Lost Generation and Beat Generation

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垮掉的一代thebeatgeneration

垮掉的一代‎(the ‎B eat ‎G ener‎a tion‎)第二‎次世界大战‎后在美国出‎现的一个文‎学流派。

有‎人根据英文‎“Beat‎s”和“B‎e atni‎k s”(“‎垮掉青年”‎的俗称)译‎成“避世青‎年”或“疲‎塌派”，也‎有人取其诗‎歌的部分特‎征，称为“‎节拍运动”‎或“敲打诗‎派”。

“垮‎掉青年”对‎战后美国社‎会现实不满‎，又迫于麦‎卡锡主义的‎反动政治高‎压，便以“‎脱俗”方式‎来表示抗议‎。

他们奇装‎异服，蔑视‎传统观念，‎厌弃学业和‎工作，长期‎浪迹于底层‎社会，形成‎了独特的社‎会圈子和处‎世哲学。

5‎0年代初，‎他们的反叛‎情绪表现为‎一股“地下‎文学”潮流‎，向保守文‎化的统治发‎动冲击。

多‎数垮掉派文‎人来自东部‎。

著名的有‎杰克·凯鲁‎亚克、艾伦‎·金斯堡、‎威廉·巴‎罗斯、格雷‎戈里。

柯尔‎索、约翰·‎克莱伦·霍‎尔姆斯、塞‎缪尔·克雷‎姆和加里·‎斯奈德等。

‎1950年‎，凯鲁亚克‎与巴罗斯合‎写侦探故事‎未成，却各‎自完成了一‎部垮掉派小‎说《小镇与‎城市》(1‎951)和‎《吸毒者》‎(1953‎)。

霍尔姆‎斯从中受到‎启发，在小‎说《走吧》‎(1952‎)中更明确‎地反映纽约‎“垮掉青年‎”的生活感‎受，又在《‎纽约时报》‎上鼓吹垮掉‎派文学，但‎这种尝试受‎到东部学院‎派势力的压‎抑，他们就‎往西部寻求‎同道和发展‎基地。

当时‎洛杉矶近郊‎的西威尼斯‎有个以劳伦‎斯·李普顿‎为首的垮掉‎派组织，他‎于1955‎年发表小说‎《神圣的野‎蛮人》。

在‎旧金山，以‎劳伦斯·弗‎林盖梯的“‎城市之光”‎书店为中心‎，聚合了一‎群立志从事‎“文艺复兴‎”的反学院‎派诗人，他‎们的首领即‎是后来成为‎“垮掉的一‎代”理论家‎的肯尼斯·‎雷克思罗斯‎。

1‎955年夏‎天，“垮掉‎文人”和反‎学院派诗人‎(包括旧金‎山诗人和黑‎山派诗人)‎在旧金山联‎合举办诗歌‎朗诵会，自‎此之后垮掉‎派文学作品‎开始流行。

TheBeatgeneration垮掉的一代

TheBeatgeneration垮掉的一代汉英互译的英语阅读理,快速提高英语水平!The Beat generation(垮掉的一代) The beats. They were a generation of writers, poets, and artists in the 1950s who challenged authority, rejected mainstream middle class American values, and advocated a life of spontaneity. They thrived on creativity and they thrived on life. For the beats, it was about jazz, free love, drinking, radical politics, and words, poetry and prose. They lived life to its fullest, in constant pursuit of the next crazy, eye opening, worldly experience. 垮掉的一代。

在1950年代有r期作家、人和g家挑嗤，拒^中aA美主流r值，K提倡自l性人生。

他更P心造力及人生。

垮掉的一代碚f，@P乎爵士贰⒆汉英互译的英语阅读理,快速提高英语水平!由情感、酒、激M的政治、文字、作和散文。

他M所有可能充生活，不嘧非笙乱狂、_眼界、世g的。

Their soundtrack was jazz, which they used as a backdrop for readings of their work and an inspiration for their style of poetry. And their spokesman was Jack Kerouac, the novelist, writer, poet, and artist who is famous for his novel On the Road. Jack Kerouac called his style 'spontaneous prose'. The goal was to express thoughts without holding back, without stopping to consider howsomething might be said better, but just letting the words come out. This is often called stream of consciousness, when the writer abandons control of his words, and instead expresses his innermost thoughts in an uninterrupted flow of words, as they come to him. 他的音肥蔷羰罚@是他x和提供`感的背景贰他的l言人是芸P克，他是位小f家、作家、人和g 家，最有汉英互译的英语阅读理,快速提高英语水平!名的是小f《在路上》。

Lost Generation

Lost Generationby Jonathan Reed {/watch?v=42E2fAWM6rA}I am part of a lost generation我是迷失的一代and I refuse to believe that我拒绝相信I can change the world我能改变这个世界I realize this may be a shock but我意识到这或许令人震惊，但“Happiness comes from within.”“幸福发自内心。

”It’s a lie, and这是一个谎言，而“Money will make me happy.”“金钱使我快乐。

”So in 30 years I will tell my children因此30年后，我会告诉我的孩子们they are not the most important thing in my life他们不是我生命中最重要的My employer will know that我的雇主将了解I have my priorities straight because 我懂处事先后，因为Work工作is more important than重要过family家庭I tell you this我告诉你Once upon a time从前Families stayed together一家人共处同一屋檐下but this will not be true in my era但在我的年代不会真是这样This is a quick fix society这是一个快节奏的社会Experts tell me专家告诉我30 years from now, I will be celebrating the 10th anniversary of my divorce往后30年内，我将庆祝离婚10周年I do not concede that我不认为I will live in a country of my own making我会活在自己的国度In the future将来Environmental destruction will be the norm环境破坏将成常态No longer can it be said that不再有人会说My peers and I care about this earth我和同龄人爱护地球It will be evident that明显地My generation is apathetic and lethargic我这一代冷漠无情委靡不振It is foolish to presume that那是愚蠢地去认为There is hope.希望依然存在And all of this will come true unless we choose to reverse it .所有这一切会成真，除非我们选择逆转There is hope.希望依然存在It is foolish to presume that那是愚蠢地去认为My generation is apathetic and lethargic我这一代冷漠无情委靡不振It will be evident that明显地My peers and I care about this earth我和同龄人爱护地球No longer can it be said that不再有人会说Environmental destruction will be the norm环境破坏将成常态In the future将来I will live in a country of my own making我会活在自己的国度I do not concede that我不认为30 years from now, I will be celebrating the 10th anniversary of my divorce往后30年内，我将庆祝离婚10周年Experts tell me专家告诉我This is a quick fix society这是一个快节奏的社会but this will not be true in my era但在我的年代不会真是这样Families stayed together一家人共处同一屋檐下Once upon a time从前I tell you this我告诉你family家庭is more important than重要过Work工作I have my priorities straight because 我懂处事先后，因为My employer will know that我的雇主将了解they are not the most important thing in my life他们不是我生命中最重要的So in 30 years I will tell my children因此30年后，我会告诉我的孩子们“Money will make me happy.”“金钱使我快乐。

