管理者的涅盘之道Microsoft Word 文档
一个合格的管理者,想让自己立于不败之地,只需做到2点即可
作为一个管理者,就得先了解管理者的含义;管理者就是指在企业中直接参与和帮助他人工作的人。
管理者通过自己的地位和知识,对企业做出贡献和责任,所以管理者能够实质性的影响一家企业的经营成果的能力表现者。
现代管理学里的观点就有强调管理者必须对企业负责,而不仅仅是作为监督指导。
而随着现代管理模式以及职位提升,但方面的管理下属已经不再被企业所需要,除了具备企业管理能力,还得不断去学习新的管理知识与技巧。
你也可以这样理解,一个人还处于基层管理者时,只需要有一定的企业管理经验即可,因为此时的你目前的管理能胜任基层管理者的岗位,但如果你是一家企业中层管理时,所需要的就不是简单的基层管理能力了,此时的你除了基层管理能力之外,也许你还需要提升人际交往能力以及培育下属的能力等。
经过上面的结论我们可以得知,当一个管理者发现下属懂的管理知识比自己还多时,你就会对这样的下属产生不好管、不敢管的心理念头。
其实不然,你有这样的下属除了证明你该学习之外,同时你也应该感到欣慰。
当然最根本原因是自己只把自己当做管理者本人,没有往更高的局限跳出去,也太过于把不该有的注意力去集中在下属身上了,从而忽视了管理者的其他方面,也就导致了自己的心态失常。
一个在岗位的企业管理者,更多时候需要关注的不是自己与下属之间的差距,自己与上层之间的差距,你需要关注的是你自己本身在管理层里所有的缺失,然后去学习、去提升自己。
这样你才能在管理层走得更远,因为身为管理者也是区别于普通员工的一项指标。
如果你不去学习不去提升管理技能,那就能说明你的格局还未打开,或者格局还不够。
如果真想在管理上闯出一片天地,想成为企业的核心管理支柱,那就得先加强自己的综合能力,同时还得注意一下几个问题:下属的管理水平比我高时,我该怎么管理他呢?好像很无解,因为进退两难啊。
你是他的管理者,肯定要进行必要的管理,但他的技术水平比你还高,你好意思发号施令吗。
不管又不行,管又没底气,实在是难办得很。
涅盘道大手印瑜珈法要始DOC
涅盘道⼤⼿印瑜珈法要始DOC涅槃道⼤⼿印瑜珈法要始涅槃道⼤⼿印瑜珈法要始作者:⽩莲花上师西藏⽩教第⼆⼗四代上师⽩莲花造藏德客齐达⽡桑杜喇嘛译英美国伊⽂思温博⼠校释三密弟⼦光明⼼译汉敬礼顶礼宝贵⽩系历代上师所造⽂体为⽅便凡俗连续之能知,使之⾯对圣智故,此中阐明修法引导,名⽈俱⽣⼤⼿印。
计分为三:⼀⼊门教⾔;⼆本⽂要义;三结述。
⼀⼊门教⾔(⼀) 世间教⾔具如他处所明。
(⼆) 出世教⾔1 归依发⼼与上师相应以归依,发⼼,及与上师相应为发端。
2 七⽀禅坐现证毗卢遮那论云:端直其⾝,坐⾦刚座,专系⼀缘,为⼤⼿印。
备此,双⾜应作佛座之式。
双⼿平衡,置于脐下。
脊柱劲挺,胸部前突。
屈颈如钩状,下颚紧压喉结,⾆抵上颚。
⼼流常随感觉⽽起,以感于外物者为甚,是以⽬勿转瞬,或勿迁动,唯应注视⼀处,约当于五英尺有半之距离。
上乘七⽀禅坐,名⽈毗卢遮那七法,亦即了解⼼物过程之七法。
所谓调整⾝体以深⼊禅定之五重法式,即由此成⽴。
3 七⽀禅坐之果双腿交叉,调节⼊息。
双⼿平衡,体内热流分布。
脊柱劲挺,胸部前突,调节脑液,普及全⾝。
屈颈调节出息。
⾆抵上颚,⽬注⼀处,灵热⼊于中脉。
如是五种⽓流,既⼊中脉,专司其他机能之⽓流,同时亦⼊。
尔时智起,⼊于舍念乐住,名为⾝清净,或⾝⽆动,或⾝住本性。
4 语清净出息既尽,⽌息出⼊,名为语清净,或语⽆动,或语住本性。
勿思过去,勿思当来。
亦勿作念,正坐禅关。
所观真空,切勿视若⽆物之空。
尔时,切勿尝试推究感官所缘之境,为是为⾮。
⾄少应在少分时间内,保持禅观,勿任间断。
令⾝安静,恰如婴孩酣睡之状,同时使⼼住于本性 (勿任⼼念流转也)。
5 意清净古圣遗教云:“⼼勿起念,亦勿造像。
体常宁静,如婴酣睡。
谦温虔敬,遵师教法。
俱⽣之境,证取⽆疑”。
谛洛巴祖师云:”勿作意,勿思维,勿推究,勿观想,勿意念,⼼安住,本性境。
正法⼤师⽉光青年云:“⼼不外驰,为⼀切佛所践之道”。
上来所引教⾔,名为意清净,或意⽆动,或意住本性。
从管理走向领导,这九种能力必须突破
从管理走向领导,这九种能力必须突破许多管理者在走向领导岗位的时候,也同时走向了失败。
一个优秀的管理者并不一定能成为一名出色的领导人。
从管理走向领导,需要跨越数道鸿沟。
必须从以下几个方面取得突破:一、战略规划能力一个优秀的管理者可以略懂战略,但一个出色的领导者必须懂得如何做战略规划,并且能够做出相对正确的战略计划。
要做到这一点,并不容易,必须从以下三个方面着手:1. 熟悉公司业务,并清晰知晓业务的市场情况,公司在市场端的定位和市场表现,以及业务关键链上的利益关系组成。
2. 熟练掌握战略分析工具,懂得如何运用,例如战略画布、SWOT分析、PEST、战略矩阵、波特五力模型等。
3. 对行业预判的能力。
这是一个普通领导者晋阶成为优秀领导者的必经之路。
如果不能预判行业的发展趋势,就不能把握企业未来的发展方向,从而,也不能作出有利于企业发展的战略规划。
二、组织能力任何一个出色的领导者都要懂得组织的重要性,只有懂得运用组织的力量,才能发挥出团队最佳的合力。
领导者一定要通过组织结构清晰感知企业存在的问题,判断组织的设计和构建是不是能满足企业发展的需要。
组织有没有出现腐化问题等。
1. 领导者不需要精通每一种组织理论,但必须懂得组织的功能该如何发挥,组织内部和外部该如何协调。
不同的组织之间又该如何协作。
组织有没有发挥出人的潜能等。
2. 领导者一定不能完全按照自己的想法去构建组织,也没必要完全遵循既有组织理论,如职能型组织、矩阵型组织、事业部型组织等,去建构组织。
组织的设计一定要从业务流程开始,不要随意去定义组织,更不可随意去根据组织定义岗位,否则,会传递给其他人一个糟糕的信息——组织的建设可以信口胡来。
3. 一定要有一套清晰、明确的组织运行机制。
定时定期更新组织的功能定义和设置,以保证组织的有效运转。
三、决策能力领导者的决策能力很大程度上决定其是一个出色的领导者,还是一个庸常的领导者。
要练好决策能力,需从以下几个方面入手:1. 快速透过现象看透事物的本质。
GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation
Additional copies are available from:Office of Nutrition, Labeling, and Dietary SupplementsDivision of Dietary Supplement Programs, HFS-810Center for Food Safety and Applied NutritionFood and Drug Administration5100 Paint Branch ParkwayCollege Park,, MD 20740(Tel) 301-436-2375/FoodGuidancesYou may submit either electronic or written comments regarding this guidance at any time. Submit electronic comments to 1. Submit written comments on the guidance to the Division of Dockets Management (HFA-305), Food and Drug Administration, 5630 Fishers Lane, rm. 1061, Rockville, MD 20852. All comments should be identified with the docket number listed in the notice of availability that publishes in the Federal Register .U.S. Department of Health and Human ServicesFood and Drug AdministrationCenter for Food Safety and Applied NutritionDecember 2010Contains Nonbinding RecommendationsI.IntroductionII.Discussionpliance Dates for the Dietary Supplement Current Good Manufacturing Practice Rule (DSCGMP Rule) and the Interim Final Ruleanization for the DS CGMP RuleIII.Subpart A – General ProvisionsA.Coverage of the DS CGMP RuleB.How the DS CGMP Rule Applies to Specific Types of OperationsC.How the DS CGMP Rule Applies to ContractorsD.Terms Used in the DS CGMP Rule and In This DocumentE.Other Applicable Statutory Provisions and RegulationsIV.Written Procedures Required by the DS CGMP RuleV.Records Required by the DS CGMP RuleVI.Subpart B – PersonnelVII.Subpart C – Physical Plant And GroundsVIII.Subpart D – Equipment And UtensilsIX.Subpart E – Requirement To Establish A Production And Process Control SystemA.General Requirements of Subpart EB.Requirements to Establish SpecificationsC.Requirements to Determine Whether Specifications Are MetD.Specific Requirements Regarding Specifications for Dietary Ingredients and Other ComponentsE.Representative and Reserve SamplesCurrent Good Manufacturing Practice in Manufacturing, Packaging, Labeling, or Holding Operations for Dietary Supplements; Small Entity Compliance GuideTable of ContentsFood Home > Food > Guidance, Compliance & Regulatory Information > Guidance DocumentsX.Subpart F – Production and Process Control: Requirements For Quality ControlXI.Subpart G – Production and Process Control: Requirements For Components, Packaging, And LabelsAnd For Product That Is Received For Packaging Or Labeling As A Dietary SupplementA.Requirements for ComponentsB.Requirements for Packaging and LabelsC.Requirements for Received ProductD.Requirements for Rejected Components, Packaging, Labels and Received ProductXII.Subpart H – Production and Process Control: Requirements for a Master Manufacturing Record XIII.Subpart I – Production and Process Control: Requirements for a Batch Production Record XIV.Subpart J – Production and Process Control: Requirements for Laboratory OperationsXV.Subpart K – Production and Process Control: Requirements for Manufacturing Operations XVI.Subpart L – Production and Process Control: Requirements for Packaging and Labeling Operations VII.Subpart