stimulus_response_Homeostasis[1] 刺激稳态 PPT课件
生理2011名词解释
生理2011名词解释(来源于课件)绪论代谢(metabolism)生物体自我更新,破坏和清除衰老结构,重建新结构的过程。
刺激(stimulus)引起生物体出现某种反应的环境变化。
兴奋性(excitability)可兴奋组织、细胞对刺激产生动作电位的能力。
阈刺激(threshold stimulation)引起组织产生兴奋的最小刺激强度。
适应(adaptability)根据外界环境变化调整机体内各部分活动和相互关系。
复制(reproduction)生物体产生与自己相类似的个体。
外环境(external environment)机体所直接接触的外界环境,包括温度、湿度、阳光等自然环境和种族、人群、国度等社会因素。
内环境(internal environment)体内细胞所直接生存的环境,主要由组织液和血浆所组成。
稳态(homeostasis)内环境的化学成分及理化性质(化学成分、含氧量、PH值、温度、渗透压)保持相对稳定的状态。
调节(regulation)指机体在不同的生理情况下,或当外界环境发生改变时,体内一些器官、组织的功能活动出现的相应改变,从而使机体能适应各种不同的生理情况和外界环境的变化。
反馈(feedback)在某种变化过程中,其终产物或产生的结果,反过来影响这一过程的进展速度。
细胞的基本功能液态镶嵌模型(fluid mosaic model)细胞膜的共同结构是以液态的脂质双分子层为基本构架,其中镶嵌着具有不同生理功能的蛋白质。
单纯扩散(simple diffusion)指物质顺其浓度梯度的跨细胞膜转移过程。
易化扩散(facilitated diffusion)指物质借助膜转运蛋白质顺化学或电位梯度的跨膜转运。
主动转运(active transport)指在膜蛋白质参与下,细胞依靠自身耗能过程,逆化学或电位梯度跨膜转运物质的过程。
原发性主动转运(primary acti ve transport)指直接与细胞能量代谢相关联的主动转运过程。
生理学各章重点内容
第一章绪论[目的要求]:通过本章的学习,掌握生理功能的调节规律等。
[重点]:1.生理学的任务及其与临床关系2.生命的基本特征3.内环境与稳态4.生理功能的调节5.生理功能的自动控制[难点]:1.可兴奋组织与兴奋性2.生理功能的调节3.正负反馈与前馈[基本概念]:生理学(physiology);慢性实验(chronic experiment);急性实验(acute experiment);新陈代谢(metabolism);兴奋性(excitability);适应性(adaptability);生殖(reproduction);刺激(stimulus);反应(response);兴奋(excitation);抑制(inhibition);阈强度(threshold intensity);阈值(threshold);内环境(internal environment);稳态〔homeostasis〕;自身调节(autoregulation);体液调节(humoral regulation);旁分泌(paracrine);自分泌(autocrine);神经内分泌(neuroendocrine);神经调节(nervous regulation);反射(reflex);反射弧(reflex arc);前馈(feed-forward);负反馈(negative feedback);正反馈(positive feedback)[课时]:2学时第二章细胞的基本功能[目的要求]:通过本章的学习,掌握细胞膜的物质转运功能、细胞的跨膜信息传递功能、细胞的兴奋性和生物电现象、肌细胞的收缩功能等。
[重点]:1.跨膜物质转运的形式和影响因素2. 动作电位、静息电位的概念和形成的离子机制3. 局部兴奋、动作电位的引起和兴奋在同一细胞上的传导机制4. 神经-骨骼肌接头处的兴奋传递及影响因素5. 肌肉收缩原理[难点]:1.继发性主动转运2. 静息电位和动作电位形成的离子机制3. 前负荷、后负荷及肌肉的收缩能力对肌肉收缩的影响[基本概念]:单纯扩散〔simple diffusion〕;易化扩散〔facilitated diffusion〕;主动转运〔active transport〕;酪氨酸激酶途径(tyrosine kinase pathway);第二信使〔second messenger〕;蛋白激酶〔protein kinase〕;胞内Ca2+稳态〔intracellular calcium homeostasis〕;电压门控性通道〔voltage-gated channel〕;配体门控通道〔ligand-gated channel〕;受体介导的入胞作用〔receptor-mediated endocytosis〕;钙振荡〔Ca2+ oscillations〕;钙调素〔calmodulin,CaM〕;即刻早期基因〔immediate-early gene,IEG〕;核转录因子〔neclear factor-KappaB,NF-κB〕;静息电位〔resting potential,RP〕;动作电位〔action potential,AP〕;去极化〔depolarization〕;超极化〔hyperpolarization〕;复极化〔repolarization〕;阈电位〔threshold potential〕;兴奋-收缩耦联〔excitation contraction coupling〕;等长收缩〔isometric contraction〕;等张收缩〔isotonic contraction〕;强直收缩〔tetanus contraction〕;第三章血液[目的要求]:通过本章的学习,掌握血液的理化特性、血细胞的生成调节及其功能、血小板的止血功能、血型的分类和意义等. [重点]:生理止血的概念、过程及其影响因素[难点]:1.血浆渗透压的概念及生理意义2.血小板的生理特性[基本概念]:全血的比重(specific gravity of blood);粘滞度(viscosity);渗透压(osmotic pressure);血浆渗透压(osmotic pressure of blood plasma);晶体渗透压(crystalloid osmotic pressure);胶体渗透压(colloid osmotic pressure);可塑性变形(plastical deformability);红细胞沉降率(erythrocyte sedimentation rate,ESR);渗透脆性(osmotic fragility);爆式促进因子(burst promoting activator,BPA);促红细胞生成素(erythropoietin,EPO);爆式红系集落形成单位(burst forming unit-erythroid,BFU-E);红系集落形成单位(colony forming unit-erythroid,CFU-E);血小板粘附(thrombocyte adhesion);血小板聚集(thrombocyte aggregation);生理性止血(physiological hemostasis);出血时间(bleeding time);血液凝固(blood coagulation);外源性凝血途径(extrinsic pathway of blood coagulation);内源性凝血途径(intrinsic pathway of blood coagulation);纤维蛋白溶解(fibrinolysis);ABO血型系统(ABO blood-group system);红细胞凝集(agglutination);凝集原(agglutinogen);凝集素(agglutinin);交叉配血试验(cross-match test)第四章血液循环[目的要求]:通过本章的学习,掌握心脏泵血功能、心肌的生物电现象及其生理特性、植物神经对心肌生物电活动和收缩功能的影响、各类血管的功能特点、心血管活动的调节、冠脉循环的特点等。
麻醉生理学名词解释
第一章绪论1、内环境Internal Environment体内细胞直接生存的环境(细胞外液)称为内环境。
2、稳态Homeostasis内环境理化性质保持相对相对稳定的状态,叫稳态。
3、反射Reflex在中枢神经系统的参与下,机体对内外环境的刺激产生的规律性应答反应,称为反射。
4、反馈Feedback在人体生理功能自动控制系统原理中,受控部分不断将信息回输到控制部分,以纠正或调整控制部分对受控部分的影响,从而实现自动而精确的调节,这一过程称为反馈。
有正反馈和负反馈之分。
5、正反馈Positive Feedback从受控部分发出的反馈信息促进与加强控制部分的活动,称为正反馈。
6、负反馈Negative Feedback反馈作用与原效应作用相反,使反馈后的效应向原效应的相反方向变化,这种反馈称为负反馈。
7、前馈Feedforward干扰信号在作用于受控部分引起的输出变量改变的同时,还可以直接通过感受装置作用于控制部分,使输出变量在未出现偏差而引起反馈性调节之前得到纠正。
这种干扰信号对控制部分的直接作用,称为前馈。
第二章细胞的基本生理1、液态镶嵌模型Fluid Mosaic Model膜以液态的脂质双分子层为骨架,其中镶嵌着许多具有不同分子结构与功能的蛋白质。
2、动作电位Action Potential(AP)可兴奋细胞受外来的适当刺激时,膜电位在原静息电位基础上发生的一次膜电极的快速而短暂的逆转并且可以扩布的电位变化。
3、静息电位Resting Potential活细胞处于安静状态是存在于细胞两侧的电位差,在大多数细胞中表现为稳定的内负外正的极化状态。
4、简单扩散Simple Diffusion脂溶性的小分子物质顺浓度差的跨膜转运的过程。
5、易化扩散Facilitated Diffusion某些非脂溶性或脂溶性较小的物质,在特殊膜蛋白的协助下,顺浓度差转运的过程。
6、主动转运Active Transport通过耗能,在膜上特殊蛋白质的协助下,将某些物质分子或离子逆浓度差转运的过程。
八年制《生理学》第三版---绪论
2. 反射——神经系统活动的基本形式
反射(reflex)分为条件反射(conditioned reflex)和非条件反 射(unconditioned reflex)。
3. 反射弧—— 神经系统活动的结构基础
二、体液调节是一种较为原始的调节方式
成熟的个体通过无性或有性繁殖方式产生或形成与 本身相似的子代个体。
2. 辅助生殖技术: 体外受精-胚胎移植
(in vitro fertilization and embyo transfer,IVF-ET) 卵泡浆内单精子显微注射
(intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection,ICSI) 胚胎植入前遗传学诊断
第一篇 绪 论
Chapter 1 Introduction
掌握:
