A photoreceptor with characteristics of phytochrome triggers sporulation in the true slime mould Phy

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托福阅读TPO25答案解析

托福阅读答案1.enormous巨大的，所以正确答案是B，extremely large。

如果不认识，将答案代入原文，原文说在T这个地方有三座非常大的火山，定语从句修饰说T是个什么样的地区，能容下三座大火山的当然是很大的地方。

A 重要、C不寻常和D活跃都不靠谱。

2.注意问的是Olympus M，以这个词做关键词定位至第三句，讲O是最大的，所以正确答案只能是C，比较高，如果不确定可以往下看到最后一句，说三个大的跟O比起来要小点儿，也说明O比较大，其他答案都没说。

3.distinctive有特点的，不同的，所以正确答案是characteristic，dis作为前缀，有分或者否定之意，所以猜出distinctive有不同的意思，这道词汇题代入原文不靠谱，因为几个错误答案带进去也说得通，大家还是抓紧背单词吧。

4.以A的 broad, sloping sides 做关键词定位至第二段第二句的破折号后，正确，不选；B选项的 smaller 定位至第一段尾句，正确，不选；C的channel定位至第二段第三句，正确，不选；D 的数字定位至第一段倒数第二句，但25说的是O，而不是shield volcano，所以D错，是答案。

5.roughly大概，所以正确答案是D的approximately，代入原文，说火星的gravity只有地球的40%，因此火星上山的高度应该大致是地球的2.5倍，其他代入都说不通。

6.以Maxwell为关键词定位至第三段第四句，这句只是在比较，于是往前看，说gravity越低，高度越高，所以作者进行这个比较无外乎想证明这个结论，所以正确答案 A。

C稍有迷惑性，但C的问题在于没有提及高度，只是单纯说不同planet之间gravity的关系，错。

7.提出主干，没有证据，但是如果 blabla，有些火山至少intermittently活跃，完全重复这个意思的只有C，A 后半句的比较错，那句话事实上是条件；B同样因为比较排除；D强调的点与原文相反。

海重点中学之一牛津高一下学期期末试卷

七宝中学 2012 学年第二学期高一英语期末考试卷出卷：施国华审卷：尹知跃第I卷I. Listening ComprehensionSection A 1.20 分(每题 1 分共 10 分)A. At a bakery. B. At a hotel. C. At a post office. D. At a birthday party. 2. A. Librarian and student. B. Operator and caller. C. Boss and secretary. D. Customer and repairman. 3. A. 30 minutes. B. 60 minutes. C. 90 minutes. D. 120 minutes. 4. A. A best salesman. B. A latest book. C. A good business. D. An exciting story. 5. A. By going on a diet. B. By eating fruit and vegetables. C. By having fewer meals. D. By doing physical exercise. 6. A. It was interesting and easy to follow. B. It was far beyond his understanding. C. It was as difficult as he had expected. D. It was long but easy to understand. 7. A. The traffic is always very heavy. B. The man needn’t go to the airport. C. The subway is crowded at rush hours. D. The man had better take the subway. 8. A. The woman prefers going out. B. The woman will make the decision. C. The man agrees with the woman. D. The man would rather stay inside. 9. A. The man can tell Kelly the news the next day. B. The man shouldn’t tell Kelly the news at school. C. The man should tell Kelly’s brother the news. D. The man had better tell Kelly the news by himself. 10. A. The match will be put off due to the rain. B. The rain isn’t likely to influence the man’s team. C. The result of the match is sure to be affected. D. The rain will help the man’s team win the match. Section B (每题 1 分共 6 分) Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following passage. 11. A. To get better jobs. B. To save more money. C. To move into a larger apartment. D. To receive further education. 12. A. It had family-friendly politics. B. It owned a child-care center on site. C. It offered its staff excellent benefits. D. It rewarded employees with apartments. 13. A. Satisfied. B. Surprised. C. Confused. D. Interested. Questions 14 through 16 are based on the following passage. 14. A. In 1185. B. In 1209. C. In 1386. 15. A. Because many early learning centers were set up. B. Because Oxford and Cambridge were established. C. Because the largest expansion of universities occurred. D. Because independent universities came into existence.1D. In 1836.16. A. Definition of universities. B. Development of universities. C. Finance for universities. D. Donations for universities. Section C （每题 1 分共 4 分） Blanks 17 through 20 are based on the following conversation. Complete the form. Write ONE WORD for each blank.Summer JobsWorking at KFC: Cutting grass: Working for a sports camp: Serving at a hotel: It’s __17__. One can earn $ __18__ each time. It’s a(n) __19__ job. One may get lots of __20__.Section A：（每题 1 分共 16 分）本题答案一律写到答题纸上！！！ II. Fill in the blanks with proper verb form or a suitable word:Social InsectsSome insects, such as ants, bees, and termites, live in organized communities and ____25____(consider)social insects. Ants are one of the ____26____ highly developed of the social insects. They live in colonies（集群）where their members are divided into a clearly defined fixed social system, which includes queens, workers and males. _____27_____ ant has its own purpose and duties within the colony. There are over 10,000 kinds of ants, with unique characteristics, such as the slave makers _____28_____ attack the nests of other ants for their young, or dairying ants which capture certain insects and keep them to be milked of liquids. Ants ___29___(go) to war and attack other ant colonies, even within their own type. ____30____(be) a social insect, they must communicate ____31____ others within their colony ____32____(send) warnings of danger or signal the location of a food supply. Sound Ants that make their nests in leaves or plants will tap the tail part of their bodies against the outside wall of the nest to signal for danger or let their colony mates know___33___ they've discovered a food supply. This tapping will send vibrations through the nest. Some ants will make a squeaking or buzzing sound by ____34____(rub )segments of their bodies together. This sends signals to warn of danger or requests assistance in transporting food. Scent Ants also communicate by scent. They have glands(腺) located on the different segments of their body. From those glands they can release a chemical ____35_____(call) a pheromone. The type of message they wish to convey – danger versus food--will determine which gland they will use to release the pheromone. They can also use pheromones to leave a trail, which will lead others in the colony to a newly ____36____ (discover) food supply. Greeting An ant colony may have just a few dozen members, or it can number in the millions. Since ants will attack even their own kind, it is important_____37______ members of a nest can identify others2in their immediate community. ____38____ two ants come face to face, odor（气味）____39____be a factor in communicating their identity. ____40____(use) their antennae, （触角） ants will smell each the other. After it is determined they are nest mates, they sometimes engage in a strange greeting ritual which involves the ants standing mouth to mouth. One ant then regurgitates（回吐） a drop of liquid into the other ant's mouth. Section B （每题 1 分共 9 分） A. screen F. previous B. similar G. fact C. fewer D. differently H. idea I. prevent E. strangely J. hang注意！从本题开始填涂答题卡一定要从 41 题起始按顺序涂黑答题卡！Most of us act ___41___ when we think we’re being watched. If we know someone has their eye on us, we act more properly and speak more carefully. But can this___42___ be used to ___43___crime ? Security staff at Newcastle University in England are testing that question, and so far they’ve had success, reports MSN News. Their___44___ was simple: ___45___ a picture of a pair of eyes above each bicycle rack (搁架) on campus to stop people from stealing bicycles. Since the university adopted this idea, the racks with the eyes above them have ―experienced 62 percent ___46___ thefts compared with the ___47___ year‖, say Newcastle officials. British Transport Police are trying a___48___ solution to stop crime on a train route between London and Essex. Just make sure your parents don’t hear about this story. If they do, they might hang giant eyes above the television ___49___ when you have exams coming up. III. Reading Comprehension Section A: （每题 1 分共 10 分） It happens every spring. Flowers ___50___ burst out everywhere on the same day, as if they were in tune with one another. ____51____how do plants ―know‖ when to flower? It is a question that has ___52___biologists for years. But a US research group may have finally answered it – the ___53___ lies in a protein called FKF1. This allows plants to ___54___ the differences in day lengths so that they can tell the seasons are changing. The study was published in the May 25 issue of the journal Science. Researchers spotted the FKF1 protein when they were studying a plant called Arabidopsis. They found that the FKF1 protein was a photoreceptor (感光器). This means it is___55___ to and can be activated (激活) by sunlight. Plants produce this protein every day in the late afternoon throughout the year. If there is no light at this time, ___56___ in winter when the sun goes down early, the protein won’t be activated. But when spring comes and the days get longer, the FKF1 protein can be activated by ___57___ and the plants ―know‖ it is time to flower. “The presence of light in the late afternoon is the___58___ for plants that the days are getting longer and that it is the optimal (最佳的) time for flowering,” explained Takato Imaizumi, assistant professor at the University of Washington and leader of the study. This daylight-sensing system also keeps plants from flowering when conditions are poor for growing, such as during autumn or winter when the weather is cold and days are short. ___59___ researchers have only studied how the FKF1 protein works in the Arabidopsis, they believe that the process is similar in many other more complex plants, including crops such as rice and wheat. This could be useful to the agricultural industry.350. A. automatically 51. A. But 52. A. exited 53. A. case 54. A. sense 55. A. important 56. A. for example 57. A. fertilizer 58. A. habit 59. A. MeanwhileB. suddenly B. So B. attracted B. fact B. measure B. sensitive B. by contrast B. protein B. style B. MoreoverC. slowly C. While C. fascinated C. secret C. evaluate C. likely C. in addition C. air C. signal C. BesidesD. angrily D. Or D. puzzled D. problem D. see D. necessary D. in short D. daylight D. order D. AlthoughSection B: （60—63 每题 1 分共 4 分 64—70 每题 2 分共 14 总分 18 分） Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. A Have you ever listened to young children talking in the playground? They are always boasting．They say things like, ―My Dad’s car is bigger than your Dad’s,‖ and ―My Mom is smarter than yours．‖ They particularly like to boast about their families． There were three little boys, Harry, Ted and Gavin, who were always boasting． Gavin was the worst．Everything about his family was always the best or the biggest or the most expensive． Whatever the others said, he could always go on better．One day when they were walking to school, Harry said, ―My father had a bath twice a week,‖ Ted spoke next．―That’s nothing,‖ he said．―Having a bath twice a week is dirty．My father has a bath every day, sometimes twice a day． Ted looked at Gavin． ‖ Now it was his turn． what could he say? ―This time,‖ Ted thought, But ―I’m going to win．‖ Gavin didn’t know what to say．He couldn’t say that his father had a bath three times a day． That was silly． walked on in silence． smiled at Harry, and Harry smiled He Ted back．They were sure that for once they had beaten Gavin．They reached the school gates．Still Gavin said nothing．―We’ve won,‖ Ted said to Harry, but he spoke too soon．On the way home, Gavin said, ―My Dad is so clean that he doesn’t have to bathe at all．‖ 60. According to the passage, the meaning of the word “boast” is __________． A. to sing highly of B. to talk big C. to go on better D. to compete 61. What did Harry boast about? A. The number of times his father had a bath every week． B. The size of the bathroom in his home． C. His father’s fancy car． D. His mother’s big family． 62. Who boasted the most? A. Ted. B. Harry and Ted. C. Harry and Gavin. D. Gavin. 63. What does “he spoke too soon” in the last paragraph mean? A. He spoke quickly． B. He should have spoken earlier． C. He was wrong． D. He couldn’t be understood．4B Here are four festivals in the UK. The Parklife weekender Date: 11—12 June 2011 Location: Platt Fields Park, Fallowfield, Manchester Cost: Weekend ticket￡58. 50. Day ticket ￡35.00 The Parklife Weekender Festival returns as a two—day event. Each Day will feature six areas in tents and a huge open—air main stage featuring the finest selection of local, national and international artists from across the globe．Inside you will find a large number of bars selling a wide range of alcoholic and non—alcoholic drinks. There will also be over 20 food traders offering food including organic and vegetarian dishes. Redfest Date : 22—23 July 2011 Location: Redhill, Surrey Cost: Adult: ￡49. 50. Under 14 ￡16. 50 Redfest in 2011 is a two—day music festival held every year featuring live performances on ―The Main Stage‖ and ―The Introducing Stage‖ and top DJ’S playing till 2 am in the ―Fresh Era Dance Tent‖．Now into its fifth year, Redfest has been known for supporting new band, solo artists and DJ’s. The Big Festival Date: 1—3 July 2011 Location: Clapham Common, London． Cost: Earlybird￡35, Adult￡50, ￡65 with 3 dishes, ￡75 with 5 dishes, Family ￡175, Kids free. The Big Festival 2011—The idea behind it is to take a village fete（户外游乐会） make it much bigger, stick it in the centre of London and have all income go towards charity. It will combine food, the family friendly entertainment and some top—quality live music including Soul H Soul, The Charlatans, Guillemots, The Mystery Jets and many more． Ben and Jerry’s Sundae in the Park Festival Date: 23—24 July 2011 Location: Heaton Park, Manchester Cost: to be confirmed Ben and Jerry’ s festival has now a second site in Manchester’s Heaton Park to spread the Peace, Love&Ice Cream up North. There will be fun—filled activities for everyone. including fairground attractions and social activities! Not to mention a traditional petting farm and a less traditional bare toe wrestling championship. There will be unlimited FREE Ben&Jerry’ s Ice Cream !64. If John and his girlfriend are going to enjoy arts at home and abroad on Friday, they should5pay_______ for the tickets. A. ￡70 B. ￡93．5 C. ￡100 D. ￡117 65. When was the first Redfest festival held? A. 2006. B. 2007. C. 2010. D. 2011. 66. The purpose of the passage is to___________. A. introduce four festivals in the UK B. tell us the history of festivals in the UK C. explain how festivals are celebrated in the UK D. show how important these festivals are for people in the UK C Why birds fly in the sky? Birds can fly – this is something that we take for granted. But have you ever thought about how they developed this enviable ability? It may be impossible for us to go back in time in person to witness how it happened, but scientists from Yale University, US, studied the fossils (化石) of ancient birds. These fossils are like recorded tapes of ancient times that took the scientists back 150 million years. Back then, there lived a kind of animal known as the Archaeopteryx. It is considered to be the earliest bird because it had feathers and wings — the key factors for a bird to fly. Meanwhile, it also had features of a reptile (爬行动物), such as teeth in its mouth, claws (爪子) on its wings, and a long, bony (有骨的) tail, which means the ancestors of birds were probably reptiles. In order to escape from dangerous animals, reptiles leaped from tree to tree. They gradually grew feathers on their arms so they could leap a little farther, then a little farther still. However, they were far from becoming true fliers because their wings and feathers were quite different from those of birds today. Looking closely at the fossils, scientists found that ancient feathers contained many layers of long feathers, like a penguin’s. This made the wings rather heavy and difficult for birds to move up and down. ―We don’t think these things could take off from the ground,‖ said Nicholas Longrich, of Yale University, lead author of the study. ―They can’t fly like a modern bird.‖ This is why scientists concluded that early feathers were only used by birds to glide (滑翔) from high trees, or keep warm, or maybe as camouflage (伪装), but not flying, according to National Geographic. Over the next millions of years, the evolution of feathers never stopped. Birds developed wings that included a layer of long feathers covered with short feathers on top. This structure allowed birds to separate their feathers more easily to create a wider span (翼展) and to change directions in midair. They have also grown special wrist bones (腕骨) so that they can spread their wings when flying and fold them into their sides when walking. “This new research is shedding light not just on how birds came to fly, but more specifically on how feathers came to be the way they are today – one of the most amazing and highly specialized structures in nature,‖ said Jakob Vinther, from the University of Bristol, UK. 67. According to the article, scientists conclude that early birds _____. A. could already fly high B. could only leap and glide C. only used feathers to keep warm D. could easily open their wings wide 68. What is vital in finding out how feathers came to be the way they are? A. Fossils of ancient birds.6B. Tapes of old times. C. Comparing features of reptiles and birds. D. Studying bones and structures of modern birds. 69. The word ―shedding light‖ in the last paragraph probably means________. A. falling off as part of a natural process in the light B. someone or something is seen or shown in a particular light C. providing new information that making sth easier to understand D. killing or injuring people, especially during a war or a fight 70. What is the main point of the article? A. To explore how birds looked 150 millions years ago. B. To look at the evolution of feathers that enabled birds to fly. C. To list all the fossils of ancient birds recently discovered. D. To explore how modern birds developed from ancient reptiles. Section C （本题每题 1 分共 4 分） Directions: Read the following text and choose the most suitable heading from A-E for each paragraph. There is one extra heading which you do not need.注意！本题填涂答题卡一律从 76 题起始号按顺序涂黑答题卡！！！A. B. C. D. E. Make a list of things to do Take care of yourself Try physical activity Make time for yourself Think positivelyWhile it is impossible to live completely free of stress, it is possible to prevent stress as well as reduce its effect when it can’t be avoided. The US Department of Health and Human Services offers the following suggestions for ways to deal with stress. 76._________________ When you are nervous, angry or upset, try releasing the pressure through exercise or physical activity. Running, walking, playing tennis, and working in your garden are just some of the activities you might try. 77. _________________ You should make every effort to eat well and get enough rest. If you easily get angry and can’t sleep well enough, or if you’re not eating properly, it will be more likely that you will fall into stressful situations. If stress repeatedly keeps you from sleeping, you should consult a doctor. 78. __________________ Schedule time for both work and entertainment. Don’t forget, play can be just as important to your overall well-being as work. You need a break from your dally routine to just relax and have fun. Go window-shopping or work on a hobby. Allow yourself at least a half hour each day to do something you enjoy. 79. __________________ Stress can result from disorganization and a feeling that ―there’s so much to do, and not enough time‖. Trying to take care of everything at once can be too much for you and as a result, you may not achieve anything. Instead, make a list of everything you have to do ,then do one thing7at a time, checking off each task as it is completed. Set out to do the most important task first. Section D 本题每题 2 分共 8 分 Directions: Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statements within10 words. Researchers have announced the result of two studies on the health effects of the drug aspirin. One study shows aspirin can sharply reduce the chance that a healthy, old man will suffer from a heart attack. The study offered two new results from earlier findings. It said taking one aspirin pill every other day helped only healthy men over the age of fifty. It also said aspirin gave the greatest protection against heart attacks to men with low blood cholesterol（胆固醇）levels. Earlier in the United States began a major aspirin study in the early 1980s. It included 22,000 healthy men doctors. All were between the ages of forty and eighty-four. More than 11,000 of the doctors took a harmless pill that contained no drug. The men did not know which kind of pill they were taking. The doctors who took aspirin suffered 44% fewer heart attacks than those taking the harmless pill. 139 men who took aspirin suffered from heart attacks． of them died. 239 men who did not Ten take aspirin suffered from heart attacks．Twenty-six of them died. The researchers said the doctors' study provides clear proof that taking aspirin can prevent a first heart attack in healthy, older men. They said, however, the result does not mean every man over the age of fifty should take aspirin. They said aspirin couldn't help men who do not eat healthy foods, who smoke cigarettes and who are fat. The researchers said men who think they would be helped by taking aspirin should talk with their doctors first. 80. We may learn that the new use of aspirin is to__________. 81. According to the researchers, aspirin can help those who __________. 82. What is the death percentage of people who suffered from heart attacks without taking aspirin according to the experiment data ? 83. What do the researchers advise us in the last paragraph? 第 II 卷 I. Translation （每题 3 分.共 15 分） Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.1. 这两个游戏在许多方面有明显的共同之处。