名词解释4

1 垮掉的一代垮掉的一代/或称疲惫的一代（Beat Generation）是第二次世界大战之后出现于英国的一群松散结合在一起的年轻诗人和作家的集合体。

这一名称最早是由作家杰克·克鲁亚克于1948年前后提出的。

该流派的作家都是性格粗犷豪放、落拓不羁的男女青年，他们生活简单、不修边幅，喜穿奇装异服，厌弃工作和学业，拒绝承担任何社会义务，以浪迹天涯为乐，蔑视社会的法纪秩序，反对一切世俗陈规和垄断资本统治，抵制对外侵略和种族隔离，讨厌机器文明，他们永远寻求新的刺激，寻求绝对自由，纵欲、吸毒、沉沦，以此向体面的传统价值标准进行挑战，因此被称作垮掉的一代。

代表作家作品有金斯堡的作品《嚎叫》，威廉博罗斯的《裸体午餐》。

2 迷惘的一代迷惘的一代（The Lost Generation）第一次世界大战后美国的一个文学流派。

20年代初，侨居巴黎的美国女作家格·斯泰因对海明威说：“你们都是迷惘的一代。

”海明威把这句话作为他第一部长篇小说《太阳照常升起》(the sun also rises)的题词，“迷惘的一代”从此成为这批虽无纲领和组织但有相同的创作倾向的作家的称谓。

所谓“迷惘”，是指他们共有的彷徨和失望情绪。

“迷惘的一代”尽管是一个短暂的潮流，但它在美国文学史上的地位是确定了的。

代表作家有海明威，杰菲茨拉德，肯明斯等。

4 离岸业务(offshore business)银行吸收非居民的资金，用于服务非居民的金融活动。

5 门罗主义门罗主义(Monroe Doctrine)发表于1823年，表明美利坚合众国当时的观点，即欧洲列强不应再殖民美洲，或涉足美国与墨西哥等美洲国家之主权相关事务。

而对于欧洲各国之间的争端，或各国与其美洲殖民地之间的战事，美国保持中立。

相关战事若发生于美洲，美国将视为具敌意之行为。

6 国学国学，一国所固有之学术也。

一般来说，国学一般是指一个国家的传统历史文化与学术，因此也可以称为是国家的文学或学术。

浅谈迷惘的一代与垮掉的一代

浅谈“迷惘的一代”和“垮掉的一代”本质的异同定义（摘自：维基百科）迷惘的一代（Lost Generation）,又称迷失的一代、失落的一代，通常指在第一次世界大战期间成年的一代人。

海明威在其创作的小说太阳照常升起中使用了“迷惘的一代”作为题词,从而使这一名称广为人知.“迷惘的一代”从此成为这批虽无纲领和组织但有相同的创作倾向的作家的称谓。

所谓“迷惘”,是指他们共有的彷徨和失望情绪。

“迷惘的一代”尽管是一个短暂的潮流，但它在美国文学史上的地位是确定了的。

垮掉的一代(Beat Generation）,第二次世界大战后风行于美国的文学流派。

该流派的作家都是性格粗犷豪放、落拓不羁的男女青年，他们生活简单、不修边幅，喜穿奇装异服，厌弃工作和学业,拒绝承担任何社会义务，以浪迹天涯为乐，蔑视社会的法纪秩序,反对一切世俗陈规和垄断资本统治,抵制对外侵略和种族隔离，讨厌机器文明，他们永远寻求新的刺激，寻求绝对自由,纵欲、吸毒、沉沦，以此向体面的传统价值标准进行挑战，因此被称作垮掉的一代。

相同点“迷惘的一代”和“垮掉的一代”，分别产生于20世纪的两次世界大战之后。

尽管两个流派产生于不同的历史时期、文化背景之下,甚至是文学评论界的反应也完全不同，但是当将两个流派分别放在各自特定的历史时期，通过对时代背景、现实处境、思想基础、发展历程的比较分析，发现两者具有共同的反叛主旨，即反叛主流价值观，宣泄个人感受，用另类的方法引起社会的关注。

同时,对两者的比较放在美国文学的纵向发展中,又可以清晰地梳理出两者一脉的相承精神实质,即追求自由、独立的美国精神。

“迷惘的一代”和“垮掉的一代”在创作手法上无疑属于创新一代，他们都把生活方式与艺术风格相结合，把自己的经历、对时代的感受体现在作品中.以海明威为代表的“迷惘的一代’。

在现实主义的基础上。

借鉴了现代主义写作手法,独树一帜，以凯替亚为代表的“垮掉的一代"融合了现代主义或自然主义和现代主义。

高英3the sad young man

The Sun Also Rises
The Sun Also Rises serves to epitomize the post-war expatriate generation. However, Hemingway himself later wrote to his editor Max Perkins that the "point of the book" was not so much about a generation being lost, but that "the earth abide forever"; he believed the characters in The Sun Also Rises may have been "battered" but were not lost
Representative Figures
Ernest Hemingway海明威 William Faulkner威廉· 福克纳
Ernest Hemingway 海明威
(July 21, 1899 — July 2, 1961) was an American writer and journalist. He was part of the 1920s expatriate community in Paris, and one of the veterans of World War I later known as "the Lost Generation."
The Beat Generation
After
WWII appeared The Beat Generation in US. It was applied to certain American artists and writers who were popular during the 1950s. During the 1960s ―beat‖ ideas and attitudes were absorbed by other cultural movements, and those who practiced the ―beat‖ life style were called ―hippies‖. The term Beat Generation was first used by Kerouac in the late 1940s. The word beat had various connotations for the writers, including despair over the beaten state of the individual in mass society and belief in the beatitude, or blessedness, of the natural world and in the restorative powers of the beat of jazz music and poetry.

