing my favorite dinosaur activities. 8 years old is definitely going to be the best year yet!I'm already counting down the days until my 9th birthday bash next year. A dinosaur party is going to be hard to top, but I'm thinking maybe a knight and princess medieval theme? With a jousting tournament, a dungeon maze, dragon eggs to decorate, and a giant castle cake? We'll see! But I'm sure as long as I have my best friends and family there, it'll be just as fun as this year. Thanks for reading all about my amazing dinosaur birthday party!篇4Here's an essay about inviting friends to a birthday party, written in the tone of an elementary school student, around 2000 words long:My Awesome Birthday Party!Hey friends! I'm so excited because my birthday is coming up in a few weeks. I'm going to be 10 years old! Can you believe it? Double digits, baby! I feel like a grown-up now. Well, kind of. My mom still makes me go to bed at 8 pm, but whatever.Anyway, I really want all of my best friends to come to my birthday party this year. It's going to be the best party ever! We're going to have so much fun. I've been planning it for months. I even made a list of all the things I want to have at the party. Let me tell you about it!First of all, we're going to have a huge bouncy castle in my backyard. You know how much I love bouncy castles! I could spend all day jumping up and down and doing flips and tricks. Sometimes I pretend I'm a ninja warrior or a superhero when I'm in there. My mom says I have too much energy, but I think she's just jealous because she's old and can't jump as high as me.Next, we're going to have a big piñata filled with candy and toys. I can't wait to see who gets to swing the bat first. I hope it's me because I have a really good batting stance. I've been practicing my swing in the mirror for weeks. My little sister says I look silly, but what does she know? She's just a baby.Oh, and we're also going to have a face painting station! I want to get my face painted like a tiger or a superhero. Maybe I'lleven let the face painter give me a cool design on my arm too. I'll be like a real-life action figure!But that's not all! We're also going to have a huge cake with my favorite flavor – chocolate! And not just any chocolate cake, but a cake shaped like a dinosaur. How cool is that? I love dinosaurs so much. I'm going to be so sad when I have to cut into it and eat it. Maybe I'll just keep it as a pet instead.And of course, we're going to play lots of fun games too. We'll have a three-legged race, a water balloon toss, and a piñata game. I can't wait to see who wins the most prizes. I'm definitely going to try my best to beat everyone else. Sorry, but it's my birthday, so I get to be a little bit selfish.Oh, and we can't forget about the presents! I really hope all of my friends get me the coolest toys and games. I've been dropping hints for weeks about the new video game I want. I even left a picture of it on the fridge for my parents to see. Hopefully, they got the message!But even if I don't get any presents, it doesn't matter. Just having all of my best friends there will be the best present of all. We're going to have so much fun together, running around, playing games, and stuffing our faces with cake and ice cream.So, if you're one of my best friends, you better mark your calendars! My party is going to be on Saturday, June 15th, from 2 pm to 6 pm. Don't be late, or you'll miss out on all the fun! And don't forget to bring your swimsuit because we're going to have a huge water fight at the end of the party. It's going to be epic!I can't wait to see all of your smiling faces and celebrate my birthday with my favorite people in the whole world. This is going to be the best day ever!Love,[Your Name]篇5My Super Awesome Birthday Party!Hey guys! It's me, your pal Michael. I'm turning 9 years old next Saturday on April 15th and I'm having the BIGGEST, MOST AMAZING birthday party ever! You're all invited and you better come because it's gonna be epic!First, let me tell you about the place. My mom rented out the party room at FunZone - you know, that awesome indoor playground with all the bouncy houses, climbing walls, and arcade games? The whole room is ours for 3 whole hours! Weget to jump around like crazy monkeys in the bouncy castles, race down the huge slidy slides, and play as many video games as we want without having to put in any quarters. It's gonna be a blast!But that's not even the best part. My parents hired a magician to come do magic tricks and fun illusions just for us! His name is The Amazing Zandro and he's performed magic shows on TV before. I heard he can make things levitate,saw a person in half, and pull a bunny rabbit out of his tall black hat. I can't wait to see him make my little sister disappear!After the magic show, we'll have time for some intense laser tag battles in the huge multi-level arena. They're giving us all super cool vest gear and everything. I'm so gonna snipe all you chumps from the top level! Just you wait and see who's the laser tag master.When we've worked up an appetite from all that jumping and running around, we'll take a break to eat. And let me tell you, the food is gonna be insane! My mom ordered a 4-foot long submarine sandwich that could feed a whole army. We're talking every kind of meat, cheese, veggie, and condiment you can imagine, all jammed into one massive sandwich. And that's not all - we're also having pizza, chicken nuggets, french fries, andmy absolute favorite...a colossal ice cream sundae bar! You can pile as many scoops as you want into your bowls and then drown them in every topping imaginable. Chocolate syrup, caramel, sprinkles, gummy bears, crushed cookies, whipped cream - you name it!After we're full of amazing food, it'll be time for presents! I'm so stoked to see what kind of cool stuff you guys got me. Video games, Lego sets, action figures, books, art supplies...I'll love whatever you bring. Just don't go too overboard, okay? I don't want you spending too much on me.But WAIT, there's more! We'll finish off the day by watching a private screening of the newest superhero movie that just came out. I won't spoil which one, but just know it's gonna be an action-packed flick full of intense fight scenes, awesome superpowers, and cool gadgets galore. Snacks and drinks will be provided too, so we can munch on candy and soda while we watch.So, did I convince you that my party is gonna be the raddest birthday bash ever?! You'd be crazy to miss out! Make sure to RSVP to my mom ASAP and mark your calendars for the big day - next Saturday, April 15th from 1-4pm. I'll see you turkeys there!Your bestie,Michael。
制作宇宙飞船模型的英文作文
制作宇宙飞船模型的英文作文英文回答：Building a model of a spaceship is a fun and rewarding project that can be enjoyed by people of all ages. Here are some tips on how to make a spaceship model:1. Choose a design. The first step is to choose adesign for your spaceship. There are many different typesof spaceships, so you can choose one that you like the look of or that is based on a real spacecraft.2. Gather your materials. Once you have chosen a design, you will need to gather the materials you need to build it. This will include things like cardboard, paper, glue, and paint.3. Cut out the pieces. The next step is to cut out the pieces of your spaceship. You can use a template or drawthe pieces yourself.4. Assemble the pieces. Once you have cut out the pieces, you can start to assemble them. Use glue to attach the pieces together.5. Paint the spaceship. Once the spaceship is assembled, you can paint it. You can use any color or design you like.6. Add details. The final step is to add details toyour spaceship. This could include things like windows, doors, and engines.中文回答：制作宇宙飞船模型。
spacex的软件开发流程