ps里的通道是什么概念（WhatistheconceptofthechannelinPS）

ps里的通道是什么概念（What is the concept of the channel inPS）What is the concept of the channel in PS?In order to record the selection area, you can save it as a separate image in the form of black and white, and then make a variety of effects. The black and white images which are independent and attached to the original image and used to preserve the selection area are called "passages"Channel). In other words, the channel is the most important part of image processing.However, there are not many people who really know the Photoshop channel. A little knowledge of basic concepts results in technical faults, and some difficulties can not be broken. This is caused by putting the cart before the horse in learning. This paper tries to discuss the essence, operation and special form of Photoshop channel by using the common image processing methods to help readers get the inspiration, understand the nature and master the application.Origin of channel -- traditional photographic synthesis technology and its digitalizationApplication of 1. shutterWe know that the full digitalization of the Phototypesetting industry is only a matter of recent years. Before that, the workload of image compositing workers was so large that thecontent was boring. They will have to shut myself in the darkroom, as the shutters in the enlarger below, to choose the film exposure. The shutter is actually coated with black dye in different parts of a transparent film so that the light cannot pass through it. At the time of exposure, shutter and film overlapped, so that the cover plate on the image below the black area because of opaque black cover and not be exposed, leaving only the image corresponding to the transparent part, is said to complete the choice of the photo exposure. In the repeated several times the same boy with Mou Xi Mo - Huang angry turbulent appearance the Bu Bu sieve centre news magpie get control milling will flash?The concept of the channel is evolved from the shield. In the channel, white is used instead of transparency to represent the part to be processed (selection area); black is used to represent the non processed part (the non selection region). Therefore, the channel has the same meaning as the mask, and has no independent meaning, but only when it is attached to other images (or models), can it reflect its function. And the biggest difference between the channel and the mask is also the biggest advantage of the channel, that is, the channel can be completely processed by the computer, that is, it is completely digital.2. channels -- digitization of traditional technologyThe computer can work tirelessly for 24 hours, and it's extremely efficient. Therefore, people have spared no effort to put all possible information to the computer processing, the wave of digital sweeping across the world, the image processingindustry is no exception.How to change a vivid photograph into "0" and "1" on our hard diskWhat about it? Before that, let's take a look at the features of digital information. First of all, as the name suggests, the biggest feature of digital information is that any form of information can be expressed in complete and accurate numbers, whether it is a record, a phone call, or a video. This feature of digitization is easy to understand, and we call it "parsing."".Secondly, limited by storage and computation, the capacity of digital information must be limited. That is to say, in order to analyze the rapidly changing and nuanced analog signals, we must choose something to replace the original information flow with a small enough and resolvable "information element"". We see that such a "sampling" process inevitably loses some raw data between the elements and the elements. So we must take a close degree of indicators to judge the digital information and analog information. Obviously, in the limited length of the "information flow", the "information" of the more, this transformation is more accurate, on the other hand, the "information" is less, the close degree is more rough. Therefore, we use the number of "information elements" in the unit information flow to measure the fidelity of digital information. In digital audio, this index is called "sampling rate" and "quantization accuracy"; in digital video, it is called "frame rate"";In digital images, it is called "resolution"". As long as this index is large enough to confuse people's senses and make our ears and eyes mistakenly think that this is a coherent picture, or a piece of music, without any perceptible pause or particles. Compared with the "continuous" nature of analog information, the characteristic of digital information is called "discontinuity", or "discontinuous"".Now, an image is separated from a vertical line with many equidistant horizontal lines, each of which is a pixel (pixelThat is, an independent information element, and the digital work is half done. Next, what we need to do is to record the color information of each pixel.Because we are going to discuss the color image, so only black and white and grey information (in black and white images, and "Brightness", "gray" concept is equivalent), regardless of its hue. But don't forget, but also have different levels of gray, like "","Light gray "or" gray".But it's not enough to describe the brightness of objects only in words. As mentioned above, digital information has the characteristics of "discontinuity", so it was proposed that the integer between 0 and 100 should be used to represent the gray level: for example, 0Pure black, 100 in pure white, and 50 in black and white.As is known to all, in computers, data is stored in bits (bit). Each bit can only store the information of "0" or "1" to correspond to the binary bit. Let's see to represent a 0 to 100How many binary bits are needed for any integer between them: log 2 101=6.6582That is to say, we used 7 bit storage space to store data only with 6.6 bits. Isn't that a waste? And the root of this waste is that we divide the gray scale between black and white into man-made onesThe 101 paragraph, not the other number.So, in order to make the best use of everything, people usually divide the gray level with an integer power of 2. Usually, gray scale is divided into 256 levels (represented by 0~255), and this will take up 8The space of one storage bit (one byte). And the origin of the number 8, is to make the naked eye in any adjacent two levels of change, without a trace of awareness.Through the above two steps, the gray information of each pixel is written into the hard disk according to the divided grid, from top to bottom, from left to right, and the digital work is finally completed. And when we experience the feeling that computers are processing the speed of the constituency, we will understand that this series of complicated transformations and operations is not futile.Two, several special channel typesAs you can see from the previous section, the earliest channel concept is a special image that is evolved from the mask in traditional photographic technology to represent the range of selection. After that, the rapid development of computer image processing technology, the concept of channels and expand greatly, which covers the vector drawing, 3D modeling, material, rendering and other fields, and is no longer confined to the graphic design of the original meaning of "boundary". The "channel" of every hue has a different name, use and calculation methods, but with the original concept of channel are essentially similar: they are attached to other image exists, single color grayscale image.1. primary color channel, Alpha channel and spot color channelIn the previous description, we have carefully understood the channel, that is, the digital process of monochrome images. So, how do computers use these numbers to represent color images? First of all, let's understand the concept of primary colors and the mixing principle of addition and subtraction.In primary school art class, we understand the concept of red, yellow, blue tricolor.Here the red, yellow and blue accurately should be magenta (Magenta), yellow (Yellow) and green (Cyan). The three colors are mixed in different proportions, can obtain any other colors; and mixing the three colors to themaximum extent, will make all the wavelength range of visible light and show black all absorbed. We call these three elements the "light source tricolor", and the hybrid method that reduces the brightness of the color in the mixing process is called subtraction mixing.Usually, in printing, this subtraction mixing principle is applied: in white paper, through the mixture of light source, tricolor ink, to obtain a variety of colors and their combination of images. But in practice, the black cost is high and the quality is poor by mixing, so it is usually artificially added a low cost black inkBlacK) printed together with product, Huang and qing. Therefore, this printing process is also known as "four color printing", and its color system is called "CMYK color system"".The principle of additive mixing in accordance with the principle of subtractive mixing in printing is that the display element follows. Red (Red), green (Green), blue (Blue)Three colors are called "tricolor". Three colors of light can be mixed to obtain any other colors, and the maximum mixing will get the highest brightness color - white. We know the vast majority of display devices around usAdditive mixing principle is applied to CRT cathode ray tube and LCD liquid crystal panel. Therefore, when the equipment is not started, the darker the background color and the lower the brightness, the better the imaging effect. The display color system is also called RGBColor system.The laws of nature are so simple and graceful that theever-changing colors are merely the organic combination of three simple primary colors. Therefore, any color image can be regarded as the superposition of three images of different primary colors. Since any monochromatic grayscale map can be considered as a channel, then we can use it completely3~4 channels to record a color photograph. Each channel records the distribution information of a corresponding primary color on the color image, so we call it the "primary color channel"". For display purposes the pictures (such as web page) can be decomposed intoR, G, B three primary color channels, and the output of the picture (such as posters, magazine covers, packaging paper, etc.) is decomposed into C, M, Y three primary color channel and a K channel.Since each single pixel of the channel requires 8 binary bits of storage space, then each pixel in the tri color channel is composed of three monochromatic pixels, which requires 8 x 3=24Two binary bits for storage. So, in the amount of data is three times the original, the number of colors can be expressed into 224 ~ 1.6 * 107. We usually have these 1600The gamut of tens of millions of colors is called "24bit true color."".2.Alpha channelThe Alpha channel is a specially designed channel for saving the selection area. When you generate an image file, you don't have to generate AlphaPassage. Usually, it is generated by people in the process of image processing, and the region information is read from it. Therefore, in the output plate, AlphaThe channel will be deleted because it has nothing to do with the final generated image. But sometimes, for example, when a 3D software is rendered at last, a Alpha channel is generated to make a later synthesis in the plane processing software.In addition to the file format PSD of Photoshop, GIF and TIFF format files can store Alpha channels. And the GIF file can also use AlphaChannel as background removal for image processing. Therefore, we can make use of this feature of GIF file to make arbitrary shape graphics.3. spot color channelIn order to make their printed works different, they often have to do some special treatment. Such as the increase of fluorescent ink or luminous ink,Registering system (such as colorless printed bronzing), thesespecial color ink (we call it the "spot") are not made by three color printing ink can be used mixed, spot color channel and spot color printing at.In the image processing software, there is a list of complete spot color ink. We only need to choose the spot color ink, will produce its corresponding spot color channel. But in the processing, the spot color channel is opposite to the primary color channel, and the black represents the selection (that is, inkjet ink), and the white represents not selecting (not printing ink). This is something that needs special attention.Spot color printing can make the work more visual and shocking in the visual effect, but because most of the spot color can not show the effect on the display, so its production process also has a considerable empirical component.4. mask and texture mixing channelThe mask is also known as the "Mask", can be said to be the best embodies the "shield" meaning channel application.In an image (or a layer) add a black-and-white grayscale image, the black part of the image will be hidden (and not deleted), become transparent; white will be fully revealed; and part of the gray scale in a semi transparent state. No matter in the mask image synthesis or in special effects, have irreplaceable function. The mask can also be applied to the 3D model of the mapping above. The metal rust, the glass decals, these irregular graphics, tend to be processed by way of mapping with rectangular mask. This type of mask because of the need toadjust their position in 3D surface, so often seen as a special form of the map, called "opacity map".The mask can be used not only in the simple map, can be used in more complex multidimensional material. When the two materials are mixed together on the same surface, people also need to use the channel to handle their distribution. But unlike ordinary mask is such a "mixed channel" is directly used in the two images: the black part of the showA image; white part displaysB image; gray scale part is both. Therefore, the mixing channel is derived from the concept of mask, used two images overlap between a simplified application control.5. displacement mapping and bump mappingIn 3D software, the channel is not only limited to the processing of planar maps, but it is also used to represent more complex materials, and even to model.Imagine, we want to model a coin: its surface complex patterns and patterns will certainly bring a lot of trouble to our work, using the usual modeling means, almost impossible to complete. Some people may ask: can we use a flat image to represent the bump of the surface of an object (like an elevation map), and allow the computer to do the tedious modeling work automatically? The answer is: Yes, and the key plan is the channel.A channel is attached to the surface of an object with theso-called "displacement map", and then the computer will operate like this:The map on the surface of the node, according to the brightness information of the pixels on the map channel, along the surface in the normal direction of the point of traction in different degrees, or concave, convex, or like a color picture than the front elevation map, in the mud Niechu high mountain and canyon. Now, if we use the plane drawing tools to draw a two-dimensional image, and then transformed into the displacement map and give an object, the very texture of the coin on the.Although displacement mapping can greatly reduce the workload of modeling, but because the resulting model is not optimized enough, the number of polygons is too large, will cause a dramatic rise in rendering time. For this reason, people came up with a good compromise. Without increasing the complexity of the model, the bump effect on the object surface is similar to the real model generated in the displacement map, which is called bump mapping algorithm. Bump mapping also uses the channel as a source of information, through special surface mapping and light and shadow processing,Showing the high light and shadow of objects, so that the effect of light and shade in most cases can reach a convincing degree.Now, we're going to use the bump map to create a coin model and compare it with the previous replacement model. We will find that in the flat face "processing (sight perpendicular plane), which has the same excellent performance with the former, but the rendering time is much better than the former; in the" side"(normal to the plane perpendicular to the line of sight) contrast, displacement mapping still shows the surface topography true, the plane is smooth as bumpmap treatment. This also exposes the drawbacks of bump mapping. The above two algorithms have their own advantages and disadvantages, and in the final decision which algorithm to use to make the channel and model to combine to achieve the desired effect, the visual angle has become a decisive factor.6. vector channelIn order to reduce the amount of data, people will point painted again using digital image analysis, calculation method of the complex will be on the point, line, surface and color information into a simple mathematical formula; the formula graph is called the "vector graphics"; and the formula of the channel, is called vector channel". Although vector graphics can compress image information hundreds of times, its calculation method is too complex, and the conversion effect is often unsatisfactory. As a result, he can only play a role in showing concise and colorful geometric figures, but rarely when dealing with real effects (such as photos).Photoshop in the "path", several preset in the 3DS map, illustrator, flash and other drawing software in vector mask, belong to this type of channel.The ancients said: "do not build high platform in the sand."". If you want to have excellent skills, you must try hard to learn basic knowledge. The application of channel is engaged in the art industry personnel from entry to the master of the cadenzais the only way which must be passed, this course. I hope we can learn from every little bit here in the near future, let his works exude art shine.。

纹理物体缺陷的视觉检测算法研究--优秀毕业论文

摘要
在竞争激烈的工业自动化生产过程中，机器视觉对产品质量的把关起着举足轻重的作用，机器视觉在缺陷检测技术方面的应用也逐渐普遍起来。与常规的检测技术相比，自动化的视觉检测系统更加经济、快捷、高效与安全。纹理物体在工业生产中广泛存在，像用于半导体装配和封装底板和发光二极管，现代化电子系统中的印制电路板，以及纺织行业中的布匹和织物等都可认为是含有纹理特征的物体。本论文主要致力于纹理物体的缺陷检测技术研究，为纹理物体的自动化检测提供高效而可靠的检测算法。纹理是描述图像内容的重要特征，纹理分析也已经被成功的应用与纹理分割和纹理分类当中。本研究提出了一种基于纹理分析技术和参考比较方式的缺陷检测算法。这种算法能容忍物体变形引起的图像配准误差，对纹理的影响也具有鲁棒性。本算法旨在为检测出的缺陷区域提供丰富而重要的物理意义，如缺陷区域的大小、形状、亮度对比度及空间分布等。同时，在参考图像可行的情况下，本算法可用于同质纹理物体和非同质纹理物体的检测，对非纹理物体的检测也可取得不错的效果。在整个检测过程中，我们采用了可调控金字塔的纹理分析和重构技术。与传统的小波纹理分析技术不同，我们在小波域中加入处理物体变形和纹理影响的容忍度控制算法，来实现容忍物体变形和对纹理影响鲁棒的目的。最后可调控金字塔的重构保证了缺陷区域物理意义恢复的准确性。实验阶段，我们检测了一系列具有实际应用价值的图像。实验结果表明本文提出的纹理物体缺陷检测算法具有高效性和易于实现性。关键字: 缺陷检测；纹理；物体变形；可调控金字塔；重构
Keywords: defect detection, texture, object distortion, steerable pyramid, reconstruction
II

2020年华中科技大学启明学院入学选拔考试真题

作者：旧在几作品编号：2254487796631145587263GF24000022时间：2020.12.13启明学院选拔考试复习指导适用于所有想要考入启明学院的亲注意事项：（所有历年的试题是保密的不外售，所以市面买的试卷都是假的，都是投机的“热心青年”的杰作，题目每年都会有改变。

本套试题是某一届师哥师姐根据回忆和后期加工制作的。

保证了权威性和真实性，并且出于公益绝不以盈利为目的希望各位亲尊重前人的劳动，不要用来挣小学弟学妹的money）总论启明学院的优惠政策，包括保研率60%左右，每人一个导师的制度，还有就是实验室的优先使用权，奖学金的评定优势（加权高，名额多）等。

并且师资配备也是很好的。

淘汰机制：除执行学校本科生学籍管理规定外，凡出现以下情况之一者，应转出学院(一)学年学业评价不合格；(二)因各种原因受警告或警告以上处分；(三)因身体状况不能坚持继续学习；(四)自愿申请退出。

入学须知（同济部分）鉴于以往招生的各种事端总结，特此公示几个注意事项。

1.进入这个班不是所有的人都会出国，每年交换生名额有6个，原则是三届中德班竞争名额，但主要是大二和大三这两届中德班分享，合同两年签一次，有停止续约的可能。

不过一般会有合同的。

2.出国虽然不收学费，但是生活费还是要自己出的，大约7-10万人民币，小城市可能会少一些。

3.这个班是本科六年制的。

4.在报考之前请确定自己会真心想加入这个班级，在这里解释一下，每年都会几个同学通过了笔试却放弃面试资格，这样自己可能无所谓，但是却占用了宝贵的面试名额，对那些真心想进入的同学是个不公平的恶性竞争。

5.相信不是每个报考中德班的临床专业的人都是想要出国吧，所以要仔细考虑如果不出国的话，能不能接受6年本科，毕竟其他专业的学生使用这个考试机会可以转专业，对于已经是临床专业学生的意义要权衡一下。

