非谓语动词作定语-讲

非谓语动词 05
三、非谓语动词作定语
要用非谓语动词作定语，是用不定式、动名词还是分词呢？首先考虑位置关系。

不定式作定语不论是单个不定式还是短语，都置被修饰词之后。

动名词作定语一般置于被修饰词之前。

分词作定语，若是单个分词或含有分词的复合形容词，一般置于被修饰词之前；分词短语作定语置于被修饰词之后。

其次考虑时间关系，分出用不定式还是分词短语。

若用不定式，要考虑与其逻辑主语的关系，确定其语态形式。

另外还要注意不定式的习惯用法。

1．前置定语（单个分词或含有分词的复合形容词）
1）动名词作定语，与修饰的词在逻辑上无主谓关系，表用途，可变为for doing短语。

a sleeping car = a car for sleeping（car不能发出sleep这个动作，即car与sleeping 在逻辑上无主谓关系，sleeping 是表用途的，为动名词）
a singing competition = a competition for singing
2）现在分词作定语，与所修饰的词在逻辑上是主谓关系，即名词主动发出v.-ing的动作。

①由进行时的定语从句变化而来。

a sleeping child = a child who is sleeping（可用进行时的定语从句表示。

child主动发出sleep的动作，即child与sleeping在逻辑上有主谓关系，sleeping为现在分词）
a singing girl = a girl who is singing
②由一般时的定语从句变化而来。

He lives in the room facing to the south. = He lives in the room which faces [or: faced] to the south. （facing不表示正在进行，表现在或当时即过去的状态，表示过去的状态也不能用faced）
Rays striking the earth at an angle have to plough through many miles of atmosphere than rays coming straight down from overhead. = Rays which strike the earth at an angle have to plough through many more miles of atmosphere than rays which come straight down from overhead. （striking, coming 表经常习惯性的动作，不表示正在进行）3）过去分词作定语，与所修饰词在逻辑上是动宾关系，即名词被 …，可变为被动语态的定语从句。

spoken English = English which is spoken
（English被讲，用spoken作定语修饰English）
written English = English which is written（English被写，用written作定语）
a tired man = a man who is tired（受外界影响处于疲劳状态）
a tired horse = a horse that is tired（受外界影响处于疲劳状态）
an excited child = a child who is excited, 一个兴奋的孩子
（受外界影响而处于兴奋的状态。

）W: an exciting child = a child who is exciting 注意：
①不及物动词的过去分词只表示完成，变为定语从句时用完成时。

比较：
fallen leaves = leaves which have fallen
a falling tide = a tide which is falling
the risen sun = the sun which has risen
the rising sun = the sun which is rising
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②个别的过去分词作定语后置：
I hear that there may be a few copies left.
= I hear that there may be a few left over.
4）含有分词的复合词作定语，关键判断分词修饰的词，进而确定与所修饰词为主
动还是被动关系。

man-made satellites （satellites 被造，用-made）
snow-covered mountains（mountains被覆盖，用-covered）
比较：snow hills, 雪山（用雪堆成的山）
earth-shaking changes （earth自身震动，用-shaking）
hard-working peasants （peasants主动工作，用-working）
注意：形容词、现在分词、过去分词必须置不定代词之后。

R: something interesting / anybody drunk（喝醉的任何人）
W: interesting something / drunk anybody
2．后置定语：
不定式（或短语），分词短语作定语置于被修饰词之后，究竟用哪种非谓语形式呢？主要从非谓语动词所表达的时间来看。

不定式的一般式主要表示未来的动作。

现在分词短语作定语其分词不是表示正在进行的动作（变为定语从句时用进行时）就是表示经常性动作或现在或当时的状态（变为定语从句用一般时）。

过去分词一般既表示被动，又表示完成；有的只表示被动；不及物动词的过去分词只表示完成。

1）不定式或短语
I wanted to get something to read during the holidays. （to read表将来，不用分词）
I have a lot of work to do this afternoon. （to do表将来，不用分词）
注意：
① 这种不定式常常和它修饰的词有动宾关系，to read的逻辑宾语是something, to do的逻辑宾语是work, 并且句中能找到不定式的逻辑主语。

