山东大学考博英语试题详细解析1997年试题及答案
山东大学考博英语模拟真题及其解析
山东大学考博英语模拟真题及其解析Roger Rosenblatt’s book Black Fiction,in attempting to apply literary rather than sociopolitical criteria to its subject,Geng duo yuan xiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xi quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi successfully alters the approach taken by most previous studies.As Rosenblatt notes,criticism of Black writing has often served as a pretext for expounding on Black history.Addison Gayle’s recent work,for example,judges the value of Black fiction by overtly political standards,rating each work according to the notions of Black identity which it propounds.Although fiction assuredly springs from political circumstances, its authors react to those circumstances in ways other than ideological,and talking about novels and stories primarily as instruments of ideology circumvents much of the fictional enterprise. Rosenblatt’s literary analysis discloses affinities and connections among works of Black fiction which solely political studies have overlooked or ignored.Writing acceptable criticism of Black fiction,however, presupposes giving satisfactory answers to a number of questions. First of all,is there a sufficient reason,other than the facial identity of the authors,to group together works by Black authors? Second,how does Black fiction make itself distinct from other modern fiction with which it is largely contemporaneous?Rosenblatt showsthat Black fiction constitutes a distinct body of writing that has an identifiable,coherent literary tradition.Looking at novels written by Black over the last eighty years,he discovers recurring concerns and designs independent of chronology.These structures are thematic,and they spring,not surprisingly,from the central fact that the Black characters in these novels exist in a predominantly white culture,whether they try to conform to that culture or rebel against it.Black Fiction does leave some aesthetic questions open. Rosenblatt’s thematic analysis permits considerable objectivity;he even explicitly states that it is not his intention to judge the merit of the various works—yet his reluctance seems misplaced,especially since an attempt to appraise might have led to interesting results. For instance,some of the novels appear to be structurally diffuse. Is this a defect,or are the authors working out of,or trying to forge, a different kind of aesthetic?In addition,the style of some Black novels,like Jean Toomer’s Cane,verges on expressionism or surrealism;does this technique provide a counterpoint to the prevalent theme that portrays the fate against which Black heroes are pitted,a theme usually conveyed by more naturalistic modes of expression?In spite of such omissions,what Rosenblatt does include in his discussion makes for an astute and worthwhile study.Black Fiction surveys a wide variety of novels,bringing to our attention in theprocess some fascinating and little-known works like James Weldon Johnson’s Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man.Its argument is tightly constructed,and its forthright,lucid style exemplifies levelheaded and penetrating criticism.1.The author of the text is primarily concerned with[A]evaluating the soundness of a work of criticism.[B]comparing various critical approaches to a subject.[C]discussing the limitations of a particular kind of criticism.[D]summarizing the major points made in a work of criticism.2.The author of the text believes that Black Fiction would have been improved had Rosenblatt[A]evaluated more carefully the ideological and historical aspects of Black fiction.[B]attempted to be more objective in his approach to novels and stories by Black authors.[C]explored in greater detail the recurrent thematic concerns of Black fiction throughout its history.[D]assessed the relative literary merit of the novels he analyzes thematically.3.The author’s discussion of Black Fiction can be best described as[A]pedantic and contentious.[B]critical but admiring.[C]ironic and deprecating.[D]argumentative but unfocused.4.The author of the text employs all of the following in the discussion of Rosenblatt’s book EXCEPT:[A]rhetorical questions.[B]specific examples.[C]comparison and contrast.[D]definition of terms.5.The author of the text refers to James Weldon Johnson’s Autobiography of an ExColored Man most probably in order to[A]point out affinities between Rosenblatt’s method of thematic analysis and earlier criticism.[B]clarify the point about expressionistic style made earlier in the passage.[C]qualify the assessment of Rosenblatt’s book made in the first paragraph of the passage.[D]give a specific example of one of the accomplishments of Rosenblatt’s work.[答案与考点解析]1.【答案】A【考点解析】这是一道中心主旨题。
1997年英语试题答案
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1997年全国高考英语试题及答案
1997年全国高考英语试题及答案Ⅰ.单项填空（共25小题，每小题1分；满分25分）A)从A、B、C、D中找出其划线部分与所给单词的划线部分读音相同的选项。
例：have A. gave B. save C. hat D. made 答案是C.1. motor A. opposite B. ocean C. oppress D. object2. theory A. diary B. pioneer C. therefore D. really3. oxygen A. geography B. degree C. recognise D. sugar4. canal A. important B. liberation C. majority D. national5. medicine A. except B. record C. increase D. physics<% if Request.Cookies("member") = "True" then %> B)从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳答案。
例：We last night, but we went to the concert instead.A. must have studiedB. might studyC. should have studiedD. would study 答案是C.6. It is generally considered unwise to give a child he or she wants.A. howeverB. whateverC. whicheverD. whenever7. — Have you seen pen? I left it here this morning.—Is it black one? I think I saw it somewhere.A. a; theB. the; theC. the; aD. a; a8. - Do you think I could borrow your dictionary?- ________A. Yes, you may borrowB. Yes, you couldC. Yes, help yourselfD. Yes, go on9. She his number in the phone book to make sure that she had got it right.A. looked upB. looked forC. picked outD. picked up10. I first met Lisa three years ago. She at a radio shop at the time.A. has workedB. was workingC. had been workingD. had worked11. The train leaves at 6:00 pm. So I have to be at the station 5:40 pm at the latest.A.untilB.afterC.byD.around12. I would love to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report.A. to goB. to have goneC. goingD. having gone13. Wait till you are more . It's better to be sure than sorry.A. inspiredB. satisfiedC. calm C. certain14. I agree with most of what you said, but I don't agree with .A. everythingB. anythingC. somethingD. nothing15. - I'd like to invite you to dinner this Saturday, Mr Smith.- ________A. Oh, no. Let's notB. I'd rather stay at homeC. I'm very sorry, but I have other plansD. Oh, no. That'll be too much trouble16. - Is this raincoat yours? - No,mine there behind the door.A. is hangingB. has hungC. hangsD. hung17. The Olympic Games, in 776 B.C., did not include women players until 1912.A. first playingB. to be first playedC. first playedD. to be first playing18. If by any chance someone comes to see me, ask them to leave a .A. messageB. letterC. sentenceD. notice19. - Who is Jerry Cooper?- ? I saw you shaking hands with him at the meeting.A. Don't you meet him yetB. Hadn't you met him yetC. Didn't you meet him yetD. Haven't you met him yet20. After the war, a new school building was put up there had once been a theatre.A. thatB. whereC. whichD. when21.Mother will wait for him to have dinner together.A. However late is heB. However he is lateC. However is he lateD. However late he is22. - Alice, why didn't you come yesterday?- I , but I had an unexpected visitor.A. hadB. wouldC. was going toD. did23. Sarah has read lots of stories by American writers. Now she would like to read storiesby writers from countries.A. some; anyB. other; someC. some; otherD. other; other24. The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone get out.A. had toB. wouldC. couldD. was able to25. It was about 600 years ago the first clock with a face and an hour hand was made.A. thatB. until c. before D. whenⅡ.完形填空（共25小题，每小题1分；满分25分）阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后从26～50各题所给的四个选项中，选出一个最佳答案。
山东大学考博英语部分试题及参考答案详解
2015年山东大学考博英语部分试题完形填空A recent poll indicated that half the teenagers in the United States believe that communication between them and their parents is__1__and further that one of the prime causes of this gap is __2__listening behavior. As a(an)__3__ in point，one parent believed that her daughter had a severe__4__problem. She was so __5__that she took her to an audiologist to have her ear tested. The audiologist carefully tested both ears and reported back to the parent：“There‘s nothing wrong with her hearing. She’s just __6__you out.”A leading cause of the __7__divorce rate(more than half of all marriages end in divorce)is the failure of husbands and wives to __8__effectively. They don‘t listen to each other. Neither person__9__to the actual message sent by the other.In __10__fashion，political scientists report that a growing number of people believe that their elected and __11__officials are out of__12__with the constituents they are supposedly __13__. Why?Because they don‘t believe that they listen to them. In fact，it seems that sometimes our politicians don’t even listen to themselves. The following is a true story：At anational__14__conference held in Albuquerque some years ago，then Senator Joseph Montoyawas__15__a copy of a press release by a press aide shortly before he got up before the audience to__16__ a speech. When he rose to speak，__17__the horror of the press aide and the__18__of his audience，Montoya began reading the press release，not his speech. He began，“For immediate release. Senator Joseph M. Montoya，Democrat of New Mexico，last night told the National……”Montoya read the entire six-page release，__19__ with the statement that he“was repeatedly __20__by applause.”1.[A] scarce [B] little [C] rare [D] poor2.[A] malignant [B] deficient [C] ineffective [D] feeble3.[A] case [B] example [C] lesson [D] suggestion4.[A] audio [B] aural [C] hearing [D] listening5.[A] believing [B] convinced [C] assured [D] doubtless6.[A] turning [B] tuning [C] tucking [D] tugging7.[A] rising [B] arising [C] raising [D] arousing8.[A] exchange [B] interchange [C] encounter [D] interact9.[A] relates [B] refers [C] responds [D] resorts10.[A] like [B] alike [C] likely [D] likewise11.[A] nominated [B] selected [C] appointed [D] supported12.[A] connection [B] reach [C] association [D] touch13.[A] leading [B] representing [C]delegating [D] supporting14.[A] legislative [B] legitimate [C] legalized [D] liberal15.[A] distributed [B] awarded [C] handed [D] submitted16.[A] present [B] publish [C] deliver [D] pursue17.[A] to [B] with [C] for [D] on18.[A] joy [B] enjoyment [C] amusement [D] delight19.[A] conclude [B] to conclude [C] concluding [D] concluded20.[A] disrupted [B] interfered [C] interrupted [D] stopped阅读理解第一篇I’ve been writing for most of my life. The book Writing Without Teachers introduced me to one distinction(区别)and one practice that has helped my writing processes tremendously. The distinction is between the creative mind and the critical mind. While you need to employ both to get to a finished result, they cannot work in parallel no matter how much we might like to think so.Trying to criticize writing on the fly is possibly the single greatest barrier to writing that most of us encounter. If you are listening to that 5th grade English teacher correct your grammar while you are trying to capture a fleeting (稍纵即逝的) thought, the thought will die. If you capture the fleeting thought and simply share it with the world in raw form, no one is likely to understand. You must learn to create first and then criticize if you want to make writing the tool for thinking that it is.The practice that can help you past your learned bad habits of trying to edit as you write is what Elbow calls “free writing.” In free writing, the objective is to get words down on paper non-stop, usually for 15-20 minutes. No stopping, no going back, no criticizing. The goal is to get the words flowing. As the words begin to flow, the ideas will come from the shadows and let themselves be captured on your notepad or your screen.Now you have raw materials that you can begin to work with using the critical mind that you’ve persuaded to sit on the side and watch quietly. Most likely, you will believe that this will take more time than you actually have and you will end up staring blankly at the pages as the deadline draws near.Instead of staring at a blank start filling it with words no matter how bad. Halfway through your available time, stop and rework your raw writing into something closer to finished product. Move back and forth until you run out of time and the final result will most likely be far better than your current practices.1 When the author says the creative mind and the critical mind “cannot work in parallel” inthe writing process, he meansA．one cannot use them at the same time B．they cannot be regarded as equally important C．they are in constant conflict with each other D．no one can be both creative and critical2 What prevents people from writing on isA．putting their ideas in raw form B．ignoring grammatical soundnessC．attempting to edit as they write D．trying to capture fleeting thoughts3 What is the chief objective of the first stage of writing?A．To organize one’s thoughts logically. B．To get one’s ideas down.C．To choose an appropriate topic. D．To collect raw materials.4 One common concern of writers about “free writing” is thatA．it overstresses the role of the creative mind B．it does not help them to think clearly C．it may bring about too much criticism D．it takes too much time to edit afterwards5 In what way does the critical mind help the writer in the writing process?A．It allows him to sit on the side and observe. B．It helps him to come up with new ideas. C．It saves the writing time available to him. D．It improves his writing into better shape.第二篇 2002年1月六级"The world's environment is surprisingly healthy. Discuss." If that were an examination topic, most students would tear it apart, offering a long list of complaints: from local smog ( 烟雾 )to global climate change, from the felling ( 砍伐 ) of forests to the extinction of species. The list would largely be accurate, the concern legitimate. Yet the students who should be given the highest marks would actually be those who agreed with the statement. The surprise is how good things are, not how bad.After all, the world's population has more than tripled during this century, and world output has risen hugely, so you would expect the earth itself to have been affected. Indeed, if people lived, consumed and produced things in the same way as they did in 1900 (or 1950, or indeed 1980), the world by now would be a pretty disgusting place: smelly, dirty, toxic and dangerous.But they don't. The reasons why they don't, and why the environment has not been mined, have to do with prices, technological innovation, social change and government regulation in re- sponse to popular pressure. That is why, today's environmental problems in the poor countries ought, in principle, to be solvable.Raw materials have not run out, and show no sign of doing so. Logically, one day they must: the planet is a finite place. Yet it is also very big, and man is very ingenious. What has happened is that every time a material seems to be running short, the price has risen and, in response, people have looked for new sources of supply, tried to find ways to use less of the material, or looked for a new substitute. For this reason prices for energy and for minerals have fallen in real temp3s during the century. The same is true for food. Prices fluctuate, in response to harvests, natural disasters and political instability; and when they rise, it takes some time before new sources of supply become available. But they always do, assisted by new famp3ing and crop technology. The long temp3 trend has been downwards.It is where prices and markets do not operate properly that this benign ( 良性的 ) trend begins to stumble, and the genuine problems arise. Markets cannot always keep the environment healthy. If no one owns the resource concerned, no one has an interest in conserving it or fostering it: fish is the best example of this.1. According to the author, most students________.A) believe the world's environment is in an undesirable conditionB) agree that the environment of the world is not as bad as it is thought to beC) get high marks for their good knowledge of the world's environmentD) appear somewhat unconcerned about the state of the world's environment2. The huge increase in world production and population ________.A) has made the world a worse place to live inB) has had a positive influence on the environmentC) has not significantly affected the environmentD) has made the world a dangerous place to live in3. One of the reasons why the long-temp3 trend of prices has been downwards is that________.A) technological innovation can promote social stabilityB) political instability will cause consumption to dropC) new famp3ing and crop technology can lead to overproductionD) new sources are always becoming available4. Fish resources are diminishing because________.A) no new substitutes can be found in large quantitiesB) they are not owned by any particular entityC) improper methods of fishing have mined the fishing groundsD) water pollution is extremely serious5. The primary solution to environmental problems is________.A) to allow market forces to operate properlyB) to curb consumption of natural resourcesC) to limit the growth of the world populationD) to avoid fluctuations in prices第三篇 2005年6月六级Low-level slash-and-burn farming doesn’t harm rainforest. On the contrary, it helps farmers and improves forest soils. This is the unorthodox view of a German soil scientist who has shown that burnt clearings in the Amazon, dating back more than 1,000 years, helped creates patches of rich, fertile soil that farmers still benefit from today.Most rainforest soils are thin and poor because they lack minerals and because the heat and heavy rainfall destroy most organic matter in the soils within four years of it reaching the forest floor. This means topsoil contains few of the ingredients needed for long-term successful farming. But Bruno Glaser, a soil scientist of the University of Bayreuth, has studied unexpected patches of fertile soils in the central Amazon. These soils contain lots of organic matter.Glaser has shown that most of this fertile organic matter comes from “ black carbon” --- the organic particles from camp fires and charred (烧成炭的) wood left over from thousands of years of slash-and-burn farming. “ The soils, known as Terra Preta, contained up to 70 times more black carbon than the surrounding soils,” says Glaser.Unburnt vegetation rots quickly, but black carbon persists in the soil for many centuries. Radiocarbon dating shows that the charred wood in Terra Preta soils is typically more than 1,000 years old.“Slash-and-burn farming can be good for soils provided it doesn’t completely burn all the vegetation, and leaves behind charred wood,” says Glaser. “It can be better than manure (粪肥).” Burning the forest just once can leave behind enough black carbon to keep the soil fertile for thousands of years. And rainforests easily regrow after small-scale clearing. Contrary to the conventional view that human activities damage the environment, Glaser says: “ Black carbon combines with human wastes is responsible for the richness of Terra Preta soils.”Terra Preta soils turn up in large patches all over the Amazon, where they are highly prized by farmers. All the patches fall within 500 square kilometers in the central Amazon. Glaser says the widespread presence of pottery (陶器) confirms the soil’s human origins.The findings add weight to the theory that large areas of the Amazon have recovered so well from past periods of agricultural use that the regrowth has been mistaken by generations of biologists for “virgin” forest.During the past decade, researchers have discovered hundreds of large earth works deep in the jungle. They are up to 20 meters high and cover up to a square kilometer. Glaser claims that these earth works, built between AD 400 and 1400, were at the heart of urban civilizations managed to feed themselves.1. We learn from the passage that the traditional view of slash-and-burn farming is that _______.A) it does no harm to the topsoil of the rainforestB) it destroys rainforest soilsC) it helps improve rainforest soilsD) it diminishes the organic matter in rainforest soils2. Most rainforest soils are thin and poor because _________.A) the composition of the topsoil is rather unstableB) black carbon is washed away by heavy rainsC) organic matter is quickly lost due to heat and rainD) long-term farming has exhausted the ingredients essential to plant growth3. Glaser made his discovery by __________.A) studying patches of fertile soils in the central AmazonB) examining pottery left over by ancient civilizationsC) test-burning patches of trees in the central AmazonD) radiocarbon-dating ingredients contained in forest soils4. What does Glaser say about the regrowth of rainforest?A) They take centuries to regrow after being burnt.B) They cannot recover unless the vegetation is burnt completely.C) Their regrowth will be hampered by human habitation.D) They can recover easily after slash-and-burn farming5. From the passage it can be inferred that __________.A) human activities will do grave damage to rainforestsB) Amazon rainforest soils used to be the richest in the worldC) farming is responsible for the destruction of the Amazon rainforestsD) there once existed an urban civilization in the Amazon rainforests第四篇 2006年12月六级In a purely biological sense, fear begins with the body's system for reacting to things that can harm us- the so-called fight-or-flight response. "An animal that can't detect danger can't stay alive," says Joseph LeDoux. Like animals, humans evolved with an elaborate mechanism for processing information about potential threats. At its core is a cluster of neurons(神经元) deep in the brain known as the amygdala (扁桃核).LeDoux studies the way animals and humans respond to threats to understand how we form memories of significant events in our lives. The amygdala receives input from many parts of the brain, including regions responsible for retrieving memories. Using this information, the amygdala appraised a situation- I think this charging dog wants to bite me-and triggers a response by radiating nerve signals throughout the body. These signals produce the familiar signs of distress: trembling, perspiration and fast-moving feet, just to name three.This fear mechanism is critical to the survival of all animals, but no one can say for sure whether beasts other than humans know they're afraid. That is, as LeDoux says, "if you put that system into a brain that has consciousness, then you get the feeling of fear."Humans, says Edward M. Hallowell, have the ability to call up images of bad things that happened in the past and to anticipate future events. Combine these higher thought processes with our hardwired danger-detection systems, and you get a near-universal human phenomenon: worry.That's not necessarily a bad thing, says Hallowell. "When used properly, worry is an incredible device," he says. After all, a little healthy worrying is okay if it leads to constructive action-like having a doctor look at that weird spot on your back.Hallowell insists, though, that there's a right way to worry. "Never do it alone, get the facts and then make a plan," he says. Most of us have survived a recession, so we're familiar with the belt-tightening strategies needed to survive a slump.Unfortunately, few of us have much experience dealing with the threat of terrorism, so it's been difficult to get facts about how we should respond. That's why Hallowell believes it was okay for people to indulge some extreme worries last fall by asking doctors for Cipro and buying gas masks.1. The "so-called fight-or-flight response" (Line2, Para. 1) refers to "________".A) the biological process in which human beings' sense of self-defense evolvesB) the instinctive fear human beings feel when faced with potential dangerC) the act of evaluating a dangerous situation and making a quick decisionD) the elaborate mechanism in the human brain for retrieving information2. Form the studies conducted by LcDoux we learn that __________.A) reactions of humans and animals to dangerous situations are often unpredictableB) memories of significant events enable people to control fear and distressC) people's unpleasant memories are derived from their feelings of fearD) the amygdale plays a vital part in human and animal responses to potential danger3.Form the passage we know that__________.A) a little worry will do us good if handled properlyB) a little worry will enable us to survive a recessionC) fear strengthens the human desire to survive dangerD) fear helps people to anticipate certain future events4. Which of the following is the best way to deal with your worries according to Hallowell?A) Ask for help-from the people around you.B) Use the belt-tightening strategies for survival.C) Seek professional advice and take action.D) Understand the situation and be fully prepared.5. In Hallowell's view, people's reaction to the terrorist threat last fall was _________.A) ridiculous B) understandable C) over-cautious D) sensiblePassage六选五How Poison Ivy WorksAccording to the American Academy of Dermatology, an estimated 10 to 50 million people in this country have an allergic reaction to poison ivy each year. Poison ivy is often very difficult to spot. It closely resembles several other common garden plants, and can also blend in with other plants and weeds. But if you come into contact with it, you'll soon know by the itchy, blistery rash that forms on your skin. Poison ivy is a red, itchy rash caused by the plant that bears its name. Many people get it when they are hiking or working in their garden and accidentally come into direct contact with the plant's leaves, roots, or stems. The poison ivy rash often looks like red lines, and sometimes it forms blisters.1. ______About 85 percent of people are allergic to the urushiol in poison ivy, according to the American Academy of Dermatology. Only a tiny amount of this chemical -- 1 billionth of a gram -- is enough to cause a rash in many people. Some people may boast that they've been exposed to poison ivy many times and have never gotten the rash, but that doesn't necessarily mean they're not allergic. Sometimes the allergy doesn't emerge until you've been exposed several times, and some people develop a rash after their very first exposure. It may take up to ten days for the rash to emerge the first time.2. ______Here are some other ways to identify the poison ivy plant. It generally grows in a cluster of low, weed-like plants or a woody vine which can climb trees or fences. It is most often found in moist areas, such as riverbanks, woods, and pastures. The edges of the leaves are generally smooth or have tiny "teeth". Their color changes based on the season -- reddish in the spring; green in the summer; and yellow, orange, or red in the fall. Its berries are typically white.3. ______The body's immune system is normally in the business of protecting us from bacteria, viruses, and other foreign invaders that can make us sick. But when urushiol from the poison ivy plant touches the skin, it instigates an immune response, called dermatitis, to what would otherwise be a harmless substance. Hay fever is another example of this type of response; in the case of hay fever, the immune system overreacts to pollen, or another plant-produced substance.4. ______The allergic reaction to poison ivy is known as delayed hypersensitivity. Unlike immediate hypersensitivity, which causes an allergic reaction within minutes of exposure to an antigen, delayed hypersensitivity reactions don't emerge for several hours or even days after the exposure.5. ______In the places where your skin has come into contact with poison ivy leaves or urushiol, within one to two days you'll develop a rash, which will usually itch, redden, burn, swell, and form blisters. The rash should go away within a week, but it can last longer. The severity of the reaction often has to do with how much urushiol you've touched. The rash may appear sooner in some parts of the body than in others, but it doesn't spread -- the urushiol simply absorbs into the skin at different rates in different parts of the body. Thicker skin such as the skin on the soles of your feet, is harder to penetrate than thinner skin on your arms and legs.A Because urushiol is found in all parts of the poison ivy plant -- the leaves, stems, and roots -- it's best to avoid the plant entirely to prevent a rash. The trouble is, poison ivy grows almost everywhere in the United States (with the exception of the Southwest, Alaska, and Hawaii), so geography won't help you. The general rule to identify poison ivy, "leaflets three, let it be," doesn't always apply. Poison ivy usually does grow in groups of three leaves, with a longer middle leaf -- but it can also grow with up to nine leaves in a group.B Most people don't have a reaction the first time they touch poison ivy, but develop an allergic reaction after repeated exposure. Everyone has a different sensitivity, and therefore a slightly different reaction, to poison ivy. Sensitivity usually decreases with age and with repeated exposures to the plant.C Here's how the poison ivy response occurs. Urushiol makes its way down through the skin, where it is metabolized, or broken down. Immune cells called T lymphocytes (or T-cells) recognize the urushiol derivatives as a foreign substance, or antigen. They send out inflammatory signals called cytokines, which bring in white blood cells. Under orders from the cytokines, these white blood cells turn into macrophages. The macrophages eat foreign substances, but in doing so they also damage normal tissue, resulting in the skin inflammation that occurs with poison ivy.D Poison ivy's cousins, poison oak and poison sumac, each have their own unique appearance. Poison oak grows as a shrub (one to six feet tall). It is typically found along the West Coast and in the South, in dry areas such as fields, woodlands, and thickets. Like poison ivy, the leaves of poison oak are usually clustered in groups of three. They tend to be thick, green, and hairy on both sides. Poison sumac mainly grows in moist, swampy areas in the Northeast, Midwest, and along the Mississippi River. It is a woody shrub made up of stems with rows of seven to thirteen smooth-edged leaflets.E The culprit behind the rash is a chemical in the sap of poison ivy plants called urushiol. Its name comes from the Japanese word "urushi", meaning lacquer. Urushiol is the same substance that triggers an allergic reaction when people touch poison oak and poison sumac plants. Poison ivy, Eastern poison oak, Western poison oak, and poison sumac are all members of the same family -- Anacardiaceae.F Call your doctor if you experience these more serious reactions:Pus around the rash (which could indicate an infection).A rash around your mouth, eyes, or genital area.A fever above 100 degrees.A rash that does not heal after a week.2015年山大考博英语真题部分答案完形填空答案及翻译：1.D2.B3.A4.C5.B6.B7.A8.D9.C 10.A11.C 12.D 13.B 14.A 15.C 16.C 17.A 18.C 19.C 20.C最近的一项民意测验显示：美国一半的青少年认为他们与父母的交流不好，而且造成这种隔阂的一个首要原因是有不理想的倾听行为。