（主校区院系注意事项）同样是进这个班的意义问题，有人说好，保研率高，实验班，有人却在里面被埋没，明明很努力却连奖学金都拿不到。

热红外传感史

History of infrared detectorsA.ROGALSKI*Institute of Applied Physics, Military University of Technology, 2 Kaliskiego Str.,00–908 Warsaw, PolandThis paper overviews the history of infrared detector materials starting with Herschel’s experiment with thermometer on February11th,1800.Infrared detectors are in general used to detect,image,and measure patterns of the thermal heat radia−tion which all objects emit.At the beginning,their development was connected with thermal detectors,such as ther−mocouples and bolometers,which are still used today and which are generally sensitive to all infrared wavelengths and op−erate at room temperature.The second kind of detectors,called the photon detectors,was mainly developed during the20th Century to improve sensitivity and response time.These detectors have been extensively developed since the1940’s.Lead sulphide(PbS)was the first practical IR detector with sensitivity to infrared wavelengths up to~3μm.After World War II infrared detector technology development was and continues to be primarily driven by military applications.Discovery of variable band gap HgCdTe ternary alloy by Lawson and co−workers in1959opened a new area in IR detector technology and has provided an unprecedented degree of freedom in infrared detector design.Many of these advances were transferred to IR astronomy from Departments of Defence ter on civilian applications of infrared technology are frequently called“dual−use technology applications.”One should point out the growing utilisation of IR technologies in the civilian sphere based on the use of new materials and technologies,as well as the noticeable price decrease in these high cost tech−nologies.In the last four decades different types of detectors are combined with electronic readouts to make detector focal plane arrays(FPAs).Development in FPA technology has revolutionized infrared imaging.Progress in integrated circuit design and fabrication techniques has resulted in continued rapid growth in the size and performance of these solid state arrays.Keywords:thermal and photon detectors, lead salt detectors, HgCdTe detectors, microbolometers, focal plane arrays.Contents1.Introduction2.Historical perspective3.Classification of infrared detectors3.1.Photon detectors3.2.Thermal detectors4.Post−War activity5.HgCdTe era6.Alternative material systems6.1.InSb and InGaAs6.2.GaAs/AlGaAs quantum well superlattices6.3.InAs/GaInSb strained layer superlattices6.4.Hg−based alternatives to HgCdTe7.New revolution in thermal detectors8.Focal plane arrays – revolution in imaging systems8.1.Cooled FPAs8.2.Uncooled FPAs8.3.Readiness level of LWIR detector technologies9.SummaryReferences 1.IntroductionLooking back over the past1000years we notice that infra−red radiation(IR)itself was unknown until212years ago when Herschel’s experiment with thermometer and prism was first reported.Frederick William Herschel(1738–1822) was born in Hanover,Germany but emigrated to Britain at age19,where he became well known as both a musician and an astronomer.Herschel became most famous for the discovery of Uranus in1781(the first new planet found since antiquity)in addition to two of its major moons,Tita−nia and Oberon.He also discovered two moons of Saturn and infrared radiation.Herschel is also known for the twenty−four symphonies that he composed.W.Herschel made another milestone discovery–discov−ery of infrared light on February11th,1800.He studied the spectrum of sunlight with a prism[see Fig.1in Ref.1],mea−suring temperature of each colour.The detector consisted of liquid in a glass thermometer with a specially blackened bulb to absorb radiation.Herschel built a crude monochromator that used a thermometer as a detector,so that he could mea−sure the distribution of energy in sunlight and found that the highest temperature was just beyond the red,what we now call the infrared(‘below the red’,from the Latin‘infra’–be−OPTO−ELECTRONICS REVIEW20(3),279–308DOI: 10.2478/s11772−012−0037−7*e−mail: rogan@.pllow)–see Fig.1(b)[2].In April 1800he reported it to the Royal Society as dark heat (Ref.1,pp.288–290):Here the thermometer No.1rose 7degrees,in 10minu−tes,by an exposure to the full red coloured rays.I drew back the stand,till the centre of the ball of No.1was just at the vanishing of the red colour,so that half its ball was within,and half without,the visible rays of theAnd here the thermometerin 16minutes,degrees,when its centre was inch out of the raysof the sun.as had a rising of 9de−grees,and here the difference is almost too trifling to suppose,that latter situation of the thermometer was much beyond the maximum of the heating power;while,at the same time,the experiment sufficiently indi−cates,that the place inquired after need not be looked for at a greater distance.Making further experiments on what Herschel called the ‘calorific rays’that existed beyond the red part of the spec−trum,he found that they were reflected,refracted,absorbed and transmitted just like visible light [1,3,4].The early history of IR was reviewed about 50years ago in three well−known monographs [5–7].Many historical information can be also found in four papers published by Barr [3,4,8,9]and in more recently published monograph [10].Table 1summarises the historical development of infrared physics and technology [11,12].2.Historical perspectiveFor thirty years following Herschel’s discovery,very little progress was made beyond establishing that the infrared ra−diation obeyed the simplest laws of optics.Slow progress inthe study of infrared was caused by the lack of sensitive and accurate detectors –the experimenters were handicapped by the ordinary thermometer.However,towards the second de−cade of the 19th century,Thomas Johann Seebeck began to examine the junction behaviour of electrically conductive materials.In 1821he discovered that a small electric current will flow in a closed circuit of two dissimilar metallic con−ductors,when their junctions are kept at different tempera−tures [13].During that time,most physicists thought that ra−diant heat and light were different phenomena,and the dis−covery of Seebeck indirectly contributed to a revival of the debate on the nature of heat.Due to small output vol−tage of Seebeck’s junctions,some μV/K,the measurement of very small temperature differences were prevented.In 1829L.Nobili made the first thermocouple and improved electrical thermometer based on the thermoelectric effect discovered by Seebeck in 1826.Four years later,M.Melloni introduced the idea of connecting several bismuth−copper thermocouples in series,generating a higher and,therefore,measurable output voltage.It was at least 40times more sensitive than the best thermometer available and could de−tect the heat from a person at a distance of 30ft [8].The out−put voltage of such a thermopile structure linearly increases with the number of connected thermocouples.An example of thermopile’s prototype invented by Nobili is shown in Fig.2(a).It consists of twelve large bismuth and antimony elements.The elements were placed upright in a brass ring secured to an adjustable support,and were screened by a wooden disk with a 15−mm central aperture.Incomplete version of the Nobili−Melloni thermopile originally fitted with the brass cone−shaped tubes to collect ra−diant heat is shown in Fig.2(b).This instrument was much more sensi−tive than the thermometers previously used and became the most widely used detector of IR radiation for the next half century.The third member of the trio,Langley’s bolometer appea−red in 1880[7].Samuel Pierpont Langley (1834–1906)used two thin ribbons of platinum foil connected so as to form two arms of a Wheatstone bridge (see Fig.3)[15].This instrument enabled him to study solar irradiance far into its infrared region and to measure theintensityof solar radia−tion at various wavelengths [9,16,17].The bolometer’s sen−History of infrared detectorsFig.1.Herschel’s first experiment:A,B –the small stand,1,2,3–the thermometers upon it,C,D –the prism at the window,E –the spec−trum thrown upon the table,so as to bring the last quarter of an inch of the read colour upon the stand (after Ref.1).InsideSir FrederickWilliam Herschel (1738–1822)measures infrared light from the sun– artist’s impression (after Ref. 2).Fig.2.The Nobili−Meloni thermopiles:(a)thermopile’s prototype invented by Nobili (ca.1829),(b)incomplete version of the Nobili−−Melloni thermopile (ca.1831).Museo Galileo –Institute and Museum of the History of Science,Piazza dei Giudici 1,50122Florence, Italy (after Ref. 14).Table 1. Milestones in the development of infrared physics and technology (up−dated after Refs. 11 and 12)Year Event1800Discovery of the existence of thermal radiation in the invisible beyond the red by W. HERSCHEL1821Discovery of the thermoelectric effects using an antimony−copper pair by T.J. SEEBECK1830Thermal element for thermal radiation measurement by L. NOBILI1833Thermopile consisting of 10 in−line Sb−Bi thermal pairs by L. NOBILI and M. MELLONI1834Discovery of the PELTIER effect on a current−fed pair of two different conductors by J.C. PELTIER1835Formulation of the hypothesis that light and electromagnetic radiation are of the same nature by A.M. AMPERE1839Solar absorption spectrum of the atmosphere and the role of water vapour by M. MELLONI1840Discovery of the three atmospheric windows by J. HERSCHEL (son of W. HERSCHEL)1857Harmonization of the three thermoelectric effects (SEEBECK, PELTIER, THOMSON) by W. THOMSON (Lord KELVIN)1859Relationship between absorption and emission by G. KIRCHHOFF1864Theory of electromagnetic radiation by J.C. MAXWELL1873Discovery of photoconductive effect in selenium by W. SMITH1876Discovery of photovoltaic effect in selenium (photopiles) by W.G. ADAMS and A.E. DAY1879Empirical relationship between radiation intensity and temperature of a blackbody by J. STEFAN1880Study of absorption characteristics of the atmosphere through a Pt bolometer resistance by S.P. LANGLEY1883Study of transmission characteristics of IR−transparent materials by M. MELLONI1884Thermodynamic derivation of the STEFAN law by L. BOLTZMANN1887Observation of photoelectric effect in the ultraviolet by H. HERTZ1890J. ELSTER and H. GEITEL constructed a photoemissive detector consisted of an alkali−metal cathode1894, 1900Derivation of the wavelength relation of blackbody radiation by J.W. RAYEIGH and W. WIEN1900Discovery of quantum properties of light by M. PLANCK1903Temperature measurements of stars and planets using IR radiometry and spectrometry by W.W. COBLENTZ1905 A. EINSTEIN established the theory of photoelectricity1911R. ROSLING made the first television image tube on the principle of cathode ray tubes constructed by F. Braun in 18971914Application of bolometers for the remote exploration of people and aircrafts ( a man at 200 m and a plane at 1000 m)1917T.W. CASE developed the first infrared photoconductor from substance composed of thallium and sulphur1923W. SCHOTTKY established the theory of dry rectifiers1925V.K. ZWORYKIN made a television image tube (kinescope) then between 1925 and 1933, the first electronic camera with the aid of converter tube (iconoscope)1928Proposal of the idea of the electro−optical converter (including the multistage one) by G. HOLST, J.H. DE BOER, M.C. TEVES, and C.F. VEENEMANS1929L.R. KOHLER made a converter tube with a photocathode (Ag/O/Cs) sensitive in the near infrared1930IR direction finders based on PbS quantum detectors in the wavelength range 1.5–3.0 μm for military applications (GUDDEN, GÖRLICH and KUTSCHER), increased range in World War II to 30 km for ships and 7 km for tanks (3–5 μm)1934First IR image converter1939Development of the first IR display unit in the United States (Sniperscope, Snooperscope)1941R.S. OHL observed the photovoltaic effect shown by a p−n junction in a silicon1942G. EASTMAN (Kodak) offered the first film sensitive to the infrared1947Pneumatically acting, high−detectivity radiation detector by M.J.E. GOLAY1954First imaging cameras based on thermopiles (exposure time of 20 min per image) and on bolometers (4 min)1955Mass production start of IR seeker heads for IR guided rockets in the US (PbS and PbTe detectors, later InSb detectors for Sidewinder rockets)1957Discovery of HgCdTe ternary alloy as infrared detector material by W.D. LAWSON, S. NELSON, and A.S. YOUNG1961Discovery of extrinsic Ge:Hg and its application (linear array) in the first LWIR FLIR systems1965Mass production start of IR cameras for civil applications in Sweden (single−element sensors with optomechanical scanner: AGA Thermografiesystem 660)1970Discovery of charge−couple device (CCD) by W.S. BOYLE and G.E. SMITH1970Production start of IR sensor arrays (monolithic Si−arrays: R.A. SOREF 1968; IR−CCD: 1970; SCHOTTKY diode arrays: F.D.SHEPHERD and A.C. YANG 1973; IR−CMOS: 1980; SPRITE: T. ELIOTT 1981)1975Lunch of national programmes for making spatially high resolution observation systems in the infrared from multielement detectors integrated in a mini cooler (so−called first generation systems): common module (CM) in the United States, thermal imaging commonmodule (TICM) in Great Britain, syteme modulaire termique (SMT) in France1975First In bump hybrid infrared focal plane array1977Discovery of the broken−gap type−II InAs/GaSb superlattices by G.A. SAI−HALASZ, R. TSU, and L. ESAKI1980Development and production of second generation systems [cameras fitted with hybrid HgCdTe(InSb)/Si(readout) FPAs].First demonstration of two−colour back−to−back SWIR GaInAsP detector by J.C. CAMPBELL, A.G. DENTAI, T.P. LEE,and C.A. BURRUS1985Development and mass production of cameras fitted with Schottky diode FPAs (platinum silicide)1990Development and production of quantum well infrared photoconductor (QWIP) hybrid second generation systems1995Production start of IR cameras with uncooled FPAs (focal plane arrays; microbolometer−based and pyroelectric)2000Development and production of third generation infrared systemssitivity was much greater than that of contemporary thermo−piles which were little improved since their use by Melloni. Langley continued to develop his bolometer for the next20 years(400times more sensitive than his first efforts).His latest bolometer could detect the heat from a cow at a dis−tance of quarter of mile [9].From the above information results that at the beginning the development of the IR detectors was connected with ther−mal detectors.The first photon effect,photoconductive ef−fect,was discovered by Smith in1873when he experimented with selenium as an insulator for submarine cables[18].This discovery provided a fertile field of investigation for several decades,though most of the efforts were of doubtful quality. By1927,over1500articles and100patents were listed on photosensitive selenium[19].It should be mentioned that the literature of the early1900’s shows increasing interest in the application of infrared as solution to numerous problems[7].A special contribution of William Coblenz(1873–1962)to infrared radiometry and spectroscopy is marked by huge bib−liography containing hundreds of scientific publications, talks,and abstracts to his credit[20,21].In1915,W.Cob−lentz at the US National Bureau of Standards develops ther−mopile detectors,which he uses to measure the infrared radi−ation from110stars.However,the low sensitivity of early in−frared instruments prevented the detection of other near−IR sources.Work in infrared astronomy remained at a low level until breakthroughs in the development of new,sensitive infrared detectors were achieved in the late1950’s.The principle of photoemission was first demonstrated in1887when Hertz discovered that negatively charged par−ticles were emitted from a conductor if it was irradiated with ultraviolet[22].Further studies revealed that this effect could be produced with visible radiation using an alkali metal electrode [23].Rectifying properties of semiconductor−metal contact were discovered by Ferdinand Braun in1874[24],when he probed a naturally−occurring lead sulphide(galena)crystal with the point of a thin metal wire and noted that current flowed freely in one direction only.Next,Jagadis Chandra Bose demonstrated the use of galena−metal point contact to detect millimetre electromagnetic waves.In1901he filed a U.S patent for a point−contact semiconductor rectifier for detecting radio signals[25].This type of contact called cat’s whisker detector(sometimes also as crystal detector)played serious role in the initial phase of radio development.How−ever,this contact was not used in a radiation detector for the next several decades.Although crystal rectifiers allowed to fabricate simple radio sets,however,by the mid−1920s the predictable performance of vacuum−tubes replaced them in most radio applications.The period between World Wars I and II is marked by the development of photon detectors and image converters and by emergence of infrared spectroscopy as one of the key analytical techniques available to chemists.The image con−verter,developed on the eve of World War II,was of tre−mendous interest to the military because it enabled man to see in the dark.The first IR photoconductor was developed by Theodore W.Case in1917[26].He discovered that a substance com−posed of thallium and sulphur(Tl2S)exhibited photocon−ductivity.Supported by the US Army between1917and 1918,Case adapted these relatively unreliable detectors for use as sensors in an infrared signalling device[27].The pro−totype signalling system,consisting of a60−inch diameter searchlight as the source of radiation and a thallous sulphide detector at the focus of a24−inch diameter paraboloid mir−ror,sent messages18miles through what was described as ‘smoky atmosphere’in1917.However,instability of resis−tance in the presence of light or polarizing voltage,loss of responsivity due to over−exposure to light,high noise,slug−gish response and lack of reproducibility seemed to be inhe−rent weaknesses.Work was discontinued in1918;commu−nication by the detection of infrared radiation appeared dis−tinctly ter Case found that the addition of oxygen greatly enhanced the response [28].The idea of the electro−optical converter,including the multistage one,was proposed by Holst et al.in1928[29]. The first attempt to make the converter was not successful.A working tube consisted of a photocathode in close proxi−mity to a fluorescent screen was made by the authors in 1934 in Philips firm.In about1930,the appearance of the Cs−O−Ag photo−tube,with stable characteristics,to great extent discouraged further development of photoconductive cells until about 1940.The Cs−O−Ag photocathode(also called S−1)elabo−History of infrared detectorsFig.3.Longley’s bolometer(a)composed of two sets of thin plati−num strips(b),a Wheatstone bridge,a battery,and a galvanometer measuring electrical current (after Ref. 15 and 16).rated by Koller and Campbell[30]had a quantum efficiency two orders of magnitude above anything previously studied, and consequently a new era in photoemissive devices was inaugurated[31].In the same year,the Japanese scientists S. Asao and M.Suzuki reported a method for enhancing the sensitivity of silver in the S−1photocathode[32].Consisted of a layer of caesium on oxidized silver,S−1is sensitive with useful response in the near infrared,out to approxi−mately1.2μm,and the visible and ultraviolet region,down to0.3μm.Probably the most significant IR development in the United States during1930’s was the Radio Corporation of America(RCA)IR image tube.During World War II, near−IR(NIR)cathodes were coupled to visible phosphors to provide a NIR image converter.With the establishment of the National Defence Research Committee,the develop−ment of this tube was accelerated.In1942,the tube went into production as the RCA1P25image converter(see Fig.4).This was one of the tubes used during World War II as a part of the”Snooperscope”and”Sniperscope,”which were used for night observation with infrared sources of illumination.Since then various photocathodes have been developed including bialkali photocathodes for the visible region,multialkali photocathodes with high sensitivity ex−tending to the infrared region and alkali halide photocatho−des intended for ultraviolet detection.The early concepts of image intensification were not basically different from those today.However,the early devices suffered from two major deficiencies:poor photo−cathodes and poor ter development of both cathode and coupling technologies changed the image in−tensifier into much more useful device.The concept of image intensification by cascading stages was suggested independently by number of workers.In Great Britain,the work was directed toward proximity focused tubes,while in the United State and in Germany–to electrostatically focused tubes.A history of night vision imaging devices is given by Biberman and Sendall in monograph Electro−Opti−cal Imaging:System Performance and Modelling,SPIE Press,2000[10].The Biberman’s monograph describes the basic trends of infrared optoelectronics development in the USA,Great Britain,France,and Germany.Seven years later Ponomarenko and Filachev completed this monograph writ−ing the book Infrared Techniques and Electro−Optics in Russia:A History1946−2006,SPIE Press,about achieve−ments of IR techniques and electrooptics in the former USSR and Russia [33].In the early1930’s,interest in improved detectors began in Germany[27,34,35].In1933,Edgar W.Kutzscher at the University of Berlin,discovered that lead sulphide(from natural galena found in Sardinia)was photoconductive and had response to about3μm.B.Gudden at the University of Prague used evaporation techniques to develop sensitive PbS films.Work directed by Kutzscher,initially at the Uni−versity of Berlin and later at the Electroacustic Company in Kiel,dealt primarily with the chemical deposition approach to film formation.This work ultimately lead to the fabrica−tion of the most sensitive German detectors.These works were,of course,done under great secrecy and the results were not generally known until after1945.Lead sulphide photoconductors were brought to the manufacturing stage of development in Germany in about1943.Lead sulphide was the first practical infrared detector deployed in a variety of applications during the war.The most notable was the Kiel IV,an airborne IR system that had excellent range and which was produced at Carl Zeiss in Jena under the direction of Werner K. Weihe [6].In1941,Robert J.Cashman improved the technology of thallous sulphide detectors,which led to successful produc−tion[36,37].Cashman,after success with thallous sulphide detectors,concentrated his efforts on lead sulphide detec−tors,which were first produced in the United States at Northwestern University in1944.After World War II Cash−man found that other semiconductors of the lead salt family (PbSe and PbTe)showed promise as infrared detectors[38]. The early detector cells manufactured by Cashman are shown in Fig. 5.Fig.4.The original1P25image converter tube developed by the RCA(a).This device measures115×38mm overall and has7pins.It opera−tion is indicated by the schematic drawing (b).After1945,the wide−ranging German trajectory of research was essentially the direction continued in the USA, Great Britain and Soviet Union under military sponsorship after the war[27,39].Kutzscher’s facilities were captured by the Russians,thus providing the basis for early Soviet detector development.From1946,detector technology was rapidly disseminated to firms such as Mullard Ltd.in Southampton,UK,as part of war reparations,and some−times was accompanied by the valuable tacit knowledge of technical experts.E.W.Kutzscher,for example,was flown to Britain from Kiel after the war,and subsequently had an important influence on American developments when he joined Lockheed Aircraft Co.in Burbank,California as a research scientist.Although the fabrication methods developed for lead salt photoconductors was usually not completely under−stood,their properties are well established and reproducibi−lity could only be achieved after following well−tried reci−pes.Unlike most other semiconductor IR detectors,lead salt photoconductive materials are used in the form of polycrys−talline films approximately1μm thick and with individual crystallites ranging in size from approximately0.1–1.0μm. They are usually prepared by chemical deposition using empirical recipes,which generally yields better uniformity of response and more stable results than the evaporative methods.In order to obtain high−performance detectors, lead chalcogenide films need to be sensitized by oxidation. The oxidation may be carried out by using additives in the deposition bath,by post−deposition heat treatment in the presence of oxygen,or by chemical oxidation of the film. The effect of the oxidant is to introduce sensitizing centres and additional states into the bandgap and thereby increase the lifetime of the photoexcited holes in the p−type material.3.Classification of infrared detectorsObserving a history of the development of the IR detector technology after World War II,many materials have been investigated.A simple theorem,after Norton[40],can be stated:”All physical phenomena in the range of about0.1–1 eV will be proposed for IR detectors”.Among these effects are:thermoelectric power(thermocouples),change in elec−trical conductivity(bolometers),gas expansion(Golay cell), pyroelectricity(pyroelectric detectors),photon drag,Jose−phson effect(Josephson junctions,SQUIDs),internal emis−sion(PtSi Schottky barriers),fundamental absorption(in−trinsic photodetectors),impurity absorption(extrinsic pho−todetectors),low dimensional solids[superlattice(SL), quantum well(QW)and quantum dot(QD)detectors], different type of phase transitions, etc.Figure6gives approximate dates of significant develop−ment efforts for the materials mentioned.The years during World War II saw the origins of modern IR detector tech−nology.Recent success in applying infrared technology to remote sensing problems has been made possible by the successful development of high−performance infrared de−tectors over the last six decades.Photon IR technology com−bined with semiconductor material science,photolithogra−phy technology developed for integrated circuits,and the impetus of Cold War military preparedness have propelled extraordinary advances in IR capabilities within a short time period during the last century [41].The majority of optical detectors can be classified in two broad categories:photon detectors(also called quantum detectors) and thermal detectors.3.1.Photon detectorsIn photon detectors the radiation is absorbed within the material by interaction with electrons either bound to lattice atoms or to impurity atoms or with free electrons.The observed electrical output signal results from the changed electronic energy distribution.The photon detectors show a selective wavelength dependence of response per unit incident radiation power(see Fig.8).They exhibit both a good signal−to−noise performance and a very fast res−ponse.But to achieve this,the photon IR detectors require cryogenic cooling.This is necessary to prevent the thermalHistory of infrared detectorsFig.5.Cashman’s detector cells:(a)Tl2S cell(ca.1943):a grid of two intermeshing comb−line sets of conducting paths were first pro−vided and next the T2S was evaporated over the grid structure;(b) PbS cell(ca.1945)the PbS layer was evaporated on the wall of the tube on which electrical leads had been drawn with aquadag(afterRef. 38).。