学习要点
1. 内环境、稳态和生物节律的定义 2. 体液调节、神经调节、自身调节的概念、特点和意义及其相互
之间的关系 3. 人体自动控制系统的类别、功能意义及它们之间的的异同
熟悉:
1. 生理学的研究对象和任务 2. 生理学的研究层次,立足局部把握整体
(Basic properties of the living body)
❖ 新 陈 代 谢(metabolism)
❖ 兴 奋 性(excitability)
❖ 适 应 性(adaptability)
❖生
殖(reproduction)
一、新陈代谢是生命活动最基本的特征
新陈代谢(Metabolism) 生物体不断与环境进行物质和能量交换,摄取营养物
❖ 神经调节(nervous regulation)
❖ 体液调节(humoral regulation) ❖ 自身调节(autoregulation)
生理学英文练习题-第一章-绪论
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTIONSummaryPhysiology is the study of how living organisms work. It is the science that describe the normal functions and their regular patterns of the living organisms. The vast field of physiology can be divided into viral physiology, bacterial physiology, cellular physiology, plant physiology, human physiology,and many more subdivisions. However, the Human Physiology is very important and basic biomedical course for medical students.The body has three fundamental characteristics of living organism which are metabolism, excitability and reproduction. The metabolism include material metabolism and energy metabolism. The material metabolisms of carbonhydrate, lipid, proteins etc. have mainly been learned in BIOCHMISTRY. The energy metabolism will be learned in the 7th Chapter in PHYSIOLOGY. The excitability is very important physiological term, the property of living organisms that permit them to react to stimuli is defined as excitability.Since the normal functions of organs or organ systems was emphasized, homeostasis is another very important physiological concept. Homeostasis signifies a stable and constant status of the internal enviroment in the body of living organism. It is a dynamicbalance of pH, osmostic pressure, temperature, ions concentrations, and so on. Homeostasis is a necessary for the normal functions of cells, organs and organ systems. Therefore, homeostasis is the soul concept of PHYSIOLOGY.The living organism needs to overcome the possible disorder caused by the metabolisms, then homeostasis could be maintained and the normal functions of the living organisms could be gone on. How to maintain the homeostasis? There are mainly three mechanisms to maintain the homeostasis. They are neural regulation, humoral regulation and auto-regulation. Three regulatory patterns exhibit different mechanisms and features.Feedback, a term borrowed from engineering, is a fundamental feature of homeostasis. Feedback regulation anticipates changes in a regulated variable, improves the speed of the body’s homeostatic responses, and minimizes fluctuations in the level of the variable being regulated. In the negative feedback system, a change in the variable being regulated brings about response that tend to push the variable in the direction opposite to the original change. The homeostasis could be maintained after negative feedback regulation. In positive feedback system, an initial disturbance in the system sets off a train of events that increases the disturbance even further. Some special physiological activities in the livingorganism are carried out by the positive feedback system such as processes of giving birth, blood coagulation, micturition.Definition1.Physiology(生理学)2.Acute experiment(急性实验)3.Chronic experiments(慢性实验)4.In vitro(离体)5.In vivo(在体)6.Metabolism(新陈代谢)7.Interstitial fluid(组织间液)8.Internal environment(内环境)9.Homeostasis(稳态)10.Excitability(兴奋性)11.Excitation(兴奋)12.Inhibition(抑制)13.Stimulus(刺激)14.Neural regulation(神经调节)15.Neuro-humoral regulation(神经体液调节)16.Reflex arc(反射弧)17.Unconditioned reflex(非条件反射)18.Conditioned reflex(条件反射)19.Humoral regulation(体液调节)20.Auto-regulation(自身调节)21.Feedback(反馈)22.Negative feedback(负反馈)23.Positive feedback(正反馈)24.Feedforward(前馈)Choose the ONE best answer, then fill the corresponding letter in the blank.( C ) 1. Which one of the following is a physiological process with negative feedback?A.Blood coagulationB.Process of passing urineC.Sino-aortic baroreceptor reflexD.Na+ influx during action potentialE.Process of parturition( D ) 2. Which one of the following is not the property of regulation by hormone?A.Slow in onsetB.Diffuse in natureC.Longer in durationD.Accurate in actionE.Action in overcorrection( D ) 3. Which of the following is not the fundamental characteristic of living organisms?A.MetabolismB.ExcitabilityC.ReproductionD.Passive diffusionE.Adaption( D ) 4. The concept of homeostasisA.includes the concept of an error signal.B.refers to maintaining physiological functions in a stablecondition.C.refers only to the regulation of body temperature.D. A and BE. B and C(A) 5. This term refers to the existence of a stable internal environmentA.HomeostasisB.FeedbackC.AutoregulationE.None of the above(C) 6. Which one of the following provides long-term