山东大学考博英语试题分析
山东大学考博英语试题分析应某网友的要求，现在对山东大学的考博英语试题做一下分析：近三年山大的考博英语试题的题型是比较固定的，主要包括以下部分：第一部分听力15%（15题）第二部分词汇 15% （30题）第三部分阅读理解 30%（4篇20题）第四部分选择句子填空7选5 10%第五部分英译汉10%第六部分作文 20% （命题作文）总的来说山大的考博英语还是很有难度的，首先考听力而且听力的录音一般都直接来自VOA 等的常速英语，这对在工作中很少接触英语或者多年未进行听力考试的考生来说是很有难度的。
第二个难点是词汇题。
因为没有词汇大纲，词汇题的出题范围很广，而且经常是把容易弄混的词语放在一起考，考的是对词语特别准确的记忆，因此词汇题是很有难度的。
第三个难点是阅读理解，一般来说阅读理解应该是考试中拿分的题目，但是山大的考博英语阅读文章有时会选择一些比较有难度的文章，比如会选择专八考试中的文章，这无疑增加了难度，一个是在词汇量上遇到的生词会比较多，另外一方面是文章中的常难句也会更难理解一些。
最后一个难点是作文，虽然山大的考博英语在作文上出的都是大众化的命题作文，但因为考生在平时很少真正的动手练习，因此在作文上得到高分也是不容易的。
对于备考山东大学考博英语的考生提几点建议：一、重视听力。
从现在开始就坚持每天听，泛听和精听相结合，主要是练习听原版的听力材料，可以从简单的新闻听起，再慢慢增加难度。
二、提高词汇记忆的范围。
为很好的应对词汇和阅读理解题，记忆词汇是必须的，而且光记忆一般性的考博英语词汇是远远不够的，建议记忆一下ＧＲＥ词汇。
三、阅读理解从培养好的英语文章阅读习惯入手。
对于英语文章要学会从整体上把握文章主旨的习惯和能力，而不要一句话一个字地去读那样做会造成只见树木不见森林，对于文章的理解往往是有偏颇的。
四、作文在考试之前应该做好充分的练习，把记忆的模版应用熟练，只有这样在考试中才能得心应手。
1997年英语专业八级考试真题及答案（3）
TEXT C
Medical consumerism——like all sorts of consumerism, only more menacingly——is designed to be unsatisfying. The prolongation of life and the search for perfect health (beauty, youth, happiness)are inherently self-defeating. The law of diminishing returns necessarily applies. You can make higher percentages of people survive into their eighties and nineties. But, as any geriatric ward shows, that is not the same as to confer enduring mobility, awareness and autonomy. Extending life grows medically feasible, but it is often a life deprived of everything, and one exposed to degrading neglect as resources grow over-stretched andpolitics turn mean. What an ignoramus destiny for medicine if its future turned into one of bestowing meager increments of unenjoyed life! It would mirror the fate of athletes, in which disproportionate energies and resources—not least medical ones, like illegal steroids—are now invested to shave records by milliseconds. And, it goes without saying, the logical extension of longevism —the “ abolition” of death — would not be a solution but only an exacerbation. To air these predicaments is not anti-medical spleen—a churlish reprisal against medicine for its victories—but simply to face the growing reality of medical power not exactly without responsibility but with dissolving goals. Hence medicine’s finest hour becomes the dawn of its dilemmas. For centuries, medicine was impotent and hence unproblematic. From the Greeks to the Great War, its job was simple: to struggle with lethal diseases and gross disabilities, to ensure live births, and to manage pain. It performed these uncontroversial tasks by and large with meager success. Today, with mission accomplished, medicines triumphs are dissolving in disorientation. Medicine has led to vastly inflated expectations, which the public has eagerly swallowed. Yet as these expectations grow unlimited, they become unfulfillable. The task facing medicine in the twenty-first century will be to redefine its limits even as it extends its capacities. 24. In the author’s opinion, the prolongation of life is equal to ___. A. mobility B. deprivation C. autonomy D. awareness 25. In the second paragraph a comparison is drawn between ___. A. medicine and life B. resources and energies C. predicaments and solutions D. athletics and longevism
1997考研英语真题
1997考研英语真题IntroductionIn this article, we will analyze and discuss the 1997 postgraduate English entrance examination questions. This examination is one of the most important factors for students aspiring to pursue a postgraduate degree in English. Through an in-depth understanding of the questions, their structure, and content, we aim to provide valuable insights to help future candidates prepare for this challenging test.Section 1: Reading ComprehensionThe reading comprehension section of the 1997 exam focused on a passage about the impact of technology on education. The passage discussed how technological advancements in the field of education can both enhance and hinder the learning process. The author argued that while technology can provide valuable resources, it should not replace traditional teaching methods.Section 2: Cloze TextThe cloze text section of the exam required candidates to fill in the blanks with appropriate words, based on the context provided. The passage was about the benefits of physical exercise on mental health. It emphasized the positive effects of regular exercise on reducing stress and improving cognitive abilities.Section 3: TranslationIn this section, candidates were asked to translate a Chinese paragraph into English. The paragraph focused on the importance of setting clear goals and developing effective study habits to achieve academic success. It highlighted the significance of discipline and perseverance in the pursuit of knowledge.Section 4: Essay WritingThe essay writing section challenged candidates to express their opinions on the topic of "The Impact of Social Media on Society". Students were required to provide an analysis of the positive and negative effects of social media, as well as their personal viewpoint on the topic. The essay encouraged critical thinking and the ability to construct a coherent argument.ConclusionThe 1997 postgraduate English entrance examination questions encompassed various aspects of language proficiency, including reading comprehension, vocabulary, translation, and essay writing. By understanding the structure and content of these questions, future candidates can better prepare themselves for this demanding test. It is crucial for students to develop strong reading and writing skills, as well as the ability to analyze and interpret complex texts. With thorough preparation and practice, candidates can increase their chances of success in the postgraduate English entrance examination.。
山东大学国际学术交流英语期末考试试题
山东大学国际学术交流英语期末考试试题【听力材料】：(Text 1)W: What’s new with you,Jack?M:Well,I met a really nice woman.We’ve been going out for three months and things look good now.(Text 2)M: When did you first find the door broken and things missing?W:After I got up,around 5:20.Then I called the police station.(Text 3)W: Pass me the flour,please.M:Which tin is it in?W:The one at the end of the shelf.It’s slightly smaller than the others.M:Oh,right.(Text 4)W:Do you know why George hasn’t come ye t?M:Yes.He was planning to come,but his wife’s father fell downsome stairs and they had to take him to a hospital.W:I’m sorry to hear that.(Text 5)W:Hi,Tony.How did your experiment go yesterday?M: Well,it wasn’t as easy as I had thought.I have to con tinue doing it tonight.(Text 6)M:Is that Ann?W:Yes.M:This is Mike.How are things with you?W:Oh,very well,but I’m very busy.M:Busy? But you’ve finished all your exams?W:Yes,but I have to help my little sister with her foreign language.M:How about coming out with me this evening?There’s a new film on.W:I’m afraid I can’t.A friend of mine is coming from the south and I have to go to the station to meet him.M:What a pity!How about the weekend then?W:No,I’ve arranged to go to an art exhi bition with my parents.M:What about next week sometime?W:Maybe.(Text 7)W:I hear there will be a football competition between all senior schools next month.Is that so?M:That’s true.W:Would you please go into some more details?M:Well,the competition will be held in our school and it will begin on August 11.The competition will last a whole week.W:Anything else?M:Yes,both the girls and boys competition will be held at the same time.The girls competition will be held in the morning and the boys competition will be held in the afternoon.W:Yes? Sounds exciting.M:We are both members of our school football team.We should be ready for it.W:Of course.It’s a long time since we had the last football competition last time.I’m really looking forward to anothercompetition.M:Me,too.(Text 8)W: Excuse me.I am from STM.We are carrying out a survey on the traffic in our city.Do you mind if I ask you some questions?M:No,not at all.Go ahead.W:Good,thanks.What do you do,sir?M:I am a teacher.I teach children French.W:Great.Do you live far from the school? I mean,how do you usually go to work?M:Well,mostly by car.But once in a while,I prefer to ride my bike.You know,I live quite far from the school,about 20 miles.And I have to spend about an hour riding to school.But it only takes me less than a quarter of an hour to drive my car,unless the traffic is very bad.W:I see.Does this happen often? I mean the bad traffic.M:Yes,sure! I often get stuck on the way,and the problem’s getting worse and worse.W:That’s all of my questions.Thank you very much.M:You are welcome.(Text 9)M: Customer service.Andney Grant speaking.How may I help you?W:I can’t believe this is happening.I called and ordered a 32?inch bag last Friday.But today I found that you sent me a 24?inch one.I was planning to use that bag during our vacation in Mexico,but it doesn’t seem possible any more because we will take off on Saturday.It’s only two days away.What am I supposed to do?M:I’m really sorry,madam. I’ll check right away.Would you please tell me your order number?W:It’s CE2938.M:Just a minute.I do apologize,madam.There did seem to be a mistake.I’ll have the corre ct size bag sent to you by overnight mail right away.It will arrive in time for your Saturday trip.Again I apologize for any inconvenience caused by our mistake.I promise it won’t happen again.W:OK.Well,thank you.M:Thank you,madam,for choosing Linch mail.I hope you willhave a wonderful vacation.(Text 10)I wasn’t too fond of the lecture classes of 400 students in my general course.Halfway through my second term when I was considering whether or not to come back in the fall,I went on the Internet and came across Americorp.Then I joined in an organization,and that’s what I did last school year.I worked on making roads,building a house,serving as a teacher’s assistant and working as a camp officer in several projects in South Carolina and Florida.It’s been a great experience,and I’ve almost learned more than what I could have in college since I didn’t really want to be at that school and wasn’t interested in my major anyway,I thought this was better for me.After 1,700 hours of service I received 4,750 dollars.I can use that to pay off the money I borrowed from the bank or for what is needed when I go back to school this fall at Columbus State in Ohio.Classes are smaller there and I’ll be majoring in German education.After working with the kids,now I know,I want to be a teacher.1—5.ACBCC 6—10.CBAAB11—15.CABAC 16—20.CAAAC一、听力第一节(共5小题，每小题1分)听下面5段对话。
山东大学考博英语完型填空和阅读试题
山东大学考博英语完型填空和阅读试题Modified by JACK on the afternoon of December 26, 2020Passage Four（2004年6月）Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage.When we worry about who might be spying on our private lives, we usually think about the Federal agents. But the private sector outdoes the government every time. It’s Linda Tripp, not the FBI, who is facing charges under Maryland’s laws against secret telephone taping. It’s our banks, not the Internal Revenue Service (IRS), that pass our private financial data to telemarketing firms.Consumer activists are pressing Congress for better privacy laws without much result so far. The legislators lean toward letting business people track our financial habits virtually at will.As an example of what’s going on, consider . Bancorp, which was recently sued for deceptive practices by the state of Minnesota. According to the lawsuit, the bank supplied a telemarketer called Member Works with sensitive customer data such as names, phone numbers, bank-account and credit-card numbers, Social Security numbers, account balances and credit limits.With these customer lists in hand, Member Works started dialing for dollars-selling dental plans, videogames, computer software and other products and services. Customers who accepted a “free trial offer” had 30 days to cancel. If the deadline passed, they were chargedautomatically through their bank or credit-card accounts. . Bancorp collected a share of the revenues.Customers were doubly deceived, the lawsuit claims. They, didn’t know that the bank was giving account numbers to MemberWorks. And if customers asked, they were led to think the answer was no.The state sued MemberWorks separately for deceptive selling. The company denies that it did anything wrong. For its part, . Bancorp settled without admitting any mistakes. But it agreed to stop exposing its customers to nonfinancial products sold by outside firms. A few top banks decided to do the same. Many other banks will still do business with MemberWorks and similar firms.And banks will still be mining data from your account in order to sell you financial products, including things of little value, such as credit insurance and credit-card protection plans.You have almost no protection from businesses that use your personal accounts for profit. For example, no federal law shields “transaction and experience” information-mainly the details of your bank and credit-card accounts. Social Security numbers are for sale by private firms. They’ve generally agreed not to sell to the public. But to businesses, the numbers are an open book. Self-regulation doesn’t work. A firm might publish a privacy-protection policy, but who enforces it?Take . Bancorp again. Customers were told, i n writing, that “all personal information you supply to us will be considered confidential.” Then it sold your data to MemberWorks. The bank even claims that it doesn’t “sell” your data at all. It merely “shares” it and reaps a profit. Now you know.36. Contrary to popular belief, the author finds that spying onpeople’s privacy ________.A) is practiced exclusively by the FBIB) is more prevalent in business circlesC) has been intensified with the help of the IRSD) is mainly carried out by means of secret taping37. We know from the passage that ________.A) the state of Minnesota is considering drawing up laws to protectprivate informationB) most states are turning a blind eye to the deceptive practices ofprivate businessesC) legislators are acting to pass a law to provide better privacyprotectionD) lawmakers are inclined to give a free hand to businesses toinquire into customers’ buying habits38. When the “free trial” deadline is over, you’ll be charged withoutnotice for a product or service if ________.A) you happen to reveal your credit card numberB) you fail to cancel it within the specified periodC) you fail to apply for extension of the deadlineD) you find the product or service unsatisfactory39. Businesses do not regard information concerning personal bankaccounts as private because ________.A) it is considered “transaction and experience” informationunprotected by lawB) it has always been considered an open secret by the generalpublicC) its sale can be brought under control through self-regulationD) its revelation will do no harm to consumers under the currentprotection policy40. We can infer from the passage that ________.A) banks will have to change their ways of doing businessB) “free trial” practice will eventually b e bannedC) privacy protection laws will soon be enforcedD) consumers’ privacy will continue to be invaded1997年6月Whether the eyes are “the windows of the soul” is debatable, that they are intensely important in interpersonal communication is a fact. During the first two months of a baby’s life, the stimulus that produces a smile is a pair of eyes. The eyes need not be real: a mask with two dots will produce a smile. Significantly, a real human face with eyes then the face will not motivate a smile, nor will the sight of only one eye then the face is presented in profile. This attraction to eyes as opposed to the nose or mouth continues as the baby matures. In one study, when American four-year-olds were asked to draw people, 75 percent of them drew people with mouths, but 99 percent of them drew people with eyes. In Japan, however, where babies are carried on their mother’s back, infants to not acquire as much attachment to eyes as they do in other cultures. As a result, Japanese adults make little use of the face either to encode or decode meaning. In fact, Argyle reveals that the “proper place to focus one’s gaze during a conversation in Japan is on the neck of one’s conversation partner.”The role of eye contact in a conversational exchange between two Americans is well defined: speakers make contact with the eyes of their listener for about one second, then glance away as they talk; in a fewmoments they re-establish eye contact with the listener or reassure themselves that their audience is still attentive, then shift their gaze away once more. Listeners, meanwhile, keep their eyes on the face of the speaker, allowing themselves-to glance away only briefly. It is important that they be looking at the speaker at the `precise moment when the speaker reestablishes eye contact: if they are not looking, the speaker assumes that they are disinterested and either will pause until eye contact is resumed or will terminate the conversation. Just how critical this eye maneuvering is to the maintenance of conversational flow becomes evident when two speakers are wearing dark glasses: there may be a sort of traffic jam of words caused by interruption, false starts, and unpredictable pauses.36. The author is convinced that the eyes are ________.A) of extreme importance in expressing feelings and exchanging ideasB) something through which one can see a person’s inner worldC) of considerable significance in making conversations interestingD) something the value of which is largely a matter of long debate37. Babies will not be stimulated to smile by a person ________.A) whose front view is fully perceivedB) whose face is covered with a maskC) whose face is seen from the sideD) whose face is free of any covering38. According to the passage, the Japanese fix their gaze on theirconversation partner’s neck because ________.A) they don’t like to keep their eyes on the face of the speakerB) they need not communicate through eye contactC) they don’t think it polite to have eye contactD) they didn’t have much opportunity to communicate through eyecontact in babyhood39. According to the passage, a conversation between two Americans maybreak down due to ________.A) one temporarily glancing away from the otherB) eye contact of more than one secondC) improperly-timed ceasing of eye contactD) constant adjustment of eye contact40. To keep a conversation flowing smoothly, it is better for theparticipants ________.A) not to wear dark spectaclesB) not to make any interruptionsC) not to glance away from each otherD) not to make unpredictable pauses1998年1月A few common misconceptions. Beauty is only skin deep. One’s physical assets and liabilities don’t count all that much in a managerial career. A woman should always try to look her best.Over the last 30 years, social scientists have conducted more than 1,000 studies of how we react to beautiful and not so beautiful people. The virtually unanimous conclusion: Looks do matter, more than most of us realize. The data suggest, for example, that physically attractive individuals are more likely to be treated well by their parents, sought out as friends, and pursued romantically. With the possible exception of women seeking managerial jobs, they are also more likely to be hired, paid well, and promoted.Un American, you say, unfair and extremely unbelievableOnce again, the scientists have caught us mouthing pieties (虔诚) while acting just the contrary. Their typical experiment works something like this. They give each member of a group-college students, or teachers or corporate personnel mangers-a piece of paper relating anindividual’s accomplishments. Attached to the paper is a photograph. While the papers all say exactly the same thing the pictures are different. Some show a strikingly attractive person, some an average looking character, and some an unusually unattractive human being. Group members are asked to rate the individual on certain attributes, anything from personal warmth to the likelihood that he or she will be promoted.Almost invariably, the better looking the person in the picture, the higher the person is rated. In the phrase, borrowed from Sappho, that the social scientists use to sum up the common perception, what is beautiful is good.In business, however, good looks cut both ways for women, and deeper than for men. A Utah State University professor, who is an authority on the subject, explains: In terms of their careers, the impact of physical attractiveness on males is only modest. But its potential impact on females can be tremendous, making it easier, for example, for the more attractive to get jobs where they are in the public eye. On another note, though, there is enough literature now for us to conclude that attractive women who aspire (追求) to managerial positions do not get on as well as women who may be less attractive.21. According to the passage, people often wrongly believe that inpursuing a career as a manager ________.A) a person’s property or debts do not matter muchB) a person’s outward appearance is not a critical qualificationC) women should always dress fashionablyD) women should not only be attractive but also high minded22. The result of research carried out by social scientists show that________.A) people do not realize the importance of looking one’s bestB) women in pursuit of managerial jobs are not likely to be paidwellC) good looking women aspire to managerial positionsD) attractive people generally have an advantage over those who arenot23. Experiments by scientists have shown that when people evaluateindividuals on certain attributes ________.A) they observe the principle that beauty is only skin deepB) they do not usually act according to the views they supportC) they give ordinary looking persons the lowest ratingsD) they tend to base their judgment on the individual’saccomplishments24. “Good looks cut both ways for women” (Line 1, Para. 5) means that________.A) attractive women have tremendous potential impact on public jobsB) good looking women always get the best of everythingC) being attractive is not always an advantage for womenD) attractive women do not do as well as unattractive women inmanagerial positions25. It can be inferred from the passage that in the business world________.A) handsome men are not affected as much by their looks asattractive women areB) physically attractive women who are in the public eye usually doquite wellC) physically attractive men and women who are in the public eyeusually get along quite wellD) good looks are important for women as they are for men2000年6月Reebok executives do not like to hear their stylish athletic shoescalled “footwear for yuppies (雅皮士,少壮高薪职业人士)”. They contend that Reebok shoes appeal to diverse market segments, especially now that the company offers basketball and children’s shoes for the under-18 set and walking shoes for older customers not interested in aerobics (健身操) or running. The executives also point out that through recent acquisitions they have added hiking boots, dress and casual shoes, and high-performance athletic footwear to their product lines, all of which should attract new and varied groups of customers.Still, despite its emphasis on new markets, Reebok plans few changes in the upmarket (高档消费人群的) retailing network that helped push sales to $1 billion annually, ahead of all other sports shoe marketers. Reebok shoes, which are priced from $27 to $85, will continue to be sold only in better specialty, sporting goods, and department stores, in accordance with the company’s view that consumers judge the quality of the brand by the quality of its distribution.In the past few years, the Massachusetts-based company has imposed limits on the number of its distributors (and the number of shoes supplied to stores), partly out of necessity. At times the unexpected demand for Reebok’s exceeded supply, and the company could barely keep up with orders from the dealers it already had. These fulfillment problems seem to be under control now, but the company is still selective about its distributors. At present, Reebok shoes are availablein about five thousand retail stores in the United States.Reebok has already anticipated that walking shoes will be the next fitness-related craze, replacing aerobics shoes the same way its brightly colored, soft leather exercise footwear replaced conventional running shoes. Through product diversification and careful market research, Reebok hopes to avoid the distribution problems Nike came across several years ago, when Nike misjudged the strength of the aerobics shoe craze and was forced to unload huge inventories of running shoes through discount stores.36. One reason why Reebok’s managerial personnel don’t like theirshoes to be called “footwear for yuppies” is that ________.A) they believe that their shoes are popular with people ofdifferent age groupsB) new production lines have been added to produce inexpensive shoesC) “yuppies” usually evokes a negative imageD) the term makes people think of prohibitive prices37. Reebok’s view that “consumers judge the quality of the brand bythe quality of its distribution” (Line 5, Para. 2) implies that ________.A) the quality of a brand is measured by the service quality of thestore selling itB) the quality of a product determines the quality of itsdistributorsC) the popularity of a brand is determined by the stores that sellitD) consumers believe that first-rate products are only sold by high-quality stores38. Reebok once had to limit the number of its distributors because________.A) its supply of products fell short of demandB) too many distributors would cut into its profitsC) the reduction of distributors could increase its share of themarketD) it wanted to enhance consumer confidence in its products39. Although the Reebok Company has solved the problem of fulfilling itsorders, it ________.A) does not want to further expand its retailing networkB) still limits the number of shoes supplied to storesC) is still particular about who sells its productsD) still carefully chooses the manufacturers of its products40. What lesson has Reebok learned from Nike’s distribution problems?A) A company should not sell its high quality shoes in discountstores.B) A company should not limit its distribution network.C) A company should do follow-up surveys of its products.D) A company should correctly evaluate the impact of a new craze onthe market.Passage 8（2001年考研英语）The government is to ban payments to witnesses by newspapers seeking to buy up people involved in prominent cases 31 the trial of Rosemary West.In a significant 32 of legal controls over the press, Lord Irvine, the Lord Chancellor, will introduce a 33 bill that will propose making payments to witnesses 34 and will strictlycontrol the amount of 35 that can be given to a case 36 a trial begins.In a letter to Gerald Kaufman, chairman of the House of Commons media select committee, Lord Irvine said he 37 with a committee report this year which said that self-regulation did not 38 sufficient control.39 of the letter came two days after Lord Irvine caused a40 of media protest when he said the 41 of privacy controls contained in European legislation would be left to judges 42 to Parliament.The Lord Chancellor said introduction of the Human Rights Bill,which 43 the European Convention on Human Rights legally 44 in Britain, laid down that everybody was 45 to privacy and that public figures could go to court to protect themselves and theirfamilies."Press freedoms will be in safe hands 46 our British judges," he said.Witness payments became an 47 after West sentenced to 10life sentences in 1995. Up to 19 witnesses were 48 to havereceived payments for telling their stories to newspapers. Concerns were raised 49 witnesses might be encouraged to exaggerate theirstories in court to 50 guilty verdict.31.[A] as to [B] for instance [C] in particular [D]such as32.[A] tightening [B] intensifying [C] focusing [D] fastening33.[A]sketch [B] rough [C] preliminary [D] draft34.[A]illogical [B] illegal [C] improbable [D] improper35.[A]publicity [B] penalty [C] popularity [D] peculiarity36.[A]since [B] if [C] before [D] as37.[A]sided [B] shared [C] complied [D] agreed38.[A]present [B] offer [C] manifest [D] indicate39.[A]Release [B] Publication [C] Printing [D] Exposure40.[A]storm [B] rage [C] flare [D] flash41.[A]translation [B] interoperation [C] exhibition [D] demonstration42.[A]better than [B] other than [C] rather than [D] sooner than43.[A]changes [B] makes [C] sets [D] turns44.[A] binding [B] convincing [C] restraining [D] sustaining45.[A] authorized [B] credited [C] entitled [D] qualified46.[A] with [B] to [C] from [D] by47.[A] impact [B] incident [C] inference [D] issue48.[A] stated [B] remarked [C] said [D] told49.[A] what [B] when [C] which [D] that50.[A] assure [B] confide [C] ensure [D] guarantee31. [D] 32. [A] 33. [D] 34. [B] 35. [A]36. [C] 37. [D] 38. [B] 39. [B] 40. [A]41. [B] 42. [C] 43. [B] 44. [A] 45. [C]46. [A] 47. [D] 48. [C] 49. [D] 50. [C]。