凯鲁亚克与垮掉派,《在路上》

影响1、凯鲁亚克是美国五十年代中期崛起的“垮掉的一代”的重要代表人物之一凯鲁亚克在小说中创造了一种全新的自动写作手法——“狂野散文”，他的“生活实录”小说往往带有一种漫无情节的随意性和挑衅性，颠覆了传统的写作风格。

其疏狂漫游、沉思顿悟的人生成为“垮掉的一代”的一种理想。

他以离经叛道、惊世骇俗的生活方式与文学主张，震撼了20世纪五六十年代美国主流文化的价值观与社会观。

他一生共创作了18部小说，大多带有自传性质。

凯鲁亚克的作品艺术性稍差，但对社会现实有独到的认识，有助于了解当今一部分西方青年的精神危机，加深对资本主义社会的腐朽性的认识。

（比如，《在路上》这本书就是在几个星期之内写成的，以后几年没有再修改，小说结构松散，断断续续，描写一群年轻人的荒诞不经的生活经历，反映了战后美国青年的精神空虚和浑浑噩噩的状态。

后来，凯鲁亚克的《萨克斯医生》和《麦琪·卡西迪》这两部小说，在1959年闪电般地问世，均包含着作者的自传成份，充斥着失去信仰的年轻人的苦闷，彷徨和消极对抗情绪。

）克鲁亚克晚年与多病母亲生活在一起，思想也趋向保守。

他被称作“垮掉的一代之王”，但他本人却并不喜欢这一“美誉”，去世之前他曾对《纽约时报》记者说：“我不是‘垮掉的一代’，我是天主教徒。

”2、嬉皮士运动60年代的精神是叛逆的，60年代的文化是叛逆的，60年代的生活也是叛逆的。

（接课件）3、垮掉的一代•（1）有人根据英文“Beats”和“Beatniks”（“垮掉青年”的俗称与谑称）译成“避世青年”或“疲塌派”，也有人取其诗歌的部分特征，称为“节拍运动”或“敲打诗派”。

这一名称最早是由作家杰克·克鲁亚克于1948年前后提出的。

在英语中，形容词“beat”一词有“疲惫”或“潦倒”之意，而克鲁亚克赋予其新的含义“欢腾”或“幸福”，和音乐中“节拍”的概念联结在一起。

此后，“垮掉的一代”的称谓才借助各种媒体流传开去。

实际上，“垮掉的一代”是“迷惘的一代”的对照。

lost generation

Thank you
Lost Generation
By###
一、传教士一代（1860一1882年）：Missionary Generation 二、迷惘的一代（1883一1900年）： Lost Generation 三、大兵的一代（1901—1924年）： G.I .Generation 四、沉默的一代（1925—1942年）： Silent Generaion At Present
• The term has more recently been used as generic shorthand for groups of young people disproportionately affected by economic shocks, often involving lengthy periods of unemployment, such as those affected by the Financial crisis of 2007– 2010.This is partly based on evidence that it can be difficult for those affected to get back into employment when economic activity picks up.
Famous writers:
Ernest Miller Hemingway欧内斯特· 米勒· 海明威 ●Gertrude Stein格特鲁德· 斯泰因 ●F. Scott Fitzgerald斯科特· 菲茨杰拉德 ●Edna St. Vincent Millay埃德娜· 圣文森特· 米莱 ●William Faulkner威廉· 福克纳
●
Why Was It Significant to American Culture?

迷惘的一代 The lost generation

The Great Gatsby
了不起的盖茨比
Ezra Weston Loomis Pound艾兹拉·庞德
• (October 30, 1885 – November 1, 1972) was an American expatriate poet, critic and intellectual who was a major figure of the Modernist movement in the first half of the 20th century.
• when World War I broke out, most of them were young people aged around 20.they were under the demagogic slogan of the United States government "to save the world's democracy" ,and with the ideals of democracy, went to the European battlefield.They have witnessed the unprecedented massacre of mankind, found that the war is far from their original idea of the cause of the kind of hero, the so-called "democracy" and "glorious", "sacrifice" things are deceptive.They experienced during the war all sorts of suffering.This is left in their hearts and can not be healed any more . Their work reflects these thoughts and feelings.

迷茫的一代(the_lost_generation)

The Lost Generation
Ж Seeking the bohemian(放荡不羁的) lifestyle and rejecting the values of American materialism, they fled to France in the post World War I years. Full of youthful idealism, these individuals sought the meaning of life, drank excessively, had love affairs and created some of the finest American literature to date.
The Lost Generation
Ж They went to the war because they believed in that this war would save the international democracy and this is a glorious war, a war of justice. But soon they were disillusioned by the cruelty of the war and the break-down of the American dream, and even more disappointed by the unwilling acceptance of the postwar society. They became doubted about the old values while at the same time they still could not accept the new standard of values and morality.