M – Holding and DistributingVIII.Subpart N – Returned Dietary SupplementsXIX.Subpart O – Product ComplaintsXX.Subpart P –Records and RecordkeepingXXI.ReferencesThis guidance represents the Food and Drug Administration's (FDA's) current thinking on this topic. It does not create or confer any rights for or on any person and does not operate to bind FDA or the public. You can use an alternative approach if the approach satisfies the requirements of the applicable statutes and regulations. If you want to discuss an alternative approach, contact the FDA staff responsible for implementing this guidance. If you cannot identify the appropriate FDA staff, call the telephone number listed on the title page of this guidance.On June 25, 2007, FDA published in the Federal Register a final rule that established a regulation (21 CFR part 111) entitled Current Good Manufacturing Practice (CGMP) In Manufacturing, Packaging, Labeling, Or Holding Operations For Dietary Supplements (72 FR 34752). The Dietary Supplement (DS) CGMP rule in 21 CFR part 111 (“the DS CGMP rule ”) requires persons who manufacture, package, label, or hold a dietary supplement to establish and follow current good manufacturing practice to ensure the quality of the dietary supplement and to ensure that the dietary supplement is packaged and labeled as specified in the master manufacturing record.In the same issue of the Federal Register (72 FR 34959), FDA also issued an interim final rule (the identity testing interim final rule) setting forth a procedure for requesting an exemption from a requirement of the DS CGMP rule for the manufacturer to conduct at least one appropriate test or examination to verify the identity of any dietary ingredient that is a component of a dietary supplement. The provisions of theidentity testing interim final rule have the full force of law, but FDA provided a 90-day comment period on those provisions through September 24, 2007. On September 17, 2007, FDA published a notice in the Federal Register to extend the comment period to October 24, 2007.The DS CGMP rule and the identity testing interim final rule were effective as of August 24, 2007. The compliance dates are described below.FDA has prepared this Small Entity Compliance Guide in accordance with section 212 of the Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act (Public Law 104-121). This guidance document restates in plain language the legal requirements set forth in the DS CGMP rule (21 CFR part 111). The DS CGMP rule is binding and has the full force and effect of law.FDA's guidance documents, including this guidance, do not establish legally enforceable responsibilities. Instead, guidances describe the Agency's current thinking on a topic and should be viewed only as recommendations, unless specific regulatory or statutory requirements are cited. The use of the word should in Agency guidances means that something is suggested or recommended, but not required.Guidance for Industry 1Current Good Manufacturing Practice in Manufacturing, Packaging, Labeling, or Holding Operations for Dietary Supplements; Small Entity Compliance Guide I. Introductionpliance Dates for the Dietary Supplement Current Good Manufacturing Practice Rule(DS CGMP Rule) and the Interim Final Rule1.What were the compliance dates for the DS CGMP rule?As shown in Table 1, the compliance dates were based on how many full-time equivalentemployees (FTEs) you employ.anization of the DS CGMP Rule1.How is the DS CGMP rule organized?The DS CGMP rule is organized as a series of “subparts,” which each cover a different aspect of current good manufacturing practice. We list these subparts in Table 2.A.Coverage of the DS CGMP Rule1.Who is subject to the DS CGMP rule?You are subject to the DS CGMP rule if you manufacture, package, label, or hold a dietarysupplement.(21 CFR 111.1(a))In our answers to questions in sections III.A, III.B, III.C and XIX of this document, we address some specific examples of firms who do, or do not, fall within the coverage of the DS CGMPrule.2.Am I subject to the DS CGMP rule if I am a foreign firm?Yes. The DS CGMP rule applies to you if you manufacture, package, label, or hold a dietarysupplement imported or offered for import in any State or Territory of the United States, theDistrict of Columbia, or the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico.(21 CFR 111.1(a)(2))3.Am I subject to the DS CGMP rule if my product is sold only within my state?You may be subject to the DS CGMP rule for products sold only within your state. FDA mayconsider its jurisdiction over such products under the Public Health Service Act, the FederalFood, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, or both, depending on the circumstances of the situation.(72 FR 34752 at 34785)II. DiscussionTable 1Compliance Dates Based on the Size of Your Organization If you employ … The DS CGMP rule required you to comply by …500 or more FTEs June 25, 2008At least 20 but fewer than 500 FTEsJune 25, 2009Fewer than 20 FTEs June 25, 2010Table 2Subparts of the DS CGMP RuleSubpart Subject of SubpartA General Provisions (including coverage and definitions)B PersonnelC Physical Plant and GroundsD Equipment and UtensilsE Requirements to Establish a Production and Process Control SystemF Production and Process Control System: Requirements for Quality ControlG Production and Process Control System: Requirements for Components, Packaging, Labelsand for Product that You Receive for Packaging or Labeling as a Dietary SupplementH Production and Process Control System: Requirements for the Master Manufacturing Record I Production and Process Control System: Requirements for the Batch Production Record J Production and Process Control System: Requirements for Laboratory OperationsK Production and Process Control System: Requirements for Manufacturing Operations L Production and Process Control System: Requirements for Packaging and LabelingOperationsM Holding and DistributingN Returned Dietary SupplementsO Product ComplaintsP Records and RecordkeepingIII. Subpart A – General Provisions4.Am I subject to the holding requirements established in the DS CGMP rule if I am aretailer who is holding dietary supplements at a retail establishment for the solepurpose of direct retail sale to individual consumers?No. Importantly, a retail establishment does not include a warehouse or other storage facilityfor a retailer or a warehouse or other storage facility that sells directly to individual consumers.