spacex的软件开发流程英文回答：SpaceX follows an agile software development process for its projects. This approach allows for flexibility and adaptability in the development process, enabling the team to quickly respond to changes and iterate on the software. The software development process at SpaceX can be summarized in the following steps:1. Requirements Gathering: The first step is to gather requirements from stakeholders and users. This involves understanding the purpose and goals of the software, as well as any specific features or functionalities required.For example, when developing the software for the Dragon spacecraft, the team would gather requirements from astronauts and engineers to understand the specific needs for the mission.2. Design and Planning: Once the requirements are gathered, the team moves on to designing the software architecture and planning the development process. This includes breaking down the requirements into smaller tasks and creating a roadmap for development.For instance, the team may design the software architecture for the Falcon 9 rocket's guidance system and plan the development milestones.3. Development and Testing: The actual coding and development of the software takes place in this phase. The team follows an iterative approach, where they develop small increments of functionality and continuously test and review the code.For example, the team may develop and test the software module responsible for controlling the landing of the Falcon 9 rocket's first stage.4. Integration and Deployment: Once the individual software modules are developed and tested, they areintegrated into a complete system. This phase involves testing the integrated system and ensuring that all the components work together seamlessly.For instance, the software controlling the Dragon spacecraft's docking system would be integrated with the overall software system and tested for compatibility.5. Maintenance and Updates: After deployment, the software requires ongoing maintenance and updates. This includes bug fixes, performance improvements, and adding new features based on user feedback.For example, if astronauts using the Dragon spacecraft identify a bug in the software interface, the team would release a patch to fix it.中文回答：SpaceX采用敏捷软件开发流程来进行项目开发。
关于PROE的 Program
应用Pro/PROGRAM进行自动化设计Pro/ENGINEER 中的每一个模型都含一个程序，其中有主要设计步骤和编辑后可当程序用的参数。
通过运行该程序，可按照新的设计规范改变模型。
要进入Pro/PROGRAM 环境，请在“零件”(PART) 或“组件”(ASSEMBLY) 菜单中单击“工具”(Tools)>“程序”(Program)。
"设计"菜单最初只可对存在于模型的设计程序进行访问。
然而，只要编辑程序，就可创建一个包含最近设计指令的文件。
在此处，同一个模型存在两个设计程序，它们是“从模型”(From Model) 和“从文件”(From File)。
成功地在模型中合并设计变化之后，“从文件”(From File) 程序就被删除了，只有“从模型”(From Model) 程序可用。
在“从文件”(From File) 设计程序存在的情况下，“设计”(WHICH DESIGN) 菜单显示两个命令：∙从模型(From Model) - 检索在模型中建立的设计程序。
∙从文件(From File) - 从名为assemblyname.als或partname.pls 的现有文件中为模型检索设计。
关于Pro/PROGRAM Header 程序起始语句 Input 输入语句Relations关系语句Model Section模行语句 Massprops .质量语句编辑设计后会出现两个选项1（从模型）将放弃已编辑的设计2(自文件)将继续编辑已编辑的设计注意：“从模型”(From Model) 反映模型的当前状态，而“从文件”(From File) 则包含上一编辑期间所添加的所有新指令。
1 Add input statements.增加输入语句Parameter_Name Parameter_Type“pro mpt that you want displayed in the message window”2 Write relations.写关系3 Edit the model section.编辑模型部分Pro/ENGINEER 中的每一个模型都含一个程序，其中有主要设计步骤和编辑后可当程序用的参数。
pintos-pro2-project2-UserProgram
Pintos project2作者：西安电子科技大学这个项目将使pintos可以加载并执行用户程序，并且为用户程序提供系统调用。
Project2 需要完成的的任务有四个：Task1 Process Termination Messages进程终止信息Task2 Argument Passing 参数传递Task3 System Calls 系统调用Task4 Denying Writes to Executables不能写入可执行文件Task1: Process Termination Messages进程终止信息要求：1.在进程结束时输出退出代码(就是main函数的返回值，或者异常退出代码。
注意：用户进程结束时输入退出代码，核心线程返回时不输入。
输出格式被规定如下：printf (“%s: exit(%d)\n”,..);实现方法：1.既然要打印返回值，就得用一个变量保存返回值，于是在struct thread 结构中加入一个变量回保存返回值：int ret;在init_thread()函数中初始化为0（这里可以不用初始化）。
2.在线程退出里要保存其返回值到ret中，这个将在系统调用里的exit函数中保存，这里先不考虑。
在什么地方加入printf()呢？每个线程结束后，都要调用thread_exit()函数，如果是加载了用户进程，在thread_exit()函数中还会调用process_exit()函数，在process_exit()函数中，如果是用户进程，那么其页表一定不为NULL,而核心进程页表一定为NULL,即只有用户进程退出时if(pd!=NULL){ }就会成立，所以在大括号中加入:printf (“%s: exit(%d)\n”,cur->name,cur->ret);其中cur=thread_current();即当前线程的struct thread指针。
TASK1 OK…TASK2 Argument Passing 参数传递要求：1.分离从命令行传入的文件名和各个参数。
astro
memory compiler生成的SRAM怎样做成ASTRO的参考库那位大虾知道memory compiler生成的SRAM怎样做成ASTRO的参考库？提供一种：按做macro fram 的flow 来stream in gds -- smash -- make fram -- add .db file一般memory compiler都會產生lef file,用read_lef方式可以一次將cell view, fram view產生出來再去做LM viewread_lef 最简单，用stream in gds 不太好做astro_200703_StudentGuide.pdfP299LEF转Milkyway的问题[已解决]把生成的SRAM的lef，在Milkyway中用read_lef即可生成FRAM和CEL，但是打开后发现FRAM和CEL两个cell，CEL的和LEF的描述情况一致，FRAM 和LEF不一致。
用BPV的默认设置过了一遍，也没有什么改进。
这样的FRAM在ICC中congestion不严重的情况下没问题，如果congestion严重的时候，就产生了绕线的问题了。
LEF文件在encounter下是没问题的，就是FRAM生成的不好。
只是read_lef不进行BPV是不能用的吧？BPV需要有什么设置么？第一次转，没经验，SOS！/link?url=sVsNtkcXXXIVPOYkirY_fVHQyjUwoEmeFl7iQg mrYOQh7Q-5AQwBuFsorr6lDMbkL3MGVRqaoBa23Cb1g6L8AQpoP0umqZ7abrh 5UffjJo3通过上述说明可知，DC需要通用库和工艺库的支持，DC用到的工艺库是.db或者是.lib格式的，其中.lib格式的文件是可读得，通过此文件可以了解库的详细信息，比如说工作电压，操作温度，工艺偏差等等。
.db格式的库是二进制的，不可读。
Studio 5000 Application Code Manager中的机器构建库文档说明书
OverviewMachine Builder Libraries help design machines faster, delivering specific functionality and best-in-class performance in a modular approach.Machine Builder Libraries are available in Studio 5000® Application Code Manager as a Rockwell Automation Library.Studio 5000 Application Code Manager allows the creation and management of your own library objects for reuse on other projects.The use of Machine Builder Libraries as components of your own libraries facilitates the management of the lifecycle of your application code.Application Content – Machine Builder LibrariesReduce Time to Design, Develop and Deliver Machine Builder Libraries GranularityMachine Builder Libraries are designed in a modular way to maximize granularity andflexibility. Machine Builder Libraries utilize standardized interfaces to assure interoperability with each other. They are also made to be embedded into your existing Logix Application and work with your existing code where possible.Machine Builder Libraries are:• Life-cycle managed • Tested and documented• Best-in-class for performance • Application-centric• Flexible, granular and modular •Easy to integrateStudio 5000Application Code Manager:• Easily create and configure objects using re-usable libraries of code • Helps improve design consistency, reduce engineering costs and achieve faster commissioningBenefit from Machine Builder Libraries Architecture ExampleUser selects applicable blocks from the library to assist the creation of a specific application module. For example, user needs to build a “Cross-seal and cut” application module.The composition of a function using smaller and relevant blocks allows the creation of greater variability of functions.Device Handler• Kinetix® and Powerflex axes handler– Enhanced diagnostics (multiple languages)– Manual axis operation – Path recovery– Axis virtualization = test your code as a virtual machine – Standard interface for application code – Several methods availableNo Product No Bag• Cam management– Connect when product available– Disconnect when product not available – Adjust phase– Switch from cyclic 1 to cyclic 2Machine Builder Libraries ArchitectureReduce Time to Design, Develop and DeliverDevice Operation Rotary Knife Cam Calculation• Calculate cam profile – Connect (accel)– Disconnect (decel)– Cyclic (continuous)• Configure profile– Maximum smoothness – Minimum peak velocity • Sync compensation – Linear – ArcsineTechnologySelect library objects from Machine Builder Libraries that helps build the desired application module.As an example, use Machine Builder Libraries to accelerate the development of a “Cross-seal and cut section” application module.Publication 9324-PP003B-EN-P – September 2017 Copyright © 2017 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Printed in USA.Allen-Bradley, Connected Components Workbench, Guardmaster, Kinetix, LISTEN. THINK. SOLVE., Micro800, PanelView, PowerFlex, Rockwell Software and Studio 5000 are trademarks of Rockwell Automation, Inc. Trademarks not belonging to Rockwell Automation are property of their respective companies.Connect with us.For More InformationContact the Machine Builder Libraries team at ************************.com.Now available for download on the Compatibility & Downloads web page at . Click here to download.Registration Instruction• Arm/re-arm