山东大学考博英语完型填空和阅读试题精选文档
山东大学考博英语完型填空和阅读试题精选文档TTMS system office room 【TTMS16H-TTMS2A-TTMS8Q8-Passage Four（2004年6月）Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage.When we worry about who might be spying on our private lives, we usually think about the Federal agents. But the private sector outdoes the government every time. It’s Linda Tripp, not the FBI, who is facing charges under Maryland’s laws against secret telephone taping. It’s our banks, not the Internal Revenue Service (IRS), that pass our private financial data to telemarketing firms.Consumer activists are pressing Congress for better privacy laws without much result so far. The legislators lean toward letting business people track our financial habits virtually at will.As an example of what’s going on, consider . Bancorp, which was recently sued for deceptive practices by the state of Minnesota. According to the lawsuit, the bank supplied a telemarketer called Member Works with sensitive customer data such as names, phone numbers, bank-account and credit-card numbers, Social Security numbers, account balances and credit limits.With these customer lists in hand, Member Works started dialing for dollars-selling dental plans, videogames, computer software and other products and services. Customers who accepted a “free trial offer” had 30 days to cancel. If the deadline passed, they were chargedautomatically through their bank or credit-card accounts. . Bancorp collected a share of the revenues.Customers were doubly deceived, the lawsuit claims. They, didn’t know that the bank was giving account numbers to MemberWorks. And if customers asked, they were led to think the answer was no.The state sued MemberWorks separately for deceptive selling. The company denies that it did anything wrong. For its part, . Bancorp settled without admitting any mistakes. But it agreed to stop exposing its customers to nonfinancial products sold by outside firms. A few top banks decided to do the same. Many other banks will still do business with MemberWorks and similar firms.And banks will still be mining data from your account in order to sell you financial products, including things of little value, such as credit insurance and credit-card protection plans.You have almost no protection from businesses that use your personal accounts for profit. For example, no federal law shields “transaction and experience” information-mainly the details of your bank and credit-card accounts. Social Security numbers are for sale by private firms. They’ve generally agreed not to sell to the public. But to businesses, the numbers are an open book. Self-regulation doesn’t work. A firm might publish a privacy-protection policy, but who enforces it?Take . Bancorp again. Customers were told, in writing, that “allpersonal information you supply to us will be considered confidential.” Then it sold your data to MemberWorks. The bank even claims that it doesn’t “sell” your data at all. It merely “shares” it and reaps a profit. Now you know.36. Contrary to popular belief, the author finds that spying onpeople’s privacy ________.A) is practiced exclusively by the FBIB) is more prevalent in business circlesC) has been intensified with the help of the IRSD) is mainly carried out by means of secret taping37. We know from the passage that ________.A) the state of Minnesota is considering drawing up laws to protectprivate informationB) most states are turning a blind eye to the deceptive practices ofprivate businessesC) legislators are acting to pass a law to provide better privacyprotectionD) lawmakers are inclined to give a free hand to businesses toinquire into customers’ buying habits38. When the “free trial” deadline is over, you’ll be charged withoutnotice for a product or service if ________.A) you happen to reveal your credit card numberB) you fail to cancel it within the specified periodC) you fail to apply for extension of the deadlineD) you find the product or service unsatisfactory39. Businesses do not regard information concerning personal bankaccounts as private because ________.A) it is considered “transaction and experience” informationunprotected by lawB) it has always been considered an open secret by the generalpublicC) its sale can be brought under control through self-regulationD) its revelation will do no harm to consumers under the currentprotection policy40. We can infer from the passage that ________.A) banks will have to change their ways of doing businessB) “free trial” practice will eventually be bann edC) privacy protection laws will soon be enforcedD) consumers’ privacy will continue to be invaded1997年6月Whether the eyes are “the windows of the soul” is debatable, that they are intensely important in interpersonal communication is a fact. During the first two months of a baby’s life, the stimulus that produces a smile is a pair of eyes. The eyes need not be real: a mask with two dots will produce a smile. Significantly, a real human face with eyes then the face will not motivate a smile, nor will the sight of only one eye then the face is presented in profile. This attraction to eyes as opposed to the nose or mouth continues as the baby matures. In one study, when American four-year-olds were asked to draw people, 75 percent of them drew people with mouths, but 99 percent of them drew people with eyes. In Japan, however, where babies are carried on their mother’s back, infants to not acquire as much attachment to eyes as they do in other cultures. As a result, Japanese adults make little use of the face either to encode or decode meaning. In fact, Argyle reveals that the “proper place to focus one’s gaze during a conversation in Japan is on the neck of one’s conversation partner.”The role of eye contact in a conversational exchange between two Americans is well defined: speakers make contact with the eyes of their listener for about one second, then glance away as they talk; in a fewmoments they re-establish eye contact with the listener or reassure themselves that their audience is still attentive, then shift their gaze away once more. Listeners, meanwhile, keep their eyes on the face of the speaker, allowing themselves-to glance away only briefly. It is important that they be looking at the speaker at the `precise moment when the speaker reestablishes eye contact: if they are not looking, the speaker assumes that they are disinterested and either will pause until eye contact is resumed or will terminate the conversation. Just how critical this eye maneuvering is to the maintenance of conversational flow becomes evident when two speakers are wearing dark glasses: there may be a sort of traffic jam of words caused by interruption, false starts, and unpredictable pauses.36. The author is convinced that the eyes are ________.A) of extreme importance in expressing feelings and exchanging ideasB) something through which one can see a person’s inner worldC) of considerable significance in making conversations interestingD) something the value of which is largely a matter of long debate37. Babies will not be stimulated to smile by a person ________.A) whose front view is fully perceivedB) whose face is covered with a maskC) whose face is seen from the sideD) whose face is free of any covering38. According to the passage, the Japanese fix their gaze on theirconversation partner’s neck because ________.A) they don’t like to keep their eyes on the face of the speakerB) they need not communicate through eye contactC) they don’t think it polite to have eye contactD) they didn’t have much opportunity to communicate through eyecontact in babyhood39. According to the passage, a conversation between two Americans maybreak down due to ________.A) one temporarily glancing away from the otherB) eye contact of more than one secondC) improperly-timed ceasing of eye contactD) constant adjustment of eye contact40. To keep a conversation flowing smoothly, it is better for theparticipants ________.A) not to wear dark spectaclesB) not to make any interruptionsC) not to glance away from each otherD) not to make unpredictable pauses1998年1月A few common misconceptions. Beauty is only skin deep. One’s physical assets and liabilities don’t count all that much in a managerial career. A woman should always try to look her best.Over the last 30 years, social scientists have conducted more than 1,000 studies of how we react to beautiful and not so beautiful people. The virtually unanimous conclusion: Looks do matter, more than most of us realize. The data suggest, for example, that physically attractive individuals are more likely to be treated well by their parents, sought out as friends, and pursued romantically. With the possible exception of women seeking managerial jobs, they are also more likely to be hired, paid well, and promoted.Un American, you say, unfair and extremely unbelievable? Once again, the scientists have caught us mouthing pieties (虔诚) while acting just the contrary. Their typical experiment works something like this. They give each member of a group-college students, or teachers or corporate personnel mangers-a piece of paper relating an individual’saccomplishments. Attached to the paper is a photograph. While the papers all say exactly the same thing the pictures are different. Some show a strikingly attractive person, some an average looking character, and some an unusually unattractive human being. Group members are asked to rate the individual on certain attributes, anything from personal warmth to the likelihood that he or she will be promoted.Almost invariably, the better looking the person in the picture, the higher the person is rated. In the phrase, borrowed from Sappho, that the social scientists use to sum up the common perception, what is beautiful is good.In business, however, good looks cut both ways for women, and deeper than for men. A Utah State University professor, who is an authority on the subject, explains: In terms of their careers, the impact of physical attractiveness on males is only modest. But its potential impact on females can be tremendous, making it easier, for example, for the more attractive to get jobs where they are in the public eye. On another note, though, there is enough literature now for us to conclude that attractive women who aspire (追求) to managerial positions do not get on as well as women who may be less attractive.21. According to the passage, people often wrongly believe that inpursuing a career as a manager ________.A) a person’s property or debts do not matter muchB) a person’s outward appearance is not a critical qualificationC) women should always dress fashionablyD) women should not only be attractive but also high minded22. The result of research carried out by social scientists show that________.A) people do not realize the importance of looking one’s bestB) women in pursuit of managerial jobs are not likely to be paidwellC) good looking women aspire to managerial positionsD) attractive people generally have an advantage over those who arenot23. Experiments by scientists have shown that when people evaluateindividuals on certain attributes ________.A) they observe the principle that beauty is only skin deepB) they do not usually act according to the views they supportC) they give ordinary looking persons the lowest ratingsD) they tend to base their judgment on the individual’saccomplishments24. “Good looks cut both ways for women” (Line 1, Para. 5) means that________.A) attractive women have tremendous potential impact on public jobsB) good looking women always get the best of everythingC) being attractive is not always an advantage for womenD) attractive women do not do as well as unattractive women inmanagerial positions25. It can be inferred from the passage that in the business world________.A) handsome men are not affected as much by their looks asattractive women areB) physically attractive women who are in the public eye usually doquite wellC) physically attractive men and women who are in the public eyeusually get along quite wellD) good looks are important for women as they are for men2000年6月Reebok executives do not like to hear their stylish athletic shoescalled “footwear for yuppies (雅皮士,少壮高薪职业人士)”. They contend that Reebok shoes appeal to diverse market segments, especially now that the company offers basketball and children’s shoes for the under-18 set and walking shoes for older customers not interested in aerobics (健身操) or running. The executives also point out that through recent acquisitions they have added hiking boots, dress and casual shoes, and high-performance athletic footwear to their product lines, all of which should attract new and varied groups of customers.Still, despite its emphasis on new markets, Reebok plans few changes in the upmarket (高档消费人群的) retailing network that helped push sales to $1 billion annually, ahead of all other sports shoe marketers. Reebok shoes, which are priced from $27 to $85, will continue to be sold only in better specialty, sporting goods, and department stores, in accordance with the company’s view that consumers judge the quality of the brand by the quality of its distribution.In the past few years, the Massachusetts-based company has imposed limits on the number of its distributors (and the number of shoes supplied to stores), partly out of necessity. At times the unexpected demand for Reebok’s exceeded supply, and the company could barely keep up with orders from the dealers it already had. These fulfillment problems seem to be under control now, but the company is still selective about its distributors. At present, Reebok shoes are availablein about five thousand retail stores in the United States.Reebok has already anticipated that walking shoes will be the next fitness-related craze, replacing aerobics shoes the same way its brightly colored, soft leather exercise footwear replaced conventional running shoes. Through product diversification and careful market research, Reebok hopes to avoid the distribution problems Nike came across several years ago, when Nike misjudged the strength of the aerobics shoe craze and was forced to unload huge inventories of running shoes through discount stores.36. One reason why Reebok’s managerial personnel don’t like theirshoes to be called “footwear for yuppies” is that ________.A) they believe that their shoes are popular with people ofdifferent age groupsB) new production lines have been added to produce inexpensive shoesC) “yuppies” usually evokes a negative imageD) the term makes people think of prohibitive prices37. Reebok’s view that “consumers judge the quality of the brand bythe quality of its distribution” (Line 5, Para. 2) implies that ________.A) the quality of a brand is measured by the service quality of thestore selling itB) the quality of a product determines the quality of itsdistributorsC) the popularity of a brand is determined by the stores that sellitD) consumers believe that first-rate products are only sold by high-quality stores38. Reebok once had to limit the number of its distributors because________.A) its supply of products fell short of demandB) too many distributors would cut into its profitsC) the reduction of distributors could increase its share of themarketD) it wanted to enhance consumer confidence in its products39. Although the Reebok Company has solved the problem of fulfilling itsorders, it ________.A) does not want to further expand its retailing networkB) still limits the number of shoes supplied to storesC) is still particular about who sells its productsD) still carefully chooses the manufacturers of its products40. What lesson has Reebok learned from Nike’s distribution problems?A) A company should not sell its high quality shoes in discountstores.B) A company should not limit its distribution network.C) A company should do follow-up surveys of its products.D) A company should correctly evaluate the impact of a new craze onthe market.Passage 8（2001年考研英语）The government is to ban payments to witnesses by newspapers seeking to buy up people involved in prominent cases 31 the trial of Rosemary West.In a significant 32 of legal controls over the press, Lord Irvine, the Lord Chancellor, will introduce a 33 bill that will propose making payments to witnesses 34 and will strictlycontrol the amount of 35 that can be given to a case 36a trial begins.In a letter to Gerald Kaufman, chairman of the House of Commons media select committee, Lord Irvine said he 37 with a committee report this year which said that self-regulation did not 38 sufficient control.39 of the letter came two days after Lord Irvine caused a40 of media protest when he said the 41 of privacy controlscontained in European legislation would be left to judges 42 to Parliament.The Lord Chancellor said introduction of the Human Rights Bill,which 43 the European Convention on Human Rights legally 44 in Britain, laid down that everybody was 45 to privacy and that public figures could go to court to protect themselves and theirfamilies."Press freedoms will be in safe hands 46 our British judges," he said.Witness payments became an 47 after West sentenced to 10life sentences in 1995. Up to 19 witnesses were 48 to havereceived payments for telling their stories to newspapers. Concerns were raised 49 witnesses might be encouraged to exaggerate theirstories in court to 50 guilty verdict.31.[A] as to [B] for instance [C] in particular [D]such as32.[A] tightening [B] intensifying [C] focusing [D] fastening33.[A]sketch [B] rough [C] preliminary [D] draft34.[A]illogical [B] illegal [C] improbable [D] improper35.[A]publicity [B] penalty [C] popularity [D] peculiarity36.[A]since [B] if [C] before [D] as37.[A]sided [B] shared [C] complied [D] agreed38.[A]present [B] offer [C] manifest [D] indicate39.[A]Release [B] Publication [C] Printing [D] Exposure40.[A]storm [B] rage [C] flare [D] flash41.[A]translation [B] interoperation [C] exhibition [D] demonstration42.[A]better than [B] other than [C] rather than [D] sooner than43.[A]changes [B] makes [C] sets [D] turns44.[A] binding [B] convincing [C] restraining [D] sustaining45.[A] authorized [B] credited [C] entitled [D] qualified46.[A] with [B] to [C] from [D] by47.[A] impact [B] incident [C] inference [D] issue48.[A] stated [B] remarked [C] said [D] told49.[A] what [B] when [C] which [D] that50.[A] assure [B] confide [C] ensure [D] guarantee31. [D] 32. [A] 33. [D] 34. [B] 35. [A]36. [C] 37. [D] 38. [B] 39. [B] 40. [A]41. [B] 42. [C] 43. [B] 44. [A] 45. [C]46. [A] 47. [D] 48. [C] 49. [D] 50. [C]。
1997年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试英语试卷及答案
1997年普通高等学校招生全国统一英语考试本试卷分第一卷（选择题）和第二卷（非选择题）两部分。
第一卷1至13页。
第二卷1至4页。
共150分。
考试时间120分钟。
第一卷（三大题，共95分）注意事项：1.答第一卷前，考生务必将自己的姓名、准考证号、考试科目用铅笔涂写在答题卡上。
2.每小题选出答案后，用铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。
如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。
不能答在试卷上。
3.考试结束，考生将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。
Ⅰ.单项填空（共25小题，每小题1分；满分25分）A)从A、B、C、D中找出其划线部分与所给单词的划线部分读音相同的选项。
例：have A. gave B. save C. hat D. made 答案是C.1. motor A. opposite B. ocean C. oppress D. object2. theory A. diary B. pioneer C. therefore D. really3. oxygen A. geography B. degree C. recognise D. sugar4. canal A. important B. liberation C. majority D. national5. medicine A. except B. record C. increase D. physicsB)从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳答案。
例：We last night, but we went to the concert instead.A. must have studiedB. might studyC. should have studiedD. would study 答案是C.6. It is generally considered unwise to give a child he or she wants.A. howeverB. whateverC. whicheverD. whenever7. — Have you seen pen? I left it here this morning.—Is it black one? I think I saw it somewhere.A. a; theB. the; theC. the; aD. a; a8. - Do you think I could borrow your dictionary?- ________A. Yes, you may borrowB. Yes, you couldC. Yes, help yourselfD. Yes, go on9. She his number in the phone book to make sure that she had got it right.A. looked upB. looked forC. picked outD. picked up10. I first met Lisa three years ago. She at a radio shop at the time.A. has workedB. was workingC. had been workingD. had worked11. The train leaves at 6:00 pm. So I have to be at the station 5:40 pm at the latest.A.untilB.afterC.byD.around12. I would love to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finisha report.A. to goB. to have goneC. goingD. having gone13. Wait till you are more . It's better to be sure than sorry.A. inspiredB. satisfiedC. calm C. certain14. I agree with most of what you said, but I don't agree with .A. everythingB. anythingC. somethingD. nothing15. - I'd like to invite you to dinner this Saturday, Mr Smith.- ________A. Oh, no. Let's notB. I'd rather stay at homeC. I'm very sorry, but I have other plansD. Oh, no. That'll be too much trouble16. - Is this raincoat yours? - No,mine there behind the door.A. is hangingB. has hungC. hangsD. hung17. The Olympic Games, in 776 B.C., did not include women players until 1912.A. first playingB. to be first playedC. first playedD. to be first playing18. If by any chance someone comes to see me, ask them to leave a .A. messageB. letterC. sentenceD. notice19. - Who is Jerry Cooper?- ? I saw you shaking hands with him at the meeting.A. Don't you meet him yetB. Hadn't you met him yetC. Didn't you meet him yetD. Haven't you met him yet20. After the war, a new school building was put up there had once been a theatre.A. thatB. whereC. whichD. when21.Mother will wait for him to have dinner together.A. However late is heB. However he is lateC. However is he lateD. However late he is22. - Alice, why didn't you come yesterday?- I , but I had an unexpected visitor.A. hadB. wouldC. was going toD. did23. Sarah has read lots of stories by American writers. Now she would like to read storiesby writers from countries.A. some; anyB. other; someC. some; otherD. other; other24. The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone get out.A. had toB. wouldC. couldD. was able to25. It was about 600 years ago the first clock with a face and an hour hand was made.A. thatB. until c. before D. whenⅡ.完形填空（共25小题，每小题1分；满分25分）阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后从26～50各题所给的四个选项中，选出一个最佳答案。
1997年全国高考英语试题及答案
1997年全国高考英语试题及答案Ⅰ.单项填空（共25小题，每小题1分；满分25分）A)从A、B、C、D中找出其划线部分与所给单词的划线部分读音相同的选项。
例：have A. gave B. save C. hat D. made 答案是C.1. motor A. opposite B. ocean C. oppress D. object2. theory A. diary B. pioneer C. therefore D. really3. oxygen A. geography B. degree C. recognise D. sugar4. canal A. important B. liberation C. majority D. national5. medicine A. except B. record C. increase D. physics<% if Request.Cookies("member") = "True" then %> B)从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳答案。
例：We last night, but we went to the concert instead.A. must have studiedB. might studyC. should have studiedD. would study 答案是C.6. It is generally considered unwise to give a child he or she wants.A. howeverB. whateverC. whicheverD. whenever7. — Have you seen pen? I left it here this morning.—Is it black one? I think I saw it somewhere.A. a; theB. the; theC. the; aD. a; a8. - Do you think I could borrow your dictionary?- ________A. Yes, you may borrowB. Yes, you couldC. Yes, help yourselfD. Yes, go on9. She his number in the phone book to make sure that she had got it right.A. looked upB. looked forC. picked outD. picked up10. I first met Lisa three years ago. She at a radio shop at the time.A. has workedB. was workingC. had been workingD. had worked11. The train leaves at 6:00 pm. So I have to be at the station 5:40 pm at the latest.A.untilB.afterC.byD.around12. I would love to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report.A. to goB. to have goneC. goingD. having gone13. Wait till you are more . It's better to be sure than sorry.A. inspiredB. satisfiedC. calm C. certain14. I agree with most of what you said, but I don't agree with .A. everythingB. anythingC. somethingD. nothing15. - I'd like to invite you to dinner this Saturday, Mr Smith.- ________A. Oh, no. Let's notB. I'd rather stay at homeC. I'm very sorry, but I have other plansD. Oh, no. That'll be too much trouble16. - Is this raincoat yours? - No,mine there behind the door.A. is hangingB. has hungC. hangsD. hung17. The Olympic Games, in 776 B.C., did not include women players until 1912.A. first playingB. to be first playedC. first playedD. to be first playing18. If by any chance someone comes to see me, ask them to leave a .A. messageB. letterC. sentenceD. notice19. - Who is Jerry Cooper?- ? I saw you shaking hands with him at the meeting.A. Don't you meet him yetB. Hadn't you met him yetC. Didn't you meet him yetD. Haven't you met him yet20. After the war, a new school building was put up there had once been a theatre.A. thatB. whereC. whichD. when21.Mother will wait for him to have dinner together.A. However late is heB. However he is lateC. However is he lateD. However late he is22. - Alice, why didn't you come yesterday?- I , but I had an unexpected visitor.A. hadB. wouldC. was going toD. did23. Sarah has read lots of stories by American writers. Now she would like to read storiesby writers from countries.A. some; anyB. other; someC. some; otherD. other; other24. The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone get out.A. had toB. wouldC. couldD. was able to25. It was about 600 years ago the first clock with a face and an hour hand was made.A. thatB. until c. before D. whenⅡ.完形填空（共25小题，每小题1分；满分25分）阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后从26～50各题所给的四个选项中，选出一个最佳答案。
