对外经济贸易大学 历年博士试题
对外经济贸易大学考博英语阅读理解真题指导
对外经济贸易大学考博英语阅读理解真题指导In the early1960s Wilt Chamberlain was one of only three playersin the National Basketball Association(NBA)listed at over seven feet.If he had played last season,however,he would have been one of42.The bodies playing major professional sports have changeddramatically over the years,and managers have been more than willingto adjust team uniforms to fit the growing numbers of bigger,longerframes.The trend in sports,though,may be obscuring an unrecognizedreality:Americans have generally stopped growing.Though typicallyabout two inches taller now than140years ago,today's people-especially those born to families who have lived in the U.S.for manygenerations-apparently reached their limit in the early1960s.Andthey aren't likely to get any taller."In the general population today,at this genetic,environmental level,we've pretty much gone as faras we can go,"says anthropologist William Cameron Chumlea of WrightState University.In the case of NBA players,their increase in heightappears to result from the increasingly common practice of recruitingplayers from all over the world.（PS:The way to contact yumingkaobo TEL:si ling ling-liu liu ba-liu jiu qi ba QQ:772678537) Growth,which rarely continues beyond the age of20,demandscalories and nutrients-notably,protein-to feed expanding tissues.At the start of the20th century,under-nutrition and childhoodinfections got in the way.But as diet and health improved,childrenand adolescents have,on average,increased in height by about an inchand a half every20years,a pattern known as the secular trend in height.Yet according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,average height-5′9″for men,5′4″for women-hasn't really changed since1960.Genetically speaking,there are advantages to avoiding substantial height.During childbirth,larger babies have more difficulty passing through the birth canal.Moreover,even though humans have been upright for millions of years,our feet and back continue to struggle with bipedal posture and cannot easily withstand repeated strain imposed by oversize limbs."There are some real constraints that are set by the genetic architecture of the individual organism,"says anthropologist William Leonard of Northwestern University.Genetic maximums can change,but don't expect this to happen soon. Claire C.Gordon,senior anthropologist at the Army Research Center in Natick,Mass.,ensures that90percent of the uniforms and workstations fit recruits without alteration.She says that,unlike those for basketball,the length of military uniforms has not changed for some time.And if you need to predict human height in the near future to design a piece of equipment,Gordon says that by and large, "you could use today's data and feel fairly confident."31.Wilt Chamberlain is cited as an example to[A]illustrate the change of height of NBA players.[B]show the popularity of NBA players in the U.S..[C]compare different generations of NBA players.[D]assess the achievements of famous NBA players.32.Which of the following plays a key role in body growth according to the text?[A]Genetic modification.[B]Natural environment.[C]Living standards.[D]Daily exercise.33.On which of the following statements would the author most probably agree?[A]Non-Americans add to the average height of the nation.[B]Human height is conditioned by the upright posture.[C]Americans are the tallest on average in the world.[D]Larger babies tend to become taller in adulthood.34.We learn from the last paragraph that in the near future[A]the garment industry will reconsider the uniform size.[B]the design of military uniforms will remain unchanged.[C]genetic testing will be employed in selecting sportsmen.[D]the existing data of human height will still be applicable.35.The text intends to tell us that[A]the change of human height follows a cyclic pattern.[B]human height is becoming even more predictable.[C]Americans have reached their genetic growth limit.[D]the genetic pattern of Americans has altered.本文由“育明考博”整理编辑。
(NEW)对外经济贸易大学《815经济学综合》历年考研真题
D．需求增加
2 如果闲暇是正常品，则财产性收入的增加会导致劳动供给量 （ ）。 A．增加 B．减少 C．不改变 D分配最为平 均？（ ） A．甲国的基尼系数为0.20 B．乙国的基尼系数为0.35 C．丙国的基尼系数为0.50 D．丁国的基尼系数为0.60
One worrying lesson for bankers and regulators everywhere to bear in mind is post-bubble Japan. In the 1990s its leading bankers not only hung onto their jobs; they also refused to recognize and shed bad debts, in effect keeping “zombie” loans on their books. That is one reason why the country’s economy stagnated for so long. The quicker bankers are to recognize their losses, to sell assets that they are hoarding in the vain hope that prices will recover, and to make markets in such assets for their clients, the quicker the banking system will get back on its feet.
2007年对外经济贸易大学816经济学科综合考研真题及详解
2008年对外经济贸易大学815经济 学综合考研真题
一、名词解释（每小题3分，共12分） 1 范围经济
对外经济贸易大学考博英语新题型及其解析
对外经济贸易大学考博英语新题型及其解析There is growing interest in East Japan Railway Co.ltd，one ofthe six companies，created out of the privatized nationa__l__railwaysystem.In an industry lacking exciting growth1，its plan to usereal-estate assets in and around train stations__2__is drawinginterest.In a plan called“Station Renaissance”that it__3__in November，JR East said that it would__4__using its commercial spaces for shopsand restaurants，extending them to__5__more suitable for theinformation age.It wants train stations as pick-up__6__for suchgoods as books，flowers and groceries__7__over the Internet.In acountry where city__8__depend heavily on trains__9__commuting，about16million people a day go to its train stations anyway，the company__10__.So，picking up commodities at train stations__11__consumersextra travel and missed home deliveries.JR East already has beenusing its station__12__stores for this purpose，but it plans tocreate__13__spaces for the delivery of Internet goods.The company also plans to introduce__14__cards—known in Japanas IC cards because they use integrated circuit Geng duo yuan xiaozhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xi quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi erliu qi ba wu san qi for__15__information__16__train tickets andcommuter passes__17__the magnetic ones used today，integrating theminto a/an__18__pass.This will save the company money，because__19__for IC cards are much less expensive than magnetic systems.Increased use of IC cards should also__20__the space needed for ticket vending.1.[A]perspectives[B]outlooks[C]prospects[D]spectacles2.[A]creatively[B]originally[C]authentically[D]initially3.[A]displayed[B]demonstrated[C]embarked[D]unveiled4.[A]go beyond[B]set out[C]come around[D]spread over5.[A]applications[B]enterprises[C]functions[D]performances6.[A]districts[B]vicinities[C]resorts[D]locations7.[A]acquired[B]purchased[C]presided[D]attained8.[A]lodgers[B]tenants[C]dwellers[D]boarders9.[A]for[B]in[C]of[D]as10.[A]figures[B]exhibits[C]convinces[D]speculates11.[A]deprives[B]retrieves[C]spares[D]exempts12.[A]conjunction[B]convenience[C]department[D]ornament13.[A]delegated[B]designated[C]devoted[D]dedicated14.[A]clever[B]smart[C]ingenious[D]intelligent15.[A]checking[B]gathering[C]holding[D]accommodating16.[A]as[B]for[C]with[D]of17.[A]but for[B]as well as[C]instead of[D]more than18.[A]unique[B]single[C]unitary[D]only19.[A]devices[B]instruments[C]readers[D]examiners20.[A]reduce[B]narrow[C]dwarf[D]shrink答案1.C2.A3.D4.A5.C6.D7.B8.C9.A10.A11.C12.B13.D14.B15.C16.A17.C18.B19.C20.A总体分析本文介绍了东日本铁路公司引人关注的新计划。
对外经济贸易大学法学院考博真题-参考书-分数线-复习方法-育明考博
对外经济贸易大学法学院考博指导与分析一、对外经济贸易大学法学院考博资讯从2014年开始，除专职教师和专职科研人员外对外经济贸易大学不在招收以在职方式攻读的博士研究生，仅招收全日制脱产博士研究生，所有被录取的考生均须将档案迁入对外经济贸易大学管理。
（一）考试科目及各方向导师：1.030101法学理论研究方向01：法理学与比较法学。
导师是鲍禄。
研究方向02：欧盟法。
导师是鲍禄。
考试的科目：（1）1103英语（100%）。
（2）2203法学基础（法学各科基础理论）（100%）。
（3）3351法理学综合（法理学、比较法学等，法律史、宪法与行政法、民商法、国际法与国际经济法等）（100%）。
2.030105民商法学研究方向01：民法。
导师分别是王晓川、苏号朋、梅夏英、徐海燕。
研究方向02：商法。
导师分别是王晓川、苏号朋、梅夏英、徐海燕。
考试的科目：（1）1103英语（100%）。
（2）2203法学基础（法学各科基础理论）（100%）。