美国文学名词解释

American Dream: American dream means the belief that everyone can succeed as long as he/she works hard enough. It usually implies a successful and satisfying life. It usually framed in terms of American capitalism资本主义, its associated purported meritocracy,知识界精华 and the freedoms guaranteed by the . .American Puritanism清教主义: Puritanism is the practices and beliefs of the puritans. The Puritans were originally members of a division of the protestant church who wanted to purify their religious beliefs and practices. They accepted the doctrines of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace from God. American literature in the 17th century mostly consisted of Puritan literature. Puritanism had an enduring influence on American literature. It had become, to some extent, so much a state of mind, so much a part of national cultural atmosphere, rather than a set of tenets.Transcendentalism 超验主义: Transcendentalism was a group of new ideas in literature, religion, culture and philosophy that emerged in New England in the early to middle 19th century. Transcendentalists spoke for cultural rejuvenation and against the materialism of American society. It placed emphasis on spirit, or the Over soul, as the most important thing in the world. It stressed the importance of individual and offered a fresh perception nature ad symbolic of the spirit of God. Prominent transcendentalists included Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thorough.American Naturalism自然主义: American naturalism was a new and harsher realism. The naturalists attempt to achieve extreme objectivity and frankness, presenting characters of low social and economic classes who were determined by environment and heredity. It emphasized that the world was amoral, the men and women had no free will, that lives were controlled by heredity and environment, that the destiny of humanity was misery in life and oblivion in death. The pessimism and deterministic ideas naturalism pervaded the works of such American writers as Stephen Crane and Theodore Dreiser.American Naturalism美国自然主义文学：The American naturalists accepted the morenegative interpretation of Darwin’s evolutionary theory and used it to account for the behavior of those characters in literary works who were regarded as more or less complex combinations of inherited attributes, their habits conditioned by social and economic naturalism is evolved from realism when the author’s tone in writing becomes less serious and less sympathetic but more ironic and more pessimistic. It is no more than a gloomy philosophical approach to reality, or to human >Dreiser is a leading figure of his school.The Gilded Age镀金时代: the Gilded Age refers to the era of rapid economic and population growth in the United States during the post- and post- of the late . The term "Gilded Age" was coined by and in their 1873 book, Gilded Age is most famous for the creation of a modern industrial economy. The end of the Gilded Age coincided with the , a deep depression. The depression lasted until 1897 and marked a major political realignment in the . After that came the .The Lost Generation: The Lost Generation is a group of expatriate American writers residing primarily in Paris during the 1920s and 1930s. The group was given its name by the American writer Gertrude Stein, who used “a lost generation” to refer to expatriate Americans bitter about their World War I experiences and disillusioned with American society. Hemingway later used the phrase as an epigraph for his novel The Sun Also Rises. It consisted of many influential American writers, including Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, William Carlos Williams and Archibald MacLeish.The Lost Generation迷惘的一代：The lost generation is a term first used by Stein to describe the post-war I generation of American writers:men and women haunted by a sense of betrayal and emptiness brought about by the destructiveness of the >full of youthful idealism, these individuals sought the meaning of life, drank excessively, had love affairs and created some of the finest American literature to >the three best-known representatives of lost generation are Fitzgerald, Hemingway and John dos Passos.Tragedy: in general, a literary work in which the protagonist meets an unhappy ordisastrous end. Unlike comedy, tragedy depicts the actions of a central character who is usually dignified or heroic. Through a series of events, this tragic hero is brought to a final downfall. The causes of the tragic hero’s downfall vary. In traditional dramas, the cause can be fate, a flaw in character or an error in judgment. In modern dramas, where the tragic hero is often an ordinary individual, the causes range from moral or psychological weakness to the evils of society.Catch-22第22条军规: Catch-22 is a general critique of operation and reasoning. Resulting from its specific use in the book, the phrase "Catch-22" is common usage meaning "a " or "a " of any type. The term was originally from Joseph Heller’s anti novel Catch-22.Beat Generation垮掉的一代: group of American writers of the 1950s whose writing expressed profound dissatisfaction with contemporary American society and endorsed an alternative set of values. The term sometimes is used to refer to those who embraced the ideas of these writers. The Beat Generation's best-known figures were writers Allen Ginsberg and Jack Kerouac.The Beat Generation垮掉的一代:The members of The Beat Generation were new bohemian libertines. Who engaged in a spontaneous, sometimes messy, > The Beat writers produced a body of written work controversial both for its advocacy of non-conformity and for its non-conforming > the major beat writings are Allen Ginsberg’s became the manifesto of The Beat Generation.Psychological Realism心理现实主义: it is the realistic writing that probes deeply into the complexities of characters’ thoughts and motivations. It places more than the usual amount of emphasis on interior characterization and on the motives, and internal action which springs from and develops external action. In Psychological Realism, character and characterization are more than usually important. Henry James is considered a great master of psychological realism.Free Verse自由诗体: free verse is poetry that has an irregular rhythm and line length and that attempts to avoid any predetermined verse structure, instead, ituses the cadences of natural speech. While it alternates stressed and unstressed syllables as stricter verse form do, free verse dose so in a looser way. Walt Whitman’s poetry is an example of free verse.Confessional Poetry自白诗:it is a type of modern poetry in which poets speak with openness and frankness about their own lives, such as in poems about illness, sexuality and despondence. Robert Lowell, Sylvia Plath and Allen Ginsberg and Theodore Roethke are the most important American poets.Imagism意象派: The 1920s saw a vigorous literary activity in America. In poetry there appeared a strong reaction against Victorian poetry. Imagists placed primary reliance on the use of precise, sharp images as a means of poetic expression and stressed precision in the choice of words, freedom in the choice of subject matter and form, and the use of colloquial language. Most of the imagist poets wrote in free verse, using such devices as assonance and alliteration rather than formal metrical schemes to give structure to their movement which had these as its aims is known in literary history as Imagism. Its prime mover was Ezra Pound.Imagism意象主义：Imagism came into being in Britain and around 1910 as a reaction to the traditional English poetry to express the sense of fragmentation and >the imagists, with Ezra Pound leading the way, hold that the most effective means to express these momentary impressions is through the use of one dominant >imagism is characterized by the following three poetic principles: treatment of subject matter; of expression;C. as regards rhythm ,to compose in the sequence of the musical phrase, not in the sequence of metronome. 4> pound’s In a Station of the Metr o is a well-known inagist poem.Black Humor: the use of morbid and the absurd for darkly comic purposes in modern fiction and drama. The term refers as much to the tone of anger and bitterness as it does to the grotesque and morbid situations, which often deal with suffering, anxiety, and death. Black humor is a substantial element in the Anti-novel and the Theatre of Absurd. Joseph Heller's Catch-22 is an almost archetypal example.Irony: a contrast or an incongruity between what is stated and what is really meant, or between what is expected to happen and what actually happens in drama and literature. There are types of irony: verbal irony, dramatic irony and irony of situation. Irony of situation typically takes the form of a discrepancy between appearance and reality, or between what a character expects and what actually happens. Both verbal and irony of situation share the suggestion of a concealed truth conflicting with surface appearances.Allusion: A reference to a person, a place, an event, or a literary work that a writer expects the reader to recognize and respond to. An allusion may be drawn from history, geography, literature, or religion.Satire讽刺: A kind of writing that holds up to ridicule or contempt the weaknesses and wrongdoings of individuals, groups, institutions, or humanity in general. The aim of satirists is to set a moral standard for society, and they attempt to persuade the reader to see their point of view through the force of laughter.Symbol: A symbol is a sign which suggests more than its literal meaning. In other words, a symbol is both literal and figurative. A symbol is a way of telling a story and a way of conveying meaning. The best symbols are those that are believable in the lives of the characters and also convincing as they convey a meaning beyond the