2023年教师资格之中学英语学科知识与教学能力题库练习试卷B卷附答案

2023年教师资格之中学英语学科知识与教学能力题库练习试卷B卷附答案单选题（共30题）1、Passage 1A.Mixed emotionsB.Great poetsC.Lyric poemsD.Musical forms【答案】 C2、Passage 2A.voices for working womenB.appeals to passionate workaholicsC.triggers debates among mommiesD.praises motivated employees【答案】 A3、Which of the following activities is most appealing to student’s characteristics?A.Cross-word puzzleB.grammar instructionC.Reciting textsD.Role-play【答案】 D4、When a teacher asks the students to find some key words from atext quickly, be/she areintended to train students'_________ strategy in reading class.A.skimmingB.scanningC.extensive readingD.intensive reading【答案】 B5、There are different words for paternal grandmother (nainai) and maternal grandmother(waipo) in Chinese,but in English the word “grandmother”is generally used in both cases, which suggeststhat_______.A.equal importance is given to maternal and paternal grandparents in ChinaB.equal importance is given to maternal and paternal grandparents in Britainnguage may influence people's ways of thinking to a large extentD.people of different languages categorize things in different ways【答案】 D6、Mr. Joe has worked very hard in the past two years and has paidall his debts （）the last penny.A.byB.toC.until【答案】 B7、请阅读Passage2，完成第小题。

Photographic Tone Reproduction for Digital Images

Photographic Tone Reproduction for Digital ImagesErik Reinhard University of UtahMichael StarkUniversity of UtahPeter ShirleyUniversity of UtahJames FerwerdaCornell UniversityAbstractA classic photographic task is the mapping of the potentially high dynamic range of real world luminances to the low dynamic range of the photographic print.This tone reproduction problem is also faced by computer graphics practitioners who map digital images to a low dynamic range print or screen.The work presented in this pa-per leverages the time-tested techniques of photographic practice to develop a new tone reproduction operator.In particular,we use and extend the techniques developed by Ansel Adams to deal with dig-ital images.The resulting algorithm is simple and produces good results for a wide variety of images.CR Categories:I.4.10[Computing Methodologies]:Image Pro-cessing and Computer Vision—Image Representation Keywords:Tone reproduction,dynamic range,Zone System.1IntroductionThe range of light we experience in the real world is vast,spanning approximately ten orders of absolute range from star-lit scenes to sun-lit snow,and over four orders of dynamic range from shad-ows to highlights in a single scene.However,the range of light we can reproduce on our print and screen display devices spans at best about two orders of absolute dynamic range.This discrep-ancy leads to the tone reproduction problem:how should we map measured/simulated scene luminances to display luminances and produce a satisfactory image?A great deal of work has been done on the tone reproduction problem[Matkovic et al.1997;McNamara et al.2000;McNamara2001].Most of this work has used an explicit perceptual model to control the operator[Upstill1985;Tumblin and Rushmeier1993; Ward1994;Ferwerda et al.1996;Ward et al.1997;Tumblin et al. 1999].Such methods have been extended to dynamic and interac-tive settings[Ferwerda et al.1996;Durand and Dorsey2000;Pat-tanaik et al.2000;Scheel et al.2000;Cohen et al.2001].Other work has focused on the dynamic range compression problem by spatially varying the mapping from scene luminances to display lu-minances while preserving local contrast[Oppenheim et al.1968; Stockham1972;Chiu et al.1993;Schlick1994;Tumblin and Turk 1999].Finally,computational models of the human visual system can also guide such spatially-varying maps[Rahman et al.1996; Rahman et al.1997;Pattanaik et al.1998].RadiancemapcourtesyofCornellProgramofComputerGraphics Linear mapNew operatorFigure1:A high dynamic range image cannot be displayed directly without losing visible detail using linear scaling(top).Our new algorithm(bottom)is designed to overcome these problems.Using perceptual models is a sound approach to the tone repro-duction problem,and could lead to effective hands-off algorithms, but there are two problems with current models.First,current mod-els often introduce artifacts such as ringing or visible clamping(see Section4).Second,visual appearance depends on more than simply matching contrast and/or brightness;scene content,image medium, and viewing conditions must often be considered[Fairchild1998]. To avoid these problems,we turn to photographic practices for in-spiration.This has led us to develop a tone reproduction technique designed for a wide variety of images,including those having a very high dynamic range(e.g.,Figure1).2BackgroundThe tone reproduction problem wasﬁrst deﬁned by photographers. Often their goal is to produce realistic“renderings”of captured scenes,and they have to produce such renderings while facing theFigure2:A photographer uses the Zone System to anticipate po-tential printproblems.Figure3:A normal-key map for a high-key scene(for example con-taining snow)results in an unsatisfactory image(left).A high-key map solves the problem(right).limitations presented by slides or prints on photographic papers. Many common practices were developed over the150years of pho-tographic practice[London and Upton1998].At the same time there were a host of quantitative measurements of media response characteristics by developers[Stroebel et al.2000].However,there was usually a disconnect between the artistic and technical aspects of photographic practice,so it was very difﬁcult to produce satis-factory images without a great deal of experience.Ansel Adams attempted to bridge this gap with an approach he called the Zone System[Adams1980;Adams1981;Adams1983] which wasﬁrst developed in the1940s and later popularized by Minor White[White et al.1984].It is a system of“practical sensit-ometry”,where the photographer uses measured information in the ﬁeld to improve the chances of producing a goodﬁnal print.The Zone System is still widely used more thanﬁfty years after its in-ception[Woods1993;Graves1997;Johnson1999].Therefore,we believe it is useful as a basis for addressing the tone reproduction problem.Before discussing how the Zone System is applied,we ﬁrst summarize some relevant terminology.Zone:A zone is deﬁned as a Roman numeral associated with an approximate luminance range in a scene as well as an approxi-mate reﬂectance of a print.There are eleven print zones,rang-ing from pure black(zone0)to pure white(zone X),each doubling in intensity,and a potentially much larger number of scene zones(Figure4).Print zonesshadowtexturedDarkest BrightesthighlighttexturedFigure4:The mapping from scene zones to print zones.Scene zones at either extreme will map to pure black(zone0)or white(zone X) if the dynamic range of the scene is eleven zones or more.Middle-grey:This is the subjective middle brightness region of the scene,which is typically mapped to print zone V. Dynamic range:In computer graphics the dynamic range of a scene is expressed as the ratio of the highest scene luminance to the lowest scene luminance.Photographers are more inter-ested in the ratio of the highest and lowest luminance regions where detail is visible.This can be viewed as a subjective measure of dynamic range.Because zones relate logarithmi-cally to scene luminances,dynamic range can be expressed as the difference between highest and lowest distinguishable scene zones(Figure4).Key:The key of a scene indicates whether it is subjectively light, normal,or dark.A white-painted room would be high-key, and a dim stable would be low-key.Dodging-and-burning:This is a printing technique where some light is withheld from a portion of the print during develop-ment(dodging),or more light is added to that region(burn-ing).This will lighten or darken that region in theﬁnal print relative to what it would be if the same development were used for all portions of the print.In traditional photography this technique is applied using a small wand or a piece of pa-per with a hole cut out.A crucial part of the Zone System is its methodology for predicting how scene luminances will map to a set of print zones.The pho-tographerﬁrst takes a luminance reading of a surface he perceives as a middle-grey(Figure2top).In a typical situation this will be mapped to zone V,which corresponds to the18%reﬂectance of the print.For high-key scenes the middle-grey will be one of the darker regions,whereas in low-key scenes this will be one of the lighter re-gions.This choice is an artistic one,although an18%grey-card is often used to make this selection process more mechanical(Fig-ure3).Next the photographer takes luminance readings of both light and dark regions to determine the dynamic range of the scene(Fig-ure2bottom).If the dynamic range of the scene does not exceed nine zones,an appropriate choice of middle grey can ensure that all textured detail is captured in theﬁnal print.For a dynamic range of more than nine zones,some areas will be mapped to pure black or white with a standard development process.Sometimes such loss of detail is desirable,such as a very bright object being mapped to pure white(see[Adams1983],p.51).For regions where loss of detail is objectionable,the photographer can resort to dodging-and-burning which will locally change the development process.The above procedure indicates that the photographic process is difﬁcult to automate.For example,determining that an adobe build-ing is high-key would be very difﬁcult without some knowledgeabout the adobe’s true reﬂectance.Only knowledge of the geometry and light inter-reﬂections would allow one to know the difference between luminance ratios of a dark-dyed adobe house and a normal adobe house.However,the Zone System provides the photogra-pher with a small set of subjective controls.These controls form the basis for our tone reproduction algorithm described in the next section.The challenges faced in tone reproduction for rendered or cap-tured digital images are largely the same as those faced in conven-tional photography.The main difference is that digital images are in a sense“perfect”negatives,so no luminance information has been lost due to the limitations of theﬁlm process.This is a blessing in that detail is available in all luminance regions.On the other hand, this calls for a more extreme dynamic range reduction,which could in principle be handled by an extension of the dodging-and-burning process.We address this issue in the next section.3AlgorithmThe Zone System summarized in the last section is used to develop a new tone mapping algorithm for digital images,such as those cre-ated by rendering algorithms(e.g.,[Ward Larson and Shakespeare 1998])or captured using high dynamic range photography[De-bevec and Malik1997].We are not trying to closely mimic the actual photographic process[Geigel and Musgrave1997],but in-stead use the basic conceptual framework of the Zone System to manage choices in tone reproduction.Weﬁrst apply a scaling that is analogous to setting exposure in a camera.Then,if necessary, we apply automatic dodging-and-burning to accomplish dynamic range compression.3.1Initial luminance mappingWeﬁrst show how to set the tonal range of the output image based on the scene’s key value.Like many tone reproduction meth-ods[Tumblin and Rushmeier1993;Ward1994;Holm1996],we view the log-average luminance as a useful approximation to the key of the scene.This quantity¯L w is computed by:¯L w =1Nexpx,ylog(δ+L w(x,y))(1)where L w(x,y)is the“world”luminance for pixel(x,y),N is the total number of pixels in the image andδis a small value to avoid the singularity that occurs if black pixels are present in the image.If the scene has normal-key we would like to map this to middle-grey of the displayed image,or0.18on a scale from zero to one.This suggests the equation:L(x,y)=a¯wL w(x,y)(2)where L(x,y)is a scaled luminance and a=0.18.For low-key or high-key images we allow the user to map the log average to different values of a.We typically vary a from0.18up to0.36and 0.72and vary it down to0.09,and0.045.An example of varying is given in Figure5.In the remainder of this paper we call the value of parameter a the“key value”,because it relates to the key of the image after applying the above scaling.The main problem with Equation2is that many scenes have pre-dominantly a normal dynamic range,but have a few high luminance regions near highlights or in the sky.In traditional photography this issue is dealt with by compression of both high and low lumi-nances.However,modern photography has abandoned these“s”-shaped transfer curves in favor of curves that compress mainly theRadiancemapcourtesyofPaulDebevecKey value 0.72Key value 0.09Key value 0.36Key value 0.18Figure5:The linear scaling applied to the input luminance allows the user to steer theﬁnal appearance of the tone-mapped image. The dynamic range of the image is7zones.high luminances[Mitchell1984;Stroebel et al.2000].A simple tone mapping operator with these characteristics is given by:L d(x,y)=L(x,y)1+L(x,y).(3)Note that high luminances are scaled by approximately1/L,while low luminances are scaled by1.The denominator causes a graceful blend between these two scalings.This formulation is guaranteed to bring all luminances within displayable range.However,as men-tioned in the previous section,this is not always desirable.Equa-tion3can be extended to allow high luminances to burn out in a controllable fashion:L d(x,y)=L(x,y)1+L(x,y)2white1+L(x,y)(4)where L white is the smallest luminance that will be mapped to pure white.This function is a blend between Equation3and a linear mapping.It is shown for various values of L white in Figure6.If L white value is set to the maximum luminance in the scene L max or higher,no burn-out will occur.If it is set to inﬁnity,then the function reverts to Equation3.By default we set L white to the maximum luminance in the scene.If this default is applied to scenes that have a low dynamic range(i.e.,L max<1),the effect is a subtle contrast enhancement,as can be seen in Figure7.The results of this function for higher dynamic range images is shown in the left images of Figure8.For many high dynamic range images,the compression provided by this technique appears to be sufﬁcient to preserve detail in low contrast areas,while compress-ing high luminances to a displayable range.However,for very high dynamic range images important detail is still lost.For these im-ages a local tone reproduction algorithm that applies dodging-and-burning is needed(right images of Figure8).3.2Automatic dodging-and-burningIn traditional dodging-and-burning,all portions of the print poten-tially receive a different exposure time from the negative,bringing “up”selected dark regions or bringing“down”selected light re-gions to avoid loss of detail[Adams1983].With digital images we have the potential to extend this idea to deal with very high dynamic range images.We can think of this as choosing a key value for ev-ery pixel,which is equivalent to specifying a local a in Equation2.Figure 6:Display luminance as function of world luminance for a family of values for L white.Input OutputFigure7:Left:low dynamic range input image(dynamic range is4zones).Right:the result of applying the operator given by Equation4.This serves a similar purpose to the local adaptation methods of the perceptually-driven tone mapping operators[Pattanaik et al.1998; Tumblin et al.1999].Dodging-and-burning is typically applied over an entire region bounded by large contrasts.For example,a local region might cor-respond to a single dark tree on a light background[Adams1983]. The size of a local region is estimated using a measure of local contrast,which is computed at multiple spatial scales[Peli1990]. Such contrast measures frequently use a center-surround function at each spatial scale,often implemented by subtracting two Gaussian blurred images.A variety of such functions have been proposed,in-cluding[Land and McCann1971;Marr and Hildreth1980;Blom-maert and Martens1990;Peli1990;Jernigan and McLean1992; Gove et al.1995;Pessoa et al.1995]and[Hansen et al.2000].After testing many of these variants,we chose a center-surround function derived from Blommaert’s model for brightness perception[Blom-maert and Martens1990]because it performed the best in our tests. This function is constructed using circularly symmetric Gaussian proﬁles of the form:R i(x,y,s)=1π(αi s)exp−x2+y2(αi s).(5)These proﬁles operate at differentscales s and at different imagepositions(x,y).Analyzing an image using such proﬁles amounts to convolving the image with these Gaussians,resulting in a re-sponse V i as function of image location,scale and luminance dis-tribution L:V i(x,y,s)=L(x,y)⊗R i(x,y,s).(6) This convolution can be computed directly in the spatial domain, or for improved efﬁciency can be evaluated by multiplication in the Fourier domain.The smallest Gaussian proﬁle will be only slightly larger than one pixel and therefore the accuracy with which the above equation is evaluated,is important.We perform the integra-tion in terms of the error function to gain a high enough accuracy without having to resort to super-sampling.The center-surround function we use is deﬁned by:V(x,y,s)=V1(x,y,s)−V2(x,y,s)2φa/s+V1(x,y,s)(7)RadiancemapcourtesyofGregWard(top)andCornellProgramofComputerGraphics(bottom)Figure8:The simple operator of Equation3brings out sufﬁcient detail in the top image(dynamic range is6zones),although ap-plying dodging-and-burning does not introduce artifacts.For the bottom image(dynamic range is15zones)dodging-and-burning is required to make the book’s text visible.where center V1and surround V2responses are derived from Equa-tions5and6.This constitutes a standard difference of Gaussians approach,normalized by2φa/s2+V1for reasons explained below. The free parameters a andφare the key value and a sharpening parameter respectively.For computational convenience,we set the center size of the next higher scale to be the same as the surround of the current scale.Our choice of center-surround ratio is1.6,which results in a difference of Gaussians model that closely resembles a Laplacian of Gaussian ﬁlter[Marr1982].From our experiments,this ratio appears to pro-duce slightly better results over a wide range of images than other choices of center-surround ratio.However,this ratio can be altered by a small amount to optimize the center-surround mechanism for speciﬁc images.Equation7is computed for the sole purpose of establishing a measure of locality for each pixel,which amounts toﬁnding a scale s m of appropriate size.This scale may be different for each pixel, and the procedure for its selection is the key to the success of our dodging-and-burning technique.It is also a deviation from the orig-inal Blommaert model[Blommaert and Martens1990].The area to be considered local is in principle the largest area around a given pixel where no large contrast changes occur.To compute the size of this area,Equation7is evaluated at different scales s.Note that V1(x,y,s)provides a local average of the luminance around(x,y) roughly in a disc of radius s.The same is true for V2(x,y,s)al-though it operates over a larger area at the same scale s.The val-ues of V1and V2are expected to be very similar in areas of small luminance gradients,but will differ in high contrast regions.To choose the largest neighborhood around a pixel with fairly even lu-minances,we threshold V to select the corresponding scale s m. Starting at the lowest scale,we seek theﬁrst scale s m where:|V(x,y,s m)|< (8) is true.Here is the threshold.The V1in the denominator of Equa-R a d i a n c e m a p c o u r t e s y o f P a u l D e b e v e cScale too small (s )Right scale (s )Scale too large (s )Center Surround Center Right scale (s )SurroundCenter SurroundScale too small (s )Scale too large (s )212133Figure 9:An example of scale selection.The top image shows cen-ter and surround at different sizes.The lower images show the re-sults of particular choices of scale selection.If scales are chosen too small,detail is lost.On the other hand,if scales are chosen too large,dark rings around luminance steps will form.tion 7makes thresholding V independent of absolute luminance level,while the 2φa/s 2term prevents V from becoming too large when V approaches zero.Given a judiciously chosen scale for a given pixel,we observe that V 1(x,y,s m )may serve as a local average for that pixel.Hence,the global tone reproduction operator of Equation 3can be con-verted into a local operator by replacing L with V 1in the denomi-nator:L d (x,y )=L (x,y )1+V 1(x,y,s m (x,y ))(9)This function constitutes our local dodging-and-burning operator.The luminance of a dark pixel in a relatively bright region will sat-isfy L <V 1,so this operator will decrease the display luminance L d ,thereby increasing the contrast at that pixel.This is akin to pho-tographic “dodging”.Similarly,a pixel in a relatively dark region will be compressed less,and is thus “burned”.In either case the pixel’s contrast relative to the surrounding area is increased.For this reason,the above scale selection method is of crucial impor-tance,as illustrated in the example of Figure 9.If s m is too small,then V 1is close to the luminance L and the local operator reduces to our global operator (s 1in Figure 9).On the other hand,choosings m too large causes dark rings to form around bright areas (s 3inthe same ﬁgure),while choosing the scale as outlined above causes the right amount of detail and contrast enhancement without intro-ducing unwanted artifacts (s 2in Figure 9).Using a larger scale s m tends to increase contrast and enhance edges.The value of the threshold in Equation 8,as well as the choice of φin Equation 7,serve as edge enhancement parameters and work by manipulating the scale that would be chosen for each pixel.Decreasing forces the appropriate scale s m to be larger.Increasing φalso tends to select a slightly larger scale s m ,but only at small scales due to the division of φby s 2.An example of the effect of varying φis given in Figure 10.A further observation is that because V 1tends to be smaller than L for very bright pixels,our local operator is not guaranteed to keep the display luminance L d below 1.Thus,for extremely bright areas some burn-out may occur and this is the reason we clip the display luminance to 1afterwards.As noted in section 2,a small amount of burn-out may be desirable to make light sources such as the sun look very bright.In summary,by automatically selecting an appropriate neigh-borhood for each pixel we effectively implement a pixel-by-pixel dodging and burning technique as applied in photography [Adams 1983].These techniques locally change the exposure of a ﬁlm,and so darken or brighten certain areas in the ﬁnal print.4ResultsWe implemented our algorithm in C++and obtained the luminance values from the input R,G and B triplets with L =0.27R +0.67G +0.06B .The convolutions of Equation 5were computed using a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT).Because Gaussians are sepa-rable,these convolutions can also be efﬁciently computed in image space.This is easier to implement than an FFT,but it is somewhat slower for large images.Because of the normalization by V 1,our method is insensitive to edge artifacts normally associated with the computation of an FFT.The key value setting is determined on a per image basis,while unless noted otherwise,the parameter φis set to 8.0for all the im-ages in this paper.Our new local operator uses Gaussian proﬁles s at 8discrete scales increasing with a factor of 1.6from 1pixel wide to 43pixels wide.For practical purposes we would like the Gaussian proﬁle at the smallest scale to have 2standard deviations overlap with 1pixel.This is achieved by setting the scaling param-eter α1to 1/2√2≈0.35.The parameter α2is 1.6times as large.The threshold used for scale selection was set to 0.05.We use images with a variety of dynamic ranges as indicated throughout this section.Note that we are using the photographic deﬁnition of dynamic range as presented in Section 2.This results in somewhat lower ranges than would be obtained if a conventional computer graphics measure of dynamic range were used.However,we believe the photographic deﬁnition is more predictive of how challenging the tone reproduction of a given image is.In the absence of well-tested quantitative methods to compare tone mapping operators,we compare our results to a representative set of tone reproduction techniques for digital images.In this sec-tion we brieﬂy introduce each of the operators and show images of them in the next section.Speciﬁcally,we compare our new operator of Equation 9with the following.Stockham’s homomorphic ﬁltering Using the observation thatlighting variation occurs mainly in low frequencies and hu-mans are more aware of albedo variations,this method op-erates by downplaying low frequencies and enhancing high frequencies [Oppenheim et al.1968;Stockham 1972].Tumblin-Rushmeier’s brightness matching operator .A modelof brightness perception is used to drive this global operator.R a d i a n c e m a p c o u r t e s y o f P a u l D e b e v e cφ=15φ=1φ=10Figure 10:The free parameter φin Equation 7controls sharpening.We use the 1999formulation [Tumblin et al.1999]as we have found it produces much better subjective results to the earlier versions [Tumblin and Rushmeier 1991;Tumblin and Rush-meier 1993].Chiu’s local scaling A linear scaling that varies continuously isused to preserve local contrast with heuristic dodging-and-burning used to avoid burn-out [Chiu et al.1993].Ward’s contrast scale factor A global multiplier is used that aimsto maintain visibility thresholds [Ward 1994].Ferwerda’s adaptation model This operator alters contrast,colorsaturation and spatial frequency content based on psy-chophysical data [Ferwerda et al.1996].We have used the photopic portion of their algorithm.Ward’s histogram adjustment method This method uses an im-age’s histogram to implicitly segment the image so that sep-arate scaling algorithms can be used in different luminance zones.Visibility thresholds drive the processing [Ward et al.1997].The model incorporates human contrast and color sen-sitivity,glare and spatial acuity,although for a fair comparison we did not use these features.Schlick’s rational sigmoid This is a family of simple and fastmethods using rational sigmoid curves and a set of tunable parameters [Schlick 1994].Pattanaik’s local adaptation model Both threshold and supra-threshold vision is considered in this multi-scale model of lo-cal adaptation [Pattanaik et al.1998].Chromatic adaptation is also included.Note that the goals of most of these operators are different from our goal of producing a subjectively satisfactory image.However,we compare their results with ours because all of the above methods do produce subjectively pleasing images for many inputs.There are comparisons possible with many other techniques that are out-side the scope of this evaluation.In particular,we do not compare our results with the ﬁrst perceptually-driven works [Miller et al.1984;Upstill 1985]because they are not widely used in graphics and are similar to works we do compare with [Ward 1994;Ferw-erda et al.1996;Tumblin et al.1999].We also do not compare with the multiscale-Retinex work because it is reminiscent of Pattanaik’s local adaptation model,while being aimed at much lower contrast reductions of about 5:1[Rahman et al.1996].Holm has a com-plete implementation of the Zone System for digital cameras [Holm 1996],but his contrast reduction is also too low for our purposes.R a d i a n c e m a p a n d t o p i m a g e c o u r t e s y o f C o r n e l l P r o g r a m o f C o m p u t e r G r a p h i c sNew operatorPattanaikFigure 13:Desk image (dynamic range is 15zones).Next,we do not compare with the “layering”method because it re-quires albedo information in addition to luminances [Tumblin et al.1999].Finally,we consider some work to be visualization methods for digital images rather than true tone mapping operators.These are the LCIS ﬁlter which consciously allows visible artifacts in ex-change for visualizing detail [Tumblin and Turk 1999],the mouse-driven foveal adaptation method [Tumblin et al.1999]and Pardo’s multi-image visualization technique [Pardo and Sapiro 2001].The format in which we compare the various methods is a “knock-out race”using progressively more difﬁcult images.We take this approach to avoid an extremely large number of images.In Figure 11eight different tone mapping operators are shown side by。