（3）3355民商法学综合【民法总论、物权法、债权法（包括债法总论、合同法、侵权责任法）；商法总论、企业法（包括公司法、合伙企业法、个人独资企业法）；商事登记制度（含商事名称）、商事中介制度（包括商事代理、行纪，居间、信托）】（100%）。
3.诉讼法学研究方向01：民事诉讼法学。
导师分别是冀宗儒、陈学权。
研究方向02：证据法学。
导师分别是冀宗儒、陈学权。
考试的科目：（1）1103英语（100%）。
（2）2203法学基础（法学各科基础理论）（100%）。
（3）3356民诉与证据法学综合（民事诉讼理论知识、证据制度理论知识：物权法、合同法、侵权法、公司法基础知识）（100%）。
4.030107经济法学研究方向01：竞争法。
导师是黄勇。
研究方向02：金融法。
导师分别是黄勇、李玫。
研究方向03：宏观调控法。
导师是黄勇。
考试的科目：（1）1103英语（100%）。
（2）2203法学基础（法学各科基础理论）（100%）。
对外经济贸易大学考博英语阅读真题解析
对外经济贸易大学考博英语阅读真题解析Text3The rough guide to marketing success used to be that you got whatyou paid for.No longer.While traditional“paid”media–such astelevision commercials and print advertisements–still play a majorrole,companies today can exploit many alternative forms of media.Consumers passionate about a product may create"earned"media bywillingly promoting it to friends,and a company may leverage“owned”media by sending e-mail alerts about products and sales tocustomers registered with its Web site.In fact，the way consumersnow approach the process of making purchase decisions means thatmarketing's impact stems from a broad range of factors beyondconventional paid media.过去，市场营销的成功诀窍简而言之就是一分钱一分货。
然而时过境迁。
虽然传统的“付费”(paid)媒介，比如电视和广播广告、平面广告和路边广告牌等，仍然扮演着重要角色，但企业如今还可以利用许多其他形式的媒介。
比如，痴迷于某种产品的消费者，可能会乐意将之推荐给朋友，从而为企业创造因产品的优良品质带来的“无偿”(earned)媒介。
对外经济贸易大学考博英语真题答案
对外经济贸易大学考博英语真题答案Section I Use of English1、【答案】B concluded【解析】题干中，一系列的研究已经_____，事实上，正常体重的人的患病风险要高于超重的人。
根据句义，后面的部分实际上是研究的结论，因此concluded符合题意，其他选项denied(否认)与意义相反，doubled(翻倍)与题意较远，ensured(确保)不符合题意，因为研究不能确保后面的事实，只能得出后面的事实作为结论。
所以正确答案为B。
2、【答案】A protective【解析】题干中，对于某些健康情况，超重事实上是有_____。
根据前文研究的结论，超重能减少罹患疾病的风险，说明超重具有一定的保护作用。
Dangerous和文章意思相反，sufficient表示充足，troublesome表示有麻烦，不符合题意，所以正确答案为A。
（PS:The way to contact yumingkaobo TEL:si ling ling-liu liu ba-liu jiu qi ba QQ:772678537)3、【答案】C likewise【解析】第三句话中，较重的女人患缺钙的比例低于较瘦的女人。
_____，在老年人中，一定程度上超重……。
需要填入的是和前半句表示顺接的词语。
A选项instead表示逆接的句意关系，B选项however也表示逆接，D选项therefore表示因此，只有C选项likewise意为同样地;也，而且。
因此正确答案为C。
4、【答案】A indicator【解析】本句话中，_____，一定程度上超重，经常是健康的_____。
A 选项，表示指示器，指标。
B选项objective表示客观;C选项origin表示来源，D选项example表示例子。
根据前面的文章内容，已经明确指出超重代表了健康，因此超重是健康的指标。
因此正确答案为A。
5、【答案】D concern【解析】本句话的句意是，需要更加_____是，很难对肥胖加以定义。
对外经济贸易大学法学院国际法学专业王军比较法考博参考书-考博分数线-专业课真题
对外经济贸易大学法学院国际法学专业王军比较法考博参考书-考博分数线-专业课真题一、专业的设置对外经济贸易大学法学院拟招收博士生18人，分为6个专业，分别是法学理论、刑法学、民商法学、诉讼法学、经济法学、国际法学。
二、考试的科目三、导师介绍王军，男，现任对外经济贸易大学法学院院长，我国著名法学家和法学教育家。
1979年至1983年，他就读于北京师范大学第二分校历史系，获历史学学士学位；1983年至1986年，他就读于中国政法大学研究生院，获法学硕士学位；1999年至2006年，他在职攻读博士学位，获对外经济贸易大学法学院国际法学博士学位。
他曾两度赴美留学。
第一次的时间为1991年至1992年，他在美国洛杉矶Loyola Law School进修；第二次的时间为2004年至2005年，他作为中美政府富布赖特项目访问学者在美国哈佛大学法学院进修。
育明教育考博分校解析：考博如果能够提前联系导师的话，不论是在备考信息的获取，还是在复试的过程中，都会有极大的帮助，甚至是决定性的帮助。
育明教育考博分校经过这些年的积淀可以协助学员考生联系以上导师。
四、参考书目五、对外经贸考博英语对外经贸的考博英语满分100分，题型有阅读、翻译和写作等。
对外经贸考博英语的整体难度介于六级和老托福之间，对词汇量有很高的要求，特别注重对形近字、意近词和固定搭配以及语法的考察。
做阅读理解一定要遵守“实事求是”的原则，翻译这一个题型很容易丢分，考博资料获取、复习经验可咨询叩叩：捌九叁二，四壹二，贰六，要想得高分，每一天都要遵循“八步法”练习三个句子。
作文对于考生的英语综合能力要求很高，要做到“厚重、灵动和美观”，复习资料建议使用育明教育考博分校编写的对外经贸考博英语一本通。
每年有大批的同学英语单科受限，对于英语基础比较差的考生，建议大家早做准备。
育明考博教研部主编的《考博英语真题解析》《考博词汇》，河北大学出版社出版。
是最为权威的考博英语备考资料。
对外经济贸易大学国际经济贸易学院西方经济学专业考博参考书-考博分数线-专业课真题
对外经济贸易大学国际经济贸易学院西方经济学专业考博参考书-考博分数线-专业课真题一、专业的设置数理经济学专业考生考试英语和经济数学综合两张试卷。
我院部分专业接受具有数理背景的跨专业考生报考，该类考生可以选择以数理经济考生的方式参加考试，即考试英语和经济数学综合两张试卷。
所有考生均须在入学前获得硕士学位，我院不招收以同等学力方式报考的学生。
本年度我院拟录博士生34名，对口支援和骨干计划招生名额单列。
二、考试的科目三、导师介绍殷晓鹏：2001年毕业于加拿大麦吉尔（McGill）大学，获经济学博士学位。
曾先后在加拿大康科迪亚（Concordia）大学，温莎（Windsor）大学任教。
2007年秋季起到对外经贸大学国际经贸学院任教。
现任对外经贸大学国际经贸学院国际贸易系主任、副教授、博导，兼任国际经济与金融学会（中国）（IEFS China）的执行秘书兼财务，及华盛顿大学-对外经贸大学国际经济联合研究中心（UW——UIBERCIE）的执行副主任。
目前主要从事外商直接投资与外包、区域经济联合与贸易协定、贸易、资本流动与经济增长、内生经济增长、开放宏观经济等领域的研究和教学工作。
育明教育考博分校解析：考博如果能够提前联系导师的话，不论是在备考信息的获取，还是在复试的过程中，都会有极大的帮助，甚至是决定性的帮助。
育明教育考博分校经过这些年的积淀可以协助学员考生联系以上导师。
四、参考书目专业课信息应当包括一下几方面的内容：第一，关于参考书和资料的使用。
这一点考生可以咨询往届的博士学长，也可以和育明考博联系。
参考书是理论知识建立所需的载体，如何从参考书抓取核心书目，从核心书目中遴选出重点章节常考的考点，如何高效的研读参考书、建立参考书框架，如何灵活运用参考书中的知识内容来答题，是考生复习的第一阶段最需完成的任务。
另外，考博资料获取、复习经验可咨询叩叩：捌九叁，二肆壹，二二六，专业知识的来源也不能局限于对参考书的研读，整个的备考当中考生还需要阅读大量的paper，读哪一些、怎么去读、读完之后应该怎么做，这些也会直接影响到考生的分数。
对外经济贸易大学考博英语模拟试卷1(题后含答案及解析)
对外经济贸易大学考博英语模拟试卷1(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabulary 2. Error Identification 3. Cloze 4. Proofreading 5. Chinese-English TranslationStructure and V ocabulary1．Everyone must have liked the cake because there wasn’t even a ______left.A．crutchB．chipC．chopD．clip正确答案：B解析：本题是一道词义辨析题，crutch含义为“支柱，叉柱”；chip含义为“碎片，碎屑”；chop含义为“一块排骨”；clip含义为“夹钳”。
根据句意，本题应该选B。
2．Mary ______when she found her husband drunk again.A．blew her topB．became abnormalC．was affectedD．in opposition正确答案：A解析：本题是一道词义辨析题，blow one’s top含义为“发脾气”；become abnormal含义为“变得反常”；be affected含义为“被影响”；in opposition含义为“反对”。
根据句意，A最适合。
3．During the famine many people ______eating grass and leaves.A．felt inclined toB．were confronted withC．got accustomed toD．were reduced to正确答案：D解析：本题是一道词义辨析题，come on含义为“跟着来”；come off含义为“离开”；come out含义为“出来”；come up含义为“偶然获得”。
根据句意，D 最合适。
2006-2010年对外经贸大学815真题
对外经济贸易大学2002年金融专业考研试题一、填空(每空1分，共9分)1、在某一垄断竞争行业中，各厂商所生产的产品既存在————，同时有具有———。
2、以收益形式表现的生产要素边际生产力通常被称为————。
3、凯恩斯主义认为，————是西方国家最通常使用的、最主要的货币政策工具。
4、普惠制条件下，受惠国向给惠国输出的商品享受关税优惠的程度取决于普惠税与————之间的差额。
5、按照目前我国贷款风险分类标准，贷款分为正常类、————类、————类、可疑类和损失类。
6、世界贸易组织在金融领域所追求的两大目标是————和————。
二、判断下列各题的叙述是否正确，正确的在每小题前面的括号内划√错误的划×(每小题1分，共10分)1、( )当录像机的价格上升时，录像带的需求量会减少，这是因为录像机和录像带之间存在着代替性。
2、( )厂商增加一单位产量时所增加的可变成本等于边际成本。
3、( )在均衡的国民收入水品上，非计划存货和计划存货投资都必须等于零。
4、( )在开放经济中，一国只能通过实施货币政策而不是通过财政政策实现充分就业和国际收支平衡。
5、( )长期性商品倾销往往有赖于规模经济或政府出口补贴的支持。
6、( )国际贸易额是世界各国进口与出口的总和。
7、( )在金融市场上，短期利率的波动一般要大于长期利率，但长期债券的价格比短期债券的价格不稳定。
8、( )根据中国人民银行的规定，证券交易保证金帐户存款属于我国货币统计中M1的组成部分。
9、( )蒙代尔——弗莱明模型认为，在浮动汇率制、货币自由流动和货币自主权之间存在着三难选择。
10、( )金融服务附录规定，审慎监管措施受服务贸易总协定其他条款的限制。
三、单项选择题(将正确答案填写在括号内，每题1分，共7分)1、等成本线向内移动表明A、产量降低了B、生产要素的价格按相同比例下降了；C、成本减少了；D、生产要素的价格按不同比例下降了答案( )2、有效关税率代表这对————部分的有效保护。
对外经济贸易大学考博英语翻译真题及其解析
对外经济贸易大学考博英语翻译真题及其解析1.1990年英译汉试题及参考译文People have wondered for a long time how their personalities，and behaviors are formed.It is not easy to explain why oneperson is intelligent and another is not，or why one is cooperative and another is competitive.Social scientists are，of course，extremely interested in these types of questions.（61）They want to explain why we possess certain characteristics and exhibit certain behaviors.There are no clear answers yet，but two distinct schools of thought on the matter have developed.As one might expect，the two approaches are very different from each other.The controversy is often conveniently referred to asnature vs.nurture.Geng duo yuan xiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xi quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi.（62）Those who support thenatureside of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior patterns are largely determined by biological factors.（63）That our environment has little，if anything，to do with our abilities，characteristics and behavior is central to this theory.Taken to an extreme，this theory maintains that our behavior is predetermined to such a great degree that we are almost completely governed by our instincts.Those who support thenurturetheory，that is，they advocate education，are often called behaviorists.They claim that ourenvironment is more important than our biologically based instincts in determining how we will act.A behaviorist，B.F.Skinner，sees humans as beings whose behavior is almost completely shaped by their surroundings.（64）The behaviorists maintain that，like machines，humans respond to environmental stimuli as the basis of their behavior.Let us examine the different explanations about one human characteristic，intelligence，offered by the two theories.（65）Supporters of thenaturetheory insist that we are born with a certain capacity for learning that is biologically determined.Needless to say，they don’t believe that factors in the environment have much influence on what is basically a predetermined characteristic.On the other hand，behaviorists argue that our intelligence levels are the product of our experiences.（66）Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli whichdevelop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.The social and political implications of these two theories are profound.（67）In the United States，blacks often score below whites on standardized intelligence tests.This leads somenatureproponents to conclude that blacks are biologically inferior to whites.（68）Behaviorists，in contrast，say that differences in scores are due to the fact that blacks are often deprived of many of the educational and other environmental advantages that whites enjoy.Most people think neither of these theories can yet fully explain human behavior.1990年英译汉试题参考译文长期以来人们完全不知道他们的性格特征和行为模式是怎样形成的。