in one instruction• Hardware registration – drive and 1732 SOE modules • Software registration – capture position of another axis • Look for the sensor in a specific position window • Support for CIP , virtual and consumed axes•Calculate correction distance, length and averagesPosition Tracking• Produce an event into a position tracking queue • Consume an event from a position tracking queue• Tracking queue consists of ID, position, product presence and user-defined dataMachine Performance Tracking• RAPID equipment interface Add-On Instructions (AOI) data structure• View current machine mode and state • Track cumulative mode/state times• Track Overall Equipment Effectiveness (OEE) and production data over 1-, 5- and 12-hour timeBenefits of Machine Builder Libraries:• Faster design cycles–U se the Device Handler in Virtual Mode and virtualize your complete machine application code– No need to wait for hardware availability to test the code • Reduced engineering cost– U se Device Handler queue of events to troubleshoot your application code • Reduced execution risk– C reate and manage your reusable modular code based on application specific, tested and documented libraries • Increased machine value–B uild a machine event list aggregating events from different devices• Managed machine life cycle– E asier hardware upgrade due to device handler standard interface – S eparation of application code and hardware management – B enefit from futures updates of Machine Builder Libraries – E asier machine functionalities upgrade by updating Machine Builder LibrariesMachine Builder Libraries Portfolio Examples。
导入编程模板的方法
导入编程模板的方法
导入编程模板的方法取决于你使用的编程语言和开发环境。
以下是一些常见的方法：
1. 手动创建模板：如果你熟悉编程语言和开发环境，你可以手动创建模板文件。
在许多编程语言中，模板文件通常以特定的扩展名
（如.tpl、.html、.xml等）保存，并使用特定的模板引擎（如Jinja2、Mustache等）进行解析和渲染。
2. 使用模板引擎：许多编程语言都有现成的模板引擎可供使用。
这些模板引擎通常提供了一些标记语法，用于在模板文件中定义变量、条件语句、循环等。
使用模板引擎可以简化模板文件的创建和管理，并提供更强大的功能。
3. 使用代码生成器：有些工具可以将模板文件与代码生成器结合使用，根据模板文件自动生成可执行的代码。
这种方法可以快速生成重复的代码，并减少手动编写代码的工作量。
4. 使用集成开发环境（IDE）：许多集成开发环境（IDE）提供了导入模板的功能。
你可以在IDE中打开一个新的项目或文件，并选择导入已有的模板文件。
然后，IDE会自动解析模板文件，并将解析后的结果与代码一起呈现给你。
5. 使用版本控制系统：有些版本控制系统（如Git）提供了导入模板的功能。
你可以将模板文件保存在版本控制系统中，并在需要时将其导入到项目中。
这种方法可以方便地管理和共享模板文件。
无论你选择哪种方法，都应该确保模板文件与你的项目保持一致，并遵循适当的编码规范和最佳实践。
using Synopsys Astro
Astro ManualA guide to using Synopsys Astroin the Linux environment Intel Microprocessors LaboratoryUniversity of the Philippines, DilimanCopyright Notice and Proprietary InformationCopyright © 2006 Intel Microprocessors Laboratory, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines.DisclaimerThe Intel Microprocessors Laboratory makes no warranty of any kind, express or implied, with regard to this material, including, but not limited to, the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose.Astro ManualContentsStarting Astro (2)Setting Up Design Library (2)Floor Planning (7)Creating Rectangular Rings (11)Automatic Placement (12)Prerouting (13)Global and Detailed Routing (14)Verification – DRC and LVS (15)Netlist and SDF Generation (16)Reminders (17)Place and Route Process of a 32-bit AdderThis manual guides you through the place and route process of a 32-bit Carry Look-Ahead adder.Starting AstroOpen a terminal and type the following:$ Astro &The Astro application should now be visible on the screen.Figure 1 - AstroSetting Up Design LibraryThe next step is to create the design library. Basically, we will tell Astro that we want a certain file to be the source of our designs. From this file, Astro will then generate the standard cells needed from the tsmc 0.25um in able to implement your design.1. Click Tcl found at the bottom-left of the screen. To start the creation of thedesign library, issue the following command in Astro shell:Astro> auVerilogToCellA window similar to Figure 2 should pop up.Figure 2 – Verilog to Cell Window2. Fill in the following information in the corresponding fields:Click Browse...in the Library Name field and browse to the /astro/layout/design directory as shown in Figure 3. Click design and then click Hide. The path to the library will now appear on the Library Name field.Figure 3 – Browse Library Name WindowClick Browse...in the Verilog File Name field and look for your saved netlist. Select the file and click OK.Figure 4 – Browse Verilog File Name WindowIn the Output Cell Name field, type a label. In this example, we will use adder_synth.In the Top Module Name field, enter the name of your topmost module. The topmost module's name of our example is CLA_thirtytwobit_adder. Click Browse…in the Tech File Name field and browse to the /net/path_to_astro/astro directory. Select the file tsmc25_5lm.tf and click OK.Figure 5 – Browse Tech File Name Window3. Click the Reference Library button to specify the reference libraries foryour designs and a window will pop up.Figure 6 – Reference Library WindowClick Browse…and another window will pop up. Look for the 'testing' library.Figure 7 – Browse Reference Library WindowClick the testing library then click Hide. The window will close.Click Add in order to add the reference library to the list, then click Hide to close the window.4. Click Global Net Options to specify the wire names for VDD andVSS/GND connections.Figure 8 – Global Net Options (1)Type the following in the corresponding fields:Net Name: VDDPort Pattern: VDDClick Apply.5. Change the VDD fields to VSS, and click Apply again.Figure 9 – Global Net Options (2)The Number Defined field should now have a value of 2 since you have defined two wire names. Click the Hide button to return to the previous window.6. Click OK to start the creation of the Design Library. Astro should output amessage saying that the conversion was a success.Notes:• Tech file is short for technology file. This file contains information of standard cells of a specific fabrication process. Information in the techfile includes (but not limited to) delay information of cells, areainformation of cells, input and output capacitance models of cells.• A reference library is created from a tech file, and they contain information from the tech file converted in such a way that otherSynopsys programs can use it. So for example, we want out design tobe fabricated at ABC Company, then we must create a referencelibrary based on the technology file provided by the ABC Company. Inthis tutorial, our reference library is created from the technology file ofthe Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company 0.25um CMOSprocess, or more commonly known as tsmc 0.25um process.• The purpose of creating a design library is to let Astro determine all the standard celld (from the reference library) needed in your design.Floor Planning1. We will now open the CEL view of your design. Go to Library Openand a small window similar to the window on the left on Figure 10 will appear.Figure 10 – Open Library WindowsClick Browse… and another window will appear (right window on Figure10). Browse to the design library. Click design, and then click Hide. Formost of the time, the library is already open so you can skip this step.Nonetheless, you should do this step just to check if the library is already open. Click OK.2. Go to Cell Open, then Browse… on the window that appears andanother window will pop up. Click the name of the cell that you converted.In this tutorial, we used adder_synth as the name of our CEL view. Click Hide.Figure 11 – Open Cell WindowAfter clicking OK, a window similar to Figure 12 should appear.Figure 12 – Unplaced and Unmapped DesignAs you can see, the design is a little chaotic because all of the standard cells are still overlapping since Astro still does not have any information on how we want our design to be routed.3. The Floor Planning process will now segregate the standard cells and willalso allow you to automatically allocate an area that will fit nicely with your design. To invoke the Floor Planner tool of Astro, issue the following command in Astro shell:Astro> axgPlannerIn the window that appears, fill in the following fields with the corresponding values:Core Utilization: 0.7Row/Core Ration: 