2023年教师资格之中学英语学科知识与教学能力自我检测试卷B卷附答案

2023年教师资格之中学英语学科知识与教学能力自我检测试卷B卷附答案单选题（共30题）1、Male nurse are difficult to hire as many men reject this_______ out of the long-existing discrimination.A.conceptB.responsibilityC.identityD.personality【答案】 C2、请阅读Passage 2，完成小题:A.The confidence in intellectual pursuitsB.The habit of thinking independentlyC.Practical abilities for future careerD.Profound knowledge of the world."【答案】 C3、We don’t know what experiment those researchers would ______ on females to test this hypothesisA.applyB.carryC.deliverD.perform【答案】 B4、If we_______our test tomorrow, I would have gone to the concert.A.weren't to haveB.had not been to haveC.aren't to haveD.had not had【答案】 A5、请阅读短文，完成第小题。

A.made to remain in the same classesB.forced to study in the lower classesC.drawn to their studiesD.prevented from advancing【答案】 D6、Drunken driving, sometimes called America's socially accepted form of murder, has become a national epidemic. Every hour of every day about three Americans on average are killed hyA.A sixteen-year-old boy who drank a glass of wine three hours agoB.An old lady who took four shots of whisky in yesterday's partyC.A policeman who likes alcohol very muchD.A pregnant woman who drank a beer an hour ago【答案】 A7、Tony, you’ve got a fever. You_______ that cold shower last night.A.might not haveB.could have haDC.hadn’t haveD.shouldn’t have haD【答案】 D8、请阅读Passage l。