对外经济贸易大学2009考博英语真题及其经典解析-育明考博
对外经济贸易大学2009考博英语真题及其经典解析Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered black and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10points) The Internet affords anonymity to its users,a blessing to privacy and freedom of speech.But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cyber-crime that has1across the Web.Can privacy be preserved2bringing safety and security to a world that seems increasingly3?Last month,Howard Schmidt,the nation’s cyber-czar,offered the federal government a4to make the Web a safer place-a“voluntary trusted identity”system that would be the high-tech5of a physical key,a fingerprint and a photo ID card,all rolled6one. The system might use a smart identity card,or a digital credential 7to a specific computer.and would authenticate users at a range of online services.Geng duo yuan xiao zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xi quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi.The idea is to8a federation of private online identity systems. User could9which system to join,and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems.The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver’s license10by the government.Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have these “single sign-on”systems that make it possible for users to11 just once but use many different services.12.the approach would create a“walled garden”n cyberspace, with safe“neighborhoods”and bright“streetlights”to establish a sense of a13community.Mr.Schmidt described it as a“voluntary ecosystem”in which “individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with14,trusting the identities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure15which the transaction runs”.Still,the administration’s plan has16privacy rights activists.Some applaud the approach;others are concerned.It seems clear that such a scheme is an initiative push toward what would17 be a compulsory Internet“drive’s license”mentality.The plan has also been greeted with18by some computer security experts,who worry that the“voluntary ecosystem”envisioned by Mr. Schmidt would still leave much of the Internet19.They argue that all Internet users should be20to register and identify themselves, in the same way that drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads. 1． A.swept B.skipped C.walked D.ridden2． A.for B.within C.while D.though3． A.careless wless C.pointless D.helpless 4． A.reason B.reminder promise D.proposal5． rmationB.interferenceC.entertainmentD.equivalent 6． A.by B.into C.from D.over7． A.linked B.directed C.chained pared 8． A.dismiss B.discover C.create D.improve 9． A.recall B.suggest C.select D.realize 10． A.relcased B.issued C.distributed D.delivered 11． A.carry on B.linger on C.set in D.log in 12． A.In vain B.In effect C.In return D.In contrast 13． A.trusted B.modernized c.thriving peting 14． A.caution B.delight C.confidence D.patience 15． A.on B.after C.beyond D.across 16． A.divided B.disappointedC.protected D.united 17． A.frequestly B.incidentallyC.occasionally D.eventually 18． A.skepticism B.relerance C.indifference D.enthusiasm 19． A.manageable B.defendable C.vulnerable D.invisible 20． A.invited B.appointed C.allowed D.forcedSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions after each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1. (40points)Text1Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachs’s board as an outsidedirector in January2000:a year later she became president of Brown University.For the rest of the decade she apparently managed both roles without attracting much eroticism.But by the end of2009Ms. Simmons was under fire for having sat on Goldman’s compensation committee;how could she have let those enormous bonus payouts pass unremarked?By February the next year Ms.Simmons had left the board. The position was just taking up too much time,she said.Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful,yet less biased,advisers on a firm’s board.Having made their wealth and their reputations elsewhere,they presumably have enough independence to disagree with the chief executive’s proposals.If the sky,and the share price is falling,outside directors should be able to give advice based on having weathered their own crises.The researchers from Ohio University used a database hat covered more than10,000firms and more than64,000different directors between1989and2004.Then they simply checked which directors stayed from one proxy statement to the next.The most likely reason for departing a board was age,so the researchers concentrated on those “surprise”disappearances by directors under the age of70.They fount that after a surprise departure,the probability that the company will subsequently have to restate earnings increased by nearly20%.The likelihood of being named in a federal class-action lawsuit also increases,and the stock is likely to perform worse.The effect tended to be larger for larger firms.Although a correlationbetween them leaving and subsequent bad performance at the firm is suggestive,it does not mean that such directors are always jumping off a sinking ship.Often they“trade up.”Leaving riskier,smaller firms for larger and more stable firms.But the researchers believe that outside directors have an easier time of avoiding a blow to their reputations if they leave a firm before bad news breaks,even if a review of history shows they were on the board at the time any wrongdoing occurred.Firms who want to keep their outside directors through tough times may have to create incentives.Otherwise outside directors will follow the example of Ms.Simmons,once again very popular on campus.21.According to Paragraph1,Ms.Simmons was criticizedfor.[A]gaining excessive profits[B]failing to fulfill her duty[C]refusing to make compromises[D]leaving the board in tough times22.We learn from Paragraph2that outside directors are supposed to be.[A]generous investors[B]unbiased executives[C]share price forecasters[D]independent advisers23.According to the researchers from Ohio University after an outsidedirector’s surprise departure,the firm is likely to.[A]become more stable[B]report increased earnings[C]do less well in the stock market[D]perform worse in lawsuits24.It can be inferred from the last paragraph that outside directors.[A]may stay for the attractive offers from the firm[B]have often had records of wrongdoings in the firm[C]are accustomed to stress-free work in the firm[D]will decline incentives from the firm25.The author’s attitude toward the role of outside directors is.