1Core Aspect Ratio (H/W): 1Core to Left/Right/Top/Bottom: 70Horizontal Row, Double Back, Start First Row, Flip First Row: EnabledPin Snap: EnabledFigure 13 – Floor PlannerClick OK.If you look at the CEL view of your design, you should see that it is starting to get organized – the core area of the chip (the red rectangle) has been defined, and the standard cells are segregated (the small yellow rectangles). If you try to zoom in at an individual standard cell (one yellow rectangle), you will see what part of your design it is, and also what kind of cell.Figure 14 – Floor Planned View4. Try to play with your design – zoom in and zoom out – you can even seethe actual pins of your chip by zooming in at the boundaries of the core area of your chip.Creating Rectangular RingsNow that the design has been floor planned and the chip area has been defined, we will now create the Power Rings. These rings are where the standard cells get their VDD and VSS supplies.1. Issue the following command in Astro shell and a window will appear:Astro> axgCreateRectangularRings2. Enter the following parameters in the corresponding fields:Around: CoreNet Name(s): VDD,VSSL-Width, R-Width, B-Width, T-Width: 20L-Layer, R-Layer: 18B-Layer, T-Layer: 16Offsets: AbsoluteExtend: Check AllThe window should now look like Figure 15.Figure 15 – Creation of Rectangular RingsClick OK.You should now see two rectangular rings (corresponding to VDD and VSS) around your chip area. Usually, Metal 1 layer (blue-green) is used in horizontal routings while Metal 2 layer (yellow) is used in vertical routings.You can check the layer coloring by clicking the Layer panel button in the CEL view.Figure 16 – Rectangular Rings CreatedCaution:The yellow color for the boundary of the standard cells has nothing to do with the Metal layer so you should never generalize that standard cells are created using Metal 2 layers.Automatic PlacementNow that we have created rectangular rings, we are now ready to place the standard cells inside the chip area. Astro provides automatic placement of standard cells.1. Issue the following command in Astro shell:Astro> astAutoPlace2. Click OK in the window that appears. If your design is big, it should take awhile to place the standard cells inside the chip area. After the placement process is finished, you should now see that the cells are placed inside the chip area. Again, feel free to play with your design – try to see which module is on the center of the chip and things like that.Figure 17 – Automatic Placement DonePreroutingThis step is performed before global routing so that the global router can recognize potential routing obstructions. You should not skip this step or else your final design will yield DRC and/or LVS errors.1. Type the following in Astro:Astro> axgPrerouteStandardCells2. Click OK in the window that appears (Figure 18). You should see a messagesaying that prerouting was a success.Figure 18 – Preroute Standard CellsGlobal and Detailed RoutingThe design is now ready to be routed. During routing, Astro estimates the wire tracks needed for each cell so that necessary counter measures can be made when detailed routing is done.1. Issue the following command in Astro:Astro> axgAutoRouteFigure 19 – Auto Route Window2. Click OK to proceed. While your design is being routed, you should seestatus messages scrolling down in the Astro shell. This messages can provide useful information like the total wire length used in your design.Figure 20 – Routing CompleteVerification – DRC and LVSTo verify that your design is free of errors, go to Verify LVS and/or Verify DRC. Leave all the options with their default values and click OK to proceed. Check the status messages in the Astro shell to see if there any violations.Netlist and SDF Generation1. To generate the verilog netlist of your layout, go to Cell HierarchicalVerilog Out. Enter the Cell Name of your design in the Flattened CEL Name field (remember that this example used adder_synth as the cell name). Also, enter the filename of the netlist that you will save. As you can see in Figure 21, we used adder_layout.v in this example. Click OK.Figure 21 – Netlist Generation2. For the generation of SDF, issue the following command in the Astro shell:Astro> ataDumpSDFFigure 22 – SDF Write WindowChange the SDF File Name to whatever you want, or you can leave the default filename. We used adder_layout.SDF in this example. Click OK. Reminders1. Before simulation using VCS, you must first add the SDF file to yourdesign. To do this, open your testbench file and add the following lines just before the endmodule line:initial begin$sdf_annotate (“SDF_file.SDF”, top_module_name);endSo with an SDF file of adder_layout.SDF and a top module of CLA_thirtytwobit_adder, we write:initial begin$sdf_annotate (“adder_layout.SDF”,CLA_thirtytwobit_adder);end2. Also, you must add a timescale directive (`timescale 1ns/1ps) in yourlayout verilog file. Save your files in a directory (layout verilog file, testbench, and SDF file), and you can now use these to simulate your layout using VCS post-processing mode.。
DNVGL-RP-0034_2015-02
RECOMMENDED PRACTICEThe electronic pdf version of this document found through is the officially binding version.The documents are available free of charge in PDF format.DNVGL-RP-0034Edition February 2015Steel forgings for subsea applications© DNV GL ASAny comments may be sent by e-mail to rules@This service document has been prepared based on available knowledge, technology and/or information at the time of issuance of this document. The use of this document by others than DNV GL is at the user's sole risk. DNV GL does not accept any liability or responsibility for loss or damages resulting from any use of FOREWORDDNV GL recommended practices contain sound engineering practice and guidance.C h a n g e s – c u r r e n tCHANGES – CURRENTGeneralThis is a new document.Acknowledgements:This recommended practice was developed by a Joint Industry Project (JIP). The work was performed by DNV GL and discussed in regular project meetings and workshops with individuals from the participating companies. They are hereby acknowledged for their valuable and constructive input. In case consensus has not been achievable, DNV GL has sought to provide acceptable compromise.Sponsors of the JIP included the following organisations:Further organisations have participated in the review process. DNV GL is grateful for the valuable co-operations and discussions with individuals in these organisations.Aker Solutions Brück CelsaChevron Det Norske Dril-Quip Ellwood Group Eni ExxonMobilFMC FrisaGEJapan Steel Works LundinOneSubsea Petrobras Ringmill Scana SubseaShellStatoilTotalC o n t e n t sCONTENTSCHANGES – CURRENT .................................................................................................. 3Sec.1General ......................................................................................................... 