regulatory control that results in relatively unchanging internal conditions.A.Positive FeedbackB.DiseaseC.Negative FeedbackD.All the aboveE.None of the above(B) 7. Moving your hand away from a hot stove is an example of a basic function calledA.Positive feedbackB.ResponseC.RegulationD.All the aboveE.None of the above(E) 8. On the objects that Physiology researches and observes, which of the following is correct description ?A.Whole body levelan and organ systems levelsD.Molecular levelE.All the above(E) 9. On the methodology applied in Physiology, which of the following is correct?A.Acute experimentB.Chronic experimentC.Experiment in vivoD.Experiment in vitroE.All the above(D) 10. The acceleration of heart beat caused by catecholamine hormones released from adrenal gland after doing exercise, it isA.Neural regulationB.Humoral regulationC.AutoregulationD.Neural-humoral regulationE.None of the aboveQuestions:1.What are the five components of the reflex arc?2.What are fundamental characteristics of living organism?3.Explain the mechanisms of how to maintain the homeostasis inliving organism.4.Contrast the properties of the neural regulation, humoralregulation and auto-regulation.5.Describe the category of the humoral regulation.Answers:Definitions:1.Physiology(生理学): Physiology is the study of how livingorganisms work, the goal of physiology is to study the normal functions and their regular patterns of organs or organ systems of living organism.2.Acute experiment(急性实验):Experiment performed is to studythe physiological activities or to observe the reaction to the external interference in short time is called acute experiment.The animals used are oftenly under anesthesia, and the experiments are oftenly destructive and irreversible, even induce the death of animals. The acute experiment include experiment in vivo and in vitro.3.Chronic experiments(慢性实验): Experiment performed is to studythe physiological activities or to observe the reaction to the external interference in long time is called chronic experiment.The Chronic experiments may be performed on conscious subject for a long period of time after recovery from the operation.4.In vitro(离体):Experiment is performed on an isolated tissueor organ that is taken out from the body of the animal.5.In vivo(在体):Experiment is performed on the whole body of theanimal to observe one or some physiological functions of the organ or organ systems.6.Metabolism(新陈代谢):Metabolism is the one of basiccharacteristics of living organism. It means all the chemical reactions in all the cells of the body, and includes all material and energy transformations that occur in the body. The material metabolism includes catabolic and anabolic reactions.7.Interstitial fluid(组织间液):The spaces between cells arecalled the interstitutium, the fluid in these spaces is the interstitial fluid.8.Internal environment(内环境):It is the environment that allcells of the body live in the extracellular fluid, which is called the internal environment of the body.9.Homeostasis(稳态):The state maintenance of a constancy andbalance in one’s internal environment. It is the soul of the physiology.10.Excitability(兴奋性):It is the ability of certain kinds of cells(excitable cell) to make response to the stimulus. Essentially, It is the ability of cells to generate action potential.Excitability is a fundamental property to all tissues and cells.11.Excitation(兴奋):It signifies a beginning of an activity orincrease in physiological activity after stimulus, such as the acceleration of the heart beat after stimulating the sympathetic nerve.12.Inhibition(抑制):Inhibition is a stop of an activity or adecrease in physiological activity after stimulus, such as the slowing of the heart beat after stimulating the vagus nerve.13.Stimulus(刺激):Any changes from external or internalenvironmental factors that causes a response in a sense organ or an organism are called the stimulus. It includes the physical, chemical and biological stimuli.14.Neural regulation(神经调节):The functions of organs or organsystems are regulated by the central nervous system via the reflexes. The reflex is the regular response of effectors to the stimulus based on the reflex arc.15.Neuro-humoral regulation(神经体液调节):In many cases, theendocrine system is so closely related to the nervous system that it can be regarded as an extension of the efferent limb of the reflex arc . In this instance it is called neuro-humoralregulation.16.Reflex arc(反射弧):Reflex arc is the pathway in a reflex, itis the basic unit of integrated neural activity, consisting of receptor, afferent nerve, nervous center, efferent nerve and effector.17.Unconditioned reflex(非条件反射):A fixed reflex whose mechanismmay be supposed to be