[A]permissive[B]positive[C]scornful[D]criticalText2Whatever happened to the death of newspaper?A year ago the end seemed near.The recession threatened to remove the advertising and readers that had not already fled to the internet.Newspapers like the San Francisco Chronicle were chronicling their own doom.America’s Federal Trade commission launched a round of talks about how to save newspapers.Should they become charitable corporations?Should thestate subsidize them?It will hold another meeting soon.But the discussions now seem out of date.In much of the world there is the sign of crisis.German and Brazilian papers have shrugged off the recession.Even American newspapers,which inhabit the most troubled come of the global industry,have not only survived but often returned to profit.Not the20%profit margins that were routine a few years ago,but profit all the same.It has not been much fun.Many papers stayed afloat by pushing journalists overboard.The American Society of News Editors reckons that13,500newsroom jobs have gone since2007.Readers are paying more for slimmer products.Some papers even had the nerve to refuse delivery to distant suburbs.Yet these desperate measures have proved the right ones and,sadly for many journalists,they can be pushed further.Newspapers are becoming more balanced businesses,with a healthier mix of revenues from readers and advertisers.American papers have long been highly unusual in their reliance on ads.Fully 87%of their revenues came from advertising in2008,according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation&Development(OECD).In Japan the proportion is35%.Not surprisingly,Japanese newspapers are much more stable.The whirlwind that swept through newsrooms harmed everybody,but much of the damage has been concentrated in areas where newspaper areleast distinctive.Car and film reviewers have gone.So have science and general business reporters.Foreign bureaus have been savagely cut off.Newspapers are less complete as a result.But completeness is no longer a virtue in the newspaper business.26.By saying“Newspapers like…their own doom”(Lines3-4,Para.1),the author indicates that newspaper.[A]neglected the sign of crisis[B]failed to get state subsidies[C]were not charitable corporations[D]were in a desperate situation27.Some newspapers refused delivery to distant suburbs probably because.[A]readers threatened to pay less[B]newspapers wanted to reduce costs[C]journalists reported little about these areas[D]subscribers complained about slimmer productspared with their American counterparts,Japanese newspapers are much more stable because they.[A]have more sources of revenue[B]have more balanced newsrooms[C]are less dependent on advertising[D]are less affected by readership29.What can be inferred from the last paragraph about the current newspaper business?[A]Distinctiveness is an essential feature of newspapers.[B]Completeness is to blame for the failure of newspaper.[C]Foreign bureaus play a crucial role in the newspaper business.[D]Readers have lost their interest in car and film reviews.30.The most appropriate title for this text would be.[A]American Newspapers:Struggling for Survival[B]American Newspapers:Gone with the Wind[C]American Newspapers:A Thriving Business[D]American Newspapers:A Hopeless StoryText3We tend to think of the decades immediately following World War II as a time of prosperity and growth,with soldiers returning home by the millions,going off to college on the G.I.Bill and lining up at the marriage bureaus.But when it came to their houses,it was a time of common sense and a belief that less could truly be more.During the Depression and the war,Americans had learned to live with less,and that restraint, in combination with the postwar confidence in the future,made small, efficient housing positively stylish.Economic condition was only a stimulus for the trend toward efficient living.The phrase“less is more”was actually first popularized by a German,the architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe,who like other people associated with the Bauhaus,a school of design, emigrated to the United States before World War IIand took up posts at American architecture schools.These designers came to exert enormous influence on the course of American architecture,but none more so that Mies.Mies’s signature phrase means that less decoration,properly organized,has more impact that a lot.Elegance,he believed,did not derive from abundance.Like other modern architects,he employed metal,glass and laminated wood-materials that we take for granted today buy that in the1940s symbolized the future.Mies’s sophisticated presentation masked the fact that the spaces he designed were small and efficient,rather than big and often empty.The apartments in the elegant towers Mies built on Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive,for example,were smaller-two-bedroom units under 1,000square feet-than those in their older neighbors along the city’s Gold Coast.But they were popular because of their airy glass walls, the views they afforded and the elegance of the buildings’details and proportions,the architectural equivalent of the abstract art so popular at the time.The trend toward“less”was not entirely foreign.In the1930s Frank Lloyd Wright started building more modest and efficient houses-usually around1,200square feet-than the spreading two-story ones he had designed in the1890s and the early20th century.The“Case Study Houses”commissioned from talented modern architects by California Arts&Architecture magazine between1945 and1962were yet another homegrown influence on the“less is more”trend.Aesthetic effect came from the landscape,new materials and forthright detailing.In his Case Study House,Ralph everyday life -few American families acquired helicopters,though most eventually got clothes dryers-but his belief that self-sufficiency was both desirable and inevitable was widely shared.31.The postwar American housing style largely reflected the Americans’.[A]prosperity and growth[B]efficiency and practicality[C]restraint and confidence[D]pride and faithfulness32.Which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph3about Bauhaus?[A]It was founded by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe.[B]Its designing concept was affected by World War II.[C]Most American architects used to be associated with it.[D]It had a great influence upon American architecture.33.Mies held that elegance of architectural design.[A]was related to large space[B]was identified with emptiness[C]was not reliant on abundant decoration[D]was not associated with efficiency34.What is true about the apartments Mies building Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive?[A]They ignored details and proportions.[B]They were built with materials popular at that time.[C]They were more spacious than neighboring buildings.[D]They shared some characteristics of abstract art.35.What can we learn about the design of the“Case Study House”?[A]Mechanical devices were widely used.[B]Natural scenes were taken into consideration[C]Details were sacrificed for the overall effect.[D]Eco-friendly materials were employed.Text4Will the European Union make it?The question would have sounded strange not long ago.Now even the project’s greatest cheerleaders talk of a continent facing a“Bermuda triangle”of debt,population decline and lower growth.As well as those chronic problems,the EU face an acute crisis in its economic core,the16countries that use the single currency. Markets have lost faith that the euro zone’s economies,weaker or stronger,will one day converge thanks to the discipline of sharing a single currency,which denies uncompetitive members the quick fix of devaluation.Yet the debate about how to save Europe’s single currency from disintegration is stuck.It is stuck because the euro zone’s dominant powers,France and Germany,agree on the need for greater harmonization within the euro zone,but disagree about what toharmonies.Germany thinks the euro must be saved by stricter rules on borrow spending and competitiveness,barked by quasi-automatic sanctions for governments that do not obey.These might include threats to freeze EU funds for poorer regions and EU mega-projects and even the suspension of a country’s voting rights in EU ministerial councils. It insists that economic co-ordination should involve all27members of the EU club,among whom there is a small majority for free-market liberalism and economic rigour;in the inner core alone,Germany fears, a small majority favour French interference.A“southern”camp headed by French wants something different:”European economic government”within an inner core of euro-zone members.Translated,that means politicians intervening in monetary policy and a system of redistribution from richer to poorer members, via cheaper borrowing for governments through common Eurobonds or complete fiscal transfers.Finally,figures close to the France government have murmured,curo-zone members should agree to some fiscal and social harmonization: e.g.,curbing competition in corporate-tax rates or labour costs.It is too soon to write off the EU.It remains the world’s largest trading block.At its best,the European project is remarkably liberal: built around a single market of27rich and poor countries,its internal borders are far more open to goods,capital and labour than any comparable trading area.It is an ambitious attempt to blunt thesharpest edges of globalization,and make capitalism benign.36.The EU is faced with so many problems that.