61.1Introduction...........................................................................................61.2Scope and application ............................................................................61.3Steel forging classes ..............................................................................61.4Purchase order information....................................................................71.5Normative and informative references ...................................................71.6Definitions..............................................................................................91.7Verbal forms...........................................................................................91.8Abbreviations.........................................................................................9Sec.2Quality assurance and quality control (11)2.1Quality management system................................................................112.2Manufacturing procedure specification.................................................112.3Inspection and test plan.......................................................................122.4Marking and traceability.......................................................................122.5Certification and documentation ..........................................................12Sec.3Technical provisions (14)3.1Manufacturing practices.......................................................................143.1.1General ......................................................................................143.1.2Melting, refining, and casting.........................................................143.1.3Forging.......................................................................................143.1.4Heat treatment............................................................................153.2Chemical composition...........................................................................153.2.1Heat analysis...............................................................................153.2.2Product analysis...........................................................................153.3Mechanical testing ...............................................................................163.3.1Test laboratories..........................................................................163.3.2Test material...............................................................................163.3.3Test sampling..............................................................................163.3.4Test methods ..............................................................................173.3.5Mechanical properties...................................................................173.3.6Hardness testing..........................................................................173.3.7Re-testing...................................................................................183.3.8Testing after simulated post weld heat treatment ............................183.4Metallographic examination .................................................................183.5Non-destructive testing........................................................................183.5.1General ......................................................................................183.5.2Visual testing ..............................................................................193.5.3Magnetic particle testing...............................................................193.5.4Ultrasonic testing.........................................................................193.6Dimensional inspection ........................................................................203.7Repair ..................................................................................................20Sec.4Manufacturing procedure qualification (21)4.1General ................................................................................................214.2Qualification testing.............................................................................214.2.1Chemical composition. (21)C o n t e n t s4.2.2Tensile and Charpy V-notch testing ................................................214.2.3Hardness testing..........................................................................224.2.4Testing after simulated post weld heat treatment.............................224.2.5Metallographic examination...........................................................224.2.6Fracture toughness testing............................................................234.2.7Non-destructive testing.................................................................234.2.8Dimensional inspection .. (23)4.3Validity (23)SECTION 1 GENERAL1.1 IntroductionThis recommended practice (RP) contains criteria, technical requirements and guidance on qualification, manufacture and testing of carbon and low alloy steel forgings for subsea applications.The RP has been written for general world-wide application. Governmental regulations may include requirements in excess of the provisions given by this RP.The objectives of this RP are to:a)provide an internationally acceptable and harmonised standard for carbon and low alloy steel forgingsb)provide for reduced lead time, enhanced stock keeping and interchangeabilityc)provide consistent quality to increase reliability/integrity of subsea equipmentd)simplify the risk assessment processe)serve as a contractual reference document between manufacturers and purchasersf)serve as a guideline for designers, suppliers, purchasers and regulatorsg)comply with and complement existing industry codes for subsea equipment.The RP is divided into four main sections:—Sec.1 General: Contains introduction, scope and application, information to be supplied by purchaser, normative and informative references, definitions and abbreviations.—Sec.2 Quality assurance and quality control: Contains requirements for quality management system, manufacturing procedure specification, inspection and test plan, marking and traceability,documentation and certification.—Sec.3 Technical provisions: Contains requirements for manufacture, testing and inspection of production parts.—Sec.4 Manufacturing procedure qualification: Contains requirements for qualification of manufacturing processes, methods, procedures and validity.1.2 Scope and applicationThe steel forgings covered herein are intended for components in subsea equipment. Typical applications include:a)subsea wellhead and tree equipment as per ISO 13628-4 or API 17Db)completion/workover riser systems as per ISO 13628-7 or API 17Gc)subsea structures and manifolds as per ISO 13628-15 or API 17Pd)flexible pipe as per ISO 13628-11 or API 17Be)drill-through equipment as per ISO 13533 or API 16A.The material grades covered are carbon steels, micro-alloyed steels, low alloy steels and modified grades thereof as per material groups 1 and 2 in API 20B.This RP is not intended to inhibit a vendor from offering, or the purchaser from accepting, alternative materials or manufacturing processes. This can be particularly applicable where there is innovative or developing technology. Where an alternative is offered, it is the responsibility of the vendor to identify any variations from this RP and provide details to the purchaser.1.3 Steel forging classesThis RP establishes requirements for three steel forging classes (SFC) designated SFC 1, SFC 2, and SFC 3. These SFC designations define different levels of forged product technical, quality and qualification requirements.All classes are intended for equipment that shall meet product specification level (PSL) 3 and 3Grequirements in the referenced industry codes, e.g. ISO 10423 or API 6A.The three forging classes reflect increasing criticality as defined by the end user and, hence, increasing requirements from SFC 1 to SFC 3: —SFC 1 is intended for less critical components, e.g. components that are not subjected to continuous exposure to flowing hydrocarbons or components with simple shapes.—SFC 2 is intended for pressure containing and/or load bearing components that are of significant enough size and complexity to warrant additional mechanical testing and surveillance.