inherited as its functioning does not depend on previous experience.18.Conditioned reflex(条件反射):A learned reflex in which thenervous system is trained to produce a new and unusual response to a stimulus.19.Humoral regulation(体液调节):The functions of organs or organsystems are regulated by the special chemicals released by the endocrine glands or cells, or metabolic products released by the living cells.20.Auto-regulation(自身调节):In certain cases, a tissue or organcan respond directly to the environmental change, depending neither on nervous nor on humoral control. This form of regulation is called auto-regulation.21.Feedback(反馈):It is a flow of information along a closed loop.Usually, a constancy of physiological variable requires a feedback mechanism that feeds the output information back to thecontrol system so as to modify the nature of control.22.Negative feedback(负反馈):A regulated variable is sensed,information is sent to a controller, and action is taken to oppose change from the desire value.23.Positive feedback(正反馈):With a variable is sensed and actionis taken to reinforce change of the variable, so it promotes a change in one direction.24.Feedforward(前馈):control mechanisms often sense a disturbanceand can therefore take corrective action that anticipates changes. Conditioned reflexes belong to the feedforward control system.。
生理学重要名词解释英文版
Internal environment:内环境refers to the liquid surrounding the cells in the body of multicellular animals, that is extracellular fluid.Homeostasis稳态: refers to a state of relatively constant of physical and chemical properties of internal environment, such as temperature, pH, osmotic pressure and all kinds of liquid ingredients in the body, and so on.positive feedback正反馈: A change in a condition leads to responses from the effectors which a mplifies that changenegative feedback负反馈: A change in a condition leads to responses from the effectors which counteracts that changefacilitated diffusion via carrier经载体易化扩散: Water soluble small molecules and ions under the carrier protein mediated, cross the plasma membrane follow concentration gradientfacilitated diffusion via ion channel经通道易化扩散: All kinds of charged ions under the channel proteins mediated, cross the plasma membrane follow concentration gradient and potential gradientPrimary active transport原发性主动转运:making direct use of energy derived from ATP to transport the ions across the cell membraneSecondary active transport次级主动转运:The ion gradients established by primary active transport permits the transport of other substances against their concentration gradientsresting potential静息电位: A potential difference across the membranes of inactive cells, with the inside of the cell negative relative to the outside of the cellaction potential动作电位: Some of the cells (excitable cells) are capable to rapidly reverse their resting membrane potential from negative resting values to slightly positive values. This transient and rapid change in membrane potential is called an action potential Excitation-contraction coupling兴奋收缩耦联: the mediation process of striated muscle cells generate action potentials and muscle filament contraction and relaxation. Hematocrit血细胞比容: The capacity percentage of the blood cells in the blood erythrocyte sedimentation rate红细胞沉降率: The distance that red blood cells settle in a tube of blood in one hourHemostasis止血: Small damaged blood vessels stop bleeding after a few minutes automaticallyBlood coagulation血凝固: blood change from sol to illiquid gel stateBlood group血型: The type of specific antigen on the surface of blood cellseffective refractory period:premature systole期前收缩: if ventricle is stimulated after ventricular muscle effective refractory period, before The next sinoatrial node excitement arrive, it will produce a contraction in advance.compensatory pause代偿间歇: A longer ventricular diastolic after premature systole. Atrioventricular delay房室延搁: Excitement slowly spread in atrioventricular junction and take longer time.Cardiac cycle心动周期: A cycle of heart contraction and relaxationStroke volume每搏输出量: One side of the ventricular injection volume of blood by a heart throbEjection fraction射血分数: The percentage stroke volume account for ventricularend-diastolic volumeCardiac output心输出量: The blood volume inject by one side of the ventricular per minuteCardiac index心指数: calculate cardiac output by unit surface areasystolic pressure收缩压: The highest blood pressure at mid ventricular systolic .diastolic pressure舒张压: The lowest blood pressure at ventricular end-diastolic.pulse pressure脉压: Systolic blood pressure minus diastolic blood pressurecentral venous pressure中心静脉压: The blood pressure in right atrium and chest cavity vena cavaMicrocirculation: Blood circulation between arteriole and micro veinEffective filtration pressure有效滤过压:the pressure difference between filtration and reabsorptionRespiration: The process of gas exchange between the body and its environmentvital capacity肺活量: After inhalation complete, the largest gas exhaled from the lungs forced vital capacity用力肺活量: After inhalation complete, exhale the largest gas from the lungs as fast as possibleforced expiratory volume用力呼气量: After inhalation complete, the gas exhaled from the lungs in a certain timeAlveolar Ventilation肺泡通气量: amount of inhaled the fresh air in the alveoli per minute. Pulmonary stretch reflex牵张反射: The reflection of inspiratory inhibit or inhale excited caused by pulmonary inflation and pulmonary deflation.Digestion消化: break down of food into small molecular components small enough to absorb.Mechanical digestion and chemical digestion.Absorption吸收: the small molecules that formed by digestion across the digestion tract mucosa go into blood and lymph.Small wave小波: the spontaneous rhythmic, subthreshold depolarization of the cell membrane of the gastrointestinal tract that characterizes the underlying electrical activity of the bowel.胃液主要成分1.HCl,parietal cell ,acid sterilization. Activation of pepsinogen, promotion of secretin secretion. Assisted effect of Fe and Ca absorption.2.Pepsinogen胃蛋白酶, chief cell, active in stomach, initially by H ions and then by active pepsin, autocatalytic activation. Pepsin an endopeptidase, which attacks peptide bonds in the interior of large protein molecules.3.Mucus粘液, neck cell and goblet cell, lubrication of the mucosal surface. Protection of the tissue from mechanical damage by food particle.4.intrinsic factor内因子, parietal cell. The intrinsic factor binds to vit B12 and facilitated its absorption.Stimulate gastric secretion刺激胃液分泌ACH gastrin histamine/ somatostatin Digestion phase gastric secretion消化期胃液分泌Cephalic gastric intestinal phase Regulation inhibitory gastric juice secretion胃液分泌抑制性调节1.HCl:inhibite G cell release gastrin;stimulate D cell release somatostatin;in the gastric antrum,inhibition of G cells,release of SST;in the duodenum ,release of secretin,bulbogastrone.2,fat:initiating release of enterogastrone.3,hepertonic solution:entero-gastric reflex.Receptive relaxation 容受性舒张:stimulation of receptor reflex muscle relax in the f undus and stomach body when chew and swallow.Pancreatic juice composition effect胰液成分作用:pancreatic amylase,pancreatic lip ase, trypsin,chymotrypsin,HCO3 bicarbonate balance the HCl in duodenum. Protect i ntestinal mucosa TPS and chymolase, pancreatic lipase, pancreatic amylase.Enteroh epatic circulation of bile salt.Bile salts were emptied into the small intestine with hepatic bile, about 95% is absorbed into the blood in the terminal ileum, and then synthesizing bile again after the hepatic vein to the liver, then empty into intestine.Physiological functions of bile胆汁生理作用1.Emulsifying or detergent function of bile salts.2.Help in the absorption of: fatly acid, lmonoglycerides, cholesterol, other lipids Peristalsis蠕动: the rhythmic waves of muscular relaxation and contraction are called peristalsis.Receptive relaxation 容受性舒张: stimulation of food on pharynx and esophagus produce relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter and stomach.Gastric emptying胃排空: the process that the gastric contents are delivered to the duodenum.Thermal equivalent of food热价: calories liberated by 1g food oxidized in body. (kJ/g) Thermal equivalent of oxygen氧热价: heat production by consuming one liter of oxygen to oxidize a specific type of blood. (kJ/L)Respiratory quotient(RQ)呼吸商: in the process of oxidizing food, the ratio of CO2 produced to O2 used。
生理学各章习题及答案
第一章绪论习题一、名词解释1. 内环境2. 稳态(homeostasis)3. 反射(reflex)4. 反馈(feedback)5. 正反馈(positive feedback)6. 负反馈(negative)7. 前馈二、选择题单选题1. 机体内环境的homeostasis 是指:A. 细胞内液理化性质保持不变B. 细胞外液理化性质保持不变C. 细胞内液化学成分相对恒定D. 细胞外液化学成分保持恒定E. 细胞外液理化性质相对恒定2. 下列关于稳态的叙述,错误的概念是:A. 生物体内环境的理化性质经常保持绝对平衡的状态,称为稳态B. 稳态是一种复杂的由机体内部各种调节机制所维持的动态平衡过程C. 维持机体内环境的理化性质相对恒定的状态,称之为稳态D. 稳态一旦不能维持,生物体的生命将受到威胁E. 稳态的概念首先由美国科学家Cannon提出3. 能引起生物机体发生反应的各种环境变化,统称为:A. 反射B. 兴奋C. 刺激D. 反应E. 阈值4. Neuroregulation的基本方式是:A. 反射B. 反应C. 适应D. 正反馈调节E. 负反馈调节5. Neuroregulation的特点是A. 调节幅度B. 作用广泛而持久C. 作用迅速、准确和短暂D. 反应速度慢E. 调节的敏感性差6. 下列不直接参与体内信息传递的物质是:A. 神经递质B. 调制物C. 内分泌激素D. 旁分泌物质E. 局部体液因素7. 下述情况中,属于autoregulation的是:A. 人在过度通气后呼吸暂停B. 全身血压维持相对恒定C. 体温维持相对恒定D. 血糖水平维持相对恒定E. 平均动脉压在一定范围内升降时,肾血流量维持相对恒定8. 下列生理过程中,属于negative feed-back的调节是:A. 排尿反射B. 排便反射C. 血液凝固D. 减压反射E. 分娩9. 维持机体homeostasis的重要调节过程是:A. neuroregulationB. humoral regulationC. autoregulaionD. positive feedbackE. negative feedback10. 在自动控制系统中,从受控部分发出到达控制部分的信息称为:A. 偏差信息B.干扰信息C. 控制信息D. 反馈信息E. 自动控制信息11. 家兔,雄性,体重2.1kg。
人体解剖生理学教案(第二部分)