[A]it has more or less lost faith in markets[B]even its supporters begin to feel concerned[C]some of its member countries plan to abandon euro[D]it intends to deny the possibility of devaluation37.The debate over the EU’s single currency is stuck because the dominant powers.[A]are competing for the leading position[B]are busy handling their own crises[C]fail to reach an agreement on harmonization[D]disagree on the steps towards disintegration38.To solve the euro problem,Germany proposed that.[A]EU funds for poor regions be increased[B]stricter regulations be imposed[C]only core members be involved in economic co-ordination[D]voting rights of the EU members be guaranteed39.The French proposal of handling the crisis implies that____.［A］poor countries are more likely to get funds［B］strict monetary policy will be applied to poor countries ［C］loans will be readily available to rich countries［D］rich countries will basically control Eurobonds40.Regarding the future of the EU,the author seems to feel____.［A］pessimistic［B］desperate［C］conceited［D］hopefulPart BDirections:Read the following text and answer the questions by finding information from the right column that corresponds to each of the marked details given in the left column.There are two extra choices in the right column.Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET1.(10points) 46．Direction：In this section there is a text in English.Translate it into Chinese,write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2.(15points) Who would have thought that,globally,the IT industry produces about the same volumes of greenhouse gases as the world’s airlines do-rough2percent of all CO2emissions?Many everyday tasks take a surprising toll on the environment.A Google search can leak between0.2and7.0grams of CO2depending on how many attempts are needed to get the“right”answer.To deliver results to its users quickly,then,Google has to maintain vast data centres round the world,packed with powerful computers.While producing large quantities of CO2,these computers emit a great deal of heat,so the centres need to be well air-conditioned,which uses even more energy.However,Google and other big tech providers monitor theirefficiency closely and make improvements.Monitoring is the first step on the road to reduction,but there is much to be done,and not just by big companies.参考答案从全球范围来看，有谁会想到IT行业释放的温室气体与全球航空公司产生的一样多呢？它大约占总二氧化碳总排量的2%。
对外经济贸易大学2009考博英语真题及其解析-育明考博
对外经济贸易大学2009考博英语真题及其解析Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following passage.For each numbered blank there are fourchoices marked A,B,C and D.Choose the best one and mark your answerson ANSWER SHEET l.(10points)The outbreak of swine flu that was first detected in Mexico wasdeclared a global pandemic on June11,2009,in the first designationby the World Health Organization of a worldwide pandemic in41years.The heightened alert came after an emergency meeting with fluexperts in Geneva that convened after a sharp rise in cases inAustralia,and rising numbers in Britain,Japan,Chile and elsewhere.But the pandemic is"moderate"in severity,according to MargaretChan,the organization's director general,with the overwhelmingmajority of patients experiencing only mild symptoms and a fullrecovery,often in the absence of any medical treatment.The outbreak came to global notice in late April2009,whenMexican authorities noticed an unusually large number ofGeng duo yuan xiao zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xi quan guo mianfei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba,huo jiazi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi.hospitalizations and deathsamong healthy adults.As much of Mexico City shut down at the heightof a panic,cases began to crop up in New York City,the southwesternUnited States and around the world.In the United States,new cases seemed to fade as warmer weather arrived.But in late September2009,officials reported there was significant flu activity in almost every state and that virtually all the samples tested are the new swine flu,also known as(A)H1N1,not seasonal flu.In the U.S.,it has infected more than one million people,and caused more than600deaths and more than6,000 hospitalizations.Federal health officials released Tamiflu for children from the national stockpile and began taking orders from the states for the new swine flu vaccine.The new vaccine,which is different from the annual flu vaccine,is available ahead of expectations.More than three million doses were to be made available in early October2009, though most of those initial doses were of the FluMist nasal spray type,which is not recommended for pregnant women,people over50or those with breathing difficulties,heart disease or several other problems.But it was still possible to vaccinate people in other high-risk group:health care workers,people caring for infants and healthy young people.SectionⅡReading comprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four passages.Answer the questions below each passage by choosing A,B,C and D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40points)Text1The longest bull run in a century of art-market history ended on a dramatic note with a sale of56works by Damien Hirst,“Beautiful Inside My Head Forever”,at Sotheby’s in London on September15th 2008(see picture).All but two pieces sold,fetching more than￡70m, a record for a sale by a single artist.It was a last hurrah.As the auctioneer called out bids,in New York one of the oldest banks on Wall Street,Lehman Brothers,filed for bankruptcy.The world art market had already been losing momentum for a while after rising vertiginously since2003.At its peak in2007it was worth some$65billion,reckons Clare McAndrew,founder of Arts Economics, a research firm—double the figure five years earlier.Since then it may have come down to$50billion.But the market generates interest far beyond its size because it brings together great wealth,enormous egos,greed,passion and controversy in a way matched by few other industries.In the weeks and months that followed Mr Hirst’s sale,spending of any sort became deeply unfashionable,especially in New York,where the bail-out of the banks coincided with the loss of thousands of jobs and the financial demise of many art-buying investors.In the art world that meant collectors stayed away from galleries and salerooms. Sales of contemporary art fell by two-thirds,and in the most overheated sector—for Chinese contemporary art—they were down by nearly90%in the year to November2008.Within weeks the world’stwo biggest auction houses,Sotheby’s and Christie’s,had to pay out nearly$200m in guarantees to clients who had placed works for sale with them.The current downturn in the art market is the worst since the Japanese stopped buying Impressionists at the end of1989,a move that started the most serious contraction in the market since the