—SFC 3 is intended for fatigue sensitive pressure containing and/or load bearing components.1.4 Purchase order informationThe purchaser shall provide at least the following information in the order:a)that the forging(s) shall be made according to this RPb)the steel forging class (SFC);c)the steel designation (name or number);d)the quantity of forgings required;e)the drawing number(s) containing the dimensions, tolerances and surface finish;f)the position and thickness of the critical section(s) in the part;g)the minimum design temperature (MDT)/Charpy V-notch (CVN) test temperature;h)the specified minimum yield strength (SMYS);i)the marking requirements for the forging(s);j)the type of certification document;k)whether the forging(s) shall be ISO 15156-2 or NACE MR0175 compliant;l)whether the forging(s) shall be subjected to simulated post weld heat treatment (SPWHT);m)whether forging plan/sketch shall be submitted for review or approval prior to production;n)whether test sample drawing shall be submitted for review or approval prior to production;o)whether ultrasonic testing (UT) procedure and scan plan shall be submitted for review or approval prior to production;p)whether magnetic particle testing (MT) procedure and test coverage description shall be submitted for review or approval prior to production;q)whether manufacturing procedure specification (MPS) shall be submitted for review or approval prior to production;r)whether inspection and test plan (ITP) shall be submitted for mark-up, review or approval prior to production;s)whether manufacturing procedure qualification (MPQ) report shall be submitted for review or approval prior to production;t)whether any additional requirements shall apply.1.5 Normative and informative referencesThe codes and standards in Table 1-1 and Table 1-2 include provisions and guidance which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions and guidance of this RP. The latest edition applies unless dated references are given.Other recognised codes and standards may be used provided it can be demonstrated that these meet or exceed the requirements of the referenced codes and standards.Any deviations, exceptions and modifications to the codes and standards shall be documented and agreed between the manufacturer and purchaser.Table 1-1 Normative referencesAPI RP 6HT Heat Treatment and Testing of Carbon and Low Alloy Steel Large Cross Section andCritical Section ComponentsAPI Spec 20B Open Die Shaped Forgings for Use in the Petroleum and Natural Gas IndustryACCP-CP-1American Society for Nondestructive Testing Central Certification ProgramASME BPVC-V ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code (BPVC), Section V: Nondestructive Examination ASTM A370Standard Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing of Steel ProductsASTM A388Standard Practice for Ultrasonic Examination of Steel ForgingsASTM A604Standard Practice for Macroetch Testing of Consumable Electrode Remelted Steel Barsand BilletsASTM A694Standard Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Pipe Flanges, Fittings,Valves, and Parts for High-Pressure Transmission ServiceASTM A707Standard Specification for Forged Carbon and Alloy Steel Flanges for Low-TemperatureServiceASTM A751Standard Test Methods, Practices, and Terminology for Chemical Analysis of SteelProductsASTM A788Standard Specification for Steel Forgings, General RequirementsASTM E45Standard Test Methods for Determining the Inclusion Content of SteelASTM E110Standard Test Method for Indentation Hardness of MetallicMaterials by Portable Hardness TestersASTM E112Standard Test Methods for Determining Average Grain SizeASTM E381Standard Method of Macroetch Testing Steel Bars, Billets, Blooms, and ForgingsASTM E709Standard Guide for Magnetic Particle TestingASTM E1820Standard Test Methods for Measurement of Fracture ToughnessEN 10204Metallic products - Types of inspection documentsISO 643Steels - Micrographic determination of the apparent grain sizeISO 9001Quality Management Systems – RequirementsISO 9712Non-destructive testing - Qualification and certification of NDT personnelISO 10423/API Spec 6A Petroleum and natural gas industries - Drilling and production equipment - Wellhead andchristmas tree equipment/Specification for Wellhead and Christmas Tree equipment ISO 10474Steel and steel products - Inspection documentsISO 12135Metallic materials - Unified method of test for the determination of quasistatic fracturetoughnessISO 15156-2/NACE MR0175Petroleum and natural gas industries - Materials for use in H2S-containing environmentsin oil and gas production - Part 2: Cracking-resistant carbon and low-alloy steels, and theuse of cast irons/Petroleum and natural gas industries - Materials for use in H2S-containing environments in oil and gas productionISO/IEC 17020Conformity assessment - General criteria for the operation of various types of bodiesperforming inspectionISO/IEC 17025General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratoriesTable 1-2 Informative referencesAPI RP 17B Recommended Practice for Flexible PipeAPI Spec 16A Specification for Drill Through EquipmentISO 13533Petroleum and natural gas industries - Drilling and production equipment - Drill-throughequipmentISO 13628-1/API RP 17A Petroleum and natural gas industries - Design and operation of subseaproduction systems - Part 1: General requirements and recommendations/Design andOperation of Subsea Production Systems-General Requirements and Recommendations ISO 13628-4/API Spec 17D Petroleum and natural gas industries - Design and operation of subsea productionsystems - Part 4: Subsea wellhead and tree equipment/Design and Operation of SubseaProduction Systems-Subsea Wellhead and Tree EquipmentISO 13628-7/API RP 17G Petroleum and natural gas industries - Design and operation of subsea productionsystems - Part 7: Completion/workover riser systems/Recommended Practice forCompletion/Workover RisersISO 13628-11Petroleum and natural gas industries - Design and operation of subsea productionsystems - Part 11: Flexible pipe systems for subsea and marine applicationsISO 13628-15/API RP 17P Petroleum and natural gas industries - Design and operation of subsea productionsystems - Part 15: Subsea structures and manifolds/Design and Operation of SubseaProduction Systems - Subsea Structures and Manifolds1.6 DefinitionsTable 1-3 Definitionscritical section(s)section(s) of the forging in which mechanical properties have to meet the specified minimum requirements and are deemed critical to the design and safe operation of the component.1.7 Verbal formsTable 1-4 Verbal formsshall verbal form used to indicate requirements strictly to be followed in order to conform to the document. should verbal form used to indicate that among several possibilities one is recommended as particularly suitable, without mentioning or excluding others, or that a certain course of action is preferred but not necessarilyrequired.may verbal form used to indicate a course of action permissible within the limits of the document.1.8 AbbreviationsTable 1-5 AbbreviationsCE (IIW)carbon equivalent (international institute of welding)CS carbon steelCTOD crack tip opening displacementCVN Charpy V-notchDAC distance amplitude correctionDGS distance gain-sizeEAF electric arc furnaceESR electro slag re-meltingFBH flat bottom holeITP inspection and test planLAS low alloy steelLR ladle refiningMDT minimum design temperatureMPQ manufacturing procedure qualificationMPS manufacturing procedure specificationMT magnetic particle testingTable 1-5 Abbreviations (Continued)MTR material test reportNDT non-destructive testingPWHT post weld heat treatmentQMS quality management systemRP recommended practiceSFC steel forging classSMYS specified minimum yield strength SPWHT simulated post weld heat treatment UT ultrasonic testingVAR vacuum arc re-meltingVD vacuum degassingVT visual testingSECTION 2 QUALITY ASSURANCE AND QUALITY CONTROL2.1 Quality management systemThe forging manufacturers and steel manufacturers shall have a certified quality management system (QMS) conforming to ISO 9001.2.2 Manufacturing procedure specificationAll production shall be based on an manufacturing procedure specification (MPS) established by the forging manufacturer. The MPS shall describe how the specified properties will be achieved and verified. The MPS shall address all factors that affect the quality and reliability of production including all subcontractors applied. Every principal production step from starting material to shipment of finished product(s) shall be addressed. References to the detailed procedures used for the execution of all steps shall be included.As a minimum, the MPS shall include the information in Table 2-1.Table 2-1 Content of MPS1) General a) A descriptive title and a unique identification number with revision controlb)Description of product(s) and size range(s)c)Reference to applicable standards and specificationsd)Reference to MPQ(s)2) Starting