(21 CFR 111.1(b); 72 FR 34792)5.Am I subject to the holding requirements established in the DS CGMP rule if I am aretailer who operates a warehouse or storage facility?Yes. The “retail exemption” does not apply to you, because a retail establishment does notinclude a warehouse or other storage facility for a retailer or a warehouse or other storagefacility that sells directly to individual consumers (21 CFR 111.1(b); 72 FR 34752 at 34792).6.Do the requirements of the DS CGMP rule apply to all types of dietary supplements(e.g., for botanical dietary supplements and for vitamin/mineral dietarysupplements)?Yes.(72 FR 34752 at 34913)B.How the DS CGMP Rule Applies to Specific Types of Operations1.Am I subject to the DS CGMP rule if I package, label, or distribute a dietarysupplement manufactured by another firm?Yes. The DS CGMP rule requires you to comply with those provisions directly applicable to theoperations you perform.For example, if you are a labeler, the DS CGMP rule:Requires you to comply with the requirement in 21 CFR 111.255 to establish a batch production record;Requires you to comply with other applicable requirements, such as requirements for personnel, physical plant and grounds, equipment and utensils, and holding operations;Does not require you to comply with the requirement of 21 CFR 111.260(e) to include the identity and weight or measure of each component used, because you would be startingfrom packages that already had been filled rather than from individual components.As another example, if you are a distributor who purchases a packaged and labeled dietarysupplement and then holds the product in a warehouse for distribution to another physicallocation, the DS CGMP rule:Requires you to comply with requirements for holding and distributing; andRequires you to comply with other applicable requirements, such as requirements for personnel, the physical plant and grounds.(21 CFR 111.1(a) and (a)(1); 72 FR 34752 at 34790 and 34886)2.Am I subject to the DS CGMP rule if I manufacture a dietary ingredient (or a “pre-mix” of dietary ingredients) used by another manufacturer to make a dietarysupplement?Whether you are subject to the DS CGMP rule depends on the totality of your businessoperation (72 FR 34752 at 34791). For example:z You are not subject to the DS CGMP rule if your only customers are other manufacturers who further process the dietary ingredient to make a dietary supplement (72 FR 34752 at34791). However, we encourage firms who only supply dietary ingredients to other firmsfor further processing as part of the manufacture of a dietary supplement to adhere to theapplicable provisions established in the DS CGMP rule that apply to their operations (72 FR34752 at 34805).z You would be subject to the DS CGMP ruleif you sell a dietary ingredient to a firm who simply packages the dietary ingredient for sale as a dietary supplement, or labels yourpackaged dietary ingredient for sale as a dietary supplement, because in this circumstanceyou are manufacturing a dietary supplement that another firm is simply packaging orlabeling without further processing into a dietary supplement (72 FR 34752 at 34791). Inother words, you would have acted as a manufacturer whose finished product is simplyrepackaged or relabeled.z You would be subject to the DS CGMP rule if you supply a dietary ingredient directly to consumers (72 FR 34752 at 34791); you would be considered a dietary supplementmanufacturer in such a situation.3.Am I subject to the DS CGMP rule if I manufacture a dietary supplement that ispackaged or labeled by another firm – e.g., if I sell my dietary supplement to another firm for packaging and labeling and do not sell my dietary supplement directly to consumers?Yes. The DS CGMP rule requires you to comply with those provisions directly applicable to the operations you perform (21 CFR 111.1(a)(1); 72 FR 34752 at 34790). For example, you are required to make and keep records of product distribution (21 CFR 111.475).4.Am I subject to the DS CGMP rule if I harvest, store, or distribute raw agriculturalcommodities that will be incorporated into a dietary supplement by others?No. If you simply supply a raw agricultural commodity that another person will process into a dietary supplement, you are not considered to be engaging in the manufacture, packing,labeling, or holding of a dietary supplement.. However, if you simply supply bulk material to someone who packages it in smaller packages or you sell agricultural commodities to theconsumer as a dietary supplement, you would be considered the manufacturer.