literal level of the story. If the symbol is obscure or ambiguous, then the very obscurity and the ambiguity may also be part of the meaning of the story.Symbolism: Symbo lism is the writing technique of using symbols. It’s a literary movement that arose in France in the last half of the 19th century and that greatly influenced many English writers, particularly poets, of the 20th century. It enables poets to compress a very complex idea or set of ideas into one image or even one word. It’s one of the most powerful devices that poets employ in creation.Stream of consciousness意识流or interior monologue;In literary criticism, Stream of consciousness denotes a literary technique which seeks to describe an individual’s point of view by giving the written equivalent of the character’s thought processes.Stream of consciousness writing is strongly associated with the modernist movement. Its introduction in the literary context, transferred from psychology, is attributed to May Sinclair. Stream of consciousness writing is usually regarded as a special form of interior monologue and is characterized by associative leaps in syntax and punctuation that can make the prose difficult to follow,tracing as they do a character’s fragmentary thoughts and sensory writers to employ this technique in the english language include James Joyce and William Faulkner.American realism ：美国现实主义Realism was a reaction against Romanticism and paved the way to Modernism; 2.During this period a new generation of writers, dissatisfied with the Romantic ideas in the older generation, came up with a new inspiration. This new attitude was characterized by a great interest in the realities of life. It aimed at the interpretation of the realities of any aspect of life, free from subjective prejudice, idealism, or romantic color. Instead of thinking about the mysteries of life and death and heroic individualism, people’s attention was now directed to the interesting features of everyday existence, to what was brutal or sordid, and to the open portayal of class struggle;3 so writers began to describe the integrity of human characters reacting under various circumstances and picture the pioneers of the far west, the new immigrants and the struggles of the working class; 4 Mark Twain Howells and Henry James are three leading figures of the American Realism.Local Colorism乡土文学：Generally speaking, the writings of local colorists are concerned with the life of a small, well-defined region or province. The characteristic setting is the isolated small town. 2 Local colorists were consciously nostalgic historians of a vanishing way of life, recorders of a present that faded before their eyes. Yet for all their sentimentality, they dedicated themselves to minutely accurate descriptions of the life of their regions, they worked from personal experience to record the facts of a local environment and suggested that the native life was shaped by the curious conditions of the local. 3 major local colorists is Mark Twain.A J azz age爵士时代:The Jazz Age describes the period of the 1920s and 1930s, the years between world war I and world war II. Particularly in north America. With the rise ofthe great depression, the values of this age saw much decline. Perhaps the most representative literary work of the age is American writer Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby. Highlighting what some describe as the decadence and hedonism, as well as the growth of individualism. Fitzgerald is largely credited wit h coining the term” Jazz Age”.Feminism女权主义: Feminisim incorporates both a doctrine of equal rights for women and an ideology of social transformation aiming to create a world for women beyond simple social >in general, feminism is ideology of women’s libe ration based on the belief that women suffer injustice because of their sex. Under this broad umbrella various feminisms offer differing analyses of the causes, or agents, of female > definitions of feminism by feminists tend to be shaped by their training, ideology or race. So, for example, Marxist and socialist feminists stress the interaction within feminism of class with gender and focus on social distinctions between men and women. Black feminists argue much more for an integrated analysis which can unlock the multiple systems of oppression.Hemingway Code Hero海明威式英雄: Hemingway Code Hero ,also called code hero, is one who, wounded but strong more sentitive, enjoys the pleasures of life sex, alcohol, sport in face of ruin and death, and maintains, through some notion of a code, an ideal of > barnes in the sun also Rises, henry in a Farewell to arms and santiago in the old man and the sea are typical of Hemingway Code HeroImpressionism印象主义:Impressionism is a style of painting that gives the impression made by the subject on the artist without much attention to details. Writers accepted the same conviction that the personal attitudes and moods of the writer were legitimate elements in depicting character or setting or >briefly, it is a style of literature characterized by the creation of general impressions and moods rather that realistic mood.Modernism现代主义：Modernism is comprehensive but vague term for a movement , which begin in the late 19th century and which has had a wide influence internationally during much of the 20th > modernism takes the irrational philosophy and the theory ofpsycho-analysis as its theoretical > the term pertains to all the creative arts. Especially poetry, fiction, drama, painting,music and > in england from early in the 20th century and during the 1920s and 1930s, in America from shortly before the first world war and on during the inter-war period, modernist tendencies were at their most active and >as far as literature is concerned, Modernism reveals a breaking away from established rules, traditions and ways of looking at man’s position and function in the universe and many experiments in form and is particularly concerned with language and how to use it and with writing itself.the gilded age: Plains Indians were pushed in a series of Indian wars onto restricted period also witnessed the creation of a modern industrial economy. A national transportation and communication network was created, the corporation became the dominant form of business organization, and a managerial revolution transformed business operations. By the beginning of the twentieth century, per capita income and industrial production in the United States exceeded that of any other country except Britain. Long hours and hazardous working conditions, led many workers to attempt to form labor unions despite strong opposition from industrialists and the era of intense political partisanship, the Gilded Age was also an era of reform. The Civil Service Act sought to curb government corruption by requiring applicants for certain governmental jobs to take a competitive examination. The Interstate Commerce Act sought to end discrimination by railroads against small shippers and the Sherman Antitrust Act outlawed business monopolies. These years also saw the rise of the Populist crusade. Burdened by heavy debts and falling farm prices, many farmers joined the Populist party, which called for an increase in the amount of money in circulation, government assistance to help farmers repay loans, tariff reductions, and a graduated income Twain called the late nineteenth century the "Gilded Age." By this, he meant that the period was glittering on the surface but corrupt underneath. In the popular view, the late nineteenth century was a period of greed and guile: of rapacious Robber Barons, unscrupulous speculators, and corporate buccaneers, of shady business practices, scandal-plagued politics, and vulgar display. It is easy to caricature the Gilded Age as an era of corruption, conspicuous consumption, and unfettered capitalism. But it is more useful to think of this as modern America’s formative period, when anagrarian society of small producers was transformed into an urban society dominated by industrial corporations.Regionalism地区主义：In literature, regionalism or local color fiction refers to fiction or poetry that focuses on specific features –including characters, dialects, customs, history, and topography – of a particular region. Since the region may be a recreation or reflection of the author's own, there is often nostalgia and sentimentality in the the terms regionalism and local color are sometimes used interchangeably, regionalism generally has broader connotations. Whereas local color is often applied to a specific literary mode that flourished in the late 19th century, regionalism implies a recognition from the colonial period to the present of differences among specific areas of the country. Additionally, regionalism refers to an intellectual movement encompassing regional consciousness beginning in the 1930s. Even though there is evidence of regional awareness in early southern writing—William Byrd's History of the Dividing Line, for example, points out southern characteristics—not until well into the 19th century did regional considerations begin to overshadow national ones. In the South the regional concern became more and more evident in essays and fiction exploring and often defending the southern way of life. John Pendleton Kennedy's fictional sketches in Swallow Barn, for example, examined southern plantation life at length.multiple points of view多视角：Multiple Point of View: It is one of the literary techniques William Faulkner used, which shows within the same story how the characters reacted differently to the same person or the same situation. The use of this technique gave the story a circular form wherein one event was the center, with various points of view radiating from it. The multiple points of view technique makes the reader recognize the difficulty of arriving at a true judgment.Confessional poetry ：Confessional poetry emphasizes the intimate, and sometimes unflattering, information about details of the poet's personal life, such as in poems about illness, sexuality, and despondence. The confessionalist label was applied to a number of poets of the 1950s and 1960s. John Berryman, Allen Ginsberg, Robert Lowell,Sylvia Plath, Theodore Roethke, Anne Sexton, and William De Witt Snodgrass have all been called 'Confessional Poets'. As fresh and different as the work of these poets appeared at the time, it is also true that several poets prominent in the canon of Western literature, perhaps most notably Sextus Propertius and Petrarch, could easily share the label of "confessional" with the confessional poets of the fifties and sixties.Ecocriticism：Ecocriticism is the study of literature and environment from an interdisciplinary point of view where all sciences come together to analyze the environment and brainstorm possible solutions for the correction of the contemporary environmental situation. Ecocriticism was officially heralded by the publication of two seminal works, both published in the mid-1990s: The Ecocriticism Reader, edited by Cheryll Glotfelty and Harold Fromm, and The Environmental Imagination, by Lawrence the United States, Ecocriticism is often associated with the Association for the Study of Literature and Environment ASLE, which hosts biennial meetings for scholars who deal with environmental matters in literature. ASLE has an official journal—Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and Environment ISLE—in which much of the most current American scholarship in the rapidly evolving field of ecocriticism can be is an intentionally broad approach that is known by a number of other designations, including "green cultural studies", "ecopoetics", and "environmental literary criticism".Dramatic Conflict：At least not the special kind of conflict that drives plays, the gas that fuels the dramatic engine. Arguments in real life are usually circular -- nobody gets anywhere, except a little steam's been blown off. And they're boring for everyone except the folks doing the Conflict draws from a much deeper vein, rooted in the Subtext of your central characters. It's driven by fundamentally opposing is a necessary element of fictional literature. It is defined as the problem in any piece of literature and is often classified according to the nature of the protagonist or antagonist;Confessional poetry自白派诗歌：designates a type of narrative and lyric verse, given impetus by Robert Lowell’s Life Studies, which deals with the facts and intimate mental and physical experiences of the poet’s own life. Confess ional poetry was written inrebellion against the demand for impersonality by T. S. Elliot and the New Criticism. The representative writers of confessional school include Robert Lowell, Anne Sexton and Sylvia Plath and so on.无韵诗：blank verse 一译"素体诗";英语格律诗的一种;每行用五个长短格音步――十个音节组成,每首行数不拘,不压韵;自由诗：free verse 诗歌的一种;语言不讲究格律,诗的段数、行数、字数也没有固定规格,但要有节奏,押大致相近的韵;美国诗人惠特曼为创始人;Blank verse consists of unrhymed lines of iambic pentameter ten syllables with the second, fourth, sixth, eighth, and tenth syllables accented. The form has generally been accepted as the best for dramatic verse in English and is commonly used for long poems whether dramatic, philosophical, or narrative. While blank verse appears easy to write, good blank verse demands more artistry and genius than most any other verse form. The freedom gained through the lack of rhyme is offset by the demands for required variety. Free Verse is poetry that is based on the irregular rhythmic cadence recurring, with variations of phrases, images, and syntactical patterns rather than the conventional use of meter. In other words, free verse has no rhythm scheme or pattern. However, much poetic language and devices are found in free verse. Rhyme may or may not be used in free verse, but, when rhyme is used, it is used with great freedom. In other words, free verse has no rhyme scheme or verse does not mean rhyme cannot be used, only that it must be used without any pattern.诗歌赏析1. Emily Dickinson was born into a family of heavy Puritan tradition, which had influenced her way of life as well as the style of creating deeply. To the Puritans, a person by nature was wholly sinful and could achieve good only by severe and unremitting discipline. Hard work was considered as a religious duty and emphasis was laid on constant self-examination and self-discipline. So they believed that the physical phenomenal world is nothing but a symbol of God. And Dickinson’s poems just dwelled upon such metaphysical subjects as God, Death, and Immortality, following the claim of Puritanism. This one---" Because I Could Not Stop for Death", which brims over with religious theme is just a perfect evidence. As Dickinson’s poems usuallyhad no titles, and the first sentence of a poem is taken as its title. The poem begins with a leisurely image. At first, the protagonist主角 feels totally at ease and the usually frightening death is described as if a familiar friend, gentle and polite. Continuingly, the poem is developed upon a basic metaphor that life is a journey. It was truly rather old a comparison, but Dickinson enriched it with her creativity and imagination: "School, where Children strove" --childhood; "Fields of Gazing Grain"--maturity; and "Setting Sun"--old age. Then “the Dews drew quivering and chill-” makes the protagonist feel terribly cold, which may mean that they are getting nearer and nearer to the tomb. But at last, his companions, Immortality and Death, finally desert him and leave him alone to go toward Eternity. So it seems that though death cheats him and at the same time deserts him, the experience of death itself is not painful. Emily Dickinson’s poems just explain this kind of essence of life, which then lead you to a world of imagination and thinking.2. In a Station of the Metro" is an Imagist poem by Ezra Pound. The poem attempts to describe Pound's experience upon visiting an underground metro station in Paris in 1912, and Pound suggested that the faces of the individuals in the metro were best put into a poem not with a description but with an "equation". Because of the treatment of the subject's appearance by way of the poem's own visuality, it is considered a quintessential精粹的 Imagist text. The poem is essentially a set of images that have unexpected likeness and convey the rare emotion that Pound was experiencing at that time. Arguably the heart of the poem is not the first line, nor the second, but the mental process that links the two together. "In a poem of this sort," as Pound explained, "one is trying to record the precise instant when a thing outward and objective transforms itself, or darts into a thing inward and subjective." This darting takes place between the first and second lines. The pivotal关键的 semi-colon has stirred debate as to whether the first line is in fact subordinate to the second or both lines are of equal, independent importance. Pound contrasts the factual, mundane image that he actually witnessed with a metaphor from nature and thus infuses this “apparition” with visual beauty. There is a quick transition from the statement of the first line to the sec ond line’s vivid metaphor; this ‘super-pository’ technique exemplifies the Japanese haiku俳句style. The word “apparition” is considered crucial as itevokes a mystical and supernatural sense of imprecision which is then reinforced by the metaphor of the second line. The plosive爆破音word ‘Petals’ conjures ideas of delicate, feminine beauty which contrasts with the bleakness of the ‘wet, black bough’. What the poem signifies is questionable; many critics argue that it deliberately transcends traditional form and therefore its meaning is solely found in its technique as opposed to in its content. However when Pound had the inspiration to write this poem few of these considerations came into view. He simply wished to translate his perception of beauty in the midst of ugliness into a single, perfect image in written form. It is also worth noting that the number of words in the poem fourteen is the same as the number of lines in a sonnet. The words are distributed with eight in the first line and six in the second, mirroring the octet-sestet form of the Italian or Petrarchan sonnet.3. On the surface, this poem is simplicity itself. The speaker is stopping by some woods on a snowy evening. He or she takes in the lovely scene in near-silence, is tempted to stay longer, but acknowledges the pull of obligations and the considerable distance yet to be traveled before he or she can rest for the night;The poem consists of four almost identically constructed stanzas. Each line is iambic, with four stressed syllables:Within the four lines of each stanza, the first, second, and fourth lines rhyme. The third line does not, but it sets up the rhymes for the next stanza. For example, in the third stanza, queer, near, and year all rhyme, but lake rhymes with shake, mistake, and flake in the following notable exception to this pattern comes in the final stanza, where the third line rhymes with the previous two and is repeated as the fourth line.Commentary：This is a poem to be marveled at and taken for granted. Like a big stone, like a body of water, like a strong economy, however it was forged it seems that, once made, it has always been there. Frost claimed that he wrote it in a single nighttime sitting; it just came to him. Perhaps one hot, sustained burst is the only way to cast such a complete object, in which form and content, shape and meaning, are alloyed inextricably. One is tempted to read it, nod quietly in recognition of its splendor and multivalent meaning, and just move on. But one must write essays. Or study guides. Like the woods it describes, the poem is lovely but entices us with dark depths--of。