有关:
1、刺激强度:
一个刺激要引起组织、细胞产生兴奋,必须要达到足够的强度。这种强度,一般可以用一定的量
纲来表示。如电可用伏特、安培;声音可用贝尔、分贝;光可用勒克斯;酸碱度可用 PH 值等等。刺激
强度越大,越易引起兴奋。
2、刺激作用时间
指某一强度的刺激作用于机体所持续的时间。任一强度的刺激,只有持续相应的时间才有效。持
续时间越长,刺激效应越显著。
3、强度变化率
指单位时间内强度变化的大小。变化率越大,越易使组织兴奋。
作用时间
例:以常用的电压或电流刺激为例
强度
强度变化率 在我们平时的实验中,强度变化率都能控制在一种突变的型式,强度和时间就成了控制刺激的主 要因素 4、强度---时间曲线
5
在上述例子中,我们改变作用时间,观察在不同的作用时间下,刚刚能引起肌肉收缩所需的最小
阈下刺激 低于阈强度的刺激
时值
在强度时间曲线上,两倍于基强度时的作用时间。
三、兴奋和兴奋性
1、兴奋和兴奋性
最初,活组织或细胞对刺激发生反应(尽管形式不同)都称为兴奋,活组织或细胞对刺激发生反
应的能力称为兴奋性。
图为坐骨神经-腓肠肌标本,当我们刺激神经时,可以引起腓肠肌收缩。(图)
强度,然后以作用时间为横轴,以强度为纵轴作一曲线,即得强度---时间曲线(图)
图 刺激的强度-时间曲线
由图可见,对一个有效刺激,强度和时间成反比关系。根据强度---时间曲线,我们把一些概念说
明一下:
阈强度
在某一作用时间下引起组织兴奋的最小刺激强度
阈刺激
刚能引起组织兴奋的最小刺激
阈上刺激 高于阈强度的刺激
课程要求
人体解剖学与组织胚胎学是一门形态学课程,因此观察和研究人体的结构,应注意运用:① 进化 发展的观点:人体的形态和结构经历了由低级到高级、由简单到复杂的演化过程。学习本课程应运用发 生发展的观点,适当联系个体发生和种系发生的知识,以帮助理解人体的由来和发生发展规律,各系统、 器官的形态与功能;② 形态和机能相互联系、相互制约的观点:形态和结构是机能活动的物质基础, 而机能活动又影响到该器官形态结构的形成和发展。运用这一观点有助于理解人体结构与功能、人体与 自然的关系;③ 局部与整体统一的观点:任何一个系统或器官都是人体的一个组成部分,为了学习的 方便,我们从一种组织、一个器官、一个系统研究人体的组成与形态结构,在学习的过程中,应注意运 用归纳和综合的方法,从整体的角度认识人体,必须建立从平面到立体,从局部到整体的观点;④ 理 论联系实际的观点:本课程的学习必须重视实验、实习,要把理论的学习与观察尸体标本、模型、组织 切片及活体观察紧密结合起来,才能真正掌握人体解剖学与组织胚胎学的内容。
运动生理名词解释
一、名词解释1.人体生理学(human physiology)是研究人体生命活动规律的科学,是医学科学的重要基础理论学科。
2.运动生理学(sports physiology)是人体生理学的分支,是专门研究人体的运动能力和对运动的反应与适应过程的科学,是体育科学中一门重要的应用基础理论学科。
3.新陈代谢(metabolism)是生物体自我更新的最基本的生命活动过程。
新陈代谢包括同化和异化两个过程。
4.同化过程(assimilation)生物体不断地从体外环境中摄取有用的物质,使其合成、转化为机体自身物质的过程,称为同化过程。
5.异化过程(dissimilation)生物体不断地将体内的自身物质进行分解,并把所分解的产物排出体外,同时释放出能量供应机体生命活动需要的过程,称为异化过程。
6.兴奋性(excitability)在生物体内可兴奋组织具有感受刺激、产生兴奋的特性,称为兴奋性。
7.可兴奋组织在刺激作用下具有能迅速地产生可传布的动作电位的组织,称为可兴奋组织。
8.刺激(stimulus)能引起可兴奋组织产生兴奋的各种环境变化称为刺激。
9.兴奋(excitation)可兴奋组织接受刺激后所产生的生物电反应过程及其表现,称之为兴奋。
10.应激性(irritability)机体或一切活体组织对周围环境变化具有发生反应的能力或特性称为应激性。
11.适应性(adaptability)生物体所具有的适应环境的能力,称之为适应性。
12.内环境(internal environment)是指组织细胞所生存的环境,在体内组织细胞生活在细胞外液之中,所以细胞外液即人体的内环境。
13.稳态(homeostasis)内环境各项理化因素相对处于动态平衡的状态称为稳态。
14.神经调节(neuroregulation)是指在神经活动的直接参与下所实现的生理机能调节过程,是人体最重要的调节方式。
15.体液调节(humoral regulation)通过体液运输某些化学物质(如激素、细胞产生的某些化学物质或代谢产物)而引起机体某些特殊生理反应的调节过程,称为体液调节。
生理学名词中英文对照
生理学名词中英文对照第一章绪论1.机体的内环境(internal environment)2.稳态(homeostasis)3.反射(reflex)4.反射弧(reflex arc)5.旁分泌调节(paracrine regulation)6.自身调节(autoregulation)7.负反馈(negative feedback)8.正反馈(positive feedback)9.前馈(feed-forward)第二章细胞的基本功能10.被动转运(passiv.transport... 11.单纯扩散(simpl.diffusion.12.经载体易化扩散(facilitate.diffusio.vi.carrier.13.经通道易化扩散(facilitate.diffusio.vi.io.channel.14.电压门控通道(voltag.gate.io.channel.15.离子通道(io.channel)16.化学门控通道(chemicall.gate.io.channel.17.机械门控通道(mechanicall.gate.io.channel.18.原发性主动转运(primar.activ.transport.19.继发性主动转运(secondar.activ.transport.20.同向转运(symport........21.反向转运(antiport.22.出胞(exocytosis........ 23.入胞(endocytosis.24.跨膜信号转导(transmembran.signa.transduction.25.刺激(stimulation.........26.兴奋(excitation.27.兴奋性(excitability....... 28.阈值(threshold.29.极化(polarization....... 30.去极化(depolarization.31.超极化(hyperpolarization....32.复极化(repolarization.33.内向电流(inwar.current.... 34.外向电流(outwar.current.35.电化学驱动力(electrochemica.drivin.force.36.静息电位(restin.potential....37.K+平衡电位(K.equilibriu.potential.38.动作电位(actio.potential.... 39.超射(overshoot.40.“全或无”现象(“al.o.none”phenomenon.41.阈电位(threshol.potential...42.局部电位(loca.potential.43.时间性总和(tempora.summation. 44.空间性总和(spatia.summation.45.量子释放(quanta.release.46.兴奋-收缩耦联(excitation-contractio.coupling.47.等长收缩(isometri.contraction.48.等张收缩(isotoni.contraction.49.前负荷(preload.........50.后负荷(afterload.51. 肌肉收缩能力(contractility) 52. 不完全强直收缩(incomplete tetauns)53. 完全强直收缩(complete tetanus) 54.运动单位(motor unit)第三章血液55.血细胞比容(hematocrit......56.血浆渗透压(plasm.osmoti.pressure.57.血浆晶体渗透压(plasm.crysta.osmoti.pressure.58.血浆胶体渗透压(plasm.colloi.osmoti.pressure.59.悬浮稳定性(suspensio.stability.60.红细胞沉降率(erythrocyte sedimentation rate)61.红细胞渗透脆性(osmotic fragility) 62.血小板黏附(platelet adhesion)63.血小板聚集(platelet aggregation) 64.生理性止血(hemostasis)65.出血时间(bleeding time) 66.凝血时间(clotting time)67.血液凝固(blood coagulation) 68.血清(serum)69.凝血因子(clotting factor) 70.内源性凝血途径(intrinsic pathway)71.外源性凝血途径(extrinsic pathway) 72.纤维蛋白溶解(fibrinolysis)73.血型(blood group) 74.红细胞凝集(agglutination)75.凝集原(agglutinogen)76.凝集素(agglutinin)77.交叉配血试验(corss-match test)第四章血液循环78.心动周期(cardia.cycle.79.等容收缩期(perio.o.isovolumi.contraction)80.等容舒张期(perio.o.isovolumi.relaxation)81.每搏输出量(strok.volume... 82.射血分数(ejectio.fraction)83.心输出量(cardia.output... 8.心指数(cardia.index)85.异长调节(heterometri.regulation.86.心室功能曲线(ventricular function curve)87.心肌收缩能力(myocardial contractility)88.等长调节(homometric regulation)89.快反应细胞(fast response cell) 90.慢反应细胞(slow response cell)91.期前收缩(premature systole) 92.代偿间歇(compensatory pause)93.自动节律性(autorhythmicity) 94.正常起搏点(normal pacemaker)95.潜在起搏点(latent pacemaker) 96.异位起搏点(ectopic pacemaker)97.房室延搁(atrioventricular delay)98.膜反应曲线(membrane responsiveness curve)99.