materials a)Steel manufacturer, steel grade, melt practice, refining and casting methodb)Specification for chemical composition and carbon equivalent (CE)c)Ingot typed)Methods and practices for ingot discard3) Forging a)Forging method, e.g. open die, closed die or ring rollingb)Forging press/equipment capacity, as applicablec)Hot work temperature range and method of temperature monitoring during forgingd)Description of basic forging steps, i.e. sequence of upsetting, drawing, etce)Forging reduction calculation method for each step and minimum overall forging reductionratiof)Sketch of forging(s) including prolongation, if used, in as-forged condition4) Heat treatment a)Heat treat condition of supply, e.g. quenched and temperedb)Sketch of forging(s) including prolongation, if used, at time of heat treatment, if anydifferent from as-forged geometry. Finished geometry, if known, shall be given with dashedlinesc)Maximum thickness of forging(s) at time of heat treatmentd)Description of furnace loading practice with typical sketch(es) showing maximum loadingweight, location and minimum spacing of parts in the furnace, location of prolongation orsacrificial part and location of contact thermocouples/heat sinkse)Description of heat treatment cycles, temperatures and timesf)Minimum quench tank size/volumeg)Quenching medium and type of agitationh)Quenching medium start and finish temperature and maximum transfer time to quenchi)Maximum surface metal temperature at removal from quench tank including how and whentemperature is measured5) Mechanical testing, metallographic examination, and product analysis a)Specified tensile, Charpy V-notch (CVN) and surface hardness testingb)Sketch showing sampling position and specimen orientation in prolongation or sacrificialforging, as applicablec)Sketch with the locations for surface hardness testingd)Grain size determinatione)Inclusion rating for SFC 3f)Chemical composition determined as product analysis for SFC 32.3 Inspection and test planThe forging manufacturer shall establish an inspection and test plan (ITP) for SFC 2 and SFC 3. The ITP shall have a reference to the relevant MPS and shall list the sequence of activities contained in the MPS. Manufacturers may use their own ITP format, but it shall as a minimum include:a)all principal production, inspection and testing activities b)location of activityc)associated procedure or specification including acceptance criteria governing the activity d)verifying document to be used for recording inspection and test results e)forging manufacturer’s intervention activities f)columns for intervention by purchaser and 3rd party.2.4 Marking and traceabilityThe forgings shall be marked to ensure full traceability to the heat or re-melt ingot (as applicable), heat treatment lot and the certificate representing the forging. Additional marking shall be as specified in the purchase order.Each forging shall be marked with a low stress marking method on a position as stated in the MPS.2.5 Certification and documentationCertification of production forgings shall be as specified by the purchaser. Any of the following certification documents are applicable:— A manufacturer’s test report (MTR) giving the results of all specified tests and inspections.—An inspection document type 3.1 or 3.2 according to ISO 10474 or EN 10204.The certificates shall be supplied by the manufacturer to the purchaser and shall, as a minimum, give the following particulars:a)purchaser’s name, order number and part number b)forging manufacturer’s name and order numberc)description of forging(s) including quantity and drawing number(s)d)reference to this RP e)steel designation and SFC f)reference to the applicable MPS g)steelmaker’s nameh)steelmaking process including secondary refining i)forging method and forging reduction ratio j)name of heat treat subcontractor, if applicablek)heat number(s) and heat treat lot number(s)l)Heat treatment temperatures, soaking times, quenching medium and transfer time from furnace to quench tankm)heat analysis and, where applicable, product analysis6) Non-destructive testing, as applicablea)Visual testingb)Magnetic particle testing, including sketch or description of test coverage c)Ultrasonic testing, including scan plan7) Dimensionalcontrol and marking a)Dimensional controlb)Method, extent, and position of marking 8) Final certificationa)Type of certificateb)Associated records and documentationTable 2-1 Content of MPS (Continued)n)prolongation or sacrificial part dimensionso)results of tensile, CVN, surface hardness, metallographic and any other testing requiredp)NDT report(s)q)marking of forging(s).The certificates shall be accompanied by documentation and records as follows:a)heat treatment chart(s) and furnace loading sketch(es)b)test plan/sketch showing locations for tensile, CVN, surface hardness, metallographic and any othertesting requiredc)NDT procedure(s)d)dimensional inspection report(s)e)for SFC 2 and SFC 3, copy of certificate(s) from steelmaker.The manufacturer shall maintain documentation and records of relevant manufacturing procedure qualification (MPQ).SECTION 3 TECHNICAL PROVISIONS3.1 Manufacturing practices3.1.1 GeneralAll manufacturing shall be based on the MPS, the associated MPQ (for SFC 2 and SFC 3), and the requirements of this RP.3.1.2 Melting, refining, and casting3.1.2.1 The steel shall be melted using the electric arc furnace (EAF) followed by secondary refining such as ladle refining (LR) and vacuum degassing (VD). Secondary re-melt processes such as electro slag re-melting (ESR) and vacuum arc re-melting (VAR) may also be used.3.1.2.2 The steel shall be fully killed and made to a fine grain practice. See also [3.4].3.1.2.3 The steel for SFC 3 shall be treated for inclusion shape control. When Ca treatment is used, Ca shall not exceed 0.005%. See also [3.4].3.1.2.4 The steel shall be ingot cast with bottom pouring, ingot cast with top pouring in vacuum, or continuous cast. Adequate top and bottom ingot discards shall be made to ensure freedom from piping and harmful segregations in the finished forgings. Surface and skin defects, which may be detrimental during the subsequent working and forming operations, shall be removed.3.1.2.5 Repair by welding on ingots, blooms or billets shall not be permitted.3.1.2.6 Melting, refining and casting practices shall be as stated in the MPS.3.1.3 Forging3.1.3.1 Forgings shall be made by any of the following methods: Open die, closed die or ring rolling. 3.1.3.2 The material shall be hot worked, and shall be forged as close as practical to the finished shape and size.3.1.3.3 The hot work temperature shall be monitored during the forging process by pyrometer or equivalent equipment.3.1.3.4 The overall forging (total hot work) reduction ratio shall be minimum4.0:1 for all classes, with the following considerations:a)The initial free upsetting operations of the as cast ingot shall not be considered as part of the overallforging reduction ratio.b)Upsetting following cogging or drawing may be considered as part of the overall forging reduction ratio.If upsetting following cogging or drawing is to be considered, the overall forging reduction ratio shall be minimum 6.0:1.c)For ring rolling or mandrel forging, punching or piercing of holes shall not be considered as part of theoverall forging reduction ratio.d)The overall reduction ratio shall be sufficient to produce a wrought structure throughout the entire part.3.1.3.5 The hot work reduction ratio for a single hot work operation and the total hot work reduction ratio shall be calculated according to API 20B.3.1.3.6 For ring rolling or mandrel forging, the initial cross-sectional area shall be as-punched or pierced wall thickness times as-punched or pierced height. The final cross-sectional area shall be final wall thickness times final height.3.1.3.7 For closed die forging, the reduction ratio shall meet the requirement of this RP prior to the closed die operation.3.1.3.8 Repair by welding on forgings shall not be permitted.。
Eclipse Template用法探讨