(21 CFR 111.1(a); 72 FR 34752 at 34792)5.Am I responsible for the oversight of a packager/labeler if I am a manufacturer and Isell my dietary supplement to the packager/labeler?No. You would not be responsible for the oversight of the packager/labeler, because: The packager/labeler is not under your control; andThe packager/labeler (rather than you) has control over the release of the packaged and labeled dietary supplement(72 FR 34752 at 34790)6.When am I subject to the specific requirements applying to product received forpackaging or labeling as a dietary supplement (and for distribution rather than for return to the supplier)?You are subject to the specific requirements (such as those in 21 CFR 111.70(f), 111.75(e), 111.127(a) and (b), and 111.165) applying to product received for packaging or labeling as a dietary supplement (and for distribution rather than for return to the supplier) if you willdistribute the dietary supplement that you package or label rather than return it to the person who supplied it to you. This means that you are subject to those specific requirements if the product that you will package or label has left the control of the firm who supplied it to you(e.g., because you purchased the product).(72 FR 34752 at 34844)7.When am I not subject to the specific requirements applying to product received forpackaging or labeling as a dietary supplement (and for distribution rather than for return to the supplier)?You are not subject to the specific requirements (such as those in 21 CFR 111.70(f), 111.75(e), 111.127(a) and (b), and 111.165) applying to product received for packaging or labeling as a dietary supplement (and for distribution rather than for return to the supplier) if you package or label a dietary supplement under contract to a firm who supplied the product to you, and then return it to that firm rather than distribute it yourself. For the purposes of the DS CGMP rule, this situation is no different than a situation in which the packaging or labeling of the dietary supplement is done by the firm who manufactured the product, because the product remains under the control of the firm who arranged for your services under contract.(72 FR 34752 at 34844)8.Am I subject to the DS CGMP rule if I am a practitioner (such as an herbalist,acupuncturist, naturopath, or other related health care provider)?Yes. Practitioners such as herbalists, acupuncturists, naturopaths, and other related health care providers are subject to the DS CGMP rule. However, we believe that it would be appropriate to consider the exercise of our enforcement discretion in certain circumstances (see example which follows in the next question).(72 FR 34752 at 34793)9.How does FDA expect to apply the DS CGMP rule to practitioners?FDA expects to exercise enforcement discretion, on a case-by-case basis, in determiningwhether to apply the DS CGMP rule to practitioners such as herbalists, acupuncturists,naturopaths, and other related health care providers. For example:We expect to exercise discretion in the case of a one-on-one consultation by a practitioner who is adequately trained in his or her profession. We believe such a case may notnecessitate the same types of controls as we established in the DS CGMP rule formanufacturing activities on a larger scale. Such a practitioner may make someformulations in advance of the consultation and still make the formulations in very limitedquantities for the individual client.We are not considering exercising our enforcement discretion with respect to practitioners who prepare batches of dietary supplements and sell them to individual consumerswithout determining whether the dietary supplement is appropriate for each consumer'sneeds in a one-on-one personal consultation.We are not considering exercising our enforcement discretion with respect to practitioners who prepare batches of a dietary supplement for which there is a known or suspectedsafety concern.We do not expect the number of practitioners subject to the consideration of our enforcementdiscretion to be very large. Many products manufactured by practitioners would not necessarily be considered to be dietary supplements (e.g., certain products used by traditional Asianmedicine practitioners).(72 FR 34752 at 34793)C.How the DS CGMP Rule Applies to Contractors1.Does the DS CGMP rule apply to a contractor who provides a service to a firm who issubject to the DS CGMP rule?Yes. Contractors who provide a particular service (such as packaging, labeling or bothpackaging and labeling) to a firm who is subject to the DS CGMP rule must comply with thoseregulations directly applicable to the operations they perform for the firm who contracted withthem (72 FR 34752 at 34790). For example, if a contractor is a labeler, the DS CGMP rule:Requires the contractor to comply with the requirement in 21 CFR 111.255 to establish a batch production record;Requires the contractor to comply with other applicable requirements, such asrequirements for personnel, physical plant and grounds, equipment and utensils, andholding operations;Does not require the contractor to comply with the requirement of 21 CFR 111.260(e) to include the identity and weight or measure of each component used, because thecontractor would be starting from packages that already had been filled rather than fromindividual components.2.What are some examples of how the requirements of the DS CGMP rule apply undercontractual relationships?Below, we provide three examples of how the requirements of the DS CGMP rule apply undercontractual relationships. Importantly, it is not practical to list all possible contractualrelationships that persons may enter into in the manufacture of a dietary supplement, or to list all businesses or practices that may be subject to the requirements of the DS CGMP rule.Example 1. A manufacturer who contracts with a person to do packaging and labeling, but who later distributes the packaged and labeled product, is ultimately responsible forthe dietary supplement it