钙触发钙释放(calcium-induced Ca2+ release)100.外周阻力(peripheral resistance)101.动脉血压(arterial blood pressure)102.收缩压(systolic pressure)103.舒张压(diastolic pressure) 104.平均动脉压(mean arterial pressure)105.中心静脉压(central venous pressure)106.微循环(microcirculation) 107.压力感受性反射(baroreceptor reflex)第五章呼吸108.肺通气(pulmonary ventilation) 109.肺换气(gas exchange in lungs)110.呼吸运动(respiratory movement) 111.弹性阻力(elastic resistance)112.顺应性(compliance) 113.肺的静态顺应性(static compliance)114.比顺应性(specific compliance) 115.肺表面活性物质(pulmonary surfactant)116.气道阻力(airway resistance) 117.潮气量(tidal volume)118.余气量(residual volume)119.功能余气量(functional residual capacity)120.肺活量(vital capacity) 121.用力肺活量(forced vital capacity) 122.用力呼气量(forced expiratory volume)123.肺通气量(pulmonary ventilation)124.解剖无效腔(anatomical dead space) 125.肺泡无效腔(alveolar dead space) 126.肺泡通气量(alveolar ventilation)127.通气/血流比值(ventilation/perfusion ratio)128.血氧容量(oxygen capacity) 129.血氧含量(oxygen content)130.血氧饱和度(oxygen saturation) 131.氧解离曲线(oxygen dissociation curve) 132.肺牵张反射(pulmonary stretch reflex)第六章消化与吸收133.消化(digestion) 134.机械性消化(mechanical digestion)135.化学性消化(chemical digestion) 136.吸收(absorption)137.慢波(slow wave) 138.胃肠激素(gastrointestinal hormone)139.脑-肠肽(braingut peptide)140.黏液-碳酸氢盐屏障(mucus bicarbonate barrier)141.胃黏膜屏障(gastric mucosal barrier)142.容受性舒张(receptive relaxation)143.紧张性收缩(tonic contraction) 144.胃的排空(gastric emptying)145.肠-胃反射(entero-gastric reflex) 146.分节运动(segmentation contraction)147.胆盐的肠-肝循环(enterohepatic circulation of bile salt)第七章能量代谢与体温148.能量代谢(energ.metabolism).149.食物的热价(therma.equivalen.o.food)150.氧热价(therma.equivalen.o.oxygen)151.呼吸商(respirator.quotient) 152.基础代谢率(basa.metaboli.rate)153.体温(bod.temperature)... 154.温热性发汗(therma.sweating)155.精神性发汗(mental sweating 156.热敏神经元(warm-sensitive neuron) 157.冷敏神经元(cold-sensitive neuron)第八章尿的生成和排出158.管-球反馈(tubuloglomerula.feedback)159.肾小球滤过率(glomerula.filtratio.rate)160.滤过分数(filtratio.fraction)161.有效滤过压(effectiv.filtratio.pressure)162.肾糖阈(rena.threshol.fo.glucose)163.葡萄糖吸收极限量(transfe.maximu.o.glucose)164.渗透性利尿(osmoti.diuresis)165.球-管平衡(glomerulotubula.balance) 166.水利尿(wate.diuresis)... 167.清除率(clearance)第九章感觉器官的功能168.感受器(receptor.......... 169.感觉器官(an)170.适宜刺激(adequat.stimulus)...171.换能作用(transduce.function..172.瞳孔对光反射(pupillar.ligh.reflex)173.互感性对光反射(consensual light reflex)174.瞳孔近反射(nea.refle.o.th.pupil)175.视敏度(visua.acuity)176.暗适应(dark adaptation) 177.明适应(light adaptation)178.视野(visual field) 179.听阈(hearing threshold)180.耳蜗内电位(endocochlear potential)181.耳蜗微音器电位(cochlear microphonic potential)182.眼球震颤(nystagmus)第十章神经系统的功能183.突触(synapse) 184.经典的突触(classical synapse)185.兴奋性突触后电位(excitatory postsynaptic potential)186.抑制性突触后电位(inhibitory postsynaptic potential)187.非定向突触(non-directed synapse) 188.电突触(electric synapse)189.神经递质(neurotransmitter) 190.神经调质(neuromodulator)191.受体(receptor) 192.激动剂(agonist)193.拮抗剂(antagonist) 194.上调(up regulation)195.下调(down regulation) 196.胆碱能纤维(cholinergic fiber)197.肾上腺素能纤维(adrenergic fiber) 198.突触后抑制(postsynaptic inhibition)199.传入侧支性抑制(afferent collateral inhibition)200.回返性抑制(recurrent inhibition) 201.突触前抑制(presynaptic inhibition)202.特异投射系统(specific projection system)203.非特异投射系统(nonspecific projection system)204.牵涉痛(referred pain) 205.脊休克(spinal shock)206.牵张反射(stretch reflex) 207.腱反射(tendon reflex)208.肌紧张(muscle tonus) 209.去大脑僵直(decerebrate rigidity)210.α僵直(α-rigidity) 211.γ僵直(γ-rigidity)212.自发脑电活动(spontaneous electric activity of the brain)213.脑电图(electroencephalogram)214.脑干网状结构上行激动系统(ascending reticular activating system) 215.慢波睡眠(slow wave sleep) 216.异相睡眠(paradoxical sleep)第十一章内分泌217.激素(hormone) .........218.允许作用(permissiv.action)219.长反馈(long-loo.feedback). 220.短反馈(short-loo.feedback)221.超短反馈(ultra-short-loo.feedback)222.下丘脑调节肽(hypothalami.regulator.peptides)223.应激反应(stres.reaction)..224.应急反应(emergenc.reaction)第十二章生殖225.月经(menstruation....... 226.月经周期(menstrua.cycle..227.增生期(proliferativ.phase...228.黄体期(lutea.phase.。
stimulus_response_Homeostasis[1] 刺激稳态
Introduction
You are exposed to ever changing environmental conditions. For example, you may walk out of an air conditioned room into the hot summer sun. However the cells in your body work best when their surroundings are kept constant. Your body has many mechanisms that keep the cells surroundings constant even though your external environment is changing. This is homeostasis. Homeostasis is very important because when it fails you become ill and may die.
Human Example of Negative Feedback
Human example: shivering in response to cooling of body during cold weather or sweating when their core temperature gets too hot. Homeostasis allows an organism to remain in balance with its environment. If homeostasis is not maintained, it can harm or kill the organism.