1997年全国高考英语试题及答案
1997年全国高考英语试题及答案Ⅰ.单项填空（共25小题，每小题1分；满分25分）A)从A、B、C、D中找出其划线部分与所给单词的划线部分读音相同的选项。
例：have A. gave B. save C. hat D. made 答案是C.1. motor A. opposite B. ocean C. oppress D. object2. theory A. diary B. pioneer C. therefore D. really3. oxygen A. geography B. degree C. recognise D. sugar4. canal A. important B. liberation C. majority D. national5. medicine A. except B. record C. increase D. physicsB)从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳答案。
例：We last night, but we went to the concert instead.A. must have studiedB. might studyC. should have studiedD. would study 答案是C.6. It is generally considered unwise to give a child he or she wants.A. howeverB. whateverC. whicheverD. whenever7. — Have you seen pen? I left it here this morning.—Is it black one? I think I saw it somewhere.A. a; theB. the; theC. the; aD. a; a8. - Do you think I could borrow your dictionary?- ________A. Yes, you may borrowB. Yes, you couldC. Yes, help yourselfD. Yes, go on9. She his number in the phone book to make sure that she had got it right.A. looked upB. looked forC. picked outD. picked up10. I first met Lisa three years ago. She at a radio shop at the time.A. has workedB. was workingC. had been workingD. had worked11. The train leaves at 6:00 pm. So I have to be at the station 5:40 pm at the latest.A.untilB.afterC.byD.around12. I would love to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report.A. to goB. to have goneC. goingD. having gone13. Wait till you are more . It's better to be sure than sorry.A. inspiredB. satisfiedC. calm C. certain14. I agree with most of what you said, but I don't agree with .A. everythingB. anythingC. somethingD. nothing15. - I'd like to invite you to dinner this Saturday, Mr Smith.- ________A. Oh, no. Let's notB. I'd rather stay at homeC. I'm very sorry, but I have other plansD. Oh, no. That'll be too much trouble16. - Is this raincoat yours? - No,mine there behind the door.A. is hangingB. has hungC. hangsD. hung17. The Olympic Games, in 776 B.C., did not include women players until 1912.A. first playingB. to be first playedC. first playedD. to be first playing18. If by any chance someone comes to see me, ask them to leave a .A. messageB. letterC. sentenceD. notice19. - Who is Jerry Cooper?- ? I saw you shaking hands with him at the meeting.A. Don't you meet him yetB. Hadn't you met him yetC. Didn't you meet him yetD. Haven't you met him yet20. After the war, a new school building was put up there had once been a theatre.A. thatB. whereC. whichD. when21.Mother will wait for him to have dinner together.A. However late is heB. However he is lateC. However is he lateD. However late he is22. - Alice, why didn't you come yesterday?- I , but I had an unexpected visitor.A. hadB. wouldC. was going toD. did23. Sarah has read lots of stories by American writers. Now she would like to read storiesby writers from countries.A. some; anyB. other; someC. some; otherD. other; other24. The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone get out.A. had toB. wouldC. couldD. was able to25. It was about 600 years ago the first clock with a face and an hour hand was made.A. thatB. until c. before D. whenⅡ.完形填空（共25小题，每小题1分；满分25分）阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后从26～50各题所给的四个选项中，选出一个最佳答案。
2012年山东大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)
2012年山东大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Grammar 2. Reading Comprehension 3. English-Chinese Translation 4. WritingGrammar1．All the major cities of the United States, ______the cities of the Great Lakes and the Gulf of Mexico, began as centers of the trade.A．and to includeB．which includingC．includedD．including正确答案：D解析：本题考查句子结构和动词形式。
根据题干，主语为cities，谓语为began，可初步判断空格处应该填入非谓语动词形式或者从句。
B选项中which可引导定语从句，但including为非谓语形式，不可充当定语从句的谓语，故不能选。
由此可知，including为现在分词结构，表示“包含”，符合句法要求。
2．Settled by English Puritans in 1630, Boston became______.A．the capital of the Massachusetts Bay ColonyB．the Massachusetts Bay Colony its capitalC．it was the capital of the Massachusetts Bay ColonyD．so that the capital of the Massachusetts Bay Colony正确答案：A解析：本题考查句子结构。
该句空格处应该填入became的表语，只有A和B符合要求。
B选项of结构表达错误，故本题正确答案为A。
3．Navigators on ships and aircraft use a compass to determine______they are heading.A．the direction in whichB．to where the directionC．that direction of whichD．where the direction正确答案：A解析：本题考查句子结构和定语从句。
1997考研英语真题
爱考研，中国领先的考试资源整合提供者，致力于建设成为专业的考研教育考试领域领航者。
本站服务项目：1、提供全国各大高校10万份考研专业课试题免费下载；2、提供专业课笔记、内部资料、讲义免费下载；3、提供最新、最权威的考研资讯、专业课辅导；1997年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题及参考答案Part I Structure and VocabularySections ADirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked A),B),C)andD). Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. (5 points)The Social Security Retirement Program is made up of two trust funds, _____ could go penniless by next year.A)the larger oneB)the larger of whichC)the largest oneD)the largest of whichNowhere in nature is aluminum found free, owing to its always _____ with other elements, most commonly with oxygen.A)combinedB)having combinedC)combineD)being combinedAndrew, my father's younger brother, will not be at the picnic, _____ to the family's disappointment.A)muchB)moreC)too muchD)much moreI would have gone to visit him in the hospital had it been at all possible, but I _____ fully occupied the whole of last week.A)wereB)had beenC)have beenD)wasHelp will come from the UN, but the aid will be _____ near what's needed.A)everywhereB)somewhereC)nowhereD)anywhereThe chief reason for the population growth isn't so much a rise in birth rates _____ a fall in death rates as a result of improvements in medical care.A)andB)asC)butD)orHe claims to be an expert in astronomy, but in actual fact he is quite ignorant on the subject. _____ he knows about it is out of date and inaccurate.A)What littleB)So muchC)How muchD)So littleAlthough we feel dissatisfied with the election results, we have to become reconciled _____ the decision made by our fellow countrymen.A)forB)onC)toD)inJust as the value of a telephone network increases with each new phone _____ to the system, so does the value of a computer system increase with each program that turns out.A)addingB)to have addedC)to addD)addedThe vocabulary and grammatical differences between British and American English are so trivial and few as hardly _____ .A)noticedB)to be noticedC)being noticedD)to noticeSection BDirections: Each of the following sentences has four underlined parts marked A),B),C)andD). Identify the part of the sentence that is incorrect and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. (5 points)Example:A number of A) foreign visitors were taken B) to the industrial exhibition which C) they saw D) many new products.Part C) is wrong. The sentence should read, “A number of foreign visitors were taken to the industrial exhibition where they saw many new products.” So you should choose C).Although Professor Green's lectures usually ran over A) the fifty minute B) period, but none C) of his students even D) objected as they found his lectures both informative and interesting.When A) Edison died, it was proposed that the American people turned off B) all power C) in their homes, streets, and factories for several minutes in honor of D) this great man.They pointed out A) the damage which B) they supposed that C) had been done by last night's D) storm.Because of A) the recent accidents, our parents forbid my brother and me from swimming B) in the river unless C) someone agrees to watch D) over us.A great many A) teachers firmly B) believe that English is one of the poorest taught C) subjects in high schools at present. D)In this way these insects show an efficient use of their sound produced A) ability, organizing B) two sounds delivered C) at a high rate as one call. D)I thought the technician was to blame A) for the blowingB) of the fuse, but I see now how C) I was D) mistaken.For him to be re elected, A) what is essential is not that his policy works, B) but that C) the public believe that it is. D)As far as A) I am concerned, his politics are B) rather conservative compared C) with other politicians. D)I'd say whenever you are going A) after something that is belonging B) to you, anyone who is depriving C) you of the right to have it is criminal. D)Sections CDirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked A),B),C)and D). Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. (10 points)Example:The lost car of the Lees was found _____ in the woods off the highway.A)vanishedB)scattered C)abandonedD)rejectedThe sentence should read, “The lost car of the Lees was found abandoned in the woods off the highway.” Therefore, you should choose C).When workers are organized in trade unions, employers find it hard to lay them _____.A)offB)asideC)outD)downThe wealth of a country should be measured _____ the health and happiness of its people as well as the material goods it can produce.A)in line withB)in terms ofC)in regard withD)by means ofHe has failed me so many times that I no longer place any _____ on what he promises.A)faithB)beliefC)creditD)relianceMy students found the book _____ it provided them with an abundance of information on the subject.A)enlighteningB)confusingC)distractingD)amusingNobody yet knows how long and how seriously the shakiness in the financial system will _____ down the economy.A)putB)settleC)dragD)knockIn this factory the machines are not regulated _____ but are jointly controlled by a central computer system.A)independentlyB)individuallyC)irrespectivelyD)irregularlyEvery chemical change either results from energy being sued to produce the change, or causes energy to be _____ in some form.A)given offB)put outC)set offD)used upIf businessmen are taxed too much, they will no longer be motivated to work hard, with the result that incomes from taxation might actually _____ .A)shrinkB)delayC)disperseD)sinkAmerican companies are evolving from mass production manufacturing to_____ enterprises.A)moveableB)changingC)flexibleD)varyingIf you know what the trouble is, why don＇t you help them to _____ the situation?A)simplifyB)modifyC)verifyD)rectifyI can't _____ what has happened to the vegetables, for they were freshly picked this morning.A)figure outB)draw outC)look outD)work outI tried very hard to persuade him to join our group but I met with a flat _____ .A)disapprovalB)rejectionC)refusalD)declineFrom this material we can _____ hundreds of what you may call direct products.A)deriveB)discernC)diminishD)displaceShe had clearly no _____ of doing any work, although she was very well paid.A)tendencyB)ambitionC)intentionD)willingnessWhat seems confusing or fragmented at first might well become _____ a thirdtime.A)clean and measurableB)notable and systematicC)pure and wholesomeD)clear and organicThe public opinion was that the time was not _____ for the election of such a radical candidate as Mr. Jones.A)reasonableB)ripeC)readyD)practicalHudson said he could not kill a living thing except for the _____ of hunger.A)sensationB)causeC)purposeD)motiveFor the new country to survive, _____ for its people to enjoy prosperity, new economic policies will be required.A)to name a fewB)let aloneC)not to speakD)let's sayForeign disinvestment and the _____ of South Africa from world capital markets after 1985 further weakened its economy.A)displacementB)eliminationC)exclusionD)exceptionWhen a number of people _____ together in a conversational knot, each individual expresses his position in the group by where he stands.A)padB)packC)squeezeD)clusterPart II Cloze TestDirections:For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked A),B),C),D). Choose the best one and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. (10 points)Manpower Inc., with 560,000 workers, is the world's largest temporary employment agency. Every morning, its people 41 into the offices and factoriesof America, seeking a day's work for a day's pay. One day at a time 42 industrial giants like General Motors and IBM struggle to survive 43 reducing the number of employees, Manpower, based in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, is booming.44 its economy continues to recover, the US is increasingly becoming a nation of part timers and temporary workers. This "45" work force is the most important 46 in American business today, and it is 47 changing the relationship between people and their jobs. The phenomenon provides a way for companies to remain globally competitive 48 avoiding market cycles and the growing burdens 49 by employment rules, healthcare costs and pension plans. For workers it can mean an end to the security, benefits and sense of 50 that came from being a loyal employee.41. A)swarm B)stride C)separate D)slip42. A)For B)Because C)As D)Since43. A)from B)in C)on D)by44. A)Even though B)Now that C)If only D)Provided that45. A)durable B)disposable C)available D)transferable46. A)approach B)flow C)fashion D)trend47. A)instantly B)reversely C)fundamentally D)sufficiently48. A)but B)while C)and D)whereas49. A)imposed B)restricted C)illustrated D)confined50. A)excitement B)conviction C)enthusiasm D)importancePart III Reading ComprehensionDirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For eachquestion there are four answers marked A),B),C) and D). Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. (40 points)Passage 1It was 3:45 in the morning when the vote was finally taken. After six months of arguing and final 16 hours of hot parliamentary debates, Australia's Northern Territory became the first legal authority in the world to allow doctors to take the lives of incurably ill patients who wish to die. The measure passed by the convincing vote of 15 to 10. Almost immediately word flashed on the Internet and was picked up, half a world away, by John Hofsess, executive director of the Right to Die Society of Canada. He sent it on via the group's on line service, Death NET. Says Hofsess: “We posted bulletins all day long, because of course this isn't just something that happened in Australia. It's world history.”The full import may take a while to sink in. The NT Rights of the Terminally III law has left physicians and citizens alike trying to deal with its moral and practical implications. Some have breathed sighs of relief, others, including churches, right to life groups and the Australian Medical Association, bitterly attacked the bill and the haste of its passage. But the tide is unlikely to turn back. In Australia — where an aging population, life extending technology and changing community attitudes have all played their part — other states are going to consider making a similar law to deal with euthanasia. In the US and Canada, where the right to die movement is gathering strength, observers are waiting for the dominoes to start falling.Under the new Northern Territory law, an adult patient can request death —probably by a deadly injection or pill — to put an end to suffering. The patient must be diagnosed as terminally ill by two doctors. After a “cooling off” period of seven days, the patient can sign a certificate of request. After 48 hours the wish for death can be met. For Lloyd Nickson, a 54 year old Darwin resident suffering from lung cancer, the NT Rights of Terminally III law means he can get on with living without the haunting fear of his suffering: a terrifying death from his breathing condition. “I'm not afraid of dying from a spiritual point of view, but what I was afraid of was how I'd go, because I've watched people die in the hospital fighting for oxygen and clawing at their masks,” he says.From the second paragraph we learn that _____ .A)the objection to euthanasia is slow to come in other countriesB)physicians and citizens share the same view on euthanasiaC)changing technology is chiefly responsible for the hasty passage of the lawD)it takes time to realize the significance of the law's passageWhen the author says that observers are waiting for the dominoes to start falling, he means _____.A)observers are taking a wait and see attitude towards the future of euthanasiaB)similar bills are likely to be passed in the US, Canada and other countriesC)observers are waiting to see the result of the game of dominoesed bill may finally come to a stopD)the effect taking process of the passWhen Lloyd Nickson dies, he will _____.A)face his death with calm characteristic of euthanasiaB)experience the suffering of a lung cancer patientC)have an intense fear of terrible sufferingD)undergo a cooling off period of seven daysThe author's attitude towards euthanasia seems to be that of _____.A)oppositionB)suspicionC)approvalD)indifferencePassage 2A report consistently brought back by visitors to the US is how friendly, courteous, and helpful most Americans were to them. To be fair, this observation is also frequently made of Canada and Canadians, and should best be considered North American. There are, of course, exceptions. Small mindedofficials, rude waiters, and ill mannered taxi drivers are hardly unknown in the US Yet it is an observation made so frequently that it deserves comment.For a long period of time and in many parts of the country, a traveler was a welcome break in an otherwise dull existence. Dullness and loneliness were common problems of the families who generally lived distant from one another.Strangers and travelers were welcome sources of diversion, and brought news of the outside world.The harsh realities of the frontier also shaped this tradition of hospitality. Someone traveling alone, if hungry, injured, or ill, often had nowhere to turn except to the nearest cabin or settlement. It was not a matter of choice for the traveler or merely a charitable impulse on the part of the settlers. It reflected the harshness of daily life: if you didn't take in the stranger and take care of him, there was no one else who would. And someday, remember, you might be in the same situation.Today there are many charitable organizations which specialize in helping the weary traveler. Yet, the old tradition of hospitality to strangers is still very strong in the US, especially in the smaller cities and towns away from the busy tourist trails. “I was just traveling through, got talking with this American, and pretty soon he invited me home for dinner — amazing.” Such observations reported by visitors to the US are not uncommon, but are not always understood properly. The casual friendliness of many Americans should be interpreted neither as superficial nor as artificial, but as the result of a historically developed cultural tradition.As is true of any developed society, in America a complex set of cultural signals, assumptions, and conventions underlies all social interrelationships. And, of course, speaking a language does not necessarily meant that someone understands social and cultural patterns. Visitors who fail to “translate” cultural meanings properly often draw wrong conclusions. For example, when an American uses the word “friend”, the cultural implications of the word may be quite different from those it has in the visitor's language and culture. It takesmore than a brief encounter on a bus to distinguish between courteous convention and individual interest. Yet, being friendly is a virtue that many American value highly and expect from both neighbors and strangers.In the eyes of visitors from the outside world, _____.A)rude taxi drivers are rarely seen in the USB)small minded officials deserve a serious commentC)Canadians are not so friendly as their neighborsD)most Americans are ready to offer helpIt could be inferred from the last paragraph that _____.A)culture exercises an influence over social interrelationshipB)courteous convention and individual interest are interrelatedC)various virtues manifest themselves exclusively among friendsD)social interrelationships equal the complex set of cultural conventionsFamilies in frontier settlements used to entertain strangers _____.A)to improve their hard lifeB)in view of their long distance travelC)to add some flavor to their own daily lifeD)out of a charitable impulseThe tradition of hospitality to strangers _____.A)tends to be superficial and artificialB)is generally well kept up in the United StatesC)is always understood properlyD)was something to do with the busy tourist trailsPassage 3Technically, any substance other than food that alters our bodily or mental functioning is a drug. Many people mistakenly believe the term drug refers only to some sort of medicine or an illegal chemical taken by drug addicts. They don't realize that familiar substances such as alcohol and tobacco are also drugs. This is why the more neutral term substance is now used by many physicians and psychologists. The phrase “substance abuse” is often used instead of “drug abuse” to make clear that substances such as alcohol and tobacco can be just as harmfully misused as heroin and cocaine.We live a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances (drugs) is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves. When do these socially acceptable and apparently constructive uses of a substance become misuses? First of all, most substances taken in excess will produce negative effects such as poisoning or intense perceptual distortions. Repeated use of a substance can also lead to physical addiction or substance dependence. Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued.Drugs (substances) that affect the central nervous system and alter perception, mood, and behavior are known as psychoactive substances. Psychoactive substances are commonly grouped according to whether they are stimulants, depressants, or hallucinogens. Stimulants initially speed up or activate the central nervous system, whereas depressants slow it down. Hallucinogens have their primary effect on perception, distorting and altering it in a variety of ways including producing hallucinations. These are the substances often calledpsychedelic (from the Greek word meaning “mind manifesting”) because they seemed to radically alter one's state of consciousness.“Substance abuse” (Line 5, Paragraph 1) is preferable to “drug abuse” in that _____.A)substances can alter our bodily or mental functioning if illegally usedB)“drug abuse” is only related to a limited number of drug takersC)alcohol and tobacco are as fatal as heroin and cocaineD)many substances other than heroin or cocaine can also be poisonousThe word “pervasive” (Line 1, Paragraph 2) might mean _____.A)widespreadB)overwhelmingC)piercingD)fashionablePhysical dependence on certain substances results from _____.A)uncontrolled consumption of them over long periods of timeB)exclusive use of them for social purposesC)quantitative application of them to the treatment of diseasesD)careless employment of them for unpleasant symptomsFrom the last paragraph we can infer that _____.A)stimulants function positively on the mindB)hallucinogens are in themselves harmful to healthC)depressants are the worst type of psychoactive substancesD)the three types of psychoactive substances are commonly used in groups Passage 4No company likes to be told it is contributing to the moral decline of a nation. “Is this what you intended to accomplish with your careers?” Senator Robert Dole asked Time Warner executives last week. “You have sold your souls, but must you corrupt our nation and threaten our children as well?” At Time Warner, however, such questions are simply the latest manifestation of the soul searching that has involved the company ever since the company was born in1990. It's a self examination that has, at various times, involved issues of responsibility, creative freedom and the corporate bottom line.At the core of this debate is chairman Gerald Levin, 56, who took over for the late Steve Ross in 1992. On the financial front, Levin is under pressure to raise the stock price and reduce the company's mountainous debt, which will increaseromised to sell offto 17.3 billion after two new cable deals close. He has psome of the property and restructure the company, but investors are waiting impatiently.The flap over rap is not making life any easier for him. Levin has consistently defended the company's rap music on the grounds of expression. In 1992, when Time Warner was under fire for releasing Ice T's violent rap song Cop Killer, Levin described rap as a lawful expression of street culture, which deserves an outlet. “The test of any democratic society,” he wrote in a Wall Streel Journal column, “lies not in how well it can control expression but in whether it gives freedom of thought and expression the widest possible latitude, however disputable or irritating the results may sometimes be. We won't retreat in the face of any threats.”Levin would not comment on the debate last week, but there were signs that the chairman was backing off his hard line stand, at least to some extent. During the discussion of rock singing verses at last month's stockholders' meeting, Levin asserted that “music is not the cause of society's ills” and even cited his son, a teacher in the Bronx, New York, who uses rap to communicate with students. But he talked as well about the “balanced struggle” between creative freedom and social responsibility, and he announced that the company would launch a drive to develop standards for distribution and labeling of potentially objectionable music.The 15 member Time Warner board is generally supportive of Levin and his corporate strategy. But insiders say several of them have shown their concerns in this matter. “Some of us have known for many, many years that the freedoms under the First Amendment are not totally unlimited,” says Luce. “I think it isperhaps the case that some people associated with the company have only recently come to realize this.”Senator Robert Dole criticized Time Warner for _____.A)its raising of the corporate stock priceB)its self examination of soulC)its neglect of social responsibilityD)its emphasis on creative freedomAccording to the passage, which of the following is TRUE?A)Luce is a spokesman of Time Warner.B)Gerald Levin is liable to compromise.C)Time Warner is united as one in the face of the debate.D)Stever Ross is no longer aliveIn face of the recent attacks on the company, the chairman _____.A)stuck to a strong stand to defend freedom of expressionB)softened his tone and adopted some new policyC)changed his attitude and yielded to objectionD)received more support from the 15member boardThe best title for this passage could be _____.A)A Company under FireB)A Debate on Moral DeclineC)A Lawful Outlet of Street CultureD)A Form of Creative FreedomPassage 5Much of the language used to describe monetary policy, such as “steering the economy to a soft landing” or “a touch on the brakes”, makes it sound like a precise science. Nothing could be further from the truth. The link between interest rates and inflation is uncertain. And there are long, variable lags before policy changes have any effect on the economy. Hence the analogy that likens the conduct of monetary policy to driving a car with a blackened windscreen, a cracked rear view mirror and a faulty steering wheel.Given all these disadvantages, central bankers seem to have had much to boast about of late. Average inflation in the big seven industrial economies fell to a mere 2.3% last year, close to its lowest level in 30 years, before rising slightly to 2.5% this July. This is a long way below the double digit rates which many countries experienced in the 1970s and early 1980s.It is also less than most forecasters had predicated. In late 1994 the panel of economists which The Economist polls each month said that America's inflation rate would average 3.5% in 1995. In fact, it fell to 2.6% in August, and expected to average only about 3% for the year as a whole. In Britain and Japan inflation is running half a percentage point below the rate predicted at the end of last year. This is no flash in the pan; over the past couple of years, inflation has been consistently lower than expected in Britain and America.Economists have been particularly surprised by favorable inflation figures in Britain and the United States, since conventional measures suggest that both economies, and especially America's, have little productive slack. America's capacity utilization, for example, his historically high levels earlier this year, and its jobless rate (5.6% in August) has fallen bellow most estimates of the natural rate of unemployment — the rate below which inflation has taken off in the past. Why has inflation proved so mild? The most thrilling explanation is, unfortunately, a little defective. Some economists argue that powerful structural changes in the world have up ended the old economic models that were based upon the historical link between growth and inflation.From the passage we learn that _____.A)there is a definite relationship between inflation and interest ratesB)economy will always follow certain modelsC)the economic situation is better than expectedD)economists had foreseen the present economic situationAccording to the passage, which of the following is TRUE?A)Making monetary policies is comparable to driving a carB)An extremely low jobless rate will lead to inflationC)A high unemployment rate will result from inflationD)Interest rates have an immediate effect on the economyThe sentence “This is no flash in the pan” (Line 5, Paragraph 3) means that_____.A)the low inflation rate will last for some timeB)the inflation rate will soon riseC)the inflation will disappear quicklyD)there is no inflation at presentThe passage shows that the author is _____ the present situation.A)critical ofB)puzzled byC)disappointed atD)amazed atPart IV English Chinese TranslationDirections:Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. Your translation must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points).Do animals have rights? This is how the question is usually put. It sounds like auseful, ground clearing way to start. 71) Actually, it isn't, because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights, which is something the world does not have.On one view of rights, to be sure, it necessarily follows that animals have none.72) Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract, as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements. Therefore, animals cannot have。