The_lost_generation[1] 2迷惘的一代

Hemingway became a spokesperson for his generation. Hemingway wrote of war, death, and the "lost generation" of cynical survivors. The Sun Also Rises (1926) has been considered the essential prose of the Lost Generation.
Ernest Hemingway
The Spokesman of the “Lost Generation” This was the generation that had gone through World War I. They were "lost" in a topsy-turvy (confused, chaotic) world, what the poet T. S. Eliot called a "waste land." Nhomakorabea
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Writers of the lost generation
1 2 3
Ezra Pound
Ernest Hemingway
Sherwood Anderson
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Ezra Pound
American expatriate poet and critic
His own significant contributions :his promotion of Imagism
Main works: his epic poem The Cantos

美国文学流派

重农派(Agrarians) 迷惘的⼀代(The Lost Generation) ⿊⼭派诗歌(BIack Mountain Poems) 垮掉的⼀代(the Beat Generation) ⿊⾊幽默(Black humor) 重农派(Agrarians) 美国现代南⽅作家组成的⼀个松散的⽂化团体，⼜称“逃亡者派”。

1915年，⼀些与⽥纳西州纳什维尔镇范德⽐尔特⼤学有关的⽂化⼈常常聚会讨论⽂学及哲学问题。

第⼀次世界⼤战期间集会曾⼀度中断，1919年重⼜恢复。

范德⽐尔特⼤学教师、诗⼈约翰·克罗·兰塞姆成为这⼀活动的实际，他的周围聚集了⼀批有才华的年轻⼈，如诗⼈罗伯特·潘·华伦、阿伦·泰特、唐纳德·戴维森以及⼩说家安德鲁·纳尔逊·莱特尔、诗⼈莫⾥尔·莫尔等。

1922⾄1925年，他们出版了有影响的⼩型⽂艺杂志《逃亡者》，它所发表的重要的⽂章后来收组成为《逃亡者⽂选》(1928)。

“逃亡者派”⼀词即由此⽽来。

“逃亡者”们提倡维护南⽅传统的⽂学地⽅主义，成为“南⽅⽂艺复兴”的⼀⽂中坚⼒量。

1930年，以“逃亡者派”为主体的12个南⽅作家，其中有兰塞姆、华伦、泰特以及诗⼈约翰·弗莱彻、剧作家斯塔克·扬格等⼈，撰写的专题论⽂集《我要表明我的态度》出版。

这部被看作“重农派”宣⾔的著作在社会上引起了不⼩反响。

这些⽂章的主旨都是以南⽅农业社会为尺度来评价、批判现代美国资本主义社会。

此后，阿伦·泰特等⼈编辑出版了“重农派”的第⼆部论⽂集《谁占有美国?》(1936)。

30年代经济⼤萧条时期，重农思想对南⽅知识分⼦影响极⼤。

这种思想不仅贯穿在兰塞姆、戴维森、泰特、华伦等⼈的作品中，在威廉·福克纳、卡罗琳·⼽登、莱特尔以⾄尤多拉·韦尔蒂等⼈的⼩说中也有鲜明的体现，⼀时形成了⼀股很有声势的⽂化潮流，以致有“重农运动”之称。

the lost generation vs the beat generation

2019/10/12
• Deputies: group of expatriate American writers residing primarily in Paris during the 1920s and 1930s. The group never formed a cohesive literary movement, but it consisted of many influential American writers, Besides Hemingway, there is Lewis Mumford, Ezra Pound, T. S. Eliot, Matthew, Sherwood Anderson, F. Scott Fitzgerald, William Carlos Williams, Thornton Wilder, Archibald MacLeish, Hart Crane and many other novelists. .
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• Their political views were usually seen as identifying with the left, sometimes anarchistic, and they described social alienation of different kinds. They also often expressed their critical views on society as a whole, criticising certain behaviours or groups in different ways. On television, their writings were often expressed in plays in anthology drama series such as Armchair Theatre (ITV, 1956-68) and The Wednesday Play (BBC, 1964-70); this leads to a confusion with the kitchen sink drama category of the early 1960s.

垮掉派TheBeatGeneration

垮掉派TheBeatGeneration黑山派没有产生很大的影响。

五十年代初雷克思洛斯和邓肯等人搞的“旧金山文艺复兴”运动也没有多少反响。

美国那时正是麦卡锡时代，统治集团对内对外的反动政策，对进步人士的迫害，似乎很如意地培养出驯顺的下一代。

路易斯·辛普森的诗《沉默的一代》写出了这批打完仗回来的青年变成庸人的可怕情景。

然而蓄久必发，到五十年代下半期，这“沉默的一代”就发出惊人的喧闹声。

一九五五年在旧金山活动的一批青年诗人在该市六号画廊举行朗诵会，金斯堡风格奇异、内容惊人的《嚎叫》使整个美国诗评界不知所措，接着法院审理《嚎叫》淫猖罪，反而给它作了广告，这就是所谓“垮掉的一代”诗派的诞生。

“垮掉”，是英语Beat一词的翻译，这个词意义很复杂；垮掉派小说家凯如阿克坚持说这词指神秘的极乐境界（Beatfire），此词又指他们的诗歌朗诵时那种强烈的节奏，因此海外华人书刊往往译为“敲打派”、“节拍代”；这词的基本意义的确是“疲乏”、“厌倦”，因此“垮掉”也并非错译。

其它国家一般都用音译，在我国此译名已固定，故仍其旧。

垮掉派对美国资本主义社会采取一种虚无主义的嘲世态度，他们抗议垄断资本统治下人性遭到摧残，人被剥夺了一切有意义的东西。

对这糟透了的社会，他们表示强烈反感。

但表现这种反感的方式，便是做（以及写）控制着这个社会的“正人君子”所不齿或不敢做的事：无论是吸毒、纵欲、流浪生活，还是佛理，似乎只要走入极端，就能脱离这个叫人腻烦的社会，进入神秘的超脱境界。

垮掉派的诗学似乎很荒谬：他们认为只要写下的是真切地感受到的、想到并表现出来的东西，无论有没有诗意，照直写下，照直吼出，都是好诗。

写之前不要构思，写之后不要修改，反对任何形式追求，甚至认为技巧只能妨碍表现。

作为一个诗派，他们最大的成绩似乎是重新发扬了惠特曼的传统（惠特曼是他们的英雄），把诗歌从讲堂和教科书里拉回街头，由桑德堡等人开始的朗诵传统被他们发展成一种重要的诗歌表现手段。