这时不定式用主动式，不用被动式。

若不定式是不及物动词，其后应加必要的介词。

如，Children have noth-ing to worry ( vi. ) about (prep.).
② 不定式中的动词是及物动词，但后面有宾语了，有时还要加必要的介词，介词与不定式修饰的名词有动宾关系。

如：
Let’s first find a room to put things in. （put, vt. 已有宾语things, 还必须加介词in, room为in的逻辑宾语，us为to put的逻辑主语。

）
③若不定式为及物动词，且已带宾语，又与它所修饰的词在逻辑上无动宾关系，则不需要加介词，如：Does he have any chance to visit the exhibition?
④若不定式为不及物动词，但与所修饰词无动宾关系，而有主谓关系，则不必加介词。

We’ll have more meetings like this in the few weeks to come.
（在未来几周内还要开几次这样的会。

） = We’ll have more meetings like this in the few weeks that will come. （等于一个表将来的定语从句。

）
He is not a man to bow（vi. 鞠躬）before difficulties.
非谓语动词 07
⑤间或也可用不定式的完成式作定语，表动作先于谓语动词。

It was the first book to have appeared on the subject.
= It was the first book that had appeared on the subject.
⑥确定用不定式作定语，用主动式还是被动式呢？可分三种情况：
I.句中有不定式的逻辑主语且逻辑主语主动发出不定式的动作，常用主动式。

Do you have anything more to say? （you 是to say的逻辑主语）
I’ll give you some medicine to take [or: to be taken] three times a day before meals.
（to take 的逻辑主语是you, to take可用主动式）
We need someone to help with the job. （someone 是to help的逻辑主语）
II.句中无逻辑主语，一般用被动式。

Are you going to the welcome party to be held tomorrow? （party 被举行，用to be held, 句中无动作的执行者。

但不能用held, 因为过去分词即表被动又表完成，此句为将来时，只能用不定式的被动式to be held）
III.there be结构中用主动式、被动式均可。

There are two things to be discussed today. = There are two things (for us) to discuss today. （可视为省去不定式的逻辑主语）
⑦be + adj. + to v.与n. + to v. 结构类似。

不定式做状语修饰形容词时，其逻辑宾语是句子的主语，不定式用主动式；不定式中的动词是不及物动词时，必须匹配相应的介词。

She is difficult（难相处的）to get on with. = She is a difficult girl to get on with.（不定式作状语修饰形容词difficult, 但不定式的逻辑宾语是she, 必须加介词with。

不定式作定语修饰名词girl, 必须加介词with。

girl是介词with的逻辑宾语。

）2）现在分词短语由进行时或一般时（表经常习惯性动作或状态）的定语从句变化而来。

Who is the comrade standing by the door? = Who is the comrade who is standing by the d o o r?（去掉定语从句中的关系词和助动词，即为现在分词短语作定语。

）
They built a highway leading into the mountains. = They built a highway which leads into the mountains. （leading不表示正在进行，表状态，变为定语从句用一般时）He lives in a room facing（= that faced 或faces）south.
Rays striking (= which strike) the earth at an angle have to plough through many more miles of atmosphere than rays coming. (= which come) straight down from overhead.（striking, coming表经常性动作，不表进行。

）
注意：只有这两种定语从句可转为现在分词短语作定语，其它时态的定语从句不能用现在分词短语表示。

3）过去分词短语作定语，与所修饰的词是被动关系，变为定语从句时用被动语态。

Is there anything planned (= that has been planned) for tonight?
They are problems left (= which were left) over by history.
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3．不定式的习惯用法：
1）序数词+（名词）+to v.:
She is the first to come and the last to leave.
2）名词+to v.（不定式常表达对某事物做什么或产生什么影响）：
Have you got a key to unlock this door? ( the key unlocks the door )
It was a war to end all wars. (a war ended all wars)
注意：名词是不定式的逻辑主语，即名词发出不定式的动作。

3）与动词有关联的名词（即跟不定式作宾语的动词转化来的名词）+to v.
His wish to be an actor has come true.
= He wished to be an actor. The wish has come true.
Her plan to write a novel hasn’t been handed in.
= She plans to write a novel, but hasn’t handed in the plan.
I don’t wish to change my mind. = I have no wish to change my mind.
4） time + to v.
It is time for us to discuss the question.。