second world war. This time experts reckon that prices are about40%down on their peak on average,though some have been far more volatile.But Edward Dolman, Christie’s chief executive,says:“I’m pretty confident we’re at the bottom.”What makes this slump different from the last,he says,is that there are still buyers in the market,whereas in the early1990s,when interest rates were high,there was no demand even though many collectors wanted to sell.Christie’s revenues in the first half of 2009were still higher than in the first half of2006.Almost everyone who was interviewed for this special report said that the biggest problem at the moment is not a lack of demand but a lack of good work to sell.The three Ds—death,debt and divorce—still deliver works of art to the market.But anyone who does not have to sell is keeping away,waiting for confidence to return.21.In the first paragraph,Damien Hirst's sale was referred to as“a last victory”because____-.A.the art market hadwitnessed a succession of victoryiesB.the auctioneer finally got the two pieces at the highest bidsC.Beautiful Inside My Head Forever won over all masterpiecesD.it was successfully made just before the world financial crisis22.By saying“spending of any sort became deeply unfashionable”(Line 1-2,Para.3),the author suggests that_____.A.collectors were no longer actively involved in art-market auctionsB.people stopped every kind of spending and stayed away from galleriesC.art collection as a fashion had lost its appeal to a great extentD.works of art in general had gone out of fashion so they were not worth buying23.Which of the following statements is NOT ture?A.Sales of contemporary art fell dramatically from2007to2008.B.The art market surpassed many other industries in momentum.C.The market generally went downward in various ways.D.Some art dealers were awaiting better chances to come.24.The three Ds mentioned in the last paragraph are____A.auction houses'favoritesB.contemporary trendsC.factors promoting artwork circulationD.styles representing impressionists25.The most appropriate title for this text could be___A.Fluctuation of Art PricesB.Up-to-date Art AuctionsC.Art Market in DeclineD.Shifted Interest in ArtsText2I was addressing a small gathering in a suburban Virginia living room--a women's group that had invited men to join them.Throughout the evening one man had been particularly talkative frequently offering ideas and anecdotes while his wife sat silently beside him on the couch.Toward the end of the evening I commented that women frequently complain that their husbands don't talk to them.This man quickly concurred.He gestured toward his wife and said"She's the talker in our family."The room burst into laughter;the man looked puzzled and hurt."It's true"he explained."When I come home from work I have nothing to say.If she didn't keep the conversation going we'd spend the whole evening in silence."This episode crystallizes the irony that although American men tend to talk more than women in public situations they often talk less at home.And this pattern is wreaking havoc with marriage.The pattern was observed by political scientist Andrew Hacker in the late'70s.Sociologist Catherine Kohler Riessman reports in her new book"Divorce Talk"that most of the women she interviewed--but only a few of the men--gave lack of communication as the reason for their divorces.Given the current divorce rate of nearly50percent that amounts to millions of cases in the United States every year--a virtual epidemic of failed conversation.In my own research complaints from women about their husbands mostoften focused not on tangible inequities such as having given up the chance for a career to accompany a husband to his or doing far more than their share of daily life-support work like cleaning cooking social arrangements and errands.Instead they focused on communication:"He doesn't listen to me""He doesn't talk to me."I found as Hacker observed years before that most wives want their husbands to be first and foremost conversational partners but few husbands share this expectation of their wives.In short the image that best represents the current crisis is the stereotypical cartoon scene of a man sitting at the breakfast table with a newspaper held up in front of his face while a woman glares at the back of it wanting to talk.26.What is most wives'main expectation of their husbands?A.Talking to them.B.Trusting them.C.Supporting their careers.D.Shsring housework.27.Judging from the context,the phrase“wreaking havoc”(Line 3,Para.2)most probably means___.A generating motivation.B.exerting influenceC.causing damageDcreating pressure28.All of the following are true EXCEPT_______A.men tend to talk more in public tan womenB.nearly50percent of recent divorces are caused by failed conversationC.women attach much importance to communication between couples Da female tends to be more talkative at home than her spouse29.Which of the following can best summarize the mian idea of this text?A.The moral decaying deserves more research by sociologists.B.Marriage break_up stems from sex inequalities.C.Husband and wofe have different expectations from their marriage.D.Conversational patterns between man and wife are different.30.In the following part immediately after this text,the author will most probably focuson______A.a vivid account of the new book Divorce TalkB.a detailed description of the stereotypical cartoonC.other possible reasons for a high divorce rate in the U.S.D a brief introduction to the political scientist Andrew Hacker Txet3over the past decade,many companies had perfected the art of creating automatic behaviors—habits—among consumers.These habits have helped companies earn billions of dollars when customers eat snacks, apply lotions and wipe counters almost without thinking,often in response to a carefully designed set of daily cues.“There are fundamental public health problems,like hand washing with soap,that remain killers only because we can’t figure out how to change people’s habits,”Dr.Curtis said.“We wanted to learn from private industry how to create new behaviors that happen automatically.”The companies that Dr.Curtis turned to—Procter&Gamble, Colgate-Palmolive and Unilever—had invested hundreds of millions of dollars finding the subtle cues in consumers’lives that corporations could use to introduce new routines.If you look hard enough,you’ll find that many of the products we use every day—chewing gums,skin moisturizers,disinfecting wipes,air fresheners,water purifiers,health snacks, antiperspirants,colognes,teeth whiteners,fabric softeners, vitamins—are results of manufactured habits.A century ago,few people regularly brushed their teeth multiple times a day.Today, because of canny advertising and public health campaigns,many Americans habitually give their pearly whites a cavity-preventing scrub twice a day,often with Colgate,Crest or one of the other brands.A few decades ago,many people didn’t drink water outside of a meal. Then beverage companies started bottling the production of far-off springs,and now office workers unthinkingly sip bottled water all day long.Chewing gum,once bought primarily by adolescent boys,is now featured in commercials as a breath freshener and teeth cleanser for use after a meal.Skin moisturizers are advertised as part of morningbeauty rituals,slipped in between hair brushing and putting on makeup.“Our products succeed when they become part of daily or weekly patterns,”said Carol Berning,a consumer psychologist who recently retired from Procter&Gamble,the company that sold$76billion of Tide,Crest and other products last year.