releases for distribution. The manufacturer would be responsiblefor the CGMP requirements for the operations it performs, including those related to therelease of the product for distribution. For example, the manufacturer would determinewhether the packaged and labeled dietary supplement it receives from thepackager/labeler conforms to applicable specifications (21 CFR 111.127(d)), and isresponsible for approving the release of the packaged and labeled dietary supplement fordistribution (21 CFR 111.127(h)). Although the manufacturer is not performing the specificactivities related to the packaging and labeling operations done by another person, themanufacturer has an obligation to know what and how such activities are performed sothat it can make decisions related to whether the packaged and labeled product conformsto applicable specifications and whether to approve and release the product fordistribution.Example 2. A manufacturer who hires a contractor to perform specific operations within the scope of the manufacturer's responsibilities under the DS CGMP rule is responsible forcomplying with the requirements related to the contracted operation. For example, amanufacturer who hires a contractor to calibrate its equipment is responsible forcomplying with the requirements of the DS CGMP rule related to calibrating equipment,even though it is the contractor who is performing that job task.Example 3. A distributor who contracts with a manufacturer to manufacture a dietary supplement, which the distributor then distributes under its own label, has an obligation toknow what and how manufacturing activities are performed so that the distributor canmake decisions related to whether the packaged and labeled product conforms to itsestablished specifications and whether to approve and release the product for distribution.(72 FR 34752 at 34790)D.Terms Used in the DS CGMP Rule and In This Document1.What terms does the DS CGMP rule define?The DS CGMP rule defines the following terms:Actual yield;Batch;Batch number, lot number, or control number;Component;Contact surface;Ingredient;In-process material;Lot;Microorganisms;Pest;Physical plant;Product complaint;Quality;Quality control;Quality control personnel;Representative sample;Reprocessing;Reserve sample;Sanitize;Theoretical yield; andWater activity.The DS CGMP rule also explains how we use the following terms:Must;We; andYou.The text of these definitions is available in 21 CFR 111.3.2.What definitions from the DS CGMP rule did we copy to this document?We copied the definitions of the terms “quality” and “product complaint” (other than theexamples in such definition) to this document.3.How does the DS CGMP rule define “quality”?The DS CGMP rule defines “quality” to mean "that the dietary supplement consistently meetsthe established specifications for identity, purity, strength, and composition and limits oncontaminants, and has been manufactured, packaged, labeled, and held under conditions toprevent adulteration under sections 402(a)(1), (a)(2), (a)(3), and (a)(4) of the act" [referringto the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act] (see 21 CFR 111.3).4.How does the DS CGMP rule define “product complaint”?The DS CGMP rule defines “product complaint” to mean "any communication that containsany allegation, written, electronic, or oral, expressing concern, for any reason, with the qualityof a dietary supplement, that could be related to current good manufacturing practice (see 21CFR 111.3).5.What does this document mean when it uses the terms “received product” or“product received for packaging or labeling as a dietary supplement”?For the purposes of this document, we use the terms “received product” and “productreceived for packaging or labeling as a dietary supplement” to mean product you receive forpackaging or labeling as a dietary supplement (and for distribution rather than for return to thesupplier).6.What does this document mean when it uses the term “food CGMP”?For the purposes of this document, we use the term “food CGMP” to mean the CGMPrequirements, in 21 CFR part 110, established for all food.7.What does this document mean when it uses the term “required specifications”?For the purposes of this document, we use the term “required specifications” to meanspecifications that you are required to establish in accordance with 21 CFR 111.70.8.What does this document mean when it uses the term “Certificate of Analysis”?For the purposes of this document, we use the term “certificate of analysis” to mean adocument, provided by the supplier of a component prior to or upon receipt of the component,that documents certain characteristics and attributes of the component.(72 FR 34752 at 34834)9.What does this document mean when it uses the term “scientifically valid method”?For the purposes of this document, we use the term “scientifically valid method” to mean ascientific method that is accurate, precise, and specific for its intended purpose. In other words,we use the term “scientifically valid method” to mean a scientific method that consistentlydoes what it is intended to do.(72 FR 34752 at 34893)E.Other Applicable Statutory Provisions and Regulations1.Do other statutory provisions and regulations apply to persons who manufacture,package, label or hold dietary supplements?Yes. You must comply with other applicable statutory provisions and regulations under theFederal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act related to dietary supplements.