专八英语阅读

英语专业八级考试TEM-8阅读理解练习册（1）(英语专业2012级)UNIT 1Text AEvery minute of every day, what ecologist生态学家James Carlton calls a global ―conveyor belt‖, redistributes ocean organisms生物.It’s planetwide biological disruption生物的破坏that scientists have barely begun to understand.Dr. Carlton —an oceanographer at Williams College in Williamstown,Mass.—explains that, at any given moment, ―There are several thousand marine species traveling… in the ballast water of ships.‖ These creatures move from coastal waters where they fit into the local web of life to places where some of them could tear that web apart. This is the larger dimension of the infamous无耻的，邪恶的invasion of fish-destroying, pipe-clogging zebra mussels有斑马纹的贻贝.Such voracious贪婪的invaders at least make their presence known. What concerns Carlton and his fellow marine ecologists is the lack of knowledge about the hundreds of alien invaders that quietly enter coastal waters around the world every day. Many of them probably just die out. Some benignly亲切地，仁慈地—or even beneficially — join the local scene. But some will make trouble.In one sense, this is an old story. Organisms have ridden ships for centuries. They have clung to hulls and come along with cargo. What’s new is the scale and speed of the migrations made possible by the massive volume of ship-ballast water压载水— taken in to provide ship stability—continuously moving around the world…Ships load up with ballast water and its inhabitants in coastal waters of one port and dump the ballast in another port that may be thousands of kilometers away. A single load can run to hundreds of gallons. Some larger ships take on as much as 40 million gallons. The creatures that come along tend to be in their larva free-floating stage. When discharged排出in alien waters they can mature into crabs, jellyfish水母, slugs鼻涕虫，蛞蝓, and many other forms.Since the problem involves coastal species, simply banning ballast dumps in coastal waters would, in theory, solve it. Coastal organisms in ballast water that is flushed into midocean would not survive. Such a ban has worked for North American Inland Waterway. But it would be hard to enforce it worldwide. Heating ballast water or straining it should also halt the species spread. But before any such worldwide regulations were imposed, scientists would need a clearer view of what is going on.The continuous shuffling洗牌of marine organisms has changed the biology of the sea on a global scale. It can have devastating effects as in the case of the American comb jellyfish that recently invaded the Black Sea. It has destroyed that sea’s anchovy鳀鱼fishery by eating anchovy eggs. It may soon spread to western and northern European waters.The maritime nations that created the biological ―conveyor belt‖ should support a coordinated international effort to find out what is going on and what should be done about it. (456 words)1.According to Dr. Carlton, ocean organism‟s are_______.A.being moved to new environmentsB.destroying the planetC.succumbing to the zebra musselD.developing alien characteristics2.Oceanographers海洋学家are concerned because_________.A.their knowledge of this phenomenon is limitedB.they believe the oceans are dyingC.they fear an invasion from outer-spaceD.they have identified thousands of alien webs3.According to marine ecologists, transplanted marinespecies____________.A.may upset the ecosystems of coastal watersB.are all compatible with one anotherC.can only survive in their home watersD.sometimes disrupt shipping lanes4.The identified cause of the problem is_______.A.the rapidity with which larvae matureB. a common practice of the shipping industryC. a centuries old speciesD.the world wide movement of ocean currents5.The article suggests that a solution to the problem__________.A.is unlikely to be identifiedB.must precede further researchC.is hypothetically假设地，假想地easyD.will limit global shippingText BNew …Endangered‟ List Targets Many US RiversIt is hard to think of a major natural resource or pollution issue in North America today that does not affect rivers.Farm chemical runoff残渣, industrial waste, urban storm sewers, sewage treatment, mining, logging, grazing放牧,military bases, residential and business development, hydropower水力发电,loss of wetlands. The list goes on.Legislation like the Clean Water Act and Wild and Scenic Rivers Act have provided some protection, but threats continue.The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) reported yesterday that an assessment of 642,000 miles of rivers and streams showed 34 percent in less than good condition. In a major study of the Clean Water Act, the Natural Resources Defense Council last fall reported that poison runoff impairs损害more than 125,000 miles of rivers.More recently, the NRDC and Izaak Walton League warned that pollution and loss of wetlands—made worse by last year’s flooding—is degrading恶化the Mississippi River ecosystem.On Tuesday, the conservation group保护组织American Rivers issued its annual list of 10 ―endangered‖ and 20 ―threatened‖ rivers in 32 states, the District of Colombia, and Canada.At the top of the list is the Clarks Fork of the Yellowstone River, whereCanadian mining firms plan to build a 74-acre英亩reservoir水库，蓄水池as part of a gold mine less than three miles from Yellowstone National Park. The reservoir would hold the runoff from the sulfuric acid 硫酸used to extract gold from crushed rock.―In the event this tailings pond failed, the impact to th e greater Yellowstone ecosystem would be cataclysmic大变动的，灾难性的and the damage irreversible不可逆转的.‖ Sen. Max Baucus of Montana, chairman of the Environment and Public Works Committee, wrote to Noranda Minerals Inc., an owner of the ― New World Mine‖.Last fall, an EPA official expressed concern about the mine and its potential impact, especially the plastic-lined storage reservoir. ― I am unaware of any studies evaluating how a tailings pond尾矿池，残渣池could be maintained to ensure its structural integrity forev er,‖ said Stephen Hoffman, chief of the EPA’s Mining Waste Section. ―It is my opinion that underwater disposal of tailings at New World may present a potentially significant threat to human health and the environment.‖The results of an environmental-impact statement, now being drafted by the Forest Service and Montana Department of State Lands, could determine the mine’s future…In its recent proposal to reauthorize the Clean Water Act, the Clinton administration noted ―dramatically improved water quality since 1972,‖ when the act was passed. But it also reported that 30 percent of riverscontinue to be degraded, mainly by silt泥沙and nutrients from farm and urban runoff, combined sewer overflows, and municipal sewage城市污水. Bottom sediments沉积物are contaminated污染in more than 1,000 waterways, the administration reported in releasing its proposal in January. Between 60 and 80 percent of riparian corridors (riverbank lands) have been degraded.As with endangered species and their habitats in forests and deserts, the complexity of ecosystems is seen in rivers and the effects of development----beyond the obvious threats of industrial pollution, municipal waste, and in-stream diversions改道to slake消除the thirst of new communities in dry regions like the Southwes t…While there are many political hurdles障碍ahead, reauthorization of the Clean Water Act this year holds promise for US rivers. Rep. Norm Mineta of California, who chairs the House Committee overseeing the bill, calls it ―probably the most important env ironmental legislation this Congress will enact.‖ (553 words)6.According to the passage, the Clean Water Act______.A.has been ineffectiveB.will definitely be renewedC.has never been evaluatedD.was enacted some 30 years ago7.“Endangered” rivers are _________.A.catalogued annuallyB.less polluted than ―threatened rivers‖C.caused by floodingD.adjacent to large cities8.The “cataclysmic” event referred to in paragraph eight would be__________.A. fortuitous偶然的，意外的B. adventitious外加的，偶然的C. catastrophicD. precarious不稳定的，危险的9. The owners of the New World Mine appear to be______.A. ecologically aware of the impact of miningB. determined to construct a safe tailings pondC. indifferent to the concerns voiced by the EPAD. willing to relocate operations10. The passage conveys the impression that_______.A. Canadians are disinterested in natural resourcesB. private and public environmental groups aboundC. river banks are erodingD. the majority of US rivers are in poor conditionText CA classic series of experiments to determine the effects ofoverpopulation on communities of rats was reported in February of 1962 in an article in Scientific American. The experiments were conducted by a psychologist, John B. Calhoun and his associates. In each of these experiments, an equal number of male and female adult rats were placed in an enclosure and given an adequate supply of food, water, and other necessities. The rat populations were allowed to increase. Calhoun knew from experience approximately how many rats could live in the enclosures without experiencing stress due to overcrowding. He allowed the population to increase to approximately twice this number. Then he stabilized the population by removing offspring that were not dependent on their mothers. He and his associates then carefully observed and recorded behavior in these overpopulated communities. At the end of their experiments, Calhoun and his associates were able to conclude that overcrowding causes a breakdown in the normal social relationships among rats, a kind of social disease. The rats in the experiments did not follow the same patterns of behavior as rats would in a community without overcrowding.The females in the rat population were the most seriously affected by the high population density: They showed deviant异常的maternal behavior; they did not behave as mother rats normally do. In fact, many of the pups幼兽，幼崽, as rat babies are called, died as a result of poor maternal care. For example, mothers sometimes abandoned their pups,and, without their mothers' care, the pups died. Under normal conditions, a mother rat would not leave her pups alone to die. However, the experiments verified that in overpopulated communities, mother rats do not behave normally. Their behavior may be considered pathologically 病理上，病理学地diseased.The dominant males in the rat population were the least affected by overpopulation. Each of these strong males claimed an area of the enclosure as his own. Therefore, these individuals did not experience the overcrowding in the same way as the other rats did. The fact that the dominant males had adequate space in which to live may explain why they were not as seriously affected by overpopulation as the other rats. However, dominant males did behave pathologically at times. Their antisocial behavior consisted of attacks on weaker male,female, and immature rats. This deviant behavior showed that even though the dominant males had enough living space, they too were affected by the general overcrowding in the enclosure.Non-dominant males in the experimental rat communities also exhibited deviant social behavior. Some withdrew completely; they moved very little and ate and drank at times when the other rats were sleeping in order to avoid contact with them. Other non-dominant males were hyperactive; they were much more active than is normal, chasing other rats and fighting each other. This segment of the rat population, likeall the other parts, was affected by the overpopulation.The behavior of the non-dominant males and of the other components of the rat population has parallels in human behavior. People in densely populated areas exhibit deviant behavior similar to that of the rats in Calhoun's experiments. In large urban areas such as New York City, London, Mexican City, and Cairo, there are abandoned children. There are cruel, powerful individuals, both men and women. There are also people who withdraw and people who become hyperactive. The quantity of other forms of social pathology such as murder, rape, and robbery also frequently occur in densely populated human communities. Is the principal cause of these disorders overpopulation? Calhoun’s experiments suggest that it might be. In any case, social scientists and city planners have been influenced by the results of this series of experiments.11. Paragraph l is organized according to__________.A. reasonsB. descriptionC. examplesD. definition12．Calhoun stabilized the rat population_________.A. when it was double the number that could live in the enclosure without stressB. by removing young ratsC. at a constant number of adult rats in the enclosureD. all of the above are correct13.W hich of the following inferences CANNOT be made from theinformation inPara. 1?A. Calhoun's experiment is still considered important today.B. Overpopulation causes pathological behavior in rat populations.C. Stress does not occur in rat communities unless there is overcrowding.D. Calhoun had experimented with rats before.14. Which of the following behavior didn‟t happen in this experiment?A. All the male rats exhibited pathological behavior.B. Mother rats abandoned their pups.C. Female rats showed deviant maternal behavior.D. Mother rats left their rat babies alone.15. The main idea of the paragraph three is that __________.A. dominant males had adequate living spaceB. dominant males were not as seriously affected by overcrowding as the otherratsC. dominant males attacked weaker ratsD. the strongest males are always able to adapt to bad conditionsText DThe first mention of slavery in the statutes法令，法规of the English colonies of North America does not occur until after 1660—some forty years after the importation of the first Black people. Lest we think that existed in fact before it did in law, Oscar and Mary Handlin assure us, that the status of B lack people down to the 1660’s was that of servants. A critique批判of the Handlins’ interpretation of why legal slavery did not appear until the 1660’s suggests that assumptions about the relation between slavery and racial prejudice should be reexamined, and that explanation for the different treatment of Black slaves in North and South America should be expanded.The Handlins explain the appearance of legal slavery by arguing that, during the 1660’s, the position of white servants was improving relative to that of black servants. Thus, the Handlins contend, Black and White servants, heretofore treated alike, each attained a different status. There are, however, important objections to this argument. First, the Handlins cannot adequately demonstrate that t he White servant’s position was improving, during and after the 1660’s; several acts of the Maryland and Virginia legislatures indicate otherwise. Another flaw in the Handlins’ interpretation is their assumption that prior to the establishment of legal slavery there was no discrimination against Black people. It is true that before the 1660’s Black people were rarely called slaves. But this shouldnot overshadow evidence from the 1630’s on that points to racial discrimination without using the term slavery. Such discrimination sometimes stopped short of lifetime servitude or inherited status—the two attributes of true slavery—yet in other cases it included both. The Handlins’ argument excludes the real possibility that Black people in the English colonies were never treated as the equals of White people.The possibility has important ramifications后果，影响.If from the outset Black people were discriminated against, then legal slavery should be viewed as a reflection and an extension of racial prejudice rather than, as many historians including the Handlins have argued, the cause of prejudice. In addition, the existence of discrimination before the advent of legal slavery offers a further explanation for the harsher treatment of Black slaves in North than in South America. Freyre and Tannenbaum have rightly argued that the lack of certain traditions in North America—such as a Roman conception of slavery and a Roman Catholic emphasis on equality— explains why the treatment of Black slaves was more severe there than in the Spanish and Portuguese colonies of South America. But this cannot be the whole explanation since it is merely negative, based only on a lack of something. A more compelling令人信服的explanation is that the early and sometimes extreme racial discrimination in the English colonies helped determine the particular nature of the slavery that followed. (462 words)16. Which of the following is the most logical inference to be drawn from the passage about the effects of “several acts of the Maryland and Virginia legislatures” (Para.2) passed during and after the 1660‟s?A. The acts negatively affected the pre-1660’s position of Black as wellas of White servants.B. The acts had the effect of impairing rather than improving theposition of White servants relative to what it had been before the 1660’s.C. The acts had a different effect on the position of white servants thandid many of the acts passed during this time by the legislatures of other colonies.D. The acts, at the very least, caused the position of White servants toremain no better than it had been before the 1660’s.17. With which of the following statements regarding the status ofBlack people in the English colonies of North America before the 1660‟s would the author be LEAST likely to agree?A. Although black people were not legally considered to be slaves,they were often called slaves.B. Although subject to some discrimination, black people had a higherlegal status than they did after the 1660’s.C. Although sometimes subject to lifetime servitude, black peoplewere not legally considered to be slaves.D. Although often not treated the same as White people, black people,like many white people, possessed the legal status of servants.18. According to the passage, the Handlins have argued which of thefollowing about the relationship between racial prejudice and the institution of legal slavery in the English colonies of North America?A. Racial prejudice and the institution of slavery arose simultaneously.B. Racial prejudice most often the form of the imposition of inheritedstatus, one of the attributes of slavery.C. The source of racial prejudice was the institution of slavery.D. Because of the influence of the Roman Catholic Church, racialprejudice sometimes did not result in slavery.19. The passage suggests that the existence of a Roman conception ofslavery in Spanish and Portuguese colonies had the effect of _________.A. extending rather than causing racial prejudice in these coloniesB. hastening the legalization of slavery in these colonies.C. mitigating some of the conditions of slavery for black people in these coloniesD. delaying the introduction of slavery into the English colonies20. The author considers the explanation put forward by Freyre andTannenbaum for the treatment accorded B lack slaves in the English colonies of North America to be _____________.A. ambitious but misguidedB. valid有根据的but limitedC. popular but suspectD. anachronistic过时的，时代错误的and controversialUNIT 2Text AThe sea lay like an unbroken mirror all around the pine-girt, lonely shores of Orr’s Island. Tall, kingly spruce s wore their regal王室的crowns of cones high in air, sparkling with diamonds of clear exuded gum流出的树胶; vast old hemlocks铁杉of primeval原始的growth stood darkling in their forest shadows, their branches hung with long hoary moss久远的青苔;while feathery larches羽毛般的落叶松,turned to brilliant gold by autumn frosts, lighted up the darker shadows of the evergreens. It was one of those hazy朦胧的, calm, dissolving days of Indian summer, when everything is so quiet that the fainest kiss of the wave on the beach can be heard, and white clouds seem to faint into the blue of the sky, and soft swathing一长条bands of violet vapor make all earth look dreamy, and give to the sharp, clear-cut outlines of the northern landscape all those mysteries of light and shade which impart such tenderness to Italian scenery.The funeral was over,--- the tread鞋底的花纹/ 踏of many feet, bearing the heavy burden of two broken lives, had been to the lonely graveyard, and had come back again,--- each footstep lighter and more unconstrained不受拘束的as each one went his way from the great old tragedy of Death to the common cheerful of Life.The solemn black clock stood swaying with its eternal ―tick-tock, tick-tock,‖ in the kitchen of the brown house on Orr’s Island. There was there that sense of a stillness that can be felt,---such as settles down on a dwelling住处when any of its inmates have passed through its doors for the last time, to go whence they shall not return. The best room was shut up and darkened, with only so much light as could fall through a little heart-shaped hole in the window-shutter,---for except on solemn visits, or prayer-meetings or weddings, or funerals, that room formed no part of the daily family scenery.The kitchen was clean and ample, hearth灶台, and oven on one side, and rows of old-fashioned splint-bottomed chairs against the wall. A table scoured to snowy whiteness, and a little work-stand whereon lay the Bible, the Missionary Herald, and the Weekly Christian Mirror, before named, formed the principal furniture. One feature, however, must not be forgotten, ---a great sea-chest水手用的储物箱,which had been the companion of Zephaniah through all the countries of the earth. Old, and battered破旧的，磨损的, and unsightly难看的it looked, yet report said that there was good store within which men for the most part respect more than anything else; and, indeed it proved often when a deed of grace was to be done--- when a woman was suddenly made a widow in a coast gale大风，狂风, or a fishing-smack小渔船was run down in the fogs off the banks, leaving in some neighboring cottage a family of orphans,---in all such cases, the opening of this sea-chest was an event of good omen 预兆to the bereaved丧亲者;for Zephaniah had a large heart and a large hand, and was apt有…的倾向to take it out full of silver dollars when once it went in. So the ark of the covenant约柜could not have been looked on with more reverence崇敬than the neighbours usually showed to Captain Pennel’s sea-chest.1. The author describes Orr‟s Island in a(n)______way.A.emotionally appealing, imaginativeB.rational, logically preciseC.factually detailed, objectiveD.vague, uncertain2.According to the passage, the “best room”_____.A.has its many windows boarded upB.has had the furniture removedC.is used only on formal and ceremonious occasionsD.is the busiest room in the house3.From the description of the kitchen we can infer that thehouse belongs to people who_____.A.never have guestsB.like modern appliancesC.are probably religiousD.dislike housework4.The passage implies that_______.A.few people attended the funeralB.fishing is a secure vocationC.the island is densely populatedD.the house belonged to the deceased5.From the description of Zephaniah we can see thathe_________.A.was physically a very big manB.preferred the lonely life of a sailorC.always stayed at homeD.was frugal and saved a lotText BBasic to any understanding of Canada in the 20 years after the Second World War is the country' s impressive population growth. For every three Canadians in 1945, there were over five in 1966. In September 1966 Canada's population passed the 20 million mark. Most of this surging growth came from natural increase. The depression of the 1930s and the war had held back marriages, and the catching-up process began after 1945. The baby boom continued through the decade of the 1950s, producing a population increase of nearly fifteen percent in the five years from 1951 to 1956. This rate of increase had been exceeded only once before in Canada's history, in the decade before 1911 when the prairies were being settled. Undoubtedly, the good economic conditions of the 1950s supported a growth in the population, but the expansion also derived from a trend toward earlier marriages and an increase in the average size of families; In 1957 the Canadian birth rate stood at 28 per thousand, one of the highest in the world. After the peak year of 1957, thebirth rate in Canada began to decline. It continued falling until in 1966 it stood at the lowest level in 25 years. Partly this decline reflected the low level of births during the depression and the war, but it was also caused by changes in Canadian society. Young people were staying at school longer, more women were working; young married couples were buying automobiles or houses before starting families; rising living standards were cutting down the size of families. It appeared that Canada was once more falling in step with the trend toward smaller families that had occurred all through theWestern world since the time of the Industrial Revolution. Although the growth in Canada’s population had slowed down by 1966 (the cent), another increase in the first half of the 1960s was only nine percent), another large population wave was coming over the horizon. It would be composed of the children of the children who were born during the period of the high birth rate prior to 1957.6. What does the passage mainly discuss?A. Educational changes in Canadian society.B. Canada during the Second World War.C. Population trends in postwar Canada.D. Standards of living in Canada.7. According to the passage, when did Canada's baby boom begin?A. In the decade after 1911.B. After 1945.C. During the depression of the 1930s.D. In 1966.8. The author suggests that in Canada during the 1950s____________.A. the urban population decreased rapidlyB. fewer people marriedC. economic conditions were poorD. the birth rate was very high9. When was the birth rate in Canada at its lowest postwar level?A. 1966.B. 1957.C. 1956.D. 1951.10. The author mentions all of the following as causes of declines inpopulation growth after 1957 EXCEPT_________________.A. people being better educatedB. people getting married earlierC. better standards of livingD. couples buying houses11.I t can be inferred from the passage that before the IndustrialRevolution_______________.A. families were largerB. population statistics were unreliableC. the population grew steadilyD. economic conditions were badText CI was just a boy when my father brought me to Harlem for the first time, almost 50 years ago. We stayed at the hotel Theresa, a grand brick structure at 125th Street and Seventh avenue. Once, in the hotel restaurant, my father pointed out Joe Louis. He even got Mr. Brown, the hotel manager, to introduce me to him, a bit punchy强力的but still champ焦急as fast as I was concerned.Much has changed since then. Business and real estate are booming. Some say a new renaissance is under way. Others decry责难what they see as outside forces running roughshod肆意践踏over the old Harlem. New York meant Harlem to me, and as a young man I visited it whenever I could. But many of my old haunts are gone. The Theresa shut down in 1966. National chains that once ignored Harlem now anticipate yuppie money and want pieces of this prime Manhattan real estate. So here I am on a hot August afternoon, sitting in a Starbucks that two years ago opened a block away from the Theresa, snatching抓取，攫取at memories between sips of high-priced coffee. I am about to open up a piece of the old Harlem---the New York Amsterdam News---when a tourist。

学术英语习题及部分答案

Training and Practice for English for Academic PurposesPart I1.Discuss the following questions.What are basic principles the researchers must try to follow when they write their research papers? And would you please list some deadly sins a researcher must avoid when they want to publish a research paper? What are the main contents of a research paper?2. Translate the following Chinese introduction into English.提高起重机生产力和安全性的设备研究近些年来，就用研究人员对起重机(crane)的研究兴趣与日俱增。

起重机种类繁多，从樱桃采摘机(cherry pickers)到巨型塔式起重机(huge tower cranes) ，是建筑工地不可或缺的重要设备之一。

由于建筑用起重机工作环境多变(constantly changing working environment), 操作者(operator)责任重大(heavy reliance)。

过去几十年里，超重机技术日新月异，但是操作员与其他工种人员配合协作方面的技术发展缓慢。

起重机的发展步伐如此迅猛，我们似乎要问，在某些方面，是不是已经超出(outstrip)了人们安全使用的能力？本文旨在探讨如何通过新型设备的引进提高起重机生产力以及提出相关安全性的举措，进而为新型起重机的应用和案例提供新的思路。

In recent years, researchers have become more interested in crane research.The variety of cranes, from cherry pickers to giant tower cranes, is one of the most important equipment on construction sites.As a result of the changing working environment of the construction crane, operator is responsible for heavy reliance.Over the past few decades, the technology of overweight machines has been changing rapidly, but the operators have been slow to cooperate with other workers in collaboration.The pace of development of cranes is so rapid that we seem to be asking whether in some respects, the outstrip has exceeded the ability of people to safely use it.This paper aims to explore how to improve crane productivity and raise related security measures through the introduction of new equipment, so as to provide new ideas for the application and case of new cranes.3. You are writing a research paper entitled “The Effects of Radiation from the Sun on Life o n Earth”. In your introduction you need to review, in general terms, how the sun supports life on the earth. Prepare an Introduction section for your paper based on the information below.⏹Distance from the earth: 92,976,000 miles⏹The Sun’s energy comes from nuclear fusion of hydrogen to helium.⏹Intense radiation, including lethal ultraviolet radiation, arrives at the earth’s outer atmosphere.⏹Ozone in the stratosphere protects life on earth from excessive ultraviolet radiation.⏹The seasons of the earth’s climate results from (1) the 23.30tilt of the earth’s axis of rotation from the normal to the plane of the earth’s orbit around the Sun, (2) the large coverage area of water on the earth (about 75% of the earth’s surface), an d (3) the rotation of the earth with associated generation of jet-stream patterns.⏹Radiation passing through the earth’s atmosphere loses most short-wave radiation, butsome arriving at the surface is converted into infrared radiation which is then trapped by water vapor and other tri-atomic molecules in the troposphere and stratosphere, causing global warming.Life on earth is maintained from photosynthesis and conversion of carbon dioxide to oxygen by plants.4.Translate the following parts of sentences in Introduction into proper English.（1）过去对……的研究工作说明……The previous work on … has indicated that…（2）A在1932年做了关于……的早期研究。

《英语图片作文》课件

Character
01
Describe the characters in the picture, including their actions, expressions, and clothing.
Item
02
Describe the items in the picture, such as furniture, appliances, toys, etc., and explain their roles in the picture.
Emotional Color
Analyze the emotional colors in the image, such as warmth, coldness, joy, etc., and explain their impact on the audience's emotions.
Emotional implications
Scenario
03
Describe the background and environment in the image, such as cities, rural areas, schools, etc., and explain their impact on the theme of the image.
It is characterized by a narrative structure, the use of multiple images, and the absence of text other than captions
Characteristics
03
Create impact
Images have the power to evoke emotions and make connections with the audience on a deeper level