“Creating positive habits is a huge part of improving our consumers’lives,and it’s essential to making new products commercially viable.”Through experiments and observation,social scientists like Dr. Berning have learned that there is power in tying certain behaviors to habitual cues through relentless advertising.As this new science of habit has emerged,controversies have erupted when the tactics have been used to sell questionable beauty creams or unhealthy foods.31.According to Dr.Curtis,habits like hand washing with soap________.[A]should be further cultivated[B]should be changed gradually[C]are deepiy rooted in history[D]are basically private concerns32.Bottled water,chewing gun and skin moisturizers are mentioned in Paragraph5so as to____[A]reveal their impact on people’habits[B]show the urgent need of daily necessities[C]indicate their effect on people’buying power[D]manifest the significant role of good habits33.which of the following does NOT belong to products that help createpeople’s habits?[A]Tide[B]Crest[C]Colgate[D]Unilver34.From the text wekonw that some of consumer’s habits are developed due to_____[A]perfected art of products[B]automatic behavior creation[C]commercial promotions[D]scientific experiments35.the author’sattitude toward the influence of advertisement on people’s habits is____[A]indifferent[B]negative[C]positive[D]biasedText4Many Americans regard the jury system as a concrete expression of crucial democratic values,including the principles that all citizens who meet minimal qualifications of age and literacy are equally competent to serve on juries;that jurors should be selected randomly from a representative cross section of the community;that no citizen should be denied the right to serve on a jury on account of race,religion,sex,or national origin;that defendants are entitled to trial by their peers;and that verdicts should represent the conscience of the community and not just the letter of the law.The jury is also said to be the best surviving example of direct rather than representative democracy.In a direct democracy,citizens take turns governing themselves,rather than electing representatives to govern for them.But as recently as in1986,jury selection procedures conflicted with these democratic ideals.In some states,for example,jury duty was limited to persons of supposedly superior intelligence,education, and moral character.Although the Supreme Court of the United States had prohibited intentional racial discrimination in jury selection as early as the1880case of strauder v.West Virginia,the practice of selecting so-called elite or blue-ribbon juries provided a convenient way around this and other antidiscrimination laws.The system also failed to regularly include women on juries until the mid-20th century.Although women first served on state juries in Utah in1898,it was not until the1940s that a majority of states made women eligible for jury duty.Even then several states automatically exempted women from jury duty unless they personlly asked to have their names included on the jury list.This practice was justified by the claim that women were needed at home,and it kept juries unrepresentative of women through the1960s.In1968,the Congress of the United States passed the JurySelection and Service Act,ushering in a new era of democratic reforms for the jury.This law abolished special educational requirements for federal jurors and required them to be selected at random from a cross section of the entire community.In the landmark1975decision Taylor v.Louisiana,the Supreme Court extended the requirement that juries be representative of all parts of the community to the state level. The Taylor decision also declared sex discrimination in jury selection to be unconstitutional and ordered states to use the same procedures for selecting male and female jurors.36.From the principles of theUS jury system,welearn that______[A]both litcrate and illiterate people can serve on juries[B]defendants are immune from trial by their peers[C]no age limit should be imposed for jury service[D]judgment should consider the opinion of the public37.The practice of selecting so—called elite jurors prior to1968 showed_____[A]the inadcquavy of antidiscrimination laws[B]the prevalent discrimination against certain races[C]the conflicting ideals in jury selection procedures38.Even in the1960s,women were seldom on the jury list in some states because_____[A]they were automatically banned by state laws[B]they fell far short of the required qualifications[C]they were supposed to perform domestic duties[D]they tended to evade public engagement39.After the Jury Selection and Service Act was passed.___[A]sex discrimination in jury selection was unconstitutional and had to be abolished[B]educational requirements became less rigid in the selection of federal jurors[C]jurors at the state level ought to be representative of the entire community[D]states ought to conform to the federal court in reforming the jury system40.in discussing the US jury system,the text centers on_______[A]its nature and problems[B]its characteristics and tradition[C]its problems and their solutions[D]its tradition and developmentSectionⅢTranslation46.Directions:In this section there is a text in English.Translate it into Chinese.Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET2.(15points)“Suatainability”has become apopular word these days,but to Ted Ning,the concept will always have personal meaning.Having endured apainful period of unsustainability in his own life made itclear to him that sustainability-oriented values must be expressed though everyday action and choice.Ning recalls spending aconfusing year in the late1990s selling insurance.He’d been though the dot-com boom and burst and,desperate for ajob,signed on with a Boulder agency.It didin’t go well.“It was a really had move because that’s not my passion,”says Ning,whose dilemma about the job translated, predictably,into a lack of sales.“I was miserable,I had so much anxiety that I would wake up in the middle of the night and stare at the ceiling.I had no money and needed the job.Everyone said,‘Just wait,you’ll trun the corner,give it some time.’”翻译参考“坚持不懈”如今已成一个流行词汇，但对TedNing而言，这个概念一直有个人含义，经历了一段痛苦松懈的个人生活，使他清楚面向以坚持不懈为导向的价值观，必须贯彻到每天的行动和选择中。
对外经济贸易大学法学院国际法学专业国际商法考博参考书-考博分数线-专业课真题
对外经济贸易大学法学院国际法学专业国际商法考博参考书-考博分数线-专业课真题一、专业的设置对外经济贸易大学法学院拟招收博士生18人，分为6个专业，分别是法学理论、刑法学、民商法学、诉讼法学、经济法学、国际法学。
二、考试的科目三、导师介绍丁丁：女,山东省潍坊市人。
出生于1967年1月，对外经济贸易大学法学院副院长、法学博士、教授、法学博士生导师、法学/法律硕士生导师，自1991年开始在对外经济贸易大学国际经济法系（后为法学院）从事教学和科研工作，开设课程有：公司投资法、比较商事组织法、国际投资法、国际私法、国际商法、国际经济法总论等。
高西庆，男，1953年9月出生，法律博士。
现任清华大学法学院教授、博士生导师。
1986年获美国杜克大学法律博士学位（J.D.），其后在华尔街从事律师工作。
回国后创立中国证券市场设计研究中心，致力于中国证券市场的建立。
曾兼任中国证券监督管理委员会首席律师、发行部主任，作为主要发起人之一参与了中国证券市场的设计与建立工作；兼任中国银行港澳管理处副主任、中银国际副董事长兼执行总裁，主持了中银国际的全球整合工作。
盛建明（曾用名盛世平），男，1992年2月出生，江苏省苏州市人。
法学博士，对外经济贸易大学法学院教授，WTO法律研究中心主任，北京市人民政府法律专家顾问。
曾任北京环中律师事务所反倾销部副部长。
盛建明教授于1994年出版的《反倾销国际惯例》是我国关于介绍和研究反倾销法的最早的专著之一。
2005年出版《美国证券评级机构的法律责任》，被法学界前辈誉为填补该领域世界学术空白之作。
近年来在《国际贸易问题》《国际贸易》等有影响的刊物上发表了关于反倾销、反补贴、WTO等的一系列文章。
王军，男，现任对外经济贸易大学法学院院长，我国著名法学家和法学教育家。
1979年至1983年，他就读于北京师范大学第二分校历史系，获历史学学士学位；1983年至1986年，他就读于中国政法大学研究生院，获法学硕士学位；1999年至2006年，他在职攻读博士学位，获对外经济贸易大学法学院国际法学博士学位。
对外经济贸易大学考博英语阅读真题每日演练