(21 CFR 111.5)2.How does the DS CGMP rule relate to the food CGMP rule in 21 CFR part 110?In establishing 21 CFR part 111, we:Duplicated those requirements in the food CGMP rule (i.e., 21 CFR part 110) that we found to be common to most dietary supplements;Did not duplicate those requirements in the food CGMP rule that were not common to most dietary supplements.3.What is an example of a requirement in the food CGMP rule that FDA did not duplicatein the DS CGMP rule?An example of a requirement in the food CGMP rule that we did not duplicate in the DS CGMPrule is 21 CFR 110.80(b)(4), which requires that food that relies on the control of water activityfor preventing the growth of microorganisms be processed to, and maintained at, a safemoisture level. We did not duplicate this requirement because we concluded that it may not beapplicable to most dietary supplements. However, to the extent that this requirement isapplicable to a particular dietary supplement, a manufacturer would be expected to comply withit.4.What should I do if a provision of the DS CGMP rule conflicts with an analogousprovision in the food CGMP rule?To the extent that the DS CGMP rule conflicts with the food CGMP rule, you would comply withthe DS CGMP rule.(72 FR 34752 at 34764)IV. Written Procedures Required by the DS CGMP Rule1.Does the DS CGMP rule require me to establish and follow written procedures?Yes. The DS CGMP rule requires you to establish and follow the written procedures shown in Table 3.Table 3Requirements for Written ProceduresSubpart Written Procedures That the DS CGMP rule Requires You to Establish and Follow。
从专业人到管理者手册
管理者的角色分类
人际关系
信息传递
决策制定
1.管事人
1.倾听者
1.混乱驾御者
2.领导者
2.传播者
2.资源分配者
3.执行人
3.发言人
3.稽查员
领导——带人 管理——用人 执行——做人
概念能力 管理能力 技术能力
高层 中层 基层
战略 战术 战斗
管事人
现代企业管理的由来
1841年10月5日,美国西部铁路公司的铁路 上发生了两车对撞事故,造成2人死亡、17人受 伤的惨剧。正是这场灾难标志了新的管理时代的 开始。
领导与管理
Leadership
领导
Management
管理
领导是管理的一个方面、属于管理活动的范畴 领导是高层次的管理; 领导是战略性的管理; 领导是“超脱”的管理; 不能把领导者与管理者混为一谈。
管理和领导的区别
• 理性(左脑) • 产生秩序形成一致 • 计划和预算 • 组织和人事 • 控制和解决问题 • 行为 • 短期目标 • 方法 • 把事情做对
——卡耐基
人为什么要沟通?
同流才能交流,交流才会交心,交心才有交易 沟通根本的目的是为了相处。
四大目的: 1. 说明事物; 2. 表达感情; 3. 建立关系; 4. 进行企图。
沟通三要诀
精确、简单、 标准化
仔细倾听、反 馈、重复确认
[案例]
领导让小王去买书,小王先 到了A书店,书店老板说:“刚 卖完。”之后小王又去了B书店, 营业员说已经去进货了,要隔几 天才有。小王有去了C书店,这 家书店根本没进过这本书。快到 中午了,小王只好回公司,见到 领导后小王说:“跑了三家书店, 快累死了,都没有。”
领导看着满头大汗的小王, 欲言又止……
九段管理者修炼秘笈
九段管理者修炼秘笈【一】员工的离职原因只有两点最真实马云说:员工的离职原因林林总总,只有两点最真实:1、钱,没给到位;2、心,委屈了。
这些归根到底就一条:干得不爽。
员工临走还费尽心思找靠谱的理由,就是为给你留面子,不想说穿你的管理有多烂、他对你已失望透顶。
仔细想想,真是人性本善。
作为管理者,定要乐于反省。
带团队,你得问自己,人为什么要跟着你混?带团队做好这8条:(1)授人以鱼:给员工养家糊口的钱;(2)授人以渔:教会员工做事情的方法和思路;(3)授人以欲:激发员工上进的欲望,让员工树立自己的目标;(4)授人以娱:把快乐带到工作中,让员工获得幸福;(5)授人以愚:告诉团队做事情扎实、稳重,大智若愚,不可走捷径和投机取巧;(6)授人以遇:给予创造团队成长、学习、发展的机遇,成就人生;(7)授人以誉:帮助团队成员获得精神层面的赞誉,为成为更有价值的人而战,光宗耀祖;(8)授人以宇:上升到灵魂层次,顿悟宇宙运行智慧,乐享不惑人生。
一流管理者:自己不干,下属快乐地干;二流管理者:自己不干,下属拼命地干;三流管理者:自己不干,下属主动地干;四流管理者:自己干,下属跟着干;五流管理者:自己干,下属没事干;末流管理者:自己干,下属对着干。
【二】九段管理者修炼一段:以身作则,堪为榜样二段:帮助下属,无私奉献三段:教化下属,为人师表四段:建立规则,打造团队五段:高效激励,领导思维六段:全面统筹,科学管理七段:运筹帷幄,决胜千里八段:机制励人,文化凝人九段:组织制胜,天长地久【三】怎么样留住人才?必须给员工4个机会:做事的机会,赚钱的机会,成长的机会,发展的机会!必须经营员工4个感觉:目标感,安全感,归属感,成就感!【四】什么是培养人才?敢于给员工做事的机会,也能给员工犯错的机会,这才是培养人才!1、什么是人才?做得了事,吃得了亏,负得了责就是人才!2、什么是领导?指引得了方向,给得了方法,凝聚得了人心就是领导!3、什么是使命?活下来是为了事业,能把命都使上去就是使命!【汇报工作四大原则】:一、客户价值原则;二、积极主动原则,主动,而不越权;三、尊重,而不吹捧;四、请示,而不依赖。
《管理者四项修炼》PPT课件_OK
年龄
35
40 50 60 70 80 90 100
努力工作获取经验 与尊重,资产的快 速积累。职业提升 面临广博与精深, 并学会投资与理财 。重新择业难度加 大,竞争力下降。
事业高原, 调整知识结 构并寻求创 新,资产稳 步增加,速 度放缓。
管理者四项修炼 战略管理与人力资源开发
2021/8/21
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交流内容
第一部分 企业发展阶段管理者思维模式 第二部分 管理者发展趋势 第三部分 管理者的角色定位 第四部分 管理者四项修炼
2021/8/21
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困惑:
多年的管理咨询工作经常会遇到一些老板、经理人、人力资源的管理者问 我如下的问题:
1、为什么公司推行规范化管理那么难,大家的水平不高,但是离开了他们我 去请谁呢? 老板请了几个经理人了,一个比一个贵,没一个留住的,我觉得花冤枉钱
哲人说: 人生最大的痛苦就是定位的错误 。
2021/8/21
25
资本积累
市场竞争
信息传递者:
上级:主动 、尽可能多的 下级:行动是最好的语言 效果:信息支持做事的结果
上级:质量 、精确、数据 下级:计划、方法和行动 效果:信息支持目标结果
知识经济
上级:战略导向、广泛、精确 下级:方向原则、流程、支持 效果:信息支持流程、战略目标
着眼于 心情与 健康, 财富不 再成为 考虑因 素。
为使晚 年幸福 ,必要 时将资 产抵押 ,“儿 孙自有 儿孙福
”
15
直线经理的发展趋势四:变革化
思考:
一般说来,包括直线经理的中层管理者是改革的“死亡之区” ,难以成为改革的力量。为什么?一是中层管理者是资源的现有控 制者、是现状的最大收益者,也是改革中的最大失利者;二是中层 管理者最了解现有组织的升迁之道,改革将破坏这条路径。但变革 是一定要发生的。
转身管理解咒短暂卓越(职场经验)
转身管理解咒短暂卓越(职场经验)郭士纳1993年接掌IBM时,这家超大型企业因为机构臃肿以及孤立封闭的企业文化,已经步履蹒跚,亏损高达160亿美元,媒体将其描述为“一只脚已经迈进了坟墓”。
通过根本改变公司的经济模式与再造商业模式,在9年任期内,郭士纳把IBM改造为一家以市场为驱动力的公司,实现了IBM的起死回生。
实践证明,大象也能起舞。
但让大象起舞的,不是以可控性和精细化为内核的现代管理技能,而是管理者驾驭变革和应对不确定性的能力。
有这样一串数据给市场环境正在发生的改变做了有力的注解:电台用38年时间才拥有500万受众群,电视用了13年,而互联网用了4年,iPod用了3年,Facebook仅用了2年。
显然,这是一个高速变化的无序新世界。
当这个一度充满确定和自信的世界逐渐被各种不确定性以及快速变革的市场力量所侵占时,现代管理正受到的挑战日益严峻。
因而,与其等待一个无法避免的衰亡结局,不如在巅峰时期自我革命、凤凰涅,实现企业资源价值的传递与续增。
短暂卓越:变革时代终结的刻板管理在福布斯杂志评出的,20世纪末最具影响力的20本商业书籍中,《追求卓越》和《基业长青》分列第一和第二,人们对普适性成功管理法则的热衷可见一斑。
令人沮丧的是,当人们还沉浸在消化吸收大师们精辟见解的欣喜之中时,经典著作中引以为用的最成功的公司却纷纷没落,甚至走向破产。
《追求卓越》精挑细选的高绩效卓越企业中,最受欢迎的三个例证,首推惠普、IBM以及DEC(美国数据设备公司)。
如今DEC早已不复存在,惠普2012财年第三季度净亏损89亿美元,已命悬一线;IBM濒临破产,经郭士纳改天换地,才实现了蜕变与重生。
《基业长青》全球精选的19家“高瞻远瞩”公司,并没有比对照公司强多少,其中的摩托罗拉公司已被Google收购,惠普、索尼等公司都处于生死关头。
精挑细选的世界上最优秀的企业,短时间内就走向没落,问题不是精选和分析过程出了错误,也不是这些企业不够卓越,而是卓越本身就是短暂的。
学吉化经验 促管理涅盘
学吉化经验促管理涅槃江苏黑松林粘合剂厂有限公司是一家从事胶粘剂生产经营的高新技术企业。
公司重视企业文化建设,注重管理创新,着力学习型组织的创建,多年前就开始开展学习吉化活动,近年来又分别于2012年和今年开展学吉化活动。
吉林石化公司的前身是吉林化学工业公司(简称“吉化”),作为化工系统首屈一指的特大型企业,吉化创造了中国特色企业管理经验,被称为吉化经验,党和国家领导人江泽民、胡锦涛、李鹏等都给予过充分肯定和高度评价,吉化经验对我国现代企业管理提升有着重要的指导和借鉴意义。
学吉化学什么?黑松林学吉化可以分为三个部分:第一个部分是现场管理的启迪。
黑松林刚开始学习吉化是从现场管理开始的。
我们知道,吉化人以“百炼成铁、千炼成钢、万炼成金,拼了老命,形成作风”的劲头,不讲条件、不讲代价、艰苦奋斗、无私奉献,“两头不见太阳”地埋头苦干,治理了脏乱差,克服了软懒散,“人人有专责、事事有人管、办事有标准、工作有检查”,四室两箱规格化,一平二净三规整,沟见底、轴见光、设备见本色,企业面貌焕然一新。
黑松林创业初期,是一家资不抵债的小企业,人少事多,为了在市场中站稳脚跟,企业所有人的心事都围绕在生产和市场,现场管理无人问津。
但是严峻的现实是混乱的现场管理不仅影响厂容厂貌,还严重影响了产品的质量,甚至产品中还出现了化纤细等杂质,搞得人心涣散,产品质量极不稳定,更谈不上什么企业形象了。
通过学习吉化,企业决定从最脏的锅炉房抓起,提出了“把锅炉房像厨房一样打理”的现场管理理念。
通过“煤渣上的硬币”、“新进厂的员工到锅炉房拣煤炭”等一系列的管理策划和管理制度的制定,企业的现场逐步走上了正规,从初期提出的七无六不(七无:地面无痰迹、无纸屑、无烟蒂、无果壳、无杂物,屋面无积尘、无蛛网。
六不不窜岗、不闲聊、不干私活、不乱放车辆,不做与生产无关的事,不泄露生产经营秘密),到“地上无滴胶,桶外无挂胶,桶内无积胶”的“三无”管理,到“把细节做好,把细节做亮”的现场管理要求,再到企业投资建设绿化工程、景观工程、亮化工厂,把员工工作的场所打造成了花园式工厂。
《管理者必修教材》
精选课件
管理者必备意识(4)-问题意识
这件事情发生的原因真的是这样吗? 这种方案能行得通吗? 这个决策的风险分析彻底了吗?
