兰州交通大学英语专业本科学位论文写作模板

A Study on the Strategies Employed by Shapiro in His Translating Chinese Multi-verbal Sentences
in Outlaws of the Marsh
by
Zhang Xiaoying
Under the Supervision of
Wan Zhaoyuan
Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
For the Degree of Bachelor of Arts
English Department
School of Foreign Languages
Lanzhou Jiaotong University
June2008
摘要
本文旨在研究著名翻译家沙博理对《水浒传》中汉语连动句的翻译策略。

[研究目的]
汉语多用连动句而英语少用连动句，所以在汉英翻译中，连动句的翻译是一个难点。

虽然这方面的研究已有不少，但通过定量的方法研究知名译者翻译汉语连动句的策略的并不多见。

[研究意义]
作者从《水浒传》第23至68章中总共找出了38个连动句，然后对沙博理的对应译文进行定量分析，总结出了沙博理英译汉语连动句策略。

[研究方法]结果发现，沙博理翻译汉语连动句的策略基本上可分为四类，按使用频率依次为：1）使用动词（42%）；2）使用介词（21%）；3）分为小句（21%）；4）使用分词（15%）。

这几种方法对汉英翻译实践具有重要的借鉴意义。

[研究结果]
关键词：汉语连动句，翻译策略，沙博理，《水浒传》
Abstract
This paper aims to study the strategies Shapiro employed in translating Chinese multi-verbal sentences in Outlaws of the Marsh.
Chinese favors multi-verbal sentences while English doesn’t,so in Chinese-English translation,it is quite difficult to handle Chinese multi-verbal sentences.Although there have been quite a few researches on the topic,few of them have focused on the methods adopted by first-rate translators to translate Chinese multi-verbal sentences into English.
Altogether38Chinese multi-verbal sentences were identified from Chapters23to68 in Outlaws of the Marsh.Then quantitative comparison and analysis were carried out between the multi-verbal sentences and their English translations by Shapiro.
The results reveal that the main strategies employed by Shapiro to translate multi-verbal sentences fall into four categories,namely,1)use of English verbs(42%),2) adoption of prepositions(21%),3)division into clauses(21%),and4)use of participles (15%).These four methods are of great significance to the translation from Chinese to English.
Key words:Chinese multi-verbal sentences,translation strategies,Sideny Shapiro, Outlaws of the Marsh
Contents
Chapter One Introduction (1)
1.1Need of the Study (1)
1.2Thesis Structure (1)
Chapter Two Literature Review (2)
2.1Definition of Multi-verbal Sentences (2)
2.2Studies on Shapiro’s Translation (2)
2.2Studies on Translation of Multi-verbal Sentences (2)
Chapter Three Methodology and Discussions (3)
3.1Research Question (3)
3.2Methodology (3)
3.3Results and Discussions (3)
3.3.1Use of English Verbs (4)
3.3.2Adoption of Prepositions (4)
3.3.3Division into Clauses (4)
3.3.4Use of Participles (4)
Chapter Four Conclusions (6)
4.1Major Findings (6)
4.2Implications and Limitations (6)
References (7)
Appendix:Parallel Corpus (8)
Acknowledgement (9)
Chapter One Introduction
1.1Need of the Study
Introduce the background and the significance of your study,i.e.where did the problem come from?why do you think it is important?why is it worth studying?.
1.2Thesis Structure
This thesis consists of four chapters.The first chapter presents the general aim and need for this study.Chapter Two reviews the literature related to the present research. Chapter Three describes the methodology and discusses the results.The conclusions are drawn in the closing chapter.
Chapter Two Literature Review
The present tense is usually used in this chapter where you should cite and state how relevant previous research is related to this study,i.e.what is already known about this problem?what other methods have been tried to solve it?What remains to be solved?Etc
2.1Definition of Multi-verbal Sentences
Different scholars have given different definitions to multi-verbal sentences…In this paper,multi-verbal sentences are defined as sentences which contain two or more verbs having the same subject….
2.2Studies on Shapiro’s Translation
Among those various translations of shuihuzhuan,Sideny Shapiro’s Outlaws of the Marsh is regarded a classical one in that…
2.2Studies on Translation of Multi-verbal Sentences
There are already many researches into the principles and methods on how to translate Chinese multi-verbal sentences into English.Shao Zhihong(2005,pp.28-30)has summarized three major ways to translate Chinese multi-verbal sentences:using English nouns,adjectives and prepositions…
Peng(2007,p.34)states that Chinese multi-verbal structures are very special and can not be erased from Chinese grammar…
Chapter Three Methodology and Discussions
3.1Research Question
Based on the previous literature review,I intend to address this question:what methods does Shapiro prefer to use in translating Chinese multi-verbal sentences in Outlaws of the Marsh?
3.2Methodology
Usually the past tense should be used in this chapter.This section varies enormously from thesis to thesis.A quantitative study usually includes the subjects/sample of your study and the process you went through to find out what your data revealed about your topic.
The subjects of this study falls into two groups:1)the38Chinese multi-verbal sentences taken from the45chapters in Outlaws of the Marsh and2)their English translations taken from Shapiro’s English version.
According to the definition of Chinese multi-verbal sentences given in Chapter2,I picked out all together38multi-verbal sentences from the45chapters as well as their corresponding English translations.Then I compared Shapiro’s translations against the original,with the aim to generalize the methods that were systematically employed by the translator.…
3.3Results and Discussions
Summarize the results of the analyses(i.e.research findings),and discuss the research findings,providing direct answers to your research questions.
Having had a detailed study on and analysis of the subjects,I conclude that the methods employed by Shapiro mainly fall into the following four categories:1)use of English verbs,2)adoption of prepositions,3)division into clauses,and4)use of participles. The use of frequency is shown in the following table.
Table3.3.1Four Methods of Translating Multi-verbal Sentences
Methods Instances Percentage
Use of Verbs2842
Adoption of Preps1421
Division into Clauses1421
Use of Participles1015
3.3.1Use of English Verbs
This method refers to the translation of Chinese multi-verbal sentences with English serial verbs.For example,
∙李逵听得溪涧里有水响，闻声寻将去
∙Li Kui could hear the gurgling of a brook,and went in the direction of the sound.
∙拿了再到溪边，将这香炉水里浸了，拔起乱草，洗得干净，
∙This he took to the stream,scrubbed it with bunches of grass and washed it clean.
∙李逵赶到洞里也搠死了。