对外经济贸易大学考博英语阅读真题每日演练SectionⅢPart B(每题2分，共10分)Directions:Read the followingtext carefully and then translate the underlined segments intoChinese.Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET2.(10points)Almost all our major problems involve human behavior,and they cannot be solved by physical and biological technology alone.What is needed is a technology of behavior,but we have been slow to develop the science from which such a technology might be drawn.(61)One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind,feelings,traits of character,human nature,and so on.Physics and biology once followed similar practices and advanced only when they discarded them.(62) The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly （PS:The way to contact yumingkaobo TEL:si ling ling-liu liu ba-liu jiu qi ba QQ:772678537) because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find.Theenvironment is obviously important,but its role has remained obscure.It does not push or pull,it selects,and this function is difficultto discover and analyze.(63)The role of natural selection inevolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago,and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintainingthe behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized andstudied.As the interaction between organism and environment has cometo be understood,however,effects once assigned to states of mind,feelings,and traits are beginning to be traced to accessibleconditions,and a technology of behavior may therefore becomeavailable.It will not solve our problems,however,until it replacestraditional prescientific views,and these are strongly entrenched. Freedom and dignity illustrate the difficulty.(64)They are the possessions of the autonomous(self-governing)man of traditional theory,and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements.A scientific analysis shifts both the responsibility and the achievement to the environment.It also raises questions concerning “values”.Who will use a technology and to what ends?(65)Until these issues are resolved,a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected,and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.本文由“育明考博”整理编辑。
对外经贸大学考博英语真题阅读理解精练
对外经贸大学考博英语真题阅读理解精练The fossil remains of the first flying vertebrates,the pterosaurs,have intrigued paleontologists for more than two centuries.How such large creatures, which weighed in some cases as much as a piloted hang-glider and had wingspans from8to12meters,solved the problems of powered flight,and exactly what these creatures were—reptiles or birds—are among the questions scientists have puzzled over.Perhaps the least controversial assertion about the pterosaurs is that they were reptiles.Their skulls,pelvises,and hind feet are reptilian.The anatomy of their wings suggests that they did not evolve into the class of birds.In pterosaurs a greatly elongated fourth finger of each forelimb supported a winglike membrane.The other fingers were short and reptilian,with sharpclaws.In birds the second finger is the principal strut of the wing,which consists primarily of feathers.If the pterosaurs walked on all fours,the three short fingers may have been employed for grasping.When a pterosaur walked or remained stationary, the fourth finger,and with it the wing,could only turn upward in an extended inverted V shape along each side of the animal’s body.The pterosaurs resembled both birds and bats in their overall structure and proportions.This is not surprising because the design of any flying vertebrate is subject to aerodynamic constraints.Both the pterosaurs and the birds have hollow bones,a feature that represents a savings in weight.In the birds,however, these bones are reinforced more massively by internal struts.Although scales typically cover reptiles,the pterosaurs probably had hairy coats.T.H.Huxley reasoned that flying vertebrates must have been warm-blooded because flying implies a high rate of metabolism,which in turn implies a high internal temperature.Huxley speculated that a coat of hair would insulate against loss of body heat and might streamline the body to reduce drag inflight.The recent discovery of a pterosaur specimen covered in long,dense,and relatively thick hairlike fossil material was the first clear evidence that his reasoning was correct.Efforts to explain how the pterosaurs became airborne have led to suggestions that they launched themselves by jumping from cliffs,by dropping from trees,or even by rising into light winds from the crests of waves.Each hypothesis has its difficulties.The first wrongly assumes that the pterosaurs’hind feet resembled a bat’s and could serve as hooks by which the animal could hang in preparation for flight.The second hypothesis seems unlikely because large pterosaurs could not have landed in trees without damaging their wings. The third calls for high waves to channel updrafts.The wind that made such waves however,might have been too strong for the pterosaurs to control their flight once airborne.（PS:The way to contact yumingkaobo TEL:si ling ling-liu liu ba-l iu jiu qi ba QQ:si jiu san san qi yi liu er liu）1.It can be inferred from the text that scientist now generally agree that the[A]enormous wingspan of the pterosaurs enabled them to fly great distances.[B]structure of the skeleton of the pterosaurs suggests a close evolutionary relationship to bats.[C]fossil remains of the pterosaurs reveal how they solved the problem of powered flight.[D]pterosaurs were reptiles.2.The author views the idea that the pterosaurs became airborne by rising into light winds created by waves as[A]revolutionary.[B]unlikely.[C]unassailable.[D]probable.3.According to the text,the skeleton of a pterosaur can be distinguished from that of a bird by the[A]size of its wingspan.[B]presence of hollow spaces in its bones.[C]anatomic origin of its wing strut.[D]presence of hooklike projections on its hind feet.4.The ideas attributed to T.H.Huxley in the text suggest that he would most likely agree with which of the following statements?[A]An animal’s brain size has little bearing on its ability to master complex behaviors.[B]An animal’s appearance is often influenced by environmental requirements and physical capabilities.[C]Animals within a given family group are unlikely to change their appearance dramatically over a period of time.[D]The origin of flight in vertebrates was an accidental development rather than the outcome of specialization or adaptation.5.Which of the following best describes the organization of the last paragraph of the text?[A]New evidence is introduced to support a traditional point of view.[B]Three explanations for a phenomenon are presented and each is disputed by means of specific information.[C]Three hypotheses are outlined and evidence supporting each is given.[D]Recent discoveries are described and their implications for future study are projected.[答案与考点解析]1.【答案】D【考点解析】这是一道审题定位题型。
2006年对外经济贸易大学考博英语真题及详解【圣才出品】
2006年对外经济贸易大学考博英语真题及详解IIn each question,decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked,put the letter of your choice on the Answer Sheet;choose one of the four choices marked A,B,C and D that best keeps the meaning of the sentence,which is substituted for the underlined word or phrase,and mark the corresponding letter of your choice on the Answer Sheet.(7.5%)1.The farmers were more anxious for rain than the people in the city because they had more at______.A.dangerB.stakeC.loseD.threat【答案】B【解析】at stake冒风险，在胜败关头。
in danger处于危险中。
2.As the cup final was drawing closer,the injury of the best player was a______for the whole team.A.misdemeanorB.mistrustC.misfortuneD.mischief【答案】C【解析】misfortune不幸，厄运。
misdemeanor罪行，程度轻的恶行。
mistrust不相信，不信任。
mischief顽皮，淘气；道德上的伤害。
2014年外交学院博士生入学考试政治学试题,真题解析,考博心得,复试真题,真题笔记
考博详解与指导外交学院博士生入学考试政治学试题1、对17*国内国际两个统筹分析2、政治革命与政治改革的关系，政治改革的作用3、欧盟与东盟在启动与深化机制、发展特点的比较4、核不扩散机制的作用、面对的挑战、内在矛盾与可能的解决方式第一部分、传统面试问题（Sample Traditional Interview Questions）1、What can you tell me about yourself?（关于你自己，你能告诉我些什么？）这一问题如果面试没有安排自我介绍的时间的话。
这是一个必问的问题。
考官并不希望你大谈你的个人历史，他是在寻找有关你性格、资历、志向和生活动力的线索，来判断你是否适合读研或者MBA。
下面是一个积极正面回答的好例子：“在高中我参加各种竞争性体育活动，并一直努力提高各项运动的成绩。
大学期间，我曾在一家服装店打工，我发现我能轻而易举地将东西推销出去。
销售固然重要，但对我来说，更重要的是要确信顾客能够满意。
不久便有顾客返回那家服装店点名让我为他们服务。
我很有竞争意识，力求完美对我很重要。
”In high school I was involved in competitive sports and I always tried to improve in each sport I participated in.As a college student,I worked in a clothing store part-time and found that I could sell things easily.The sale was important,but for me,it was even more important to make sure that the customer was satisfied.It was not long before customers came back to the store and specifically asked for me to help them.I’m very competitive and it means a lot to me to be the best.2、What would you like to be doing five years after graduation?（在毕业以后5年内你想做些什么？）你要清楚你实际上能胜任什么。