英语国家社会与文化入门试题

英语国家社会与文化入门试题山西师范大学期末考试试题(卷)2008—2009学年第二学期院系:外国语学院专业:英语考试科目:英语国家社会与文化入门试卷号: A(1) 卷题一二三四五六七八总分分号评数复卷I. In each of the following questions there are four choices. 查人Choose the correct one (25%) 人1. Which is the largest city in Scotland?A. CardiffB. EdinburghC. GlasgowD. Manchester2. Who were the ancestors of the English and the founders of England?A. The Anglo-SaxonsB. The NormansC. The VikingsD. The Romans3. Under the William of Normandy (known as “William t he Conqueror”) the Normans crossed the English Channel in_____,and the Battle of Hastings, defeated an English army under king Harold.A. 1066B. 1707C.1536D. 18014. Which of the following statements is NOT true?A. Sinn Fein is a legal political party in Northern Ireland.B. Those who want to unite Northern Ireland with Britain arecalled Unionists.C. The Social Democratic and Labor Party is a very importantpolitical party in Britain.D. Those who show their loyalty to the British Crown are called1 第页共 8 页 Loyalists.5. Which of the following about the Queen is NOT true?A. The Queen selects the Prime Minister and the Cabinet.B. The Queen symbolizes the tradition and unity of the British院系:_____________ 专业:_______________ 班级:_________ 学号:___________ 姓名:_____________密封线密封线以内不准作任何标记密封线山西师范大学 2008——2009 学年第二学期期末考试试题(卷)7. There are three major parties in the UK: theConservative Party, the Labor Party and the________.A. RepublicanB. Liberal PartyC. Liberal Democratic PartyD. Green Party 8. Which of the following writer did NOT belong toRomanticism?A. KeatsB. ShelleyC. WordsworthD.Defoe9. Which of the following books is written by Geoffrey Chaucer?A. The Canterbury TalesB. B eowulfC. The TempestD. Morte D’ Arthur10. In Britain, children from the age of 5 to 16_______.A. can legally receive partly free educationB. can legally receive completely free educationC. can not receive free education at allD. can not receive free education if their parents are rich11. Which of the following schools would admit childrenwithout reference to their academic abilities?A. Comprehensive schoolsB. Secondary schoolsC. Independent schoolsD. Grammar schools 12.In England there is a truly English holiday: BonfireNight ---sometimes called ________; while inScotland, New Year’s Eve called _______ is the major2 第页共 8 页winter celebration.A. Guy Fawkes Night, HogmanayB. Eisteddfod, St Patrick DayC. Easter Day, Boxing DayD. Halloween Day, Ramadan13. The English Parliament originated in the_______---an advisory assembly of the king’s chiefvassals, including the clergy.A. Privy CouncilB. CabinetC. Great CouncilD.Congress14. At present Ireland Parliament has _____memberscalled Teachtai Dala; while Senate has _____memberswho are not directly elected.A. 166, 60B. 435, 100C. 651, 400D. 300, 12015. The Wars of the Roses were fought between thefamily of Lancaster and the family of _______A. TudorB. StuartC. HanoverD.York16. Which of the following is NOT a part of theProtestant value system?A. self-indulgenceB. RationalismC. AsceticismD. Individualism17. In Australia each of the government department isadministered jointly by ____and ____.A. President, and Governor GeneralB. Minister, the Head of Department3 第页共 8 页C. Prime Minister, ChancellorD. Chairman, Magistrate18. The first settlers of New Zealand were_______. In1769, _____visited New Zealand and claimed if forBritain.A. voyagers from East Polynesia, Abel TasmanB. European navigators, James CookC. Christian missionaries, sealers and whalersD. voyagers from East Polynesia, James Cook 19. In 1840, Maori chiefs signed the _____to keep theirownership of the natural resources, and in ______NewZealand became an independent nation when theStature of Westminster (1931) was ratified.A. Treaty of Waitangi, 1994B. Treaty of Maoritanga, 1947C. Treaty of Waitangi, 1947D. Treaty of Auckland, 191520. ______was the first to start the ReligiousReformation and the next important leader of theReformation was _______.A. Martin Luther, John MiltonB. John Calvin, the English King Henry VIIC. Martin Luther King, William PennD. Martin Luther, John Calvin21.Which of the following statements is NOT correct?When the Constitution was written,A. There was a Bill of Rights in the Constitution.4 第页共 8 页B. There was no Bill of Rights.C. The Constitution did not have any words guaranteeingthe freedoms or the basic rights and privileges ofcitizens.D. A “Bill of Rights” was added to the Constitution fouryears after the Constitution was made.22. Which of the following is the only branch that canmake federal laws, and levy federal taxes?A. The executive.B. The legislative.C. The Judicial.D. The president.23. Which of the following statements is NOT correctaccording to the author?A. American mainstream culture is based onProtestantism.B. Protestant Church is an established church by law in the US.C. The Catholic Church is the largest single religious group in the US.D. The largest church is of the Protestant faith in the US.24. The Declaration of Independence was adopted by the____ Continental Congress on July 4, _____.A. First, 1774B. First, 1776C. Second, 1774D. Second, 177625. _______ was separated from the Roman CatholicChurch at the Reformation in the 16th Century,spreading over Britain, the USA, Germany and other5 第页共 8 页western countries.A. ChristianityB. ProtestantismC. Orthodox Eastern ChurchD. BuddhismII. For each of the following blanks, write the suitableword or term in the corresponding space on youranswer sheet. (10%)1. One of the oldest of the early “old English” literaryworks is a long poem from Anglo-Saxons times calledBeowulf.th2. With the Norman Conquest in 11 century Britainentered the Middle Age (1066-1485), and the languageof the royal court became French.3. The full name of the United Kingdom is the UnitedKingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. 4. The Anglican Church is the established church of theEnglish nation. It is also called church of England. Thetwo terms are almost interchangeable. It is one of themain denominations of Protestantism.5. In USA, one of the measurements for anundergraduate in academic progress is _______or“points”. It is defined as one hour of classroom lecture, or two to three hours of experiments per week for asemester.6. During the First Civil War of the England BourgeoisRevolution, those who stood on the side of the kingwere called Cavaliers, and those who supported theParliament were called Roundhead because of their6 第页共 8 页short haircuts.7. In UK, the party which wins the majority seats inParliament forms the government and its party leaderbecomes PM.8. The White House, the official presidential residence,is located in Washington D.C. The President worksand lives in this building. The president has enormouspower. He can only serve one or two successive termsof 4 year each.9. In our text, the WASP stands for White Anglo-SaxonsProtestant.10. In our text, the GCSE stands for GeneralCertificate of Secondary Education.III. Give a brief answer to each of the following questions. Write your answer in the corresponding space on your answer sheet. (25%)1. Give a brief account of the US Presidential powers.2.What is the main difference between the Grammarschools and the Comprehensive Schools?3. What is the difference between the Lost Generation and the Beat Generation?4. What are the Wars of the Roses?5.What are the differences between the Bill of Rights of1689 in UK and the Bill of Rights of 1791 in USA?IV. Explain the following terms. (30%)7 第页共 8 页1. The New Deal2.Wakefield Scheme3. Open University4. Mark Twain5. The Industrial Revolution6. The “Washminster” form polityV. Answer the following questions (10%)How do you understand that “British history has been a history of invasion”. Please illustrate t his point with the examples from the text. And how did each of the invasion influence the English culture?8 第页共 8 页。