问题意识
5 WHY
儿童时代是人生中进步最快的阶段, 因为他们总是充满着好奇和不断的 问题……
A12 A1 A A2
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人力 10
5 0资源
技术
空间
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物力 财力
时间
管理者必要的能力
待
专
人
门
能
战 略
上级管理层
能
力
中级管理层
能
1/3
力
初级管理层
力
1/3
专门能力 所担当工作的“做法”、“方法”、“程序”、“手续”方面的 知识能力。
待人能力 以理解人的动机、思想,有效的行使领导能力。
战略能力 综观全局,迅速作出综精合选判课断件的能力。
• 协助,帮助
• 呈报意见(上司的助手) 精选课件
管理的方法
指令 计
划
调整
统筹
▪调整
强制: 妥协: 协调:
上级: (满意)
下属: (不满)
(一般)
பைடு நூலகம்
▪制定计划…现状分析要精确!
▪
目的、目标要明确!
实行计划要准确!(5W1H)
(为什么、谁、何时、何处、怎么样、多少)
▪下达指令(告诉部下进行工作) … 激发动机
Ⅰstep
Ⅱ精选st课ep件
Ⅲ step
管理者必备意识(2)-目标意识
我的人生目标是什么? 我五年的职业规划是什么? 我今年的工作目标是什么?
职场领袖化身之道2024年最新培训资料助您登上舞台
强烈的责任感和使命感
优秀领袖应具备坚定的信念和清晰的远见 ,能够为团队指明方向,并始终保持对目 标的执着追求。
领袖需要承担起团队或组织的责任和使命 ,勇于面对挑战,带领团队不断前进。
卓越的沟通和表达能力
持续学习和创新能力
领袖应具备出色的沟通和表达能力,能够 清晰、准确地传达自己的想法和意图,激 发团队成员的共鸣和行动。
明确问题
清晰定义问题,明确问题的背 景和范围。
提出解决方案
根据分析结果,提出针对性的 解决方案。
评估效果
对实施效果进行评估,总结经 验教训,持续改进。
案例分析:成功解决问题
案例一
某公司市场部门面临销售额下滑的问题,通过创新思维引 导方法,重新定位产品,改进营销策略,最终成功提升销 售额。
案例二
某团队在项目推进过程中遇到技术难题,通过问题解决流 程梳理,明确问题、分析原因、提出解决方案并成功实施 ,最终按时完成项目任务。
塑造个性化领袖风格
• 了解自我:塑造个性化领袖风格的前提是了解自己,包括自己的性格、价值观 、优势和劣势等。只有充分了解自己,才能找到适合自己的领导风格。
• 明确领导目标:领袖需要明确自己的领导目标,包括短期和长期目标。在明确 目标的基础上,可以制定相应的领导策略和行动计划。
• 培养领导技能:领袖需要不断培养自己的领导技能,包括决策能力、组织能力 、协调能力、沟通能力等。通过不断学习和实践,逐渐提升自己的领导水平。
SCAMPER法
从替代、合并、适应、修改/放大/减少、用其他 用途、反转/重组、消除七个方面对问题进行创 新思考。
六顶思考帽法
通过六种不同颜色的帽子代表不同的思考方向, 引导团队成员全面、客观地分析问题。
2024年核心管理者能力提升心得体会范文(2篇)
2024年核心管理者能力提升心得体会范文作为一名核心管理者,在过去的一年中,我深刻地认识到自身管理能力的重要性。
在这个竞争激烈的商业环境中,拥有良好的管理能力对于一个企业的成功至关重要。
而在2024年,经历了一年的学习和实践后,我在管理能力的提升上取得了显著的进步。
下面是我个人对于核心管理者能力提升的心得体会。
首先,危机管理能力的提升是我在2024年最重要的一项任务。
在过去的一年中,我面临了许多意想不到的挑战和难题,比如产品质量问题、员工紧急离职等。
这些突发事件给企业运营带来了极大的困扰,也对我的管理能力提出了高要求。
通过加强学习和实践,我在危机管理方面的能力逐渐提升。
我明白了危机管理不仅仅是应对突发事件,更重要的是要预测和防范潜在的危机。
因此,我积极与各部门的员工进行沟通,了解他们的工作情况并及时发现潜在的问题。
同时,我努力培养团队成员的危机意识和应急处理能力,使整个团队能够有效地应对各种突发情况。
其次,战略规划能力也是我在2024年着重培养的管理能力。
随着企业的快速发展,我越发意识到战略规划对企业发展的重要性。
在过去的一年中,我积极学习各种战略规划方法和工具,力求将战略规划与企业的实际情况相结合。
我认识到战略规划不仅仅是制定目标和计划,更重要的是要根据市场变化和竞争对手的动态调整企业的战略方向。
因此,我加强了对市场和竞争情况的了解,并与团队成员共同分析和研究,不断优化和调整企业的战略目标和计划。
通过这样的努力,我成功地制定了一项切实可行的战略规划,并带领团队顺利实施,推动企业不断向前发展。
另外,团队管理能力也是我在2024年着重提升的一个方面。
作为一名核心管理者,我深知团队的力量是不可忽视的。
在过去的一年中,我不断加强对团队的管理和指导,促进团队合作和共同进步。
我意识到要激发团队成员的积极性和创造力,首先要建立良好的沟通和信任关系。
因此,我尽量保持与团队成员的密切沟通,了解他们的需求和意见,并及时给予反馈和支持。
管理者的进化论
管理者的进化论PacingTep No - Pacing在企业中,管理者一般都起着承上启下的作用。
他们需要负起监督下属工作的责任以及协助组织达到目标的任务。
很多新手管理者都总是走一步算一步的执行管理职能,但经常会出现很多管理混乱的“症状”,比如:•刚从一线的骨干员工变成管理者,不知道自己应该从哪些方面做出改变;•每天花费很多时间处理与上司、同事和下属的关系,结果却几乎没有一件事情让三方都满意;•工作时间一直处于忙碌状态,甚至有时要用休息时间加班,可是工作成效却不显著。