∙Li Kui chased it inside and killed it.
As its use of frequency42%shows,this is the most widely used method by Shapiro in his translating multi-verbal sentences.It is worth mentioning that while no connectives are needed between Chinese verbs,a conjunction has to be placed between the last two English verbs.
3.3.2Adoption of Prepositions
3.3.3Division into Clauses
3.3.4Use of Participles
Another observation is that the above methods are not always used in isolation.Instead, they are employed jointly by the translator on many cases.For example,
∙武松正走，看看酒涌上来，便把毡笠儿掀在脊梁上，将梢棒掖在肋下，一步步上那岗子来。

∙He walked on.The warmth of the wine rose in him,and he unshed back the felt hat till it was hanging by the string on his shoulders.Clapping the staff
under one arm,he plodded up the slope.
∙两个从楼上一步一掇，抗将下来，就楼下寻扇旧门停了；与他梳了头，戴上巾帻，穿了衣裳，取双鞋袜与他穿了；将片白绢盖了脸，拣床干净被盖
在死尸身上，却上楼来收拾得干净了。

∙Slowly,the two women toted him down the stairs.They found an old door and laid him out on it.They combed his hair,tied a kerchief round his head,put on
his clothes,shoes and stockings,spread a piece of fine white silk over his face,
and covered his body with a clean quilt.Then they went up stairs and set the
bedroom in order.
Here the translator has made use of both methods of using verbs and dividing into several clauses or sentences.
Chapter Four Conclusions
4.1Major Findings
From the above comparisons,analysis and discussion,I have discovered the four main methods Shapiro employs in his translation of Chinese multi-verbal sentences in Outlaws of the March.
They are,in the order of use frequency,1)translating Chinese serial verbs into English serial verbs as well(42%),2)employing English preposition to translate Chinese serial verbs(21%),3)cutting multi-verbal sentences when there are many verbs which are not easy to translate with other methods(21%),and4)using participles to translate Chinese multi-verbal structure(15%).
These methods,however,are not always used in isolation.Instead,they are employed jointly by the translator on many cases.
4.2Implications and Limitations
The implications of this research can be seen in two aspects.First,….Secondly,…./ Practically speaking,…Theoretically speaking…
Despite its significance,this research suffers from the following limitations.First,…. Secondly,…
Future studies may be carried out in….
References
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Barringer,H.R.,Takeuchi,D.T.,&Xenos,P.C.(1990).Education,occupational prestige and income of Asian Americans:Evidence from the1980Census.Sociology of Educateion,63,27-43.[paper of three authors]
Cao,X.1978,2003.A dream of red mansions.(Yang Xianyi&Gladys Yang,Trans.).(Vols 1-6).Beijing:Foreign Languages Press.(Original work published1792)[English translation of Chinese books] Fredrickson,B.L.(2000,March7).Cultivating positive emotions to optimize health and well-being.
Prevention&Treatment,3,Article0001a.Retrieved Nov.20,2000,from /prevention/volume3/pre01a.html[online journal paper]
Freudenheim,M.(1987,December29).Rehabilitation in head injuries in business and health.New York Times,p.D2.[online newspaper]
Kail,R.(1990).Memory development in children(3rd ed.).New York:Freeman.[book with a new edition] Michotte,A.E.(1963).The perception of causality(es&es,Trans.).London:Methuen.
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VandenBos,G.,Knapp,S.,&Doe,J.(2001).Role of reference elements in the selection of resources by psychology undergraduates.Journal of Bibliographic Research,5,117-123.Retrieved Oct.13, 2001,from /articles.html[online journal]
Chen,D.A.陈定安编著，1998，《英汉比较与翻译》（增订版），北京：中国对外翻译出版公司。