Eclipse Template用法探讨在编码的过程中，对代码重用的追求应该是我们的一个永恒的追求。
我们先从相同或相似的代码里提出公用方法，来方便我们的重用；而后，随着面向对象技术的提出，我们又提出父类或基类，在类的基础上对代码进行重用；后来，我们又有了模式这种层次的代码重用，虽然模式不仅仅是为了代码重用，但这也是一个目的；最后，我们又创建了各种框架或架构，来在更高层次的重用代码；展望未来，我们会在元数据、域领域的范围内进行代码的重用。
所有这一切，仍然还不能满足我们对代码重用的要求，我们还是会遇到各种各样的代码重用上的烦恼。
以下我来简单举出几个我们在编码过程中遇到的实际问题：System.out.println(……);这个方法是我们在Java编程的过程中经常会用到的，用得太频繁了，本来不是很长的方法调用，在我们使用频率过高后，就会觉得非常的麻烦。
为什么呢？我们每次使用这个方法，所不同的只是println方法里面的参数，但每次不得不从System到println一个一个字母的敲。
与之相同的情况还有：public final static String SEQUENCE_T_PRODUCT_HIST = "T_PRODUCT_HIST";这是一个为常量赋值的语句，在我们的项目中，使用量也相当的大。
可能有人会说上面的语句比较简单，不能重用也是可以忍受的，而挖空心思去重用它们，反倒好像走了极端。
如果有人这么想，那么请看看下面的例子：try{……}catch(SQLException Ex){log.error(this.getClass(), "addUserRole", Ex, Ex.getMessage());throw new PersistenceException(Ex);}Catch(Exception e){……}比起上面的输出语句，这种对违例的扑捉更让人头疼，重复的代码更多，但又不能通过面向对象技术进行重用。
how to design programs, second edition 中文
how to design programs, second edition 中文
《如何设计程序》第二版是一本计算机编程领域的经典教材，下面是关于它的中文介绍：
《如何设计程序》第二版是由Matthias Felleisen等人合著的一
本编程教材。
它引导读者学习如何以系统的方式设计和实现程序。
这本书专注于教授程序设计的基本原则和思维方式，旨在帮助读者培养解决实际问题的能力。
该书分为六个主题：基本元素、变量和运算符、组合、抽象、数据类型和触发事件。
每个主题的主要观点和概念都会通过一系列的示例和练习进行演示和巩固。
《如何设计程序》第二版以 Scheme 语言为基础，这是一种功
能强大的函数式编程语言，被广泛用于教学和实际应用。
书中使用Scheme 的目的是为了让读者专注于程序设计的核心概念，而不会受到语言细节的干扰。
虽然书中的示例使用 Scheme，
但所学到的设计原则和思想同样适用于其他编程语言。
通过阅读《如何设计程序》第二版，读者将学会如何将问题分解为可管理的部分，如何设计和实现可扩展、可维护的程序，以及如何运用抽象和模块化的思维方式来解决实际问题。
总的来说，这本书是一本引导读者学习程序设计基本原则的经典教材，无论是初学者还是有经验的开发者，都可以从中受益。
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# program template for Spaceshipimport simpleguiimport mathimport random# globals for user interfaceWIDTH = 800HEIGHT = 600score = 0lives = 3time = 0.5class ImageInfo:def __init__(self, center, size, radius = 0, lifespan = None, animated = False):self.center = centerself.size = sizeself.radius = radiusif lifespan:self.lifespan = lifespanelse:self.lifespan = float('inf')self.animated = animateddef get_center(self):return self.centerdef get_size(self):return self.sizedef get_radius(self):return self.radiusdef get_lifespan(self):return self.lifespandef get_animated(self):return self.animated# art assets created by Kim Lathrop, may be freely re-used in non-commercial projects, please credit Kim# debris images - debris1_brown.png, debris2_brown.png, debris3_brown.png, debris4_brown.png# debris1_blue.png, debris2_blue.png, debris3_blue.png, debris4_blue.png, debris_blend.pngdebris_info = ImageInfo([320, 240], [640, 480])debris_image = simplegui.load_image("/codeskulptor-assets/lathrop/ debris2_blue.png")# nebula images - nebula_brown.png, nebula_blue.pngnebula_info = ImageInfo([400, 300], [800, 600])nebula_image = simplegui.load_image("/codeskulptor-assets/lathrop/ nebula_blue.png")# splash imagesplash_info = ImageInfo([200, 150], [400, 300])splash_image = simplegui.load_image("/codeskulptor-assets/lathrop/ splash.png")# ship imageship_info = ImageInfo([45, 45], [90, 90], 35)ship_image = simplegui.load_image("/codeskulptor-assets/lathrop/ double_ship.png")# missile image - shot1.png, shot2.png, shot3.pngmissile_info = ImageInfo([5,5], [10, 10], 3, 50)missile_image = simplegui.load_image("/codeskulptor-assets/lathrop/ shot2.png")# asteroid images - asteroid_blue.png, asteroid_brown.png, asteroid_blend.pngasteroid_info = ImageInfo([45, 45], [90, 90], 40)asteroid_image = simplegui.load_image("/codeskulptor-assets/lathrop/ asteroid_blue.png")# animated explosion - explosion_orange.png, explosion_blue.png, explosion_blue2.png, explosion_alpha.pngexplosion_info = ImageInfo([64, 64], [128, 128], 17, 24, True)explosion_image = simplegui.load_image("/codeskulptor-assets/lathrop/ explosion_alpha.png")# sound assets purchased from , please do not redistributesoundtrack = simplegui.load_sound("/codeskulptor-assets/soundd ogs/soundtrack.mp3")missile_sound = simplegui.load_sound("/codeskulptor-assets/soundd ogs/missile.ogg")missile_sound.set_volume(.5)ship_thrust_sound = simplegui.load_sound("/codeskulptor-assets/soundd ogs/thrust.ogg")explosion_sound = simplegui.load_sound("/codeskulptor-assets/soundd ogs/explosion.mp3")# helper functions to handle transformationsdef angle_to_vector(ang):return [math.cos(ang), math.sin(ang)]def dist(p,q):return math.sqrt((p[0] - q[0]) ** 2+(p[1] - q[1]) ** 2)# Ship classclass Ship:def __init__(self, pos, vel, angle, image, info):self.pos = [pos[0],pos[1]]self.vel = [vel[0],vel[1]]self.thrust = Falseself.angle = angleself.angle_vel = 0self.image = imageself.image_center = info.get_center()self.image_size = info.get_size()self.radius = info.get_radius()def draw(self,canvas):if self.thrust:self.image_center[0]=135else:self.image_center[0]=45canvas.draw_image(self.image, self.image_center, self.image_size, self.pos, self.image_size,self.angle)def update(self):self.vel[0]*=0.98self.vel[1]*=0.98self.pos[0]+=self.vel[0]self.pos[0]%=WIDTHself.pos[1]+=self.vel[1]self.pos[1]%=HEIGHTself.angle+=self.angle_velif self.thrust:ship_thrust_sound.play()else:ship_thrust_sound.rewind()if self.thrust:foward=angle_to_vector(self.angle)self.vel[0]+=foward[0]/10self.vel[1]+=foward[1]/10def shoot(self):global a_missilefoward=angle_to_vector(self.angle)tmppos=[self.pos[0]+45*foward[0],self.pos[1]+45*foward[1]]tmpvel=[self.vel[0]+foward[0]*3,self.vel[1]+foward[1]*3]a_missile = Sprite(tmppos, tmpvel, 0, 0, missile_image, missile_info, missile_sound)missile_sound.play()# Sprite classclass Sprite:def __init__(self, pos, vel, ang, ang_vel, image, info, sound = None):self.pos = [pos[0],pos[1]]self.vel = [vel[0],vel[1]]self.angle = angself.angle_vel = ang_velself.image = imageself.image_center = info.get_center()self.image_size = info.get_size()self.radius = info.get_radius()self.lifespan = info.get_lifespan()self.animated = info.get_animated()self.age = 0if sound:sound.rewind()sound.play()def draw(self, canvas):canvas.draw_image(self.image, self.image_center, self.image_size, self.pos, self.image_size,self.angle)def update(self):self.pos[0]+=self.vel[0]self.pos[0]%=WIDTHself.pos[1]+=self.vel[1]self.pos[1]%=HEIGHTself.angle+=self.angle_veldef draw(canvas):global time# animiate backgroundtime += 1center = debris_info.get_center()size = debris_info.get_size()wtime = (time / 8) % center[0]canvas.draw_image(nebula_image, nebula_info.get_center(), nebula_info.get_size(), [WIDTH / 2, HEIGHT / 2], [WIDTH, HEIGHT])canvas.draw_image(debris_image, [center[0] - wtime, center[1]], [size[0] - 2 * wtime, size[1]],[WIDTH / 2 + 1.25 * wtime, HEIGHT / 2], [WIDTH - 2.5 * wtime, HEIGHT])canvas.draw_image(debris_image, [size[0] - wtime, center[1]], [2 * wtime, size[1]],[1.25 * wtime, HEIGHT / 2], [2.5 * wtime, HEIGHT])# draw ship and spritesmy_ship.draw(canvas)a_rock.draw(canvas)a_missile.draw(canvas)canvas.draw_text('lives:'+str(lives), (50, 50), 24, "Red")canvas.draw_text('score:'+str(score), (50, 100), 24, "Red")# update ship and spritesmy_ship.update()a_rock.update()a_missile.update()# timer handler that spawns a rockdef rock_spawner():global a_rocka_rock = Sprite([random.random()*WIDTH, random.random()*HEIGHT], [random.random(), random.random()], random.random()*2*math.pi, random.random()*0.1, asteroid_image, asteroid_info)def keydown(key):if key==simplegui.KEY_MAP['left']:my_ship.angle_vel=-0.1elif key==simplegui.KEY_MAP['right']:my_ship.angle_vel=0.1elif key==simplegui.KEY_MAP['up']:my_ship.thrust=Trueelif key==simplegui.KEY_MAP['space']:my_ship.shoot()def keyup(key):if key==simplegui.KEY_MAP['left']:my_ship.angle_vel=0elif key==simplegui.KEY_MAP['right']:my_ship.angle_vel=0elif key==simplegui.KEY_MAP['up']:my_ship.thrust=False# initialize frameframe = simplegui.create_frame("Asteroids", WIDTH, HEIGHT)# initialize ship and two spritesmy_ship = Ship([WIDTH / 2, HEIGHT / 2], [0, 0], 0, ship_image, ship_info)a_rock = Sprite([WIDTH / 3, HEIGHT / 3], [1, 1], 0, 0, asteroid_image, asteroid_info)a_missile = Sprite([2 * WIDTH / 3, 2 * HEIGHT / 3], [-1,1], 0, 0, missile_image, missile_info, missile_sound)# register handlersframe.set_draw_handler(draw)frame.set_keydown_handler(keydown)frame.set_keyup_handler(keyup)timer = simplegui.create_timer(1000.0, rock_spawner)# get things rollingtimer.start()frame.start()。