年全国医学博士英语统考真题及参考答案
年全国医学博⼠英语统考真题及参考答案2010年全国医学博⼠外语统⼀考试英语试卷答题须知1.请考⽣⾸先将⾃⼰的姓名、所在考点、准考证号在标准答题卡上认真填写清楚，并按“考场指令”要求，在标准答题卡上，将准考证号相应的位置涂好。
2.试卷⼀（paper one）和试卷⼆（paper two）答案都做在标准答题卡上，书⾯表达⼀定要⽤⿊⾊签字笔或钢笔写在标准答题卡上指定区域，不要做在试卷上。
3.试卷⼀答题答题时必须使⽤2B铅笔，将所选答案按要求在相应位置涂⿊；如要更正，先⽤橡⽪擦⼲净。
4.标准答题卡不可折叠，同时必须保持平整⼲净，以利评分。
5.听⼒考试只放⼀遍录⾳，每道题后有15秒左右的答题时间。
Paper OnePart I Listening comprehension(30%)Section ADirections: In this section you will hear fifteen short conversions between two speakers. At the end of each conversion, you will hear a question about what is said. The question willbe read only once. After you hear the question, read the four possible answers markedA, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on theANSWER SHEET.Listen to the following example.You will hear:Woman: I feel faint.Man: No wonder. You haven’t had a bite all day.Question: What’s the matter with the womanYou will read:A. She is sick.B. She was bitten by an ant.C. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Sample AnswerA B DCB. She needs a new purse.C. She’s going to give a birthday party.D. She wants to go shopping with her mom.2. A. She hears noises in her ears day and night.B. She has been overworking for a long time.C. Her right ear, hurt in an accident, is troubling her.D. Her ear rings are giving her trouble day and night.3. A. He’ll go to see Mr. White at 10:30 tomorrow.B. He’d like to make an earlier appointment.C. He’d like to cancel the appointment.D. He’d like to see another dentist.4. A. 8:00 B. 8:15 C. 8:40 D. 8:455. A. In a hotel. B. At a fast food bar.C. In the supermarket.D. In the department store.6. A. To resign right away.B.To work one more day as chairman.C.To think twice before he make the decision.D.To receive further training upon his resignation.7. A. She didn’t do anything in particular.B.She send a wounded person to the ER.C.She had to work in the ER.D.She went skiing.8. A. A customs officer. B. The man’s mother.C. A school headmaster.D. An immigration officer.9. A. It feels as if the room is going around.B.It feels like a kind of unsteadiness.C.It feels as if she is falling down.D.It feels as if she is going around.10. A. John has hidden something in the tree.B.John himself should be blamed.C.John has a dog that barks a lot.D.John is unlucky.11. A. The chemistry homework is difficult.B.The chemistry homework is fun.C.The math homework is difficult.12. A. His backache. B. His broken leg.C. His skin problem.D. His eye condition.13. A. Whooping cough, smallpox and measles.B.Whooping cough, chickenpox and measles.C.Whooping cough, smallpox and German measles.D.Whooping cough, chickenpox and German measles.14. A. Saturday morning. B. Saturday night.C. Saturday afternoon.D. Next weekend.15. A. He’s lost his notebook.B.His handwriting is messy.C.He’ll miss class latter this week.D.He cannot make it for his appointment.Section BDirections: In this section you will hear one conversion and two passages, after each of which, you will hear five questions. After each question, read the four possible answers marked A,B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on theANSWER SHEET.Conversation16. A. He is having a physical checkup.B.He has just undergone an operation.C.He has just recovered from an illness.D.He will be discharged from the hospital this afternoon.17. A. He got an infection in the lungs.B.He had his gallbladder inflamed.C.He was suffering from influenza.D.He had developed a big kidney tone.18. A. A lot better. B. Terribly awful.C. Couldn’t be better.D. Okay, but a bit weak.19. A. To be confined to a wheelchair.B.To stay indoors for a complete recovery.C.To stay in bed and drink a lot of water.D.To move about and enjoy the sunshine.20. A. From 4 pm to 6 pm. B. From 5 pm to 7 pm.C. From 6 pm to 8 pm.Passage One21. A. The link between weight loss and sleep deprivation.B.The link between weight gain and sleep deprivation.C.The link between weight loss and physical exercise.D.The link between weight gain and physical exercise.22. A. More than 68,000. B. More than 60,800.C. More than 60,080.D. More than 60,008.23. A. Sever-hour sleepers gained more weight over time than 5-hour ones.B.Five-hour sleepers gained more weight over time than 7-hour ones.C.Short-sleepers were 15% more likely to become obese.D.Short-sleepers consumed fewer calories than long sleepers.24. A. Overeating among the sleep-deprived.B.Little exercise among the sleep-deprived.C.Lower metabolic rate resulting from less sleep.D.Higher metabolic rate resulting from less sleep.25. A. Exercise every day. B. Take diet pills.C. Go on a diet.D. Sleep more.Passage Two26. A. She is too hard on me.B.She asks too many questions.C.She is always considerate of my feelings.D.She is the meanest mother in the neighborhood.27. A. A university instructor. B. A teaching assistant.C. A phD student.D. A psychiatrist.28. A. They usually say no.B.They usually say yes.C.They usually wait and see.D.They usually refuse to say anything.29. A. They are overconfident.B.Their brains grow too fast.C.They are psychologically dependent.D.Their brains are still immature in some areas.30. A. Be easy on your teen.B.Try to be mean to your teen.D.Don’t care about your teen’s feelings.Part II Vocabulary (10%)Section ADirections: In this section all the statements are incomplete, beneath each of which are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose the word or phrase that can bestcomplete the statement and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWERSHEET.31. A number of black youths have complained of being by the police.A. harassedB. distractedC. sentencedD. released32. He rapidly became with his own power in the team.A. irrigatedB. irradiatedC. streetlightD. torchlight33. Throughout his political career he has always been in the .A. twilightB. spotlightC. streetlightD. torchlight34. We that diet is related to most types of cancer but we don’t have definite proof.A. suspendB. superveneC. superviseD. suspect35. A patient who is dying of incurable cancer of the throat is in terrible pain, which can nolonger be satisfactorily .A. alleviatedB. abolishedC. demolishedD. diminished36. The television station is supported by from foundations and other sources.A. donationsB. pensionsC. advertisements37. More legislation is needed to protect the property rights of the patent.A. integrativeB. intellectualC. intelligent38. Officials are supposed to themselves to the welfare and health of the generalpublic.A. adaptB. confineC. commitD. assess39. You should stop your condition and do something about it.A. drawing onB. touching onC. leaning onD. dwelling on40. The author of the book has shown his remarkably keen into human nature.A. perspectiveB. dimensionC. insightD. reflectionSection BDirections: In this section each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined, beneath which are four words or phrase. Choose the word or phrase which canbest keep the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for theunderlined part. Then mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.41.The chemical was found to be detrimental to human health.A. toxicB. immuneC. sensitiveD. allergic42.It will be a devastating blow for the patient, if the clinic closes.A. permanentB. desperateC. destructiveD. sudden43.He kept telling us about his operation in the most graphic detail.A. verifiableC. preciseD. ambiguous44.The difficult case tested the ingenuity of even the most skillful physician.A. credibilityB. commitmentC. honestyD. talent45.He left immediately on the pretext that he had to catch a train.A. claimB. clueC. excuseD. talent46.The nurse was filled with remorse of not believing her .A. anguishB. regretC. apologyD. grief47.The doctor tried to find a tactful way of telling her the truth.A. delicateB. communicativeC. skillfulD. considerate48.Whether a person likes a routine office job or not depends largely on temperament.A. dispositionB. qualificationC. temptationD. endorsement49.The doctor ruled out Friday’s surgery for the patient’s unexpected complications.A. confirmedB. facilitatedC. postponedD. cancelled50.It is not easy to remain tranquil when events suddenly change your life.A. cautiousB. motionlessC. calmD. alertDirections: In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks. For each blank, there are four choice marked A, B, C and D listed on the right side. Choose the best answer andmark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Experts say about 1% of young women in the United States are almost starving themselves today. They are suffering from a sickness called anorexia.These young women have an abnormal fear of getting fat. They 51 starve themselves so they weigh at 15% less than their normal weight.The National Institute of Mental Health says one 52 ten cases of anorexia leads to serious medical problems. These patients can die from heart failure or the disease can lead young womento 53 themselves. For example, former gymnast Christy Henrich died at age 22. She weighed only61 pounds.A person with anorexia first develops joint and muscle problems. There is a lack of iron inthe blood. 54 the sickness progresses, a young woman’s breathing, heartbeat, and blood pressure rates slow down. The important substance calcium is 55 from the bones, something causing bones to break. Sometimes the brain gets smaller, causing changes in 56 a person thinks and acts. Scientists say many patients have further mental and emotional problems. They have 57 opinions about themselves. They feel helpless. Their attempts to become extremely thin may 58 efforts to take control of their lives. They may become dependent on illegal drugs. Some people also feel the need to continually repeat a(n) 59 . For example, they may repeatedly wash their hands although their hands are clean.Anorexia is a serious eating 60 .If it is not treated on time, it can be fatal.51. A. specifically B. purposely C. particularly D. passionately52. A. from B. of C. at D. in53. A. kill B. starve C. abuse D. worsen54. A. When B. While C. As D. Since55. A. lost B. derived C. generated D. synthesized56. A. what B. why C. how D. which57. A. good B. high C. lower D. poor58. A. represent B. make C. present D. exert59. A. medication B. illusion C. motion D. action60. A. habit B. behavior C. disorder D. patternPart IV Reading Comprehension(30%)Direction:In this part there are six passages, each of which is followed by five questions. For each question there are four possible answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the bestanswer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneChildren should avoid using mobile phones for all but essential calls because of possible health effects on young brains. This is one of the expected conclusions of an official government report to be published this week. The report is expected to call for the mobile phone industry to refrain from promoting phone use by children, and to start labeling phones with data on the amount of radiation they emit. The Independent Expert Group on Mobile Phones, chaired by former government chief scientist William Stewart, has spent eight months reviewing existing scientific evidence on all aspects of the health effects of using mobile phones. Its report is believed to conclude that because we don’t fully understand the nonthermal effects of radiation on human tissue, the government should adopt a precautionary approach, particularly in relation to children.There is currently no evidence that mobile phones harm users or people living near transmitter masts. But some studies show that cell-phones operating at radiation levels within current safety limits do have some sort of biological effect on the brain.to environmental insults,” he says,“So if phones did prove to be hazardous——which they haven’t yet ——it would be sensible.”In 1998, Tattersall showed that radiation levels similar to those emitted by mobile phones could alter signals from brain cells in slices of rat brain, “What we’ve found is an effect, but we don’t know if it’s hazardous,” he says.Alan Preece of the University of Bristol, who found last year that microwaves increase reaction times in test subjects, agreed that children’s exposure would be greater. “There’s a lot less tissue in the way, and the skill is thinner, so children’s heads are considerably closer,” he says.Stewart’s report is likely to recommend that the current British safety standards on energy emissions from cell-phones should be cut to the level recommended by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection, which is one-fifth of the current British limit. “The extra safety factor of five is somewhat arbitrary,” s ays Michael Clark of the National Radiological Protection Board. “But we accept that it’s difficult for the UK to have different standards from an international body.”61. Just because it has not been confirmed yet whether mobile phone emissions can harm humantissue, according to the government report, does not mean that .A. the government should prohibit children from using cell-phonesB. we should put down the phone for the sake of safetyC. the industry can have a right to promote phone useD. children are safe using cell-phones62. Tattersall argues that it is wise to refrain mobile phone use by children in termsof .A. their neural developmentB. their ill-designed cell-phonesC. the frequency of their irrational useD. their ignorance of its possible health effects63. On the issue in question, Preece .A. does not agree with TattersallB. tries to remove the obstacles in the wayC. asks for further investigationD. would stand by Stewart64. What is worrisome at present is that the UK .A. is going to turn deaf ears to the voice of Stesart’s planB. finds it difficult to cut the current safety standards on phone useC. maintains different standards on safety limit from the international onesD. does not even impose safety limit on the mobile phones’ energy emissions65．Which of the following can bi the best candidate for the title of the passageA . Brain Wave B. For Adults OnlyC. Catch Them YoungD. The Answer in the AirPassage TwoAdvances in cosmetic dentistry and plastic surgery have made it possible to correct facial birth defects, repair damaged teeth and tissue, and prevent or greatly delay the onset of tooth decay and gum disease. As a result, more people smile more often and more openly today than ever in the past, and we can expect more smiles in the future.middle-class family members in formal portraits and domestic scenes appear to have their mouths firmly closed. Soldiers in battle, children at play, beggars, old people, and especially villains may have their mouths open; but their smiles are seldom attractive, and more often suggest strain or violence than joy.Smiles convey a wide range of meanings in different eras and cultures, says art historian Angus Trumble, currently curator(馆长)of Yale University’s Center for British Art, in his book A Brief History of the Smile. Compare, for instance, the varying impressions made by the shy dimples(酒窝)of Leonardo’s Mona Lisa; the rosy-cheeked, mustachioed Laughing Cavalier of Frans Hals; and the”Smiley Face”logo perfected(though not invented)in 1963 by American graphic artist Harvey .In some non-Western cultures, Trumble notes, even a warm, open smile does not necessarily indicate pleasure or agreement. It can simply be a polite mask to cover emotions considered too rude or shocking to bi openly displayed.Subtle differences in muscle movement can convey enormous differences in emotion, from the tranquility of bronze Buddhas, to the erotic bliss of couples entwined in stone on Hindu temples,to the fierce smirk(假笑)of a guardian demon at the entrance to a Chinese tomb.Trumble expects the impact of Western medicine and mass media to further increase the pressure on people to grin broadly and laugh openly in public.”Faint smiles are increasingly thought of in scientific and psychological circles as something that falls short of the true smile ,”and therefore suggest insincerity or lack of enthusiasm, he says.With tattooing, boby piercing, and permanent cosmetics already well established as fashion trends, one can imagine tomorrow’s beauty shops adding plastic surgeons and dentists to their staffs. These comer-store cosmeticians would offer style makeovers to reshape our lips, teeth, and jawlines to mimic the signature smile of one’s favorite celebrity.What can you say to that except” Have a nice day”66. Had it not been for cosmetic advances, as inferred from the passage, .A . people would not have been as happy as they are todayB. the rate of facial birth defect would not have declinedC . there would not have been many more open smilesD. we would not have seen smiling faces in public67. According to the passage, it seems that whether there is a smile or not in the portraits orpictures is decided by .A. one’s internal sense of the external worldB . one’s identity or social positionC . one’s times of existenceD . All of the above68. Trumble’s study on smiles shows that .A. an open smile can serve as a cover-upB . the famous portraits radiate varying smilesC. even the human muscles can arouse varying emotionsD. smiles can represent misinterpretations of different eras and cultures69. What Trumble expects to see is .A. the increasing tendency of broad grins and open smiles in publicB . further impact of Western medicine upon non-Western culturesC. a wider range of meanings to be conveyed by smilesD. more of sincerity and enthusiasm in public70 . At the end of the passage, the author implicates .C . future changes in life styleD . the future of smilesPassage ThreeAdolf Hitler survived an assassination attempt in 1944 with the lamp of penicillin made by the Allies, a microbiologist in the UK claims. If the Nazi leader had died from bacterial infection ofhis many wounds, the Second World War might have been over a year earlier, saving millions of lives, says Milton Wainwright of the University of Sheffield, a noted historian of microbiology.In a paper to be published soon in Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, Wainwright reveals first-hand evidence that Hitler was treated with penicillin by his personal doctor, Theo Morrell, following an assassination attempt in which a bomb in a suitcase exploded next to Hitler’s desk. Hitler was badly hurt, fleeing the scene with his hair and trousers on fire, a badly bleeding arm and countless wooden splinter wounds from the oak table that probably saved his life.Wainwright found confirmation that Morrell gave Hitler antibiotics as a precaution in a recent translation of Morrell’s own diary. “I happened to be reading it for interest when the word penicillin jumped out at me,” he says. He then set about trying to establish where Morrell might have got the drug.At the time, penicillin was available only to the Allies. German and Czechoslovakian teams had tried without much success to make it, Wainwright says, but the small quantities that weresays Wainwright. available were weak and impure. “It’s generally accepted that it was no good,”He reasons that Morrell would only have risked giving Hitler penicillin to prevent infectionsif he were confident that the antibiotic would cure, not kill the German premier. “My research shows that Morrell, in a very dodgy(危险的) position as Hitler’s doctor, would only have used pure stuff.” And the only reliable penicillin was that made by the Allies. So where did Morrell getitWainwright’s investigations revealed that Allied airmen carried penicillin, so the Germans may have confiscated some from prisoners of war. The other more likely source is from neutral countries such Spain, which received penicillin from Allied countries for humanitarian purposes, perhaps for treating sick children.have proof the Allies were sending it to these countries,” says Wainwright. “I’m saying “Ｉthis would have got through in diplomatic bags, reaching Hitler’s doctor and the higher echelons(阶层)of the Nazi party. So this was almost certainly pure, Allied penicillin.”“We can never be certain it saved Hitler’s life,” says Wainwright. But he notes that one of Hitler’s henchmen(死党)，Reinhard Heydrich, died from blood poisoning after surviving acar-bomb assassination attempt. “Hair from his seat went into his wounds and gave him septicemia,” says Wainwright. Morrell may have been anxious to ensure that Hitler avoided the same fate.71. According to Wainwright, Adolf Hitler .A. might have used biological weapons in the warB. could not have committed suicide as confirmedC. could have died of bacterial infectionD. might have survived a bacterial plague72. Following his assassination in 1944, Adolf Hitler .A. began to exercise precautions against his personal attacksB. was anxious to have penicillin developed in his countryC. received an jinjection of penicillin for blood poisoningD. was suspected of being likely to get infecteds personal doctor .73. As Wainwright reasons, H itler’A. cannot have dared to prescribe German-made penicillin to himB. need not have used pure antibiotic for his suspect infectionC. would have had every reason to assassinate himD. must have tried to produce penicillin74. Wainwright implies that the Third Reich .A. met the fate of collapse as expectedB. butchered millions of lives on the earthC. was severely struck by bacterial plaguesD. did have channels to obtain pure penicillin75.Which of the following can be the best title for the passageA.How Hitler Manage to Survive Assassination AttemptsB.Morrell Loyal to His German PrimierC.Hitler Saved by Allied DrugsD.Penicillin Abused in GermanPassage FourGet ready for a new kind of machine at your local gym: one that doesn’t involve huffing and puffing as you burn off calories. Instead, all you have to do is stand still for 30 seconds while the machine measures your body fat. It could then tell you exactly where you could do with losing afew pounds and even advise you on exercises for your problem areas. If the body fat scanner turns out to be accurate enough, its makers hope it could one day help doctors spot disease.The scanner works by simultaneously building up an accurate 3D image of the body, while measuring the body’s effect on an electromagnetic field. Combining the two measurements allows the researchers to work out the distribution of fat and water within. Neither method is new on itsown, says Henri Tapp, at the Institute of Food Research in Norwich in the UK. “The smart thing is that we’ve put them in one machine.”And it’s not just for gym users. The body fat scanner could be used to study fat deposition as children develop, while patients recover from injury, or during pregnancy. And since it uses radio waves rather than X-rays, Tapp’s device is safe to use repeatedly.Body shape is known to be a risk indicator for heart disease and diabetes. So accurately quantifying fat distribution could help doctors suggest preventive measures to patients before problems arise. At the moment, doctors estimate fat content from knowing body volume and water content. To a good approximation, says Tapp, anything that isn’t fat is water. The amount of water in the body is often measured by giving the subject a drink of water that contains a radioactive tracer. The level of tracer in the patient's urine after three hours reveals the total water volume.To find out a body’s volume, subjects are weighed while totally submerged in water, and thisis subtracted from their normal weight to give the weight of water displaced, and hence the subject’s volume. But it is scarcely practical for seriously ill people.There are other ways to directly measure body fat, such as passing a minuscule current between the wrists and feet. The overall fat content can then be estimated from the body’s resistance. But this method doesn’t take body shape into account ——so a subject with particularly skinny legs might register a higher fat content than the true value. That’s because skinny legs—with a lower cross-sectional area——will present higher resistance to current. So the machine thinks the water content of the body is lower——rating the subject as fatter. Also, the system can only give an overall measurement of fat.Tapp’s method uses similar calculations, but is more sophisticated because it tells you where you are piling on the pounds.76. The new machine is designed .A. to picture the body’s hidden fatB. to identify those at risk for obesityC. to help clinically treat specific casesD. to measure accurately risky obesity-related effects77. The beauty of the device, according to Tapp, is that .A. it performs a dual functionB. it is of great accuracy in measurementC. it has significant implications in clinical practiceD. it contributes to the evolution of human anatomy78.Which of the following, according to the passage, does the machine have the potential tospareA. A minuscule current.B. A radioactive tracer.C. A water tank.D. All of the above.79.In comparison with the techniques mentioned in the passage, the body fat scanner .A. quickens the pace of the patient’s rehabilitationB. is highly appreciated for its safetyC. features its measuring precisionD. is easy to operate in the clinic80.For scanning, all the subject has to do is .A. take up a form of workout in the gymB. turn round the body fat scannerC. lie on the electromagnetic fieldD. sand in the systemPassage FiveThere is currently abroad a new wave of appreciation for breadth of knowledge. Curricula at universalities and colleges and programs in federal agencies extol(赞扬) the virtues of a broad education. For scientists who work in specialized jobs, it is a pleasure to escape in our spare timeto read broadly in fields distant from our own. Some of us have made interdisciplinary study our occupation, which is no surprise, because much of the intellectual action in our society today liesat the interfaces between traditional disciplines. Environmental science is a good example, because it frequently requires us to be conversant in several different sciences and even some unscientific fields.Experiencing this breadth of knowledge is stimulating, but so is delving deeply into a subject. Both are wonderful experiences that are complementary practical and aesthetic(美学的)ways. They are like viewing the marvelous sculpture of knowledge in two different ways. Look at the sculpture from one perspective and you see the piece in its entirety, how its components connect to give it form, balance, and symmetry. From another viewpoint you see its detail, depth, and mass. There is no need to choose between these two perspectives in art. To do so would subtract fromthe totality of the figure.So it is with science. Sometimes we gaze through a subject and are reluctant to stop for too much detail. As chemists, we are fascinated by computer sciences or molecular genetics, but not enough to become an expert. Or we may be interested in an analytical technique but not enough to stay at its cutting edge. At other times, we become immersed in the detail of a subject and see its beauty in an entirely different way than when we browse. It is as if we penetrate the surface of the sculpture and pass through the crystal structure to the molecular level where the code for the entire structure is revealed.Unfortunately, in our zeal for breadth or depth, we often feel that it is necessary to diminishthe value of the other. Specialists are sometimes ridiculed with names such as “nerd”or “technocrats”, generalists are often criticized for being too “soft” or knowing too little about any one thing. Both are ludicrous(可笑的) accusations that deny a part of the reality of。