从一名新手管理者到一名合格的承上启下的管理者,通常要完成两次进化:管理者思维模式的变化和管理者角色的变化。
管理者思维模式变化成为管理者之后,工作环境和身份发生了变化,这时候就需要根据外界的变化改变原有稳定的思维模式。
总的来说,管理者的思维模式需要四个方面的转变。
1.从技术专家到管理者绝大部分管理者是由高绩效的员工提拔上来的。
从技术专家转变为一线管理者,工作内容发生了变化,变成了管理的任务和技术专家的任务并存状态。
随着管理岗位的提升,工作内容逐渐向管理任务过渡,开始要学会纵观全局。
2.从个人绩效到团队绩效在成为管理者之前的绩效是个人绩效,可以说是一个人吃饱全家不饿。
成为管理者后可没那么轻松了,从原来的关注自己的绩效变成关注整个团队的绩效。
这时的绩效应该用“木桶理论”形容:盛水的木桶,如果有一根木头比其他木头短很多,这个木桶无法盛满水。
如果团队中有一个成员的业绩不好,管理者要马上予以关注,并设法解决。
3.从与人沟通到与团队沟通无论是不是管理者,都需要在工作中与别人沟通和交流。
但两者仍然有明显的区分。
成为管理者之前,你和你的朋友大多是同级的员工,常常有很多共同点。
你或许还可以任性的选择与自己有共同话题的人沟通,排斥与自己没有共同语言的人。
但成为管理者之后,你面对的是一个群体,不论喜欢与否,你都要与每一个人进行沟通。
成为管理者之前,你可能善于倾诉。
管理悟道一个CEO要经历的,是那些让你最想躲起来或干脆去死的时刻(续篇)
管理悟道|一个CEO要经历的,是那些让你最想躲起来或干脆去死的时刻(续篇)前几天,《一个CEO要经历的,是那些让你最想躲起来或干脆去死的时刻》这篇文章火遍了朋友圈,文章中描述了作为CEO调整心态、坚毅有勇气的重要性,想必引起了身为管理者的普遍共鸣。
此文就像《一个CEO所要经历的……》一篇的续集——具体实践篇,我们一起看看一个CEO在具体面对文中所描述的诸多问题时,都是怎么想的,怎么做的。
管理——再三思量夜深人静时,想想以下五个问题,立马觉得特有压力!1,我现在干的事情三年后来看有意义吗?2,究竟我的用户是谁?我的竞争对手是谁搞清楚了吗?3,我所做的所有业务上的努力,用户她老人家知道吗?4,兄弟姐妹员工同志们为何跟着我干,我的理由和她们的想法一致吗?5,我是否真的知道我当下最该做的是什么吗?上半年己结束了,大家都在总结工作,忙得不亦乐乎!到底怎么总结好呢?我把我和我们小伙伴们沟通的内容跟大家汇报一下,即总结经营工作的"三不四要"一,不讲形势形势跟我们关系不大,啥时候都有好的,啥时候也都有不好的,除非我们谈的是战略,否则不要天天思考总理的事。
二,不谈成绩不谈成绩,不是否定大家成绩,只是觉得,成绩己经过去了,自己给自己鼓下掌吧,这个时代必须向前看,大企业都可能被人巅覆,何况你那点成绩,须知成功很可能是失败他娘!三,不讲道理不云山雾罩谈大道哲理。
不务虚,别宏大叙事,别谈太多概念,天天大数据,云计算,互联网思维不离口,我们要的是务实的行动。
四,要检讨问题通过复盘,回顾,再思考,检讨工作中存在的不足,缺陷,短板等,哪里有误判,哪里有偏差,哪里困难估计不足,哪里执行没到位。
五,要反省自身指反省个人的错误,失误,个人在领导力,品行,敬业,与人沟通,执行工作,学习力,大局观等等方面的问题。
总结问题,如果不指向个人,总觉得有些形式主义,走过场。
反省不是八股式自我批评,而是灵魂深处闹**。
曾子又曰,一日三省吾身。
我们半年三省一下怎么也不算过。
人力资源管理的涅盘之路.doc
人力资源管理的涅槃之路一、公共管理领域的突破事实上,如果跳出组织内部人力资源管理的范畴,纵览整个社会科学的其他领域就可以发现,只要是存在管理实践的地方,这样的困惑和质疑就从未消减。
最为典型的例子就是在公共管理领域,政府应当如何以一种兼具效率和公平的方式,行使其公共管理的职能,为政治、经济、文化等领域的价值创造做出贡献?是依靠集权式的层层管理来强化资源配置,还是依靠市场这个“看不见的手”进行调节?抑或是“无政府主义”倡导的那样,以个体的自由和平等为基础建立互助、自治的社会?这些问题的争论在公共管理界已经有了答案:由于市场失灵和政府失灵是并存的,单纯的市场手段或行政手段都不可能实现社会资源的最佳配置,最终难以促进和保障公民的政治利益和经济利益。
对公共事务进行管理的关键,不仅仅在于理念创新、工具创新,更在于机制创新和制度创新,即从单一主体的“管理”走向多中心的“治理”。
从概念上看,“管理”与“治理”是既有联系又有区别的。
“管理”存在着主体与客体的界定,即管理者与被管理者。
而“治理”往往指“协同治理”,强调淡化这种主体与客体的区别,通过利益相关者等多元主体之间形成有机的合作关系,共同承担管理义务,分享管理责任。
从运作方式上看,“管理”是自上而下的刚性模式,而“治理”则是包含自上而下、自下而上及横向流动的复合型模式,主要通过合作、协商、伙伴关系、确立认同和共同的目标等方式实施管理。
两者最根本的区别在于:“治理”虽然需要权威,但这个权威并非一定是具有正式权力的管理者,而“管理”的权威则必定来源于正式的权力。
自1970年代末开始,西方发达国家的政府管理出现了从“管理”到“治理”的广泛变革,日益重视市场、企业、非营利组织和各类公民组织在不同的社会层面开展治理活动,形成一个以政府为主体、多种公私机构并存的管理机构体系。
从“管理”到“治理”的转变,体现了人们对管理的全新的认识,构成了一种新的研究范式和实践模式。
治理依靠的是一种自主自治的网络体系,这种网络体系与传统管理的单一层级制式的协调方式有着本质的区别,也与依靠“看不见的手”的市场机制不同,它是由参与公共行政过程的各个政策团体组成。