［编著／再版：作者姓名编著，出版年代，《书名》（版次），出版地：出版社。

］
Deng,Y.C.邓炎昌、刘润清，1989，《语言与文化——英汉语言文化对比》，北京：外语教学与研究出版社。

［两作者专著：一作者姓名、二作者姓名，出版年代，《书名》，出版地：出版社。

］
Fang,M.Z.方梦之主编，2004，《译学词典》，上海：上海外语教育出版社。

［主编：作者姓名主著，出版年代，《书名》，出版地：出版社。

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Lian,S.N.连淑能，1993，《英汉对比研究》，北京：高等教育出版社。

［一作者专著：作者姓名，出版年代，《书名》，出版地：出版社。

］
Lian,S.N.连淑能，2002，论中西思维方式，《外语与外语教学》，第2期，40-48。

［期刊文章：作者姓名，出版年代，论文题目，《期刊名》，期刊期号，论文页码范围。

］
Liu,R.Q.刘润清，1989，英语语篇分析，见：王福祥、白春仁主编，《话语语言学论文集》，北京：外语教学与研究出版社，305-335。

［文集文章：作者姓名，出版年代，论文题目，见：论文集编者，《论文集名》，出版地：出版社，论文页码范围。

］
Thackeray,W.M.萨克雷，2002，《名利场》，杨必译，北京：人民文学出版社（原著出版于1847年）。

［中译英文著作：原作者姓名，译著出版年代，《译著名》，译者译，译著出版地：译著出版社（原著出版年代）。

］
Appendix:Parallel Corpus Source text Translations by Shapiro
1
李逵听得溪涧里有水响，闻声寻
将去，盘过了两三处山脚，来到溪
边，捧起水来自吃了几口，立起身
来，东观西望，远远地山顶上见个
庵儿。

Li Kui could hear the gurgling of a brook,and went in
the direction of the sound.He found it,finally,after
crossing two or three foothills.He drank several
mouthfuls.He stood up and gazed around.High on a ridge
above he saw a temple.
2攀藤揽葛，上到庵前，推开门看时，
却是个泗州大圣祠堂；
Grasping hanging vines and shrubs he clambered up.He
walked to the temple,pushed open the courtyard gate and
entered.
3拿了再到溪边，将这香炉水里浸
了，拔起乱草，洗得干净，挽了半
香炉水，双手擎来，再寻旧路，夹
七夹八走上岭来；
This he took to the stream,scrubbed it with bunches of
grass and washed it clean.He then filled it half with water
and,holding it in both hands,retraced his path to the
summit.
4李逵心慌，丢了香炉，定住眼四下
里看时，并不见娘；走不到三十余
步，只见草地上团团血迹。

Li Kui became alarmed.He cast aside the incense
vessel and peered carefully around.His mother had
vanished.Then,on the grass about thirty paces away,he
saw the bloodstains,
5李逵见了，一身肉发抖；趁着那血
迹寻将去，寻到一处大洞口，只见
两个小虎儿在那里舐一条人腿心
头火起，便不抖，赤黄须竖起来，
将手中朴刀挺起，来搠那两个小
虎。

and he began to tremble.He followed the trail of blood
to a large cave.Two tiger cubs outside were licking a
human leg.Li Kui could not stop shivering.Li Kui was
consumed with fury.His trembling ceased,his reddish
whiskers bristled.
6这小大虫被搠得慌，也张牙舞爪，
钻向前来；被李逵手起，先搠死了
一个；那一个往洞里便钻了入去，
逵赶到洞里也搠死了。

He prodded the cubs with his halberd till they snarled,
bared their claws and attacked.He stabbed one to death.
The other ran into the cave.Li Kui chased it inside and
killed it.
7李逵却钻入那大虫洞内，伏在里
面，张外面时，只见那母大虫张牙
舞爪往窝里来。

Crouching in the cave,he looked out.A savage tigress
was returning to her lair.
8那母大虫到洞口，先把尾去窝里一
剪，便把后半截身躯坐将入去。

The tigress sat down at the mouth of the cave,her
hindquarters and swishing tail inside the entry.
9李逵在窝里看得仔细，把刀朝母大
虫尾底下，尽平生力气，舍命一戳，
正中那母大虫粪门。

Li Kui examined her carefully.With all his might he
drove his dagger up her bunghole with such fierce that
blade and hilt penetrated her stomach.
10那母大虫吼了一声，就洞口，带着
刀，跳过涧边去里
With a roar the tigress leaped over a chasm,the knife
still in her.
11武松正走，看看酒涌上来，便把毡
笠儿掀在脊梁上，将梢棒掖在肋
下，一步步上那岗子来；回头看这
日色时，渐渐地坠下去了。

He walked on.The warmth of the wine rose in him,and
he unshed back the felt hat till it was hanging by the string
on his shoulders.Clapping the staff under one arm,he
plodded up the slope.When he looked back at the sun,it
was almost gone.
Acknowledgement I wish to express my gratitude to…。