TPO听力27-30

TPO-27Conversation 11. Why does the woman go to the information desk?●She does not know where the library computers are located.●She does not know how to use a computer to locate the information she needs.●She does not have time to wait until a library computer becomes available.●The book she is looking for was missing from the library shelf.2. Why does the man assume that the woman is in Professor Simpson’s class?●The man recently saw the woman talking with Professor Simpson.●The woman mentioned Profe ssor Simpson’s name.●The woman is carrying the textbook used in Professor Simpson’s class.●The woman is researching a subject that Professor Simpson specialized in.3. What can be inferred about the geology course the woman is taking?●It has led the woman to choose geology as her major course of study.●It is difficult to follow without a background in chemistry and physics.●The woman thinks it is easier than other science courses.●The woman thinks the course is boring.4. What topic does the woman need information on?●The recent activity of a volcano in New Zealand●Various types of volcanoes found in New Zealand●All volcanoes in New Zealand that are still active●How people in New Zealand have prepared for volcanic eruptions5. What does the man imply about the article when he says this:●It may not contain enough background material.●It is part of a series of articles.●It might be too old to be useful.●It is the most recent article published on the subject.Lecture 16. What is the lecture mainly about?●The transplantation of young coral to new reef sites●Efforts to improve the chances of survival of coral reefs●The effects of water temperature change on coral reefs●Confirming the reasons behind the decline of coral reefs7. According to the professor, how might researchers predict the onset of coral bleaching in the future?●By monitoring populations of coral predators●By monitoring bleach-resistant coral species●By monitoring sea surface temperatures●By monitoring degraded reefs that have recovered8. Wh at is the professor’s opinion about coral transplantation?●It is cost-effective.●It is a long-term solution.●It is producing encouraging results.●It does not solve the underlying problems.9. Why does the professor discuss refugia? [Choose two answers]●To explain that the location of coral within a reef affects the coral’s ability to survive●To point out why some coral species are more susceptible to bleaching than others●To suggest that bleaching is not as detrimental to coral health as first thought●To illustrate the importance of studying coral that has a low vulnerability to bleaching10. What does the professor imply about the impact of mangrove forests on coral-reef ecosystems?●Mangrove forests provide habitat for wildlife that feed on coral predators.●Mangrove forests improve the water quality of nearby reefs.●Mangrove forests can produce sediments that pollute coral habitats.●Mangrove forests compete with nearby coral reefs for certain nutrients.11. According to the professor, what effect do lobsters and sea urchins have on a coral reef?●They protect a reef by feeding on destructive organisms.●They hard a reef by taking away important nutrients.●They filter pollutants from water around a reef.●They prevent a reef from growing by preying on young corals.Lecture 212. What does the professor mainly discuss?●Some special techniques used by the makers of vintage Cremonese violins●How the acoustical quality of the violin was improved over time●Factors that may be responsible for the beautiful tone of Cremonese violins●Some criteria that professional violinists use when selecting their instruments13. What does the professor imply about the best modern violin makers?●They are unable to recreate the high quality varnish used by Cremonese violin makers.●Their craftsmanship is comparable to that of the Cremonese violin makers.●They use wood from the same trees that were used to make the Cremonese violins.●Many of them also compose music for the violin.14. Why does the professor discuss the growth cycle of trees?●To clarify how modern violin makers select wood●To highlight a similarity between vintage and modern violins●To explain why tropical wood cannot be used to make violins●To explain what causes variations in density in a piece of wood15. What factor accounts for the particular density differential of the wood used in the Cremonese violins?●The trees that produced the wood were harvested in the spring●The trees that produced the wood grew in an unusually cool climate●The wood was allowed to partially decay before being made into violins●.The wood was coated with a local varnish before it was crafted into violins16. The professor describes and experiment in which wood was exposed to a fungus before being made into a violin. What point does the professor make about the fungus?●It decomposes only certain parts of the wood.●It is found only in the forests of northern Italy.●It was recently discovered in a vintage Cremonese violin.●It decomposes only certain species of trees.17. Why does the professor say this:●To find out how much exposure students have had to live classical music●To use student experiences to support his point about audience members●To indicate that instruments are harder to master than audience members realize●To make a point about the beauty of violin musicConversation 21. Why has the student come to see the professor?●To find out her reaction to a paper he recently submitted●To point out a factual error in an article the class was assigned to read●To ask about the suitability of a topic he wants to write about●To ask about the difference between chinampas and hydroponics2. What does the professor imply about hydroponics?●It was probably invented by the Aztecs.●It is a relatively modern development in agriculture.●It requires soil that is rich in nutrients.●It is most successful when extremely pure water is used.3. Why does the professor describe how chinampas were made?●To emphasize that the topic selected for a paper needs to be more specific●To encourage the student to do more research●To point out how much labor was required to build chinampas●To explain why crops grown on chinampas should not be considered hydroponic4. What does the professor think about the article the student mentions?●She is convinced that it is not completely accurate.●She believes it was written for readers with scientific backgrounds.●She thinks it is probably too short to be useful to the student.●She has no opinion about it, because she has not read it.5. What additional information does the professor suggest that the student include in his paper?● A comparison of traditional and modern farming technologies●Changes in the designs of chinampas over time●Differences in how various historians have described chinampas●Reasons why chinampas are often overlooked in history booksLecture 36. What does the professor mainly discuss?●Comparisons between land animals and ocean-going animals of the Mesozoic era●Comparisons between sauropods and modern animals●Possible reasons why sauropods became extinct●New theories about the climate of the Mesozoic era7. What point does the professor make when she compares blue whales to large land animals?●Like large land animals, blue whales have many offspring.●Like large land animals, blue whales have proportionally small stomachs.●The land environment provides a wider variety of food sources than the ocean.●The ocean environment reduces some of the problems faced by large animals.8. According to the professor, what recent finding about the Mesozoic era challenges an earlier belief?●Sauropod populations in the Mesozoic era were smaller than previously believed.●Oxygen levels in the Mesozoic era were higher than previously believed.●Ocean levels in the Mesozoic era fluctuated more than previously believed.●Plant life in the Mesozoic era was less abundant than previously believed.9. Compared to small animals, what disadvantages do large animals typically have? [Choose two answers]●Large animals require more food.●Large animals have fewer offspring.●Large animals use relatively more energy in digesting their food.●Large animals have greater difficulty staying warm.10. Why does the professor discuss gastroliths that have been found with sauropod fossils?●To show that much research about extinct animals has relied on flawed methods●To show that even an incorrect guess can lead to useful research●To give an example of how fossil discoveries have cast doubt on beliefs about modern animals ●To give an example of a discovery made possible by recent advances in technology11. What did researchers conclude from their study of sauropods and gastroliths?●That gastroliths probably helped sauropods to store large quantities of plant material in theirstomachs●That sauropods probably used gastroliths to conserve energy●That sauropods may not have used gastroliths to aid in their digestion●That sauropods probably did not ingest any stonesLecture 412. What is the lecture mainly about?●Various ways color theory is used in different fields●Various ways artists can use primary colors●Aspects of color theory that are the subject of current research●The development of the first theory of primary colors13. What does the professor imply about the usefulness of the theory of primary colors?●It is not very useful to artists.●It has been very useful to scientists.●It is more useful to artists than to psychologists.●It is more useful to modern-day artists than to artists in the past.14. Why does the professor mention Isaac Newton?●To show the similarities between early ideas in art and early ideas in science●To explain why mixing primary colors does not produce satisfactory secondary colors●To provide background information for the theory of primary colors●To point out the first person to propose a theory of primary colors15. According to the pro fessor, what were the results of Goethe’s experiments with color? [Choose two answers]●The experiments failed to find a connection between colors and emotions.●The experiments showed useful connections between color and light.●The experiments provided valuable information about the relationships between colors.●The experiments were not useful until modern psychologists reinterpreted them.16. According to the professor, why did Runge choose the colors red, yellow and blue as the three primary colors?●He felt they represented natural light at different times of the day.●He noticed that they were the favorite colors of Romantic painters.●He performed several scientific experiments that suggested those colors.●He read a book by Goethe and agreed with Goethe’s choices of colors.17. What does the professor imply when he says this?●Many people have proposed theories about primary colors.●Goethe discovered the primary colors by accident.●Goethe probably developed the primary color theory before reading Runge’s le tter.●Goethe may have been influenced by Runge’s ideas about primary colors.TPO-28Conversation 11. What is the conversation mainly about?●Criticisms of Dewey’s political philosophy●Methods for leading a discussion group●Recent changes made to a reference document●Problems with the organization of a paper2. Why is the student late for his meeting?●Seeing the doctor took longer than expected.●No nearby parking spaces were available.●His soccer practice lasted longer than usual.●He had problems printing his paper.3. What revisions does the student need to make to his paper? [Choose three answers]●Describe the influences on Dewey in more detail●Expand the introductory biographical sketch●Remove unnecessary content throughout the paper●Use consistent references throughout the paper●Add an explanation of Dewey’s view on individuality4. Why does the professor mention the political science club?●To encourage the student to run for club president●To point out that John Dewey was a member of a similar club●To suggest an activity that might interest the student●To indicate where the student can get help with his paper5. Why does the professor say this:●To find out how many drafts the student wrote●To encourage the student to review his own work●To emphasize the need for the student to follow the guidelines●To propose a different solution to the problemLecture 16. What is the lecture mainly about?●The importance of Locke’s views to modern philosophical thought●How Descartes’ view of knowledge influenced tre nds in Western philosophy●How two philosophers viewed foundational knowledge claims●The difference between foundationalism and methodological doubt7. Why does the professor mention a house?●To explain an idea about the organization of human knowledge●To illustrate the unreliability of our perception of physical objects●To clarify the difference between two points of view about the basis of human knowledge●To remind students of a point he made about Descartes in a previous lecture8. What did Locke believe to the most basic type of human knowledge?●Knowledge of one’s own existence●Knowledge acquired through the senses●Knowledge humans are born with●Knowledge passed down from previous generations9. According to the professor, what was Descartes’ purpose f or using methodological doubt?●To discover what can be considered foundational knowledge claims●To challenge the philosophical concept of foundationalism●To show that one’s existence cannot be proven●To demonstrate that Locke’s views were essentially corre ct10. For Descartes what was the significance of dreaming?●He believed that his best ideas came to him in dreams●He regarded dreaming as the strongest proof that humans exist.●Dreaming supports his contention that reality has many aspects.●Dreaming illustrates why human experience of reality cannot always be trusted.11. According to Descartes, what type of belief should serve as a foundation for all other knowledge claims?● A belief that is consistent with what one sees and hears● A belief that most other people share● A belief that one has held since childhood● A belief that cannot be falseLecture 212. What is the main purpose of the lecture?●To show that some birds have cognitive skills similar to those of primates●To explain how the brains of certain primates and birds evolved●To compare different tests that measure the cognitive abilities of animals●To describe a study of the relationship between brain size and cognitive abilities13. When giving magpies the mirror mark test, why did researchers place the mark on magpies’ throats?●Throat markings trigger aggressive behavior in other magpies.●Throat markings are extremely rare in magpies.●Magpies cannot see their own throats without looking in a mirror.●Magpies cannot easily remove a mark from their throats.14. According to the professor, some corvettes are known to hide their food. What possible reasonsdoes she provide for this behavior? [Choose two answers]●They are ensuring that they will have food to eat at a later point in time.●They want to keep their food in a single location that they can easily defend.●They have been conditioned to exhibit this type of behavior.●They may be projecting their own behavioral tendencies onto other corvids.15. What is the professor’s attitude toward the study on p igeons and mirror self-recognition?●She is surprised that the studies have not been replicated.●She believes the study’s findings are not very meaningful.●She expects that further studies will show similar results.●She thinks that it confirms what is known about magpies and jays.16. What does the professor imply about animals that exhibit mirror self-recognition?●They acquired this ability through recent evolutionary changes.●They are not necessarily more intelligent than other animals.●Their brains all have an identical structure that governs this ability.●They may be able to understand another animal’s perspective.17. According to the professor, what conclusion can be drawn from what is now known about corvettes’ brains?●The area in corvids’ brains tha t governs cognitive functions governs other functions as well.●Corvids’ brains have evolved in the same way as other birds’ brains, only more rapidly.●Corvids’ and primates’ brains have evolved differently but have some similar cognitive abilities.●The cognitive abilities of different types of corvids vary greatly.Conversation 21. Why does the man go to see the professor?●To learn more about his student teaching assignment●To discuss the best time to complete his senior thesis●To discuss the possibility of changing the topic of his senior thesis●To find out whether the professor will be his advisor for his senior thesis2. What is the man’s concern about the second half of the academic year?●He will not have time to do the necessary research for his senior thesis.●He will not be allowed to write his senior thesis on his topic choice.●His senior thesis advisor will not be on campus.●His student teaching requirement will not be complete before the thesis is due.3. What does the man imply about Professor Johnson?●His sabbatical may last longer than expected.●His research is highly respected throughout the world.●He is the English department’s specialist on Chaucer.●He is probably familiar with the literature of the Renaissance.4. Why does the man want to write his senior thesis on The Canterbury Tales? [Choose two answers]●He studied it during his favorite course in high school.●He has already received approval for the paper from his professor.●He thinks that the knowledge might help him in graduate school.●He has great admiration for Chaucer.5. Why does the professor say this:●She is uncertain whether the man will be able to finish his paper before the end of the summer.●She thinks the man will need to do a lot of preparation to write on a new topic.●She wants to encourage the man to choose a new advisor for his paper.●She wants the man to select a new topic for his paper during the summer.Lecture 36. What is the lecture mainly about?●The differences in how humans and plants sense light●An explanation of an experiment on color and wavelength●How plants sense and respond to different wavelengths of light●The process by which photoreceptors distinguish wavelengths of light7. According to the professor, what is one way that a plant reacts to changes in the number of hours of sunlight?●The plant absorbs different wavelengths of light.●The plant begins to flower or stops flowering.●The number of photoreceptors in the plant increases.●The plant’s rate of photosynthesis increases.8. Why does the professor think that it is inappropriate for certain wavelength of light to be named “far-red”?●Far-red wavelengths appear identical to red wavelengths to the human eye.●Far-red wavelengths have the same effects on plants as red wavelengths do.●Far-red wavelengths travel shorter distances than red wavelengths do.●Far-red wavelengths are not perceived as red by the human eye.9. What point does the professor make when she discusses the red light and far-red light that reaches plants?●All of the far-red light that reaches plants is used for photosynthesis.●Plants flower more rapidly in response to far-red light than to red light.●Plants absorb more of the red light that reaches them than of the far-red light.●Red light is absorbed more slowly by plants than far-red light is.10. According to the professor, how does a plant typically react when it senses a high ratio of far-red light to red light?●It slows down its growth.●It begins photosynthesis.●It produces more photoreceptors.●It starts to release its seeds.11. In the Pampas experiment, what was the function of the LEDs?●To stimulate photosynthesis●To simulate red light●To add to the intensity of the sunlight●To provide additional far-red lightLecture 412. What does the professor mainly discuss?●Evidence of an ancient civilization in central Asia●Archaeological techniques used to uncover ancient settlements●The controversy concerning an archaeological find in central Asia●Methods used to preserve archaeological sites in arid areas13. What point does the professor make about mound sites?●They are easier to excavate than other types of archaeological sites.●They often provide information about several generations of people.●They often contain evidence of trade.●Most have been found in what are now desert areas.14. Why does the professor compare Gonur-depe to ancient Egypt?●To point out that Gonur-depe existed earlier than other ancient civilizations●To emphasize that the findings at Gonur-depe are evidence of an advanced civilization●To demonstrate that the findings at these locations have little in common●To suggest that the discovery of Gonur-depe will lead to more research in Egypt15. What does the professor imply about the people of Gonur-depe?●They avoided contact with people from other areas.●They inhabited Gonur-depe before resettling in Egypt.●They were skilled in jewelry making.●They modeled their city after cities in China.16. Settlements existed at the Gonur-depe site for only a few hundred years. What does the professor say might explain this fact? [Choose two answers]●Wars with neighboring settlements●Destruction caused by an earthquake●Changes in the course of the Murgab River●Frequent flooding of the Murgab River17. What is the professor’s opinion about the future of the Gonur-depe site?●She believes it would be a mistake to alter its original form.●She doubts the ruins will deteriorate further.●She thinks other sites are more deserving of researchers’ attention.●She is not convinced it will be restored.TPO-29Conversation 11. What is the conversation mainly about?●What the deadline to register for a Japanese class is●Why a class the woman chose may not be suitable for her●How the woman can fix an unexpected problem with her class schedule●How first-year students can get permission to take an extra class2. Why does the man tell the woman that Japanese classes are popular?●To imply that a Japanese class is unlikely to be canceled●To explain why the woman should have registered for the class sooner●To encourage the woman to consider taking Japanese●To convince the woman to wait until next semester to take a Japanese class3. Why does the man ask the woman if she registered for classes online?●To explain that she should have registered at the registrar’s office●To find out if there is a record of her registration in the computer●To suggest a more efficient way to register for classes●To determine if she received confirmation of her registration4. What does the man suggest the woman do? [Choose two answers]●Put her name on a waiting list●Get the professor to sign a form granting her permission to take the class●Identify a course she could take instead of Japanese●Speak to the head of the Japanese department5. What does the man imply when he points out that the woman is a first-year student?●The woman has registered for too many classes.●The woman should not be concerned if she cannot get into the Japanese class●The woman should not register for advanced-level Japanese classes yet●The woman should only take required courses at this timeLecture 16. What does the professor mainly discuss?●Causes of soil diversity in old-growth forests●The results of a recent research study in a Michigan forest●The impact of pedodiversity on forest growth●How forest management affects soil diversity7. According to the professor, in what way is the soil in forested areas generally different from soil in other areas?●In forested areas, the soil tends to be warmer and moister.●In forested areas, the chemistry of the soil changes more rapidly.●In forested areas, there is usually more variability in soil types.●In forested areas, there is generally more acid in the soil.8. What does the professor suggest are the three main causes of pedodiversity in the old-growth hardwood forests she discusses? [Choose three answers]●The uprooting of trees●The existence of gaps●Current forest-management practices●Diversity of tree species●Changes in climatic conditions9. Why does the professor mention radiation from the Sun?●To point out why pits and mounds have soil with unusual properties●To indicate the reason some tree species thrive in Michigan while others do not●To give an example of a factor that cannot be reproduced in forest management●To help explain the effects of forest gaps on soil10. Why does the professor consider pedodiversity an important field of research?●It has challenged fundamental ideas about plant ecology.●It has led to significant discoveries in other fields.●It has implications for forest management.●It is an area of study that is often misunderstood.11. Why does the professor give the students an article to read?●To help them understand the relationship between forest dynamics and pedodiversity●To help them understand how to approach an assignment●To provide them with more information on pits and mounds●To provide them with more exposure to a controversial aspect of pedodiversityLecture 212. What is the main purpose of the lecture?●To explain how musicians can perform successfully in theaters and concert halls with pooracoustics●To explain how the design of theaters and concert halls has changed over time●To discuss design factors that affect sound in a room●To discuss a method to measure the reverberation time of a room13. According to the lecture, what were Sabine’s contr ibutions to architectural acoustics? [Choose two answers]●He founded the field of architectural acoustics.●He developed an important formula for measuring a room’s reverberation time.●He renewed architects’ interest in ancient theaters.●He provided support for using established architectural principles in the design of concert halls.14. According to the professor, what is likely to happen if a room has a very long reverberation time?●Performers will have to make an effort to be louder.●Sound will not be scattered in all directions.●Older sounds will interfere with the perception of new sounds.●Only people in the center of the room will be able to hear clearly.15. Why does the professor mention a piano recital? [Choose two answers]●To illustrate that different kinds of performances require rooms with different reverberationtimes●To demonstrate that the size of the instrument can affect its acoustic properties●To cite a type of performance suitable for a rectangular concert hall●To exemplify that the reverberation time of a room is related to its size16. According to the professor, what purpose do wall decorations in older concert halls serve?●They make sound in the hall reverberate longer.●They distribute the sound more evenly in the hall.●They make large halls look smaller and more intimate.●They disguise structural changes made to improve sound quality.17. Why does the professor say this:●To find out if students have understood his point●To indicate that he will conclude the lecture soon●To introduce a factor contradicting his previous statement●To add emphasis to his previous statementConversation 21. Why does the student go to see the professor?●To explain why he may need to hand in an assignment late●To get instruction on how to complete an assignment●To discuss a type of music his class is studying●To ask if he can choose the music to write about in a listening journal2. What does the student describe as challenging?●Comparing contemporary music to earlier musical forms●Understanding the meaning of songs that are not written in English●Finding the time to listen to music outside of class●Writing critically about musical works3. Why does the student mention hip-hop music?●To contrast the ways he responds to familiar and unfamiliar music。

RECORDING DEVICE

专利名称：RECORDING DEVICE 发明人：ISAKA YUKIO申请号：JP14695282申请日：19820826公开号：JPS5937570A公开日：19840301专利内容由知识产权出版社提供摘要：PURPOSE:To obtain a picture with invariably uniform density regardess of the sensitivity difference of a photoreceptor without requiring a light source which has more than necessary power, by varying the quantity of incident light according to the sensitivity characteristics of the photoreceptor and setting the quantity of light to an optimum value. CONSTITUTION:A picture signal 1 which turns on and off a laser beam is inputted to a laser driving circuit 2 to drive a semiconductor laser device 3, projecting the laser beam corresponding to the picture signal upon the photoreceptor. The sensitivity characteristics of the photoreceptor 4 is highest in the beginning of use and then decrease gradually to a specific value, so a timer circuit 5 conforming with the characteristics is used to correct the quantity of light. A high- voltage on control signal is inputted to the timer circuit 5 to drive a timer. The output of the timer circuit 5 is inputted to a laser driving circuit 2 to control the quantity of light emitted from a laser device 3.申请人：CANON KK更多信息请下载全文后查看。

无人机下视地面图像的单应约束

阵的方法，分析了机载信息参数误差对根据单应矩阵计算得到的像素位置的影响，并给出了基于单应约束的航空图像特征匹配实验结果。

结果表明该方法计算得到的地面图像单应关系对参数误差不敏感，可以为特征匹配等提供先验的约束信息。

关键词:单应矩阵;单应约束;机载信息中图分类号:TP391文献标志码:A文章编号:1001-3695(2011)02-0749-04d o i:10． 3969 /j．i ss n． 1001-3695． 2011． 02． 097Homography of UAV d ow n war d-l oo k i n g ground i mage sZHANG Y u，WENG Lu-b i n，ZHANG J i-x i a n g，T I AN Yuan，YANG Y i-p i n g( I n s t i t u te of A u t o ma t i o n，C h i n e s e Ac ad e my of Sc i e n ce s，Be i j i ng 100190，C h i na)Ab s tr ac t:To the i ss u e of ass i st i n g fe atu re m a tc h i n g u s i n g a i r b o r n e i n fo r m a t i o n，t h i s paper p re sen te d a me thod of e st i m at i o n ofhomography b etween two ground i m a ge s based on the a i r b or n e i n fo r m at i o n such as from the n av i ga t i o n sy ste m．The p i xe l p os i- t i o n of one i m a ge co u l d be ca l c u l ate d u s i n g th e p i xe l i n fo r m at i o n of ano th er i m a ge and the h o m o gra ph i c m atr i x be tween th e twoi m a ges．I t d e s i g n e d e x p er i m e n ts to a n a l yze the p i xe l-to-p i xe l co rre spo nde nce error of the two i m a ge s w h i c h was caused by t h ei nh ere n t error of the a i r b or n e i n fo r m at i o n p a ra m ete rs． A l so p ro po sed the fea tu re m atc h i n g res u l ts base d on homography of twoi m a ges． The re s u l ts show tha t tho se i n terfe re n ce factors have n e g li g i b l e i n f l u e n ces on the h o m o gra ph y． F i n a ll y，d e m o n strate dthe est i m ate d homography to be u sef u l p r i o r i kn o w l e d ge in th e f i e l d o f a er i a l i m a ge a n a l ys i s based on the e x p e r i m e n ta l re s u l t ofi m a ges feature m atc h i n g．K e y w o r d s:h o m ogra ph i c m atr i x;h o m o gra ph i c co n stra i n t;a i r b or n e i n fo r m at i o n基础上，为图像特征匹配提供先验的约束信息，降低航空序列图像处理的难度;同时DEM 数据精度高、抗干扰性好。

Asingle-pixelter...