英语试题及答案山东大学
英语试题及答案山东大学一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. Which of the following is a verb?A. AppleB. RunC. MountainD. Beautiful答案：B2. Fill in the blank with the correct preposition. She is _______ the library.A. inB. onC. atD. to答案：C3. Choose the correct form of the verb to complete the sentence.He _______ to school by bus every day.A. goB. goesC. goingD. went4. Identify the noun in the sentence.The cat is sleeping on the sofa.A. catB. sleepingC. sofaD. is答案：A5. Select the correct adjective to describe the noun. The _______ flowers are in the vase.A. beautifulB. beautifullyC. beautyD. be答案：A6. Rewrite the sentence in the past tense.She is going to the store.She _______ _______ to the store.A. was; goingB. were; goingC. was; wentD. were; went7. Choose the correct article to complete the sentence.________ elephant is a large animal.A. AB. AnC. TheD. /答案：C8. Which sentence is in the passive voice?A. They are painting the house.B. The house is being painted.C. I am reading a book.D. A book is being read.答案：B9. Fill in the blank with the correct comparative form of the adjective.She is _______ than her sister.A. tallB. tallerC. tallestD. more tall答案：B10. Choose the correct conjunction to connect the two clauses. He finished his homework, _______ he went to play football.B. butC. soD. or答案：A二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）11. The _______ (形容词) of the room is quite impressive. 答案：size12. They _______ (动词) to the party last night.答案：attended13. The _______ (名词) of the book is on the first page. 答案：title14. She _______ (动词) a new dress for the occasion.答案：bought15. The _______ (形容词) of the cake was delicious.答案：flavor16. He _______ (动词) to the meeting on time.答案：arrived17. The _______ (名词) of the mountain is breathtaking. 答案：view18. She _______ (动词) her hair every morning.答案：brushes19. The _______ (名词) of the city is very high.答案：population20. They _______ (动词) a new car last week.答案：bought三、阅读理解（每题4分，共20分）阅读以下短文，回答后面的问题。
最新山东大学考博英语真题2014-2010附答案
2014山大考博英语2014-04-07语法词汇题比较难，30个单选题，一个0.5分，基本上是考查词意的完型题20个，一个0.5分，01年考研真题阅读理解4篇，每个题 1.5分，30分，都是六级和考研原题（最近两年阅读没出专八题）7选5，共10分，关于奥巴马的英译汉五个，一个3分，长句子翻译比较难，费得时间比较长作文20分，关于children surfing the net2013山大考博英语Part I Grammar and Vocabulary1. The discussion was so prolonged and exhausting that __________ the speakers stopped for deferments.A. at largeB. at intervalsC. at easeD. at random2. When traveling, you are advised to take travelers’ checks, which providea secure__________ to carrying your money in cash.A. substituteB. selectionC. inferenceD. alternative3. I never trusted him because I always thought of him as such a character.A. graciousB. suspiciousC. uniqueD. particular4. Changing from solid to liquid, water takes in heat from all substances near it, and this__________produces artificial cold surrounding it.A. absorptionB. transitionC. consumptionD. interaction5. Language, culture, and personality may be considered__________of each other in thought, but they are inseparable in fact.A. IndistinctlyB. separatelyC. irrelevantlyD. independently6. Christmas is a Christian holy day usually celebrated on December25th__________the birth of Jesus Christ.A. in accordance withB. in terms ofC. in favor ofD. in honor of7. To survive in the intense trade competition between countries, we must__________the qualities and varieties of products we make t o the world market demand.A. improveB. enhanceC. guaranteeD. gear8. To give you a general idea of our products, we enclose the catalogues showing various products handled by us with detailed __________and means of packing.A. specimensB. inspectionsC. samplesD. specifications9. Many of the conditions that __________population pressures --- overcrowding, unemployment, poverty, hunger and illness --- lead to dissatisfaction.A. bring forwardB. give rise toC. feed up withD. result from10. Arriving anywhere with these possessions, he might just aseasily__________for a month or a year as for a single day.A. put upB. stay upC. speed upD. make up11. The fact that the earth’s surface heats__________provides a convenient way to divide it into temperature region.A. infrequentlyB. irregularlyC. unsteadilyD. uneverny12. If a cat comes too close to its nest, the mockingbird __________a set ofactions to protect its offspring.A. hastensB. releasesC. devisesD. initiates13. How large a proportion of the sales of stores in or near resort areas canbe__________to tourist spending?A. attributedB. appliedC. contributedD. attached14. Knowledge is a comfortable and necessary retreat and __________for us inan advanced age; and if we do not plant it while young, it will give us no shadewhen we grow old.A. ingredientB. relianceC. shelterD. inclination15. Some people would like to do shopping on Sundays since they expect to__________wonderful bargains in the market.A. pick upB. bump intoC. pile upD. bring back16. Scientists are searching for the oldest tree __________because it can teach them a great deal about many issues related with climate change.A. livelyB. aliveC. livingD. live17. The destruction of the Twin Towers in New Y ork City __________shock and anger throughout the world.A. temptedB. provokedC. summonedD. enveloped18. A 1994 World Bank report concluded that __________girls in school wasprobably the single most effective anti-poverty policy in the developing worldtoday.A. enrollingB. assigningC. involvingD. consenting19. The UN o fficial said aid programs will be __________until there is adequate protection for relief personnel.A. multipliedB. arrestedC. spannedD. suspended20. Despite almost universal__________of the vital importance of women’s literacy, education remains a dream for many women i n far too many countries of the world.A. confessionB. identificationC. acknowledgementD. compliment21. Since the island soil has been barren for so many years, the natives mustnow __________much of their food.A. deliverB. importC. produceD. develop22. Because Jenkins neither __________nor defends either management or thestriking workers, both aides admire his journalisticA. criticizes...acumenB. attacks,neutralityC. confronts,aptitudeD.dismis ses,flair23. Some anthropologists claim that a few aps have been taught a rudimentarysign languages, but skeptics argue that the apes are only __________their trainers.A. imitatingB. condoningC. instructingD. acknowledging24. It is ironic that the__________insights of the great thinkers are voicedso often that they have become mereA. oriinal, clichesB. banal, beliefsC. dubious, habitsD.philosophical-questions 25. The most frustrating periods of any diet are theinevitable__________, when weight loss if not stops.A. moods, acceleratesB. feasts, haltsC. holidays, contractsD. plateaus, slows26. Since the author’s unflattering references to her friends were so__________, she was surprised that her__________were recognized.A. laud atory, stylesB. obvious, anecdotesC. oblique, allusionsD.critical, eulogies27. If it is true that morality cannot exist without religion, then does notthe erosion of religion herald the __________of moraliy?A, regulation B. basis C. belief D. collapse28. Certain animal behaviors, such as mating rituals, seem to be __________,and therefore external factors such as climate changes, food supply, or the presence of other animals of the same species.A. learned, immune toB. innate, unaffected byC. intricate, belong toD.specific, confused with29. Shaken by two decades of virtual anarchy, the majority of people were ready to buy __________at any price.A. orderB. emancipationC. hopeD. liberty30. As a person who combines care with _________, Marisa completed her dutieswith__________as well as zeal.A. levity, resignationB. enthusiasm, meticulousnessC. vitality,willingness D. empathy, rigorPartⅡ CloseThe study of genetics has given rise to a profitable new industry calledbiotechnology. As the name __31__ , it combines biology and modern technology through such __32__ as genetic engineering. Some of the new biotech companies, as they are called, __33__ in agriculture and are working enthusiastically to patent (取得专利) seeds that give a high yield (产量), that __34__ disease, drought and frost,and that reduce the need for dangerous chemicals. __35__ such goals could be achieved, it would be most beneficial. But some h ave raised __36__ about genetically engineered crops. "In nature, genetic diversity (多样性) is created within certain limits,"says the book Genetic Engineering, Food and Our Environment. "A rose can becrossed(杂交) with a different kind of rose, but a lose will __37__ cross with apotato ..." Genetic engineering, on the other hand, usually involves taking genesfrom one species and inserting them into another in an attempt to __38__ a desiredproperty or character. This could mean, __39__ , selecting a gene which leads tothe production of a chemical with antifreeze properties from an arctic fish, andjoining it into a potato or strawberry to make it frost-resistant. It is now possible for plants to be engineered with genes __40__ from bacteria, viruses, insects,animals or even humans. __41__ , then, biotechnology allows humans to break thegenetic walls that __42__ species. Like the green revolution, (43)what some callthe gene revolution (44)contributes to the problem of genetic uniformity (千篇一律) –some say even more so (45)because geneticists can employ techniques such (46)as cloning and organ culture, processes that produce perfectly (47)identical copies,or clones. Concerns about the biodiversity, therefore, remain. Genetically altered plants, however, raise new(48) issues, such as the effects that they may have onus a nd the environment. ―We are flying blindly into a new (49) of agriculturalbiotechnology with high hopes, few constraints, and little idea of the potensial(50) , ‖ said science writer Jeremy Rifkin.31. A. suggests B. recalls C. concerns D. advises32. A. concepts B. views C. techniques D. courses33. A. participate B. focus C. specialize D. involve34. A. treat B. avoid C. oppose D. resist35. A. If B. Unless C. Since D. As36. A. demands B. topics C. concerns D. lessons37. A. sometimes B. never C. frequently D. eventually38. A. convey B. transfer C. select D. collect39. A. for example B. for one thing C. on one hand D. in any case40. A. resulted B. evolved C. injected D. taken41. A. In contrast B. In that C. In case D. In essence42. A. separate B. form C. create D. vary43. A. what B. where C. as D. so44. A. combines B.contributes mands D. breaks45. A. that B.because C. if D. when46. A. like B. for example C. as D. is47. A. resembling B. alike C. similar D. identical48. A. issues B. height C. difficulties D. goals49. A. spot B. era C. deadline D. scheme50. A. navigations B. mystery C. outcomes D. destinationsPart Ⅲ Reading ComprehensionPassage 1The Carnegie Foundation report says that many col leges have tried to be ―all things to all people‖. In doing so, they have increasingly catered to a narrow minded careerism while failing to cultivate a global vision among their students. Thecurrent crisis, it contends, does not derive from a legitimate desire to put learningto productive ends. The problem is that in too many academic fields, the work hasno context; skills, rather than being means, have become ends. Students are offereda variety of options and allowed to pick their way to a degree. In short, drivenby careerism, ―the nation’s colleges and universities are more successful inproviding credentials (文凭) than in providing a quality education for theirstudents. ―The report concludes that the special challenge confronting theundergraduate college is one of shaping an integrated core of common learning. Such a core would introduce students to essential knowledge, to connections across thedisciplines, and in the end, to application of knowledge to life beyond the campus. ― Although the key to a good college is a high-quality faculty, the Carnegie studyfound that most colleges do very little to encourage good teaching. In fact, theydo much to undermine it. As one professor observed: ―Teaching is important, we aretold, and yet faculty know th at research and publication matter most.‖ Not surprisingly, over the last twenty years colleges and universities have failed tograduate half of their four-year degree candidates. Faculty members who dedicatedthemselves to teaching soon discover that they will not be granted tenure (终身任期), promotion, or substantial salary increases. Yet 70 percent of all faculties say their interests lie more in teaching than in research. Additionally, a frequent complaint among y oung scholars is that ―There is pressure to publish, although there is virtually no interest among administrators or colleagues in the content of thepublications.‖51. When a college tries to be ―all things to al people‖ (Lines 1-2, Para.1) it aims to ________.A) satisfy the needs of all kinds of students simultaneouslyB) focus on training students in various skillsC) encourage students to take as many courses as possibleD) make learning serve academic rather than productive ends52. By saying that ―in too many a cademic fields, the work has no context‖ (Lines 4-5, Pare. 1) the author means that the teaching in these areas ________.A) ignores the actual situationB) is not based on the right perspectiveC) only focuses on an integrated core of common learningD) gives priority to the cultivation of a global vision among students53. One of the reasons for the current crisis in American colleges anduniversities is that ________.A) a narrow vocationalism has come to dominate many collegesB) students don’t have enough f reedom in choosing what they want to learnC) skills are being taught as a means to an endD) students are only interested in obtaining credentials54. American colleges and universities failed to graduate half of theirfour-year degree candidates because ________.A) most of them lack high-quality facultiesB) the interests of most faculty members lie in researchC) there are not enough incentives for students to study hardD) they attach greater importance to research and publication than to teaching55. It can be inferred from the passage that high-quality college education calls for ________. A) putting academic work in the proper contextB) a commitment to students and effective teachingC) the practice of putting leaning to productive endsD) dedication to research in frontier areas of knowledge答案51. C 52. B 53. A 54. D 55. BPassage 2Endangered Species Endangered species are plants and animals that are inimmediate danger of extinction. Extinction is actually a normal process in the course of evolution. Since the formation of the earth, many m ore species have become extinct than those exist today. These species slowly disappeared because of changes ofclimate and their failure to adapt to such conditions as competition and predation (捕食). Since the 1600s, however, the process of extinction has greatly accelerated as a result of both human population growth and technological encroachment (侵犯) on natural ecology systems. Today the majority of the world’s envir onments are changing faster than the ability of most species to adapt to such changes throughnatural selection.Species become extinct or endangered for a number of reasons, but the primarycause is the destruction of natural habitats (栖息地). Drainage of wetlands (沼泽地), cutting and clearing of forests, growth of cities, and highway and damconstruction have seriously reduced available natural habitats. As the varioussurroundings become fragments, the remaining animal populations crowd into smaller areas, causing further destruction of natural surroundings. Species in these small islands‖ lose contact with other populations of their own kind, thus reducing their genetic variation and making them less adaptable to environment changes.Since the 1600s, commercial exploitation of animals for food and other products has caused many species to become extinct or endangered. Introduced diseases andparasites have also greatly reduced some species. Pollution is another importantcause of their extinction.Some private and governmental efforts have been organized to save decliningspecies. Laws were made i n some c ountries in the early 1900s to protect wild animals from commercial trade and killing. International endeavors are shown in theConvention on International Trade in Endangered Species. approved by 51 nations.Its purpose is to restrict exploitation of wild animals and plants by regulatingand restricting trade in certain species. How e ffective such laws will be in various countries, however, depends on enforcement (实施 ) and support by the people andthe courts. Because of a lack of law enforcement, the willingness of some segmentsof society to trade in endangered species, the activities of people who catch andkill animals illegally and dealers who supply the trade, the future of many species is in doubt in spite of legal protection.56 According to the passage, which of the following is the most important factor causing the rapid extinction of man species since the 17th century?A Human b eings are not aware of the importance of preserving endangered species.B Some e ndangered species have already reached the end of their life span in evolution.C The development of human society has greatly affected natural ecology systems.D The world’s climate has ch anged so greatly that most species cannot survive.57 In the last sentence of the second paragraph, the word islands refers toA the lands that are completely surrounded by water.B the wild animals’ breeding grounds protected by lawC the pieces of land separated by modern buildings and roads.D the small and isolated areas inhabited by certain species.58 This passage mentions all of the following reasons that cause the extinctionof man species exceptA natural selection of species.B various natural disasters.C commercial trade and killing.D destruction of natural surroundings.59 According to the passage, which of the following is most important in saving declining species?A Governments should make some laws to protect endangered species.B People should pay more attention to the protection of natural surroundings.C Relevant laws must be made and enforced with the support of the people.D Some organizations should warn people not to trade in endangered animals.60 How d oes the author feel about the prospect of protecting endangered species from being extinct?A Worried.B Optimistic.C Indifferent.D Confident.Passage 3Those who welcomed the railway saw it as more than a rapid and comfortable means of passing. They actually saw it as afactor in world peace. They did not foreseethat the railway would be just one more means for the rapid movement of aggressivearmies. None of them foresaw that the more weare together-the more chances thereare of war. Any boy or girl who is one of a large family knows that.Whenever any new invention is put forward, those for it and those against itcan always find medical men to approve or condemn. The anti-railway group produced doctors who said that tunnels would be most dangerous to public health: they would produce colds, catarrhs (粘膜炎) and consumptions. The deafening noise and the glare of the engine fire, would have a bad effect on the nerves. Further, being movedthrough the air at a high speed would do grave injury to delicate lungs. In thosewith high blood-pressure, the movement of the train might produce apoplexy (中风). The sudden plunging of a train into the darkness of a tunnel, and the equally sudden rush into full daylight, would cause great damage to eyesight. But the pro-railway group was of course able to produce equally famous medical men to say just theopposite. They said that the speed and swing of the train would equalize thecirculation, promote digestion, tranquilize the nerves, and ensure good sleep.The actual rolling-stock was anything but comfortable. If it was a test ofendurance to sit for four hours outside a coach in rain, or inside in dirty air,the railway offered little more in the way of comfort. Certainly the first-classcarriages had cushioned seats; but the second-class had only narrow bare boards,while the third-class had nothing at all; no seats and no roof; they were just open trucks. So that third-class passengers gained nothing from the few mode e xcept speed. In the matter of comfort, indeed they lost; they did, on the coaches, have a seat,but now they had to stand all the way, which gave opportunities to the comic (滑稽的) press. This kind of thing: A man w as seen yesterday buying a third-class ticket for the new London and Birmingham Railway. The state of his mind is being enquiredinto.A writer in the early days of railways wrote feelingly of both second-andthird-class carriages. He made the suggestion that the directors of the railwaysmust have sent all over the world to find the hardest possible wood. Of the openthird-class trucks he said that they had the peculiar property of meeting the rainfrom whatever quarter it came. He described them as horizontal shower-baths, fromwhose searching power there was no escape.61. All boys and girls in large families know thatA) a boy and a girl usually fight when they are togetherB) people tend to be together more than they used to beC) a lot of people being together makes fights likelyD) Railway leads the world to peace62. According to those who welcomed the railway, the railway itself shouldinclude all the following except .A) the railway enables people travel fastB) the railway brings comfort to peopleC) the railway makes the world peacefulD) the railway leads the world to war as well.63. According to the anti-railway group, all the followings are true but .A) tunnels are dangerous to public healthB) the noise and the glare of the engine fire may affect people's nervesC) the rapid speed through the air does damage to people's lungsD) to those with high blood-pressure, the rapid speed of the train causes them to die64. We may safely conclude that .A) the author belongs to the anti-railway groupB) the author belongs to the for-railway groupC) the author speaks highly of the railwayD) the author may never take train because of its potential dangers65. What is the tone of this passage?A)Practical B)Satirical C)Humorous D)Exaggerated答案61.C 62.D 63.D 64.A 65.C PassagePassage 4The Myth of College Many of you young persons out there are seriously thinkingabout going to college. (That is, of course, a lie. The only things you young persons think seriously about are loud music and sex. Trust me: these are closely relatedto college). College is basically a bunch of rooms where you sit for roughly twothousand hours and try to memorize things. The two thousand hours are spread outover four years; you spend the rest of the time sleeping and trying to get dates.Basically, you learn two kinds of things in college:Things you need to know later in life (two hours). These include how to makecollect telephone calls and get beer and crepe-paper stains out of your pajamas.Things you will not need to know in later life (1,998 hours). These are the things you learn in classes whose names end in -ology, -osophy, -istry, -ics, and so on.The idea is you memorize these things, then write them down in little exam books,then forget them. If you fail to forget them, you become a professor and have tostay in college for the rest of your life.It's very difficult to forget everything. For example, when I was in college,I had to memorize - don't ask me why - the names of the metaphysical poets otherthan John Donne. I have managed to forget one of them, but I still remember thatthe other two were named Vaughan and Crashaw.Sometimes, when I'm trying to remember something important, like whether my w ife told me to get tuna packed in oil or tuna packed in water, Vaughan and Crashaw just pop up in my mind, right there in the supermarket. It's a terrible waste of braincells. After you've been in college for a year or so, you're supposed to choose amajor, which is the subject you intend to memorize and forget the most things about. Here is a very important piece of advice: be sure to choose a major that does notinvolve Known Facts and Right Answers.This means t hat you must not major in mathematics, physics, biology or chemistry, because these subjects involve actual facts. If, for example, you major inmathematics, you're going to wander into class one day and the professor will say: "Define the cosine integer of the quadrant of the rhomboid binary axis, andextrapolate your result to five significant vertices." If you don't come up withexactly the answer the professor has in mind, you fail. The same i s true of chemistry: if you write in your exam book that carbon and hydrogen combine to form oak, yourprofessor will flunk you. He wants you to come up with the same answer he and allthe other chemists have agreed on. Scientists are extremely snotty about this.68. When should the college students choose a major?A. The moment they go to collegeB. After they have been in college for nearly two yearsC. After they have been in college for a year or soD. When they become a senior69. The word ―flunk‖ in the last paragraph meansA. floatB. failC. ridiculeD. dupe70. What is the beat title for the passage?A. The Myth of CollegeB. What Can You Learn in College?C. How to Enjoy Your College LifeD. The Importance of CollegePart Ⅳ Use of LanguageThe psychology of warranties保单心理学Protection racket保护之诈tend If extended guarantees are overpriced, why are they so popular? CUSTOMERSto agonise over the relative merits of different models of electronic goods suchas digital cameras or plasma televisions. But when they get to the till, many spend freely on something they barely think about at all: an extended warranty, which is often more profitable to the retailer than the device it covers.Shoppers typically pay 10-50% of the cost of a product to insure it beyond theterm covered by the manufacturer’s guarantee. 71 . Yet products rarely break within the period covered, and repairs tend to cost no more than the warranty itself. 72l.So why, asks a paper published in the December issue of the Journal of Consumer Research, do so many consumers still buy extended warranties? The authors—Tao Chen of the University of Maryland, Ajay Kalra of Rice University and Baohong Sun ofCarnegie Mellon University—examined purchase data from a big electronics retailerfor over 600 households from November 2003 to October 2004. 73 .If a customer is about to buy something fun (ie, a plasma television rather than a vacuum cleaner), he will be more inclined to splash out on extra insurance. Thisis because consumers value ―hedonic‖ items over utilitarian ones, regardless ofthe actual price tag. 74 . The study also found that poorer consumers are more likelyto buy ―potentially unnecessary and overpriced insurance‖, because they are more worried about the expense of replacing a product if it breaks.75 . But although most policies go unused, he admits that the emotionaltranquillity that comes with buying a new warranty is not in itself without value,even if ―rationally, it doesn’t make sense‖．A. This is especially true if the item is on sale, as finding an unexpectedbargain leaves buyers feeling flush and pleased.B. The terms of these deals vary (and there is often a great deal of fine print), but they usually promise to repair or replace a faulty device for between one andfour years.C. Only in the present century has one species man acquired significant powerto alter the nature of his world.D. Only in the present century has one species man acquired significant powerto alter the nature of his world.E. They concluded that the decision to buy a warranty had a great deal to dowith a shopper’s mood.F. The popularity of warranties should logically depend on the likelihood ofa product’s failure, says Mr Kalra.G. That makes warranties amazingly profitable: they generate over $16 billionannually for American retailers, according to Warranty Week, a trade journal答案B G E A FPart Ⅴ Translation1. Until such time as mankind has the sense to lower its population to the points where the planet can provide a comfortable support for all, people will have to accept more “unnatural food.”2. According to a growing body of exidence, the chemicals that make up manyplastics may migrate out of the material and into foods and fluids, ending up inyour body.3. Consider the survey evidence, which shows that while most Americans want to have both science and religion in their lives, they’ ll only go so far to preserve the former at the expense of the latter.4. The bodies who play major professional sports have changed dramatically over the years, and managers have been more than willing to adjust team uniforms to fitthe growing numbers of bigger, longer frames.5. This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult tocontinue agriculture in the high-energy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yieds.Part Ⅵ WritingAs the society develops, interpersonal relationships are getting more and more indifferent. Please make comment on the phenomena。
1997年博士生入学考试试题
Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesEnglish Entrance Examination for Doctorate Candidates (1997)PartⅠ Structure and Written Expression (40%)Section ADirections: In this section, there are 15 incomplete sentences. Under each sentence, you will see four words or phrases, marked A, B, C and D. Choose theone word or phrase that completes the sentence correctly. Then on youranswer sheet, find the number of the question and mark your choice onthe corresponding letter.1.Experiments in the photography of moving objects______ in both the UnitedStates and Europe well before 1900.A.have been conducingB. was conductedC. had been conductedD. being conducted2. All the many different parts of the body, large and small, ______ to perform the processes essential to life.A. they combineB. which combineC. combiningD. combine3. ______ the earth’s mass twice as great as it is, it would attract an object twice______ as it does.A. Were…as stronglyB. If …as stronglyC. Had been…as strongD. If…as strong4. Slavery was unknown in English common law, and black laborers at first occupieda legal status similar______.A. to those of white servantsB. as the white servantC. with that of white servantsD. to that of white servants5. ______ the sun is not shining?A. What doB. What ifC. What aboutD. what is the result that6. Today, formal education primarily______ memorizing data.A. consistsB. consists inC. in comprised byD. composes7. To keep from______ at jobs_____ he had no interest, he went to live for two years in the woods.A. being worked…in thatB. working…whichC. having to work…in whichD. having been worked…that8. It is_____ doubt that his conclusion is correct.A. aboveB. out ofC. noD. beyond9. ______your timely advice, I might not have succeeded.A. Thanks toB. WithC. ForD. But for10. You will have some nice lecture. The names of the lectures are ______.A. as followsB. such as followingC. as followingD. as follows11. It is foolish______ to make such a blunder.A. of himB. to himC. for himD. on him12. Continuing deterioration of the earth’s ozone shield would expose human beingsto increased ultraviolet radiation, ______of many serious skin cancers.A. is the causeB. has been the causeC. the causeD. that is the cause13. ______your hand in front of your face, and you can feel the air moving.A. To waveB. If waveC. WavingD. Wave14. Despite the pill my doctor prescribed, I still have trouble______.A. to sleepB. for sleepingC. sleepingD. to sleeping15. The volume of the sun is about 1,300,000 times______.A. the earthB. as that of the earthC. that of the earthD. one of the earth Section BDirections: Identify the part of the sentence that is incorrect from the four underlined parts marked A, B, C and D. Mark your answer on the answer sheet.16. One of the most famous of ancient times Socrates was, whose teachings areA B C Dreflected in Plato’s writings.17. When a spider catches an insect, it releases some poison into an insect with itsA B Cfangs, but the poison of most spiders is harmless to man.D18. It is generally known that the natural habitat of these types of monkeys are theA B C Dcentral and eastern forest of Africa.19. Bats are able to guide them by producing sound waves too high for us to hear.A B C D20. Government authorities said tonight that as many as 10,000 people were nowA Bbelieved missing and feared to die after a cyclone devastated the area over theC Dweekend.21. Nowhere we have seen the results more clearly than in Europe, which really haveA B Csurprised us all.D22. Yesterday afternoon, walking along the road, a small flower pot fell from theA B Cbalcony of a house, and knocked him unconscious.D23. Kenneth had his heart set on owing one of the new sports cars, but he finallyA B Csucceeded in buying one.D24. Mr. Smith is well known as a poet, and he is only three years senior than I.A B C D25. To such an extent did his health deteriorate that he forcedA B C D26. A turtle differs from all other reptiles that it has its body encased in a protectiveA B C Dshell of its own.27. The process of graduate education and the process of basic research reinforce eachA B other in a great variety of ways, and each is weakened when carrying on withoutC Dthe other.28. The point here is, to understand what you are reading, you must think about whatA Byou are reading, you must make sense the message conveyed by the words.C D29. We intend to move that our committee appoints Prof. Bacon as chairman, and weA Bhope that you will second our motion.C D30. Although Mary was not invited to the wedding, she would very much have likedA B Cto have gone.D31. In a day’s work a police office often deals with a wide panorama of problemsA Bfrom the pursuing of suspecting criminals to the rescuing of a trapped kitten.C D32. If you were awarded a prize of ten thousand dollars, what would you do with it ifA Byou had to spend in a day.C D33. He wanted more out of life, not just working at high-paid jobs or spending nightsA B Con the street playing games and asked for a better one.D34. It is encouraging to note that in recent years, cigarette smokers have been in theA B Cdecline, especially among older people.D35. Beethoven, the great musician, wrote nine symphonies in his life, most of themAwere written after he had lost his hearing.B C D36. The new hotel has erected a beautiful building with recreation areas andA Bconference facilities on the top floor in which the finest view of the city can beC Dobtained.37. Despite much research, there are still certain elements in the life cycle of theA Binsect that is not fully understood.C D38. On the whole, ambitious students are much likely to succeed in their studies thanA Bare those with little ambition.C D39. He got up, walked across the room, and with a sharp quick movement flung theA B Cdoor widely open.D40. The parcel you post must be well packed. Inadequate packing can mean delayA Bdamage or loss at your own expenses.C DPartⅡ Vocabulary and Reading Comprehension (60%)Section ADirections: In questions 1-30 each sentence has a word or phrase underlined. Below each sentence are four other words or phrase, marked A, B, C and D. Youare to choose the one word or phrase that best keeps the meaning of theoriginal sentence if it is substituted for the underlined word or phrase.Then, on your answer sheet find the number of the question and blackenthe space that corresponds to the letter you have chosen so that the letterinside the oval cannot be seen.1.Punctuality is imperative in your new job.A. Being efficientB. Being courteousC. Being on timeD. Being cheerful2. Egyptian authorities are trying to prevent their historical monuments from succumbing to the ravages of time.A. standing byB. counting onC. yielding toD. holding up3. The few Americans at the party seemed just as inhibited as the rest of the guests.A. restrainedB. tediousC. comfortableD. delighted4. From an airplane, the grasslands of the western prairie appear almost as uniform asa placid sea.A. fakeB. seedyC. hillyD. calm5. By the time that dispute was resolved, relations between Severo and management had been poisoned.A. disdainedB. retainedC. taintedD. stained6. No remnants of the settlement of Roanoke, Virginia, were found by the next groupof colonists.A. tracesB. survivorsC. buildingsD. implements7. The climate in the great plains is arid.A. hot and dryB. hot and wetC. cold and wetD. cold and dry8. Mr. Del Rio was asked to condense his report in order to allow his audience some time to ask question.A. abbreviateB. expandC. continueD. delay9. Can this be a duplicate of the document?A. a summaryB. a revisionC. an outlineD. a copy10. Sometimes a psychological problem will trigger a physical reaction.A. releaseB. initiateC. performD. settle11. He is infamous for his dishonesty in business matters.A. notoriousB. dreadedC. loathedD. investigated12. Toddlers sometimes require special attention.A. Elderly peopleB. BabiesC. PetsD. Houseplants13. The soldier rashly agreed to lead the dangerous expedition.A. resignedlyB. heroicallyC. recklesslyD. reluctantly14. The old widow must have liked the young soldier, for when she died she left him most of her fortune.A. taken afterB. taken upC. taken toD. taken on15. The hotel was a four-story building away from the university where most competitors were accommodated.A. put upB. put downC. put inD. put over16. The manic-depressive usually fluctuates between great excitement and deep depression.A. recoversB. fallsC. improvesD. alternates17. The first major outburst of musical creativity in the United States occurred at the end of the nineteenth century.A. surgeB. roundC. outcomeD. performance18. Little Rock is the hub of the federal interstate highways that cross Arkansas.A. highpointsB. summitC. pathD. center19. The world is on the threshold of a new century.A. realizing the importance ofB. at the beginning ofC. expectingD. establishing goal for20. Though I am good at my job, it sure grinds me down sometimes.A. oppresses meB. disappoints meC. bores meD. troubles me21. The president’s compassion for the neighboring refugees caused him to admit a very large number of them into his country.A. friendshipB. pityC. respectD. hostility22. The gunfire was sporadic.A. intermittentB. frequentC. continuousD. distant23. The Ford Foundation is one of the world’s wealthiest philanthropic organizations.A. profligateB. governmentalC. humanitarianD. multinational24. The criminal insinuated that he had been roughly treated by the arresting officers.A. suggested indirectlyB. denied positivelyC. argued convincinglyD. stated flatly25. Minoan kings had such strong navies that they were able to build unfortified palaces.A. unprotectedB. undevelopedC. unequaledD. unidentified26. Realizing that many readers find long descriptive passages uninteresting, Bruce began his story with an exciting conflict.A. melancholyB. tediousC. incredibleD. offensive27. In the Navajo household, grandparents and other relatives play indispensable roles in raising children.A. dominantB. exemplaryC. essentialD. demanding28. For several years the lives of the two old ladies continued to revolve in intimate enmity around each other.A. companionshipB. hospitalityC. amiabilityD. hostility29. The weather forecast was only for the metropolitan area, not for the outlying farm communities.A. residentialB. geographicalC. cityD. industrial30. Automation has done away with much of the drudgery of work.A. uniquenessB. dirtinessC. unpleasantnessD. slownessSection BDirections: The rest of this section is based on a variety of reading material followed by questions about the meaning of the material. For questions 31-60, youare to choose the one best answer A, B, C or D to each question. Then ,on your answer sheet, find the number of the question and blacken thespace that corresponds to the letter of the answer you have chosen. Questions 31-33The library of Congress in Washington, D.C., which houses the largest collection of books in the world, is fighting a battle against paper deterioration. The pages of old books, often yellowed and torn, sometimes crumble when they are touched. The main culprit in the battle is the acidic paper that has been used for making books since the nineteenth century.Air pollution and moisture have added to the problem. Strangely, the books that are most in danger of destruction are not the oldest books. The paper in books produced before the last century was made from cotton and linen rags, which are naturally low in acid. And the Gutenberg Bible, printed five centuries ago, was made of thin calfskin, and is in remarkably good shape. But in the nineteenth century, with widespread literary bringing a demand for a cheaper and more plentiful supply of paper, the industry began using chemically treated wood pulp for making paper. It is the chemical in this paper that is causing today’s problem.This problem of paper deterioration is one of global concern. France, Canada, and has been developed recently, in fact, that allows for mass deacidification of thousands of books at the same time. It costs less than microfilming and still preservesbooks in their original form. It is hoped there will soon be treatment facilities all over the world to preserve and deacidify library book collections.31. According to this passage, libraries are trying to stopA. the tearing of booksB. the yellowing of pagesC. the problem of air pollutionD. the deterioration of paper32. We can assume from this passage thatA. cotton and linen rags are not good for making paperB. calfskin is low in acidC. wood pulp is expensiveD. microfilming is an inexpensive way to preserve old books33. Some countries in the world areA. using calfskin for book productionB. producing books from cotton and linen ragsC. doing research into methods of mass preservationD. building treatment facilitiesQuestion 34-36Lew Archer, the detective hero created by Ross MacDonald in The Moving Target (1949), is more literary in his tastes than Mike Hammer, and so more apt to muse on fate and the past than to create a political philosophy out of the individualist fantasies of the present. In part, archer owes his special sensitivity to the fact that his creator placed him in the hastily thrown up world of California and the West Coast rather than in the grimy eastern cities of Spillane and Hammer. Attuned to history as much as to action, Archer is more fascinated by the past patterns of relationships that erupt into the present than by the immediacies of violence and personal confrontation. Like other American naturalists, both Archer and Hammer pride themselves on their ability to know all the parts of town and country. But MacDonald explores what Spillane essentially disregards: The intricacies of family and the gradation of social class. Thus Spillane’s hero seems to spring from Hammett and Hemingway, while MacDonald’s Archer owes his lineage to Chandler and Faulkner.34. What is the author’s main purpose in the passage?A. to explain the plot of The Moving TargetB. To show the importance of setting in the detective novelC. To prove that Archer and Hammer are literary heroesD. To compare two characters in detective fiction35. Which of the following is LEAST likely to be characteristic of an Archer story?A. A violent argumentB. A California settingC. A concern with social classD. A study of family relationship36. Which of the following best describes MacDonald’s relationship to Chandler and Faulkner?A. MacDonald portrayed the lives of Chandler and Faulkner in one of his novels.B. MacDonald followed in the tradition of Chandler and Faulkner.C. MacDonald influenced the work of Chandler and Faulkner.D. MacDonald disregarded the intricacies of Chandler and Faulkner.Question 37-40Time, we are told, is relative. We know from our experience that his is so. One summer in childhood stretched for cons, yet a year in the life of a busy adult gives him hardly time to exchange one year’s calendar for the next.Change is relative also, though it is always occurring—and, indeed, is a law of the expanding universe of which our earth is a part. But the leisurely progress of man’s first fifteen million years was so slow that tie seemed to him to stand still. Changes could be measured in millennia—no man’s memory encompassed the span between the first use of a sharp stone as a weapon to the shaped pointed spear to extend his fighting arm.But today change is accelerated. Not infrequently technology compounds its achievements faster than we can assimilate them, and often much faster than we can assimilate them, and often much faster than the socio-economic and other elements of contemporary society are “generalized animal” varies greatly within the species homo sapiens, and what is envisioned as progress by the “specialized brains” of some will be tolerable to others only with the passage of time. Nevertheless, acceleration of change is now our fate, and it is in our power to make it a controlled acceleration. The time span of change relative to human life is the critical factor. Once it was: Length of life=Given way of life. Now it has become: Length of life=Given way of life+ change in technological factors +change in economic and social factors. The individual who does not have to meet this new equation is rare. The industry or profession or nation that is unaffected by it is a living fossil.37. In the first two paragraph, the authorA. says that time seems to go faster for childrenB. compares change to timeC. says that adults must be careful to change calendars each year38. According to paragraph three, technological achievementsA. easily replace old ways of doing thingsB. are seen as progress by homo sapiensC. are often slow to be acceptedD. are intolerable to the “specialized brains” of some39. What does the writer say is a critical factor for man?A. Acceleration of changeB. Control of acceleration of changeC. Toleration of technological advancesD. Time span of change relative to human life40. The time span of change relative to human lifeA. is not as important today as it used to beB. is a much longer and more complex equation today than it used to beC. does not have to be met by most peopleD. does not affect industriesQuestions 41-46Impressionism in painting developed in the late nineteenth century in France. Itbegan with a loosely structured group of painters who got together mainly to exhibit their paintings. Their art was characterized by the attempt to depict light and movement by using pure broken color. The movement began with four friends who met in a cafe: Monet, Renoir, Sisley, and Bazille. They were reacting against the academic standards of their time an dthe romantic emphasis on emotion as a subject matter. They rejected the rolr of imagination in art. Instead, they observed nature closely, painting with a scientific interest in visual phenomena. Their subject matter was as diverse as their personalities. Monet and Sislery painted landscapes with changing effects of light, and Renoir painted idealized women and children. The works of impressionists were received with hostility until the 1920s. By the 1930s impressionism had a large cult following, and by the 1950s even the least important works by people associated with the movement commanded enormous prices.41. Impressionism began with a small group of artists who wanted toA. use light colorsB. fight the governmentC. become scientistsD. show their paintings42. The first impressionistsA. supported the academic standardsB. began a new academyC. did not like the academic standardsD. developed new official standards43. The early impressionist artists paintedA. with imaginationB. different subject matterC. landscapesD. diverse personalities44. What subject matter did Monet and Sisley usually paint?A. Country scenesB. PortraitsC. SkyscrapersD. Animals in nature45. Which of the following typifies the early impressionists?A. They had a romantic emphasisB. They tried to see nature unemotionallyC. They worked toward a unified goalD. They idealized life46. Most people did not like impressionistic paintingA. before 1920B. between 1920 and 1930C. between 1930 and 1950D. after 1950Question 47-50The United States court system, as part of the federal system of government, is characterized by dual hierarchies: there are both state and federal courts. Each state has its own system of courts, composed of civil and criminal trial courts, sometimes intermediate courts, sometimes intermediate courts of appeal, and a state supreme court. The federal court system consists of a series of trial courts(called district courts) serving relatively small geographic regions(there is at least one for every state), a tier of circuit courts of appeal that hear appeals from many district courts in a particular geographic region, and the Supreme Court of the United States. The two court systems are to some extent overlapping, in that certain kinds of disputes(such as a claim that a state law is in violation of the Constitution) may be initiated in either system. They are also to some extent hierarchical, for the federal system stands above the state systemin that litigants (persons engaged in lawsuits) who lose their cases in the state supreme court may appeal their cases to the Supreme Court of the United States.Thus, the typical court case begins in a trial court—a court of general jurisdiction—in the state or federal system. Most cases go on further than the trial court: for example, the criminal defendant is convicted (by a trial or a guilty plea) and sentenced by the court and the case ends; the personal injured suit results in a judgment by a trial court (or na out-of-court settlement by the parties while the court is pending) and the parties leave the court system. But sometimes the losing party at the trial court cares enough about the cause that the matter does not end there. In these cases, the “loser” at the trial court may appeal to the next higher court.47. According to the passage, district courts are also known asA. circuit courtsB. supreme courtsC. intermediate courtsD. trial courts48. In the last sentence of the first paragraph, the phrase “engaged in”could be replaced by which of the following?A. committed toB. involved inC. attentive toD. engrossed in49. The passage indicates that litigants who lose their cases in the state trial court may take them to aA. different trial court in the same stateB. court in a different geographic regionC. federal trial courtD. state supreme court50. It can be inferred from the passage that typical court cases areA. always appealedB. usually revolved in the district courtsC. always overlappingD. usually settled by the Supreme CourtQuestion 51-54Cotton Mather, the so-called “Puritan priest,” is a man familiar to all historians interested in early America. Undeniably, he had a profound impact on the intellectual climate in America during the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries. In placing this man in context, it is important to realize that the era into which Mather was born in 1663 was what might be called medieval early America, a time very different from the post-Enlightenment America characterized by Georigian architecture and republican ideas. nonetheless, it was time of considerable philosophical evolution, and Cotton Mather was a prominent force not only in the religious and legal thought of the day, but also in medical affairs.Cotton Mather’s maternal grandfather was John Cotton, who for twenty years was a minister of St. Botolph Church in Boston, Linconshire, England. he was compelled to give up his post when a townsman charged that magistrates were not required to kneel at the sacrament in Reverend Cotton’s church. In some theological disgrace, John Cotton set off for the New World, and, as it happeed, he sailed for America with two other ministers, Thomas Hooker and Samuel Stone. This was taken to be a good omen by all three, for one ship brought Cotton for clothing, Stone for building, and Hooker for fishing. Reverend Cotton preached in Boston for nineteen years until his death in 1652. His widow married Richard Mather.Mather was also a minister who had been suspended for nonconformity and came to New England as a result. His first wife was Catherine Holt, of whom CottonMather was later to write: “If a pretty late abortion might have passed for a birth, it might be said of this gentle woman that she was a mother of seven sons.” The last of these sons was Increase Mather. He too entered the ministry and began preaching in the Second Church of Boston. On March 6, 1662, he married the daughter of John Cotton. To this couple Cotton Mather was born on February 12, 1663. Increase Mather later became one of the most prominent early Bostonians and was named president of Harvard College in 1685.51. According to the passage, Cotton Mather influenced all areas of American life except.A. legal thoughtB. medical affairsC. religious thoughtD. republican ideas52. What is the main idea of the first paragraph?A. Cotton Mather was called the “Puritan priest.”B. Mather was born in 1663.C. Medieval early America and post-Enlightenment America were very different.D. Cotton Mather is a well-known historical figure who was very influential in his time.53. According to the passage, which of the following could not be said of Increase Mather?A. He was a minister.B. He was a youngest son.C. He was president of Harvard College.D. He was suspended for religious non-conformity.54. What most likely follows this passage?A. Further discussion of America in the 1600sB. More information about Cotton Mather’s background and lifeC. A discussion of the ministry and ministers in America in the 1600sD. Further discussion of John CottonQuestion 55-60Radiocarbon is a radioactive isotope with an atomic weight of 14, which makes it heavier than ordinary carbon. Radiocarbon forms when cosmic rays, or high-energy atomic particles, collide with the Earth’s atmosphere. This collision causes atoms to disintegrate into smaller elements. One of these elements, the neutron, smashes into the nuclei of nitrogen atoms and, in the process of being absorbed into the nuclei, causes a proton element to be released. In this manner a nitrogen atom turns into a radiocarbon atom.Radiocarbon is found in all living matter. For every trillion molecules of carbon dioxide gas, the atmosphere contains about one radiocarbon atom. Plants assimilate radiocarbon from carbon dioxide in the air, and humans absorb it mainly from food made from plants.Radiocarbon is very useful in establishing the age old objects. the technique of radiocarbon dating was developed by an American chemist, William F. Libby, in the late 1940s. He discovered that radioactive carbon atoms decay at a regular rate over long periods of time. After about 5,700 years, half the radiocarbon in dead materialdisappears. After 11,400 years, half the remaining material gone. Using his method, archeologists have been able to determine the age of objects up to 50,000 years old.55. The main topic of this passage isA. the weight of radioactive isotopesB. differences between radioactive carbon and regular carbonC. the origin and uses of radiocarbon isotopesD. forms of cosmic rays56. According to the passage, what happens when atomic particles strike the Earth’s outer layer?A. Atoms break down into smaller components.B. Radiocarbon becomes heavier.C. They are absorbed by all living matter.D. Protons are released into the atmosphere.57. According to the passage, radiocarbon results whenA. it is heavier than regular carbonB. atomic particles escape the Earth’s atmosphereC. a neutron hits the nucleus of a carbon atomD. a nitrogen atom absorbs a neutron and releases a proton58. According to the passage, how do people primarily take in radiocarbon?A. From animal foodB. By breathing the airC. From carbon dioxideD. From edible vegetation59. Compared to carbon dioxide gas, radiocarbonA. is a rare elementB. is found in equal quantitiesC. has unusual propertiesD. is a very common element60. It can be inferred from the passage that an object that is 11,400 years oldA. contains half its original radiocarbon contentB. has no radiocarbon leftC. has about a quarter of its radiocarbon remainingD. Has less than an eighth of its initial radiocarbon matter[文档可能无法思考全面，请浏览后下载，另外祝您生活愉快，工作顺利，万事如意!]。