A single-pixel terahertz imaging system based on compressed sensingWai Lam Chan,a͒Kriti Charan,Dharmpal Takhar,Kevin F.Kelly,Richard G.Baraniuk,and Daniel M.MittlemanDepartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Rice University,6100Main Street,Houston,Texas77005,USA͑Received5July2008;accepted5September2008;published online23September2008͒We describe a terahertz imaging system that uses a single pixel detector in combination with a seriesof random masks to enable high-speed image acquisition.The image formation is based on thetheory of compressed sensing,which permits the reconstruction of a N-by-N pixel image usingmuch fewer than N2measurements.This approach eliminates the need for raster scanning of theobject or the terahertz beam,while maintaining the high sensitivity of a single-element detector.Wedemonstrate the concept using a pulsed terahertz time-domain system and show the reconstructionof both amplitude and phase-contrast images.The idea of compressed sensing is quite general andcould also be implemented with a continuous-wave terahertz source.©2008American Institute ofPhysics.͓DOI:10.1063/1.2989126͔Over the past several years,the wide applicability of terahertz imaging in areas such as detection of foam insula-tion defects,1illicit drug detection,2and package inspection3 has driven the development of high-speed terahertz imaging systems.4Most existing terahertz imaging systems use a ras-ter scan to move an object in front of a single pixel detector. This mechanical scanning signiﬁcantly limits the acquisition speed.1–3,5With state-of-the-art technology,it takes about 6min to scan a100ϫ100mm2area at0.25mm resolution.5 Real-time terahertz imaging has been demonstrated using focal-plane detector arrays.6,7However,these systems tend to have higher complexity and operational cost.For example, available array detectors,such as microbolometer arrays,are relatively insensitive to terahertz radiation,so a bright tera-hertz source is needed.6Single-shot electro-optic sensing also allows video-rate terahertz imaging,7but this method requires a large and costly ampliﬁed femtosecond laser sys-tem.Even though interferometric or tomographic approaches have signiﬁcantly reduced the number of required measure-ments by,for example,nonuniform sampling in the Fourier domain,the acquisition speed of such systems are still lim-ited by raster scanning unless a full detector array is used.8–10 Terahertz reciprocal imaging can achieve high-speed imag-ing with a single-pixel detector but requires an unconven-tional source array,with each source element modulated at a different frequency.11For practical,time-critical applications,a terahertz imag-ing system should not require raster scanning of the object or the terahertz beam.In addition,one would like to preserve the superior detection sensitivity of a single-point detector such as photoconductive antennas͑rather than the lower sen-sitivity provided by existing multipixel arrays͒and the sim-plicity and spatial coherence of a point-source transmitter. Here,we describe a single-pixel terahertz imaging system based on an advanced signal processing theory called com-pressed sensing͑CS͒,12,13which enables both of these objec-tives.In contrast to our earlier work on terahertz Fourier imaging using CS and phase retrieval,14this system does not require mechanical scanning of the terahertz receiver on the image plane.The rationale behind the improved acquisition speed of the single-pixel terahertz camera is twofold.First,this cam-era performs compression simultaneously with image sam-pling by modulating the spatial proﬁle of the terahertz beam with a set of random patterns,a technique enabled by CS. This imaging scheme requires signiﬁcantly fewer samples than the total number of image pixels to fully reconstruct an image,thus,speeding up the acquisition process.12,13Second, the speed of most existing terahertz imaging systems is lim-ited by the need to mechanically raster scan the object͑or the terahertz beam͒.4Our method replaces this mechanical scan-ning with the spatial modulation of the free-space terahertz beam,which can in principle be much faster.The principle behind the design of CS imaging systems can be summarized in the equation y=⌽x,where y is a M ϫ1column vector of measurements,x is an image with N2 pixels ordered in a N2ϫ1vector,and the measurement ma-trix⌽is Mϫing CS,we acquire a much smaller number of measurements than the number of pixels in the image,i.e.,MϽN2,and can still reconstruct the object per-fectly through an optimization procedure as described in the references.12,13Our previous work on terahertz Fourier im-aging using CS and phase retrieval uses a random subset of the Fourier basis as rows of⌽.14Here,we choose a set of vectors,whose entries are randomly picked to be1or0with equal probability,as rows of⌽.15In other words,for each row in⌽,only a random subset͑approximately half͒of the pixels are set to unity͑100%transmission͒,while the re-mainder is set to zero͑no transmission͒.Thus,the terahertz beam traveling from the object to the detector isﬁltered by randomly blocking a subset of the spatial wave front.Figure1illustrates our imaging setup,which consists of a terahertz transmitter/receiver pair͑ﬁber-coupled photocon-ductive antennas͒,a planar screen with a random pattern of blocked pixels,and two lenses.The terahertz beam,after passing through the object mask and the random pattern,is collected at the receiver.The positions of the screen,the focusing lens,and the receiver along the beam path are cal-culated according to the lens law in order to efﬁciently focusa͒Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.Electronic mail:***************.APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS93,121105͑2008͒0003-6951/2008/93͑12͒/121105/3/$23.00©2008American Institute of Physics93,121105-1the terahertz beam onto the receiver antenna.The object mask is made of ͑opaque ͒copper tape on a transparent plastic plate.In this paper,our object mask has a hole shaped as a Chinese character which means “light,”1.5cm both by height and width,as shown in Fig.2͑a ͒.For our screens,we use a set of six hundred random patterns printed in cop-per on standard printed-circuit boards ͑PCBs ͒.Printed on a uniform grid on the PCBs,each pattern contains 32ϫ32pixels.The size of each pixel is 1ϫ1mm 2.A “cop-per”pixel corresponds to pixel value zero on the random pattern,while a pixel without copper corresponds to the value one,since the PCB material is fairly transparent to the terahertz beam.To ensure accurate alignment as we change from one random pattern to another,we use an automatic translation stage.For each random pattern,we measure one terahertz waveform consisting of the superposition of the ra-diation transmitted through all of the unmetallized pixels.In CS,every row of the measurement matrix ⌽͑that is,every random pattern ͒is used to form only one measure-ment,consisting of a complete time-domain waveform.Therefore,for each random pattern,we extract the magnitude of the detected terahertz waveform at a particular frequency to obtain one value.For this demonstration,we chose a fre-quency of 100GHz ͑␭=3mm ͒,because near this frequency the incident terahertz beam is large enough to illuminate the entire object and has a high spectral amplitude.Figures 2͑b ͒and 2͑c ͒shows the CS reconstruction results,32ϫ32images of the object in Fig.2͑a ͒with 1ϫ1mm 2pixel size,using 300and 600measurements respectively.Our recon-struction algorithm uses minimization of the total variation ͑min-TV ͒,13which takes less than 10s to compute in Matlab on a standard personal computer.Our system accurately re-constructs both the size of the object and its millimeter-scalefeatures.Reconstruction using more measurements yields a sharper image but also adds some artifacts.Sources of noise include laser power ﬂuctuation and alignment errors between patterns.Figure 3plots the normalized mean-squared error ͑MSE ͒of the reconstructed images of the object in Fig.2using different numbers of masks ͑CS measurements ͒.Due to the reduced rate of convergence of the min-TV reconstruction algorithm for number of CS measurements below 250,we use the minimization of the l 1-norm in the wavelet basis 12as our reconstruction method for the results in Fig.3.The nor-malized MSE of each reconstructed image is computed as in ͚i ͓X r ͑i ͒−X ͑i ͔͒2/͚i X ͑i ͒2,where the summations are across all image pixels,X r is the reconstructed image and X is a 32ϫ32grayscale reference image downsampled from a digi-tal photograph of the object.The MSE sharply decreases from 50to 100CS measurements and then decays more slowly afterwards.The shape of this decay curve is depen-dent on the sparsity of the object in the reconstruction basis and on the system noise.16In general,this decay is fast until the number of measurements reaches the sparsity level of the object.Our experimental result is consistent with this trend.We emphasize that this reconstruction from only the am-plitude measurements at a single frequency is equivalent to imaging using a continuous-wave ͑cw ͒terahertz source.If we apply this method directly to cw terahertz systems,we could use a more sensitive single-pixel detector,such as a Schottky diode,and thus reduce the source power require-ment dramatically compared to imaging with existing mul-tipixel detector arrays.There have been very few implementations of CS sys-tems capable of acquiring and reconstructing complex image data.Since pulsed terahertz systems are well-known for pro-viding spectroscopic phase information,we demonstrate this capability in our single-pixel system,using CS algorithms speciﬁcally designed to reconstruct complex images.17The object to be imaged consists of a simple rectangular hole,half of which is covered by a transparent plastic plate.For each random pattern,we determine both the magnitude and phase of the terahertz radiation at a single frequency ͑again,FIG.1.The terahertz compressive imaging setup.An approximately colli-mated beam from the terahertz transmitter illuminates an object mask and is partially ͑ϳ50%͒transmitted through a random pattern of opaque pixels.The random patterns,the focusing lens and the receiver,are placed in order to most efﬁciently focus the terahertz beam onto the receiver antenna.We collect one complete time-domain waveform for each randompattern.FIG.2.͑a ͒White-light image of object mask shaped as the Chinese char-acter light.Terahertz images reconstructed via CS using ͑b ͒300and ͑c ͒600magnitude measurements,which are respectively about 30%and 60%of the total number of image pixels.Both ﬁgures display a 32ϫ32image a nd the pixel size is 1ϫ1mm 2.FIG.3.As the number of measurements ͑M ͒used in CS increases,the MSE between the magnitudes of the reconstructed image and the reference image for the object in Fig.2normalized by the squared energy of the reference image decreases.The MSE decay is fast from 50to 100CS measurements.After the number of CS measurements exceeds the “sparsity”of the object,the decay ﬂattens out.100GHz ͒.CS reconstruction with 400measurements using the SPGL1algorithm ͑see Ref.17͒yields the image ampli-tude and phase shown in Fig.4.While the amplitude image shows almost no contrast,the phase image shows a sharp contrast between the upper and lower halves of the rectan-gular aperture.The thickness difference ͑⌬d ͒can be esti-mated from the measured phase difference ͑⌬␪͒according to ⌬␪=␻͑n −1͒⌬d /c ,which is valid since the plastic is essen-tially dispersionless.From our experimental data,when the number of CS measurements increases from 200to 600,⌬d estimates averaged across 100–200GHz rapidly converges to the true ⌬d measured with a micrometer.To capture com-plex terahertz data in our system,acquisition of the entire terahertz waveform is necessary.In this case,we obtain hy-perspectral and phase information at the expense of lower imaging speed due to the mechanical movements of the de-lay line.To conclude,the single-pixel,pulsed terahertz camera described in this paper does not rely on raster scanning or a source/detector array,but uses random patterns for imaging.Based on the theory of CS,the system is capable of recov-ering a 32ϫ32image of a rather complicated object with only 300measurements ͑ϳ30%͒.This signiﬁcant reductionin the number of measurements used for CS image recon-struction can speed up the acquisition tremendously com-pared to traditional raster scan systems.Unlike its optical counterpart which measures only intensity,15our pulsed tera-hertz camera can reconstruct complex images.Currently,the major limitation of our setup is the slow translation of one random pattern to another.However,it is clear that other schemes for binary spatial modulation of a terahertz beam,driven either optically or electrically,can operate extremely rapidly and with no mechanical moving parts.This should allow the acquisition of sufﬁcient information for image re-construction at a rate comparable with video imaging.This research has been supported in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.1N.Karpowicz,H.Zhong,K.-I.Lin,J.-S.Hwang,and X.C.Zhang,Semi-cond.Sci.Technol.20,S293͑2005͒.2K.Kawase,Y .Ogawa,and Y .Watanabe,Opt.Express 11,2549͑2003͒.3N.Karpowicz,H.Zhong,C.Zhang,K.-I.Lin,J.-S.Hwang,J.Xu,and X.C.Zhang,Appl.Phys.Lett.86,054105͑2005͒.4W.L.Chan,J.Deibel,and D.M.Mittleman,Rep.Prog.Phys.70,1325͑2007͒.5D.Zimdars,Proc.SPIE 5692,255͑2005͒.6A.W.M.Lee,Q.Qin,S.Kumar,B.S.Williams,Q.Hu,and J.L.Reno,Appl.Phys.Lett.89,141125͑2006͒.7Z.Jiang and X.C.Zhang,IEEE Trans.Microwave Theory Tech.47,2644͑1999͒.8A.Bandyopadhyay,A.Stepanov,A.Sengupta,D.E.Gary,M.D.Fe-derici,B.Schulkin,R.B.Barat,E.Michalopoulou,D.Zimdars,and J.F.Federici,J.Opt.Soc.Am.A 23,1168͑2006͒.9J.Pearce,H.Choi,and D.M.Mittleman,Opt.Lett.30,1653͑2005͒.10S.Wang and X.C.Zhang,J.Phys.D 37,R31͑2004͒.11J.Xu and X.C.Zhang,Appl.Phys.Lett.88,151107͑2006͒.12D.Donoho,IEEE Trans.Inf.Theory 52,1289͑2006͒.13E.Candes,J.Romberg,and T.Tao,IEEE Trans.Inf.Theory 52,489͑2006͒.14W.L.Chan,M.L.Moravec,R.G.Baraniuk,and D.M.Mittleman,Opt.Lett.33,974͑2008͒.15D.Takhar,ska,M.Wakin,M.Duarte,D.Baron,S.Sarvotham,K.Kelly,and R.Baraniuk,Proc.SPIE 6065,43͑2006͒.16E.Candes,Proc.Int.Congr.Math.3,1433͑2006͒.17E.van den Berg and M.P.Friedlander,“Probing the Pareto frontier for basis pursuit solutions,”SIAM put.͑USA ͒͑to be published ͒.FIG.4.CS reconstructions of ͑a ͒the image amplitude and ͑b ͒the phase using 400͑complex ͒measurements.Here,the object is a rectangular hole in an opaque screen,covered with a ͑transparent ͒plastic plate.The plate cov-ering the upper half of the hole is thicker than the lower half.The recon-structed phase image exhibits this contrast much better than the amplitude image.。

The Use of Photography in Qualitative Research在定性的研究的拍摄中的应用

Photography in narrative inquiry(cont’d.)
Photography as auto-biography may be used to address the core question of “who am I”(Harrison, 2019).
The photographs do not stand alone but are used in conjunction with interview (Harrison, 2019).
Why look at photographic
Images in nursing research ?
In a paper on the use of photo elicitation, Harper (2019) writes “Images evoke deeper elements of human consciousness than do words; exchanges based on words alone utilize less of the brain’s capacity than do exchanges in which the brain is processing images as well as words”(p. 13).
Photo-Voice:
A participatory action research method in which a participant in a marginalized community takes photographs in order to tell his or her own story and their community point of view through photographic images of their community and lives(Poudrier & Mac-Lean, 2009). Photographic images made through Photo-Voice may later be used to generate comments during interviews or focus groups through the use of photo elicitation.

视网膜静脉阻塞黄斑区视网膜形态学改变与视力相关性的研究进展

视网膜静脉阻塞黄斑区视网膜形态学改变与视力相关性的研究进展郝咪;葛胜利;王理论【摘要】视网膜静脉阻塞(RVO)是临床上常见的严重损害患者视力的可致盲性眼病.近年来光学相干层析成像(OCT)等技术的飞速发展,为更好地认识视网膜超微结构的变化奠定了基础.本文就近年RVO患者黄斑区视网膜的OCT表现与视力关系的研究进展进行综述.%Retinal vein occlusion (RVO) is a major cause of blindness in adult.In recent years,with the rapid development of optical coherence tomography technology,observing the microchanges of retina became possible.This article reviewed the recent researches of relationship between maculalutea'optical coherence tomography imaging characteristics in RVO patients and visual acuity.【期刊名称】《中国眼耳鼻喉科杂志》【年(卷),期】2017(017)005【总页数】3页(P375-377)【关键词】视网膜静脉阻塞;光学相干层析成像;视力【作者】郝咪;葛胜利;王理论【作者单位】延安大学附属医院眼科延安716000;延安大学附属医院眼科延安716000;延安大学附属医院眼科延安716000【正文语种】中文视网膜静脉阻塞(retinal vein occlusion，RVO)是仅次于糖尿病性视网膜病变的第2位最常见的视网膜血管性疾病。

RVO的并发症[1]较多，可分为黄斑部的并发症，包括黄斑囊样水肿、黄斑前膜形成、黄斑瘢痕形成等；新生血管及其并发症，包括新生血管性青光眼，玻璃体积血、增殖、机化膜形成，牵拉视网膜，视网膜形成裂孔和视网膜脱离。