1997年考研英语考题和答案
1997年考研英语考题和答案1997年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section IStructure and VocabularyPart ADirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. (5 points)1.The Social Security Retirement Program is made up of two trust funds, ________ could go penniless by next year.[A] the larger one[B] the larger of which[C] the largest one[D] the largest of which2.Nowhere in nature is aluminum found free, owing to its always ________ with other elements, mostcommonly with oxygen.[A] combined[B] having combined[C] combine[D] being combined3.Andrew, my father’s younger brother, will not be at the picnic, ________ to the family’s disappointment.[A] much[B] more[C] too much[D] much more4.I would have gone to visit him in the hospital had it been at all possible, but I ________ fully occupied the whole of last week.[A] were[B] had been[C] have been[D] was5.Help will come from the UN, but the aid will be ________ near what’s needed.[A] everywhere[B] somewhere[C] nowhere[D] anywhere6.The chief reason for the population growth isn’t so much a rise in birth rates ________ a fall in death rates as a result of improvements in medical care.[A] and[B] as[C] but[D] or7.He claims to be an expert in astronomy, but in actual fact he is quite ignorant on the subject.________ he knows about it is out of date and inaccurate.[A] What little[B] So much[C] How much[D] So little8.Although we feel dissatisfied with the election results, we have to become reconciled ________ the decision made by our fellow countrymen.[A] for[B] on[C] to[D] in9.Just as the value of a telephone network increases with each new phone ________ to the system, so does the value of a computer system increase with each program that turns out.[A] adding[B] to have added[C] to add[D] added10.The vocabulary and grammatical differences between British and American English are so trivial and few as hardly ________.[A] noticed[B] to be noticed[C] being noticed[D] to noticePart BDirections:Each of the following sentences has four underlined parts marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Identifythe part of the sentence that is incorrect and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. (5 points) Example:A number ofA foreign visitors were takenB to the industrial exhibition whichC they sawD many new products.Part [C] is wrong. The sentence should read, “A number of foreign visitors were taken to the industrial exhibition where they saw many new products.” So you should choose [C].11.Although Professor Green’s lectures usually ran overA the fifty-minuteB period, but noneC of his students evenD objected as they found his lectures both informative and interesting.12.WhenA Edison died, it was proposed that the American people turned offB all powerC in their homes, streets, and factories for several minutes in honor ofD this great man.13.They pointed outA the damage whichB they supposed thatC had been done by last night’sD storm.14.Because ofA the recent accidents, our parentsforbid my brother and me from swimmingB in the river unlessC someone agrees to watchD over us.15.A great manyA teachers firmlyB believe that English is one of the poorest-taughtC subjects in high schools at present.D16.In this way these insects show an efficient use of their sound-producedA ability, organizingB two sounds deliveredC at a high rate as one call.D17.I thought the technician was to blameA for the blowingB of the fuse, but I see now howC I wasD mistaken.18.For him to be re-electedA what is essential is not that his policy worksB, but thatC the public believe that it is.D19.As far asA I am concerned, his politics areB rather conservative comparedC with other politicians.D20.I’d say whenever you are goingA after something that is belongingB to you, anyone who is deprivingC you of the right to have it is criminal.D Part CDirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choosethe one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. (10 points) Example:The lost car of the Lees was found ________ in the woods off the highway.[A] vanished[B] scattered[C] abandoned[D] rejectedThe sentence should read, “The lost car of the Lees was found abandoned in the woods off the highway.” Therefore, you should choose [C].21.When workers are organized in trade union s, employers find it hard to lay them ________.[A] off[B] aside[C] out[D] down22.The wealth of a country should be measured ________ the health and happiness of its people as well as the material goods it can produce.[A] in line with[B] in terms of[C] in regard with[D] by means of23.He has failed me so many times that I no longer place any ________ on what he promises.[A] faith[B] belief[C] credit[D] reliance24.My students found the book ________: it provided them with an abundance of information on the subject.[A] enlightening[B] confusing[C] distracting[D] amusing25.Nobody yet knows how long and how seriously the shakiness in the financial system will ________ down the economy.[A] put[B] settle[D] knock26.In this factory the machines are not regulated ________ but are jointly controlled by a central computer system.[A] independently[B] individually[C] irrespectively[D] irregularly27.Every chemical change either results from energy being used to produce the change, or causes energy to be ________ in some form.[A] given off[B] put out[C] set off[D] used up28.If businessmen are taxed too much, they will no longer be motivated to work hard, with the result that incomes from taxation might actually ________.[A] shrink[B] delay[C] disperse29.American companies are evolving frommass-production manufacturing to ________ enterprises.[A] moveable[B] changing[C] flexible[D] varying30.If you know what the trouble is, why don’t you help them to ________ the situation?[A] simplify[B] modify[C] verify[D] rectify31.I can’t ________ what has happened to the vegetables, for they were freshly picked this morning.[A] figure out[B] draw out[C] look out[D] work out32.I tried very hard to persuade him to join our group but I met with a flat ________.[A] disapproval[B] rejection[C] refusal[D] decline33.From this material we can ________ hundreds of what you may call direct products.[A] derive[B] discern[C] diminish[D] displace34.She had clearly no ________ of doing any work, although she was very well paid.[A] tendency[B] ambition[C] intention[D] willingness35.What seems confusing or fragmented at first might well become ________ a third time.[A] clean and measurable[B] notable and systematic[C] pure and wholesome[D] clear and organic36.The public opinion was that the time was not ________ for the election of such a radical candidate as Mr. Jones.[A] reasonable[B] ripe[C] ready[D] practical37.Hudson said he could not kill a living thing except for the ________ of hunger.[A] sensation[B] cause[C] purpose[D] motive38.For the new country to survive, ________ for its people to enjoy prosperity, new economic policies will be required.[A] to name a few[B] let alone[C] not to speak[D] let’s say39.Foreign disinvestment and the ________ of South Africa from world capital markets after 1985further weakened its economy.[A] displacement[B] elimination[C] exclusion[D] exception40.When a number of people ________ together ina conversational knot, each individual expresses his position in the group by where he stands.[A] pad[B] pack[C] squeeze[D] clusterSection IICloze TestDirections:For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C], and [D]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. (10 points)Manpower Inc., with 560,000 workers, is the world’s largest temporary employment agency. Every morning, its people （41） int0 the offices and factories of America, seeking a day’s work for a day’s pay. One day at a time. （42） industrial giants like General Motors and IBM struggle to survive （43）reducing the number of employees, Manpower, based in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, is booming.（44） its economy continues to recover, the US is increasingly becoming a nation of part-timers and temporary workers. This “（45）” work force is the most important （46） in American business today, and it is （47） changing the relationship between people and their jobs. The phenomenon provides a way for companies to remain globally competitive （48）avoiding market cycles and the growing burdens （49）by employment rules, healthcare costs and pension plans. For workers it can mean an end to the security, benefits and sense of （50） that came from being a loyal employee.41.[A] swarm[B] stride[C] separate[D] slip42.[A] For[B] Because[C] As[D] Since43.[A] from[B] in[C] on[D] by44.[A] Even though[B] Now that[C] If only[D] Provided that45.[A] durable[B] disposable[C] available[D] transferable46.[A] approach[B] flow[C] fashion[D] trend47.[A] instantly[B] reversely[C] fundamentally[D] sufficiently48.[A] but[B] while[C] and[D] whereas49.[A] imposed[B] restricted[C] illustrated[D] confined50.[A] excitement[B] conviction[C] enthusiasm[D] importanceSection IIIReading ComprehensionDirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets.(40 points)Text 1It was 3:45 in the morning when the vote was finally taken. After six months of arguing and final 16 hours of hot parliamentary debates, Australia’s Northern Territory became the first legal authority in the world to allow doctors to take the lives of incurably ill patients who wish to die. The measure passed by the convincing vote of 15 to 10. Almost immediately word flashed on the Internet and was picked up, half a world away, by John Hofsess, executive director of the Right to Die Society of Canada. He sent it on via the group’s on-line service, Death NET. Says Hofsess: “We posted bulletins all day long, because of course this isn’t just something that happened in Australia. It’s world history.”The full import may take a while to sink in. The NT Rights of the Terminally Ill law has left physicians and citizens alike trying to deal with its moral and practical implications. Some have breathed sighs of relief, others, including churches, right-to-life groups and the Australian Medical Association, bitterly attacked the bill and the haste of its passage. But the tide is unlikely to turn back. In Australia --where an aging population, life-extending technology and changing community attitudes have all played their part -- other states are going to consider making a similar law to deal with euthanasia. In the US and Canada, where the right-to-die movement is gathering strength, observers are waiting for the dominoes to start falling.Under the new Northern Territory law, an adult patient can request death -- probably by a deadly injection or pill -- to put an end to suffering. The patient must be diagnosed as terminally ill by two doctors. After a “cooling off” period of seven days, the patient can sign a certificate of request. After48 hours the wish for death can be met. For Lloyd Nickson,a 54-year-old Darwin resident suffering from lung cancer, the NT Rights of Terminally Ill law means he can get on with living without the haunting fear of his suffering: a terrifying death from his breathing condition. “I’m not afraid of dying from a spiritual point of view, but what I was afraid of was how I’d go, because I’ve watched people die in the hospital fighting for oxygen and clawing at their masks,” hesays.51.From the second paragraph we learn that________.[A] the objection to euthanasia is slow to come in other countries[B] physicians and citizens share the same view on euthanasia[C] changing technology is chiefly responsible for the hasty passage of the law[D] it takes time to realize the significance of the law’s passage52.When the author says that observers are waiting for the dominoes to start falling, he means ________.[A] observers are taking a wait-and-see attitude towards the future of euthanasia[B] similar bills are likely to be passed in the US, Canada and other countries[C] observers are waiting to see the result of the game of dominoes[D] the effect-taking process of the passed bill may finally come to a stop53.When Lloyd Nickson dies, he will ________.[A] face his death with calm characteristic of euthanasia[B] experience the suffering of a lung cancer patient[C] have an intense fear of terrible suffering[D] undergo a cooling off period of seven days54.The author’s attitude towards euthanasia seems to be that of ________.[A] opposition[B] suspicion[C] approval[D] indifferenceText 2A report consistently brought back by visitors to the US is how friendly, courteous, and helpful most Americans were to them. To be fair, this observation is also frequently made of Canada and Canadians, and should best be considered North American. There are, of course, exceptions. Small-minded officials, rude waiters, and ill-mannered taxi drivers are hardly unknown in the US. Yet it is an observation made sofrequently that it deserves comment.For a long period of time and in many parts of the country, a traveler was a welcome break in an otherwise dull existence. Dullness and loneliness were common problems of the families who generally lived distant from one another. Strangers and travelers were welcome sources of diversion, and brought news of the outside world.The harsh realities of the frontier also shaped this tradition of hospitality. Someone traveling alone, if hungry, injured, or ill, often had nowhere to turn except to the nearest cabin or settlement. It was not a matter of choice for the traveler or merely a charitable impulse on the part of the settlers. It reflected the harshness of daily life: if you didn’t take in the stranger and take care of him, there was no one else who would. And someday, remember, you might be in the same situation.Today there are many charitable organizations which specialize in helping the weary traveler. Yet, the old tradition of hospitality to strangers is still very strong in the US, especially in the smaller citiesand towns away from the busy tourist trails. “I was just traveling through, got talking with this American, and pretty soon he invited me home for dinner -- amazing.” Such observations reported by visitors to the US are not uncommon, but are not always understood properly. The casual friendliness of many Americans should be interpreted neither as superficial nor as artificial, but as the result of a historically developed cultural tradition.As is true of any developed society, in America a complex set of cultural signals, assumptions, and conventions underlies all social interrelationships. And, of course, speaking a language does not necessarily mean that someone understands social and cultural patterns. Visitors who fail to “translate” cultural meanings properly often draw wrong conclusions. For example, when an American uses the word “friend,” the cultural implications of the word may be quite different from those it has in the visitor’s language and culture. It takes more than a brief encounter on a bus to distinguish between courteous convention and individual interest. Yet, beingfriendly is a virtue that many Americans value highly and expect from both neighbors and strangers.55.In the eyes of visitors from the outside world, ________.[A] rude taxi drivers are rarely seen in the US[B] small-minded officials deserve a serious comment[C] Canadians are not so friendly as their neighbors[D] most Americans are ready to offer help56.It could be inferred from the last paragraph that ________.[A] culture exercises an influence over social interrelationship[B] courteous convention and individual interest are interrelated[C] various virtues manifest themselves exclusively among friends[D] social interrelationships equal the complex set of cultural conventions57.Families in frontier settlements used to entertain strangers ________.[A] to improve their hard life[B] in view of their long-distance travel[C] to add some flavor to their own daily life[D] out of a charitable impulse58.The tradition of hospitality to strangers ________.[A] tends to be superficial and artificial[B] is generally well kept up in the United States[C] is always understood properly[D] has something to do with the busy tourist trailsText 3Technically, any substance other than food that alters our bodily or mental functioning is a drug. Many people mistakenly believe the term drug refers only to some sort of medicine or an illegal chemical taken by drug addicts. They don’t realize that familiar substances such as alcohol and tobacco are also drugs. This is why the more neutral term substance is now used by many physicians and psychologists. The phrase “substance abuse” is often used instead of “drug abuse” to make clear that substances such as alcoholand tobacco can be just as harmfully misused as heroin and cocaine.We live in a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances (drugs) is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves. When do these socially acceptable and apparently constructive uses of a substance become misuses? First of all, most substances taken in excess will produce negative effects such as poisoning or intense perceptual distortions. Repeated use of a substance can also lead to physical addiction or substance dependence. Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued.Drugs (substances) that affect the central nervous system and alter perception, mood, and behavior are known as psychoactive substances. Psychoactive substances are commonly grouped according to whether they are stimulants, depressants, or hallucinogens.Stimulants initially speed up or activate the central nervous system, whereas depressants slow it down. Hallucinogens have their primary effect on perception, distorting and altering it in a variety of ways including producing hallucinations. These are the substances often called psychedelic (from the Greek word meaning “mind-manifesting”) because they seemed to radically alter one’s state of consciousness.59.“Substance abuse” (Line 5, Paragraph 1) is preferable to “drug abuse” in that ________.[A] substances can alter our bodily or mental functioning if illegally used[B] “drug abuse” is only related to a limited number of drug takers[C] alcohol and tobacco are as fatal as heroin and cocaine[D] many substances other than heroin or cocaine can also be poisonous60.The word “pervasive” (Line 1, Paragraph 2) might mean ________.[A] widespread[B] overwhelming[C] piercing[D] fashionable61.Physical dependence on certain substances results from ________.[A] uncontrolled consumption of them over long periods of time[B] exclusive use of them for social purposes[C] quantitative application of them to the treatment of diseases[D] careless employment of them for unpleasant symptoms62.From the last paragraph we can infer that ________.[A] stimulants function positively on the mind[B] hallucinogens are in themselves harmful to health[C] depressants are the worst type of psychoactive substances[D] the three types of psychoactive substances are commonly used in groupsText 4No company likes to be told it is contributingto the moral decline of a nation. “Is this what you intended to accomplis h with your careers?” Senator Robert Dole asked Time Warner executives last week. “You have sold your souls, but must you corrupt our nation and threaten our children as well?” At Time Warner, however, such questions are simply the latest manifestation of the soul-searching that has involved the company ever since the company was born in 1990. It’s a self-examination that has, at various times, involved issues of responsibility, creative freedom and the corporate bottom line.At the core of this debate is chairman Gerald Levin, 56, who took over for the late Steve Ross in 1992. On the financial front, Levin is under pressure to raise the stock price and reduce the company’s mountainous debt, which will increase to $17.3 billion after two new cable deals close. He has promised to sell off some of the property and restructure the company, but investors are waiting impatiently.The flap over rap is not making life any easier for him. Levin has consistently defended the company’s rap music on the grounds of expression. In 1992, whenTime Warner was under fire for releasing Ice-T’s violent rap song Cop Killer, Levin described rap as a lawful expression of street culture, which deserves an outlet. “The test of any democratic society,” he wrote in a Wall Street Journal column, “lies not in how well it can control expression but in whether it gives freedom of thought and expression the widest possible latitude, however disputable or irritating the results may sometimes be. We won’t retreat in the face of any thre ats.”Levin would not comment on the debate last week, but there were signs that the chairman was backing off his hard-line stand, at least to some extent. During the discussion of rock singing verses at last month’s stockholders’ meeting, Levin asserte d that “music is not the cause of society’s ills” and even cited his son, a teacher in the Bronx, New York, who uses rap to communicate with students. But he talked as well about the “balanced struggle” between creative freedom and social responsibility, and he announced that the company would launch a drive to develop standards for distribution and labeling of potentiallyobjectionable music.The 15-member Time Warner board is generally supportive of Levin and his corporate strategy. But insiders say several of them have shown their concerns in this matter. “Some of us have known for many, many years that the freedoms under the First Amendment are not totally unlimited,” says Luce. “I think it is perhaps the case that some people associated with the comp any have only recently come to realize this.”63.Senator Robert Dole criticized Time Warner for ________.[A] its raising of the corporate stock price[B] its self-examination of soul[C] its neglect of social responsibility[D] its emphasis on creative freedom64.According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE?[A] Luce is a spokesman of Time Warner.[B] Gerald Levin is liable to compromise.[C] Time Warner is united as one in the face of the debate.[D] Steve Ross is no longer alive.65.In face of the recent attacks on the company, the chairman ________.[A] stuck to a strong stand to defend freedom of expression[B] softened his tone and adopted some new policy[C] changed his attitude and yielded to objection[D] received more support from the 15-member board66.The best title for this passage could be________.[A] A Company under Fire[B] A Debate on Moral Decline[C] A Lawful Outlet of Street Culture[D] A Form of Creative FreedomText 5Much of the language used to describe monetary policy, such as “steering the economy to a soft landing” or “a touch on the brakes,” makes it sound like a precise science. Nothing could be further from the truth. The link between interest rates and inflation is uncertain. And there are long, variable lags before policy changes have any effect on theeconomy. Hence the analogy that likens the conduct of monetary policy to driving a car with a blackened windscreen, a cracked rear-view mirror and a faulty steering wheel.Given all these disadvantages, central bankers seem to have had much to boast about of late. Average inflation in the big seven industrial economies fell to a mere 2.3% last year, close to its lowest level in 30 years, before rising slightly to 2.5% this July. This is a long way below the double-digit rates which many countries experienced in the 1970s and early 1980s.It is also less than most forecasters had predicted. In late 1994 the panel of economists which The Economist polls each month said that America’s inflation rate would average 3.5% in 1995. In fact, it fell to 2.6% in August, and is expected to average only about 3% for the year as a whole. In Britain and Japan inflation is running half a percentage point below the rate predicted at the end of last year. This is no flash in the pan; over the past couple of years, inflation has been consistently lower than expected in Britain and America.Economists have been particularly surprised by favorable inflation figures in Britain and the United States, since conventional measures suggest that both economies, and especially America’s, have little productive slack. America’s capacity utilization, for example, hit historically high levels earlier this year, and its jobless rate (5.6% in August) has fallen below most estimates of the natural rate of unemployment -- the rate below which inflation has taken off in the past.Why has inflation proved so mild? The most thrilling explanation is, unfortunately, a little defective. Some economists argue that powerful structural changes in the world have upended the old economic models that were based upon the historical link between growth and inflation.67.From the passage we learn that ________.[A] there is a definite relationship between inflation and interest rates[B] economy will always follow certain models[C] the economic situation is better than expected[D] economists had foreseen the present economic situation68.According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE?[A] Making monetary policies is comparable to driving a car[B] An extremely low jobless rate will lead to inflation[C] A high unemployment rate will result from inflation[D] Interest rates have an immediate effect on the economy69.The sentence “This is no flash in the pan” (Line 5, Paragraph 3) means that ________.[A] the low inflation rate will last for some time[B] the inflation rate will soon rise[C] the inflation will disappear quickly[D] there is no inflation at present70.The passage shows that the author is ________ the present situation.[A] critical of[B] puzzled by。
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