第一章 绪论(人民卫生出版社人体解剖生理学第7版)
特点:调节强度较弱,影响范围小, 灵敏度较低,调节范围局限
生理学(第9版)
三种调节方式的比较
神经、体液和自身调节的作用方式、特点及在调节中的 地位
生理学(第9版)
(一)反馈控制系统(掌握)
由比较器、控制部分和受控部分组成的一个闭环系统(closed-loop system)。
本章小结
1.在本章中,我们介绍了生理学研究的对象和任务,生理学常用的研究方法,机 体的功能构成,内环境及其稳态并概括性地阐述机体生理功能的调节。通过绪论 的学习,掌握维持机体内环境相对稳定即稳态的重要性 2.实际上,机体生命活动的三大调节:神经调节、体液调节、自身调节都是围绕 着维持这种稳态来进行的。机体的生命活动的基本特征包括新陈代谢、兴奋性、 适应性和生殖等 3.人体内存在不同类型的复杂的控制系统,精密地调节着人体生命活动。控制系 统可分为非自动控制系统、反馈控制系统和前馈控制系统
2. 内环境的稳态(掌握)
特点:①理、化因素在一定水平上恒定。 ②恒定状态并非固定不变的,而是一个动态平衡,是微小波动中相对
恒定。
稳态的意义: 维持细胞、器官、系统乃至整体的正常功能及生命活动的必要 条件。
二、刺激与兴奋性
➢ (一) 刺激(stimulus):作用于机体的内外环境变化 物理:电、声、光、机械、温度 化学:细菌、病毒、真菌 社会因素
谢谢观看
机能活动
正反馈不维持系统的稳态和平衡, 而是破坏原先的平衡状态。
负反馈控制系统(多见)
➢ 机体血压的调节 ➢ 血糖浓度、pH、循环血量、渗透压等的平衡维持 ➢ 血管舒缩活动
正反馈控制系统(少见)
➢ 排尿、排便 ➢ 分娩 ➢ 血小板止血栓的形成 ➢ 动作电位的形成
人体解剖生理学 第01章+绪论
(三)兴奋性的周期性变化 组织、细胞兴奋过程中兴奋性 的周期性变化,依次分别为:
绝对不应期:是指组织细胞在一次兴奋初 期很短的时间内,对于任何强度的刺 激,都不能再产生兴奋的时期(ab段)。
相对不应期:是指在绝对不应期之后的一 段时间内,须给予大于该组织阈值的 较强刺激才能引起反应的时期(bc段)。
(三)体液调节的生理意义:对机体的快速变化不能起及时的 调节作用,但是对新陈代谢、生长发育等功能的最重要 的调节机制。
三、自身调节
绪论
(一)自身调节的基本方式:不依赖于神经体液因素而起的 调节作用。
(二)自身调节的特点:作用非常局限。
(三)自身调节的生理意义:在心、肾、脑等重要脏器的功 能维持上有重要意义。
(2)持续刺激时间 时值——以二倍于基强度的刺激作用于可兴奋组织,引
起兴奋所需的最短时间。其长短反映了组织兴奋性的高低。
(3)刺激强度变化率
反应(response):机体应答刺激所产生的变化。
兴奋(excitation):由相对静止 变为显著的运动状态,或原有 的活动由弱变强。
抑制(inhibition):由运动转为 相对静止,或活动由强变弱。
排除无关因素的干扰,使实验条件简
单化,便于分析有关因素对离体器官、
组织或细胞的功能影响。
绪论
2.慢性实验(chronic experiment)
生理名词解释(附答案)
生理学(physiology):生理学是生物科学的一个分支,是研究生物体及其各组成部分正常功能活动规律的一门科学。
内环境(internal environment):围绕在多细胞机体中细胞周围的体液,即细胞外液。
稳态(homeostasis):内环境中的各种理化因素保持相对稳定的状态,但现已扩展到泛指体内细胞和分子水平、器官和系统水平到整体水平的各种生理功能活动在神经和体液等因素调节下保持相对稳定的状态。
体液调节(humoral regulation):多细胞生物体内某些特殊的化学物质(如内分泌激素、生物活性物质或某些代谢产物等)通过体液途径而影响生物功能的一种调节方式。
自身调节(autoregulation):组织和细胞不依赖于神经或体液因素,自身对环境刺激发生的一种适应性反应。
正反馈(positive feedback):在体内控制系统中,受控部分发出的反馈信息促进与加强控制部分的活动,最终使受控部分的活动朝着与它原先活动相同的方向改变。
负反馈(negative feedback):在体内控制系统中,受控部分发出的反馈信息调整控制部分的活动,最终使受控部分的活动朝着也它原先活动相反的方向改变。
阈电位(shreshold potential):细胞去极化达到刚刚引发动作电位的临界跨膜电位数值。
前馈(feed-forward):在控制系统中,控制部分在反馈信息尚未到达前,已受到纠正信息(前馈信息)的影响,及时纠正其指令可能出现的偏差。
出胞(exocytosis):出胞是指胞质内的大分子物质一分泌囊泡的形式排除细胞的过程。
入胞(endocytosis):入胞是指大分子物质或物质团块(如细菌、细胞碎片等)借助于细胞膜形成吞噬泡或吞饮泡的方式进入细胞的过程。
第二信使(second messenger):是指激素、递质、细胞因子等信号分子(第一信使)作用于细胞膜后产生的细胞内信号分子。
兴奋性(excitability):生理学中可兴奋细胞接受刺激后产生动作电位的能力。
生理学名词解释
生理学名词解释生理学(physiology)是生物学科的一个分支,是研究生物体及其组成部分正常功能活动规律的一门学科。
急性动物实验(acute animal experiment)是以完整动物或动物材料为研究对象,在人工控制的条件下,在短时间内对动物某些生理活动进行观察和记录的实验,实验通常是破坏性的,不可逆的,可造成实验动物死亡。
慢性动物实验(chronic animal experiment)以完整,清醒的动物为究对象且尽可能保持外界环境接近于自然环境,以便能在较长时间内反复多次观察和记录某些生理功能的改变。
稳态(homeostasis)指内环境的理化性质,如温度,pH,渗透压和各种液体成分等的相对恒定状态。
神经调节(neuroregulation)是通过反射而影响生理功能的一种调节方,式是人体生理功能调节中最主要的形式。
反射(reflex):是指机体在中枢神经系统的参与下,对内外环境刺激所做出的规律性应答。
体液调节(humoral regulation)是指体内某些特殊的化学物质通过体液途径而影响生理功能的一种调节方式。
自身调节(autoregulation)是指组织细胞不依赖于神经或体液因素,自身对环境刺激发生的一种适应性变化。
负反馈(negative feedback):受控部分发出的反馈信息调整控制部分的活动,最终使受控部分的活动朝着与它原来活动相反的方向改变,称为负反馈。
调定点(set point):是指自动控制系统所设定的一个工作点,使受控部分的活动只能在这个设定点附近的一个狭小范围内变动。
正反馈(positive feedback):受控部分发出的反馈信息促进与加强控制部分的活动,最终使受控部分的活动朝着与它原来活动相同的方向改变,称为正反馈。
前馈(feed-forward):控制部分在反馈信息尚未到达前已接受纠正信息的影响,及时纠正其指令可能出现的偏差,这种自动控制形式称为前馈。
homeostasis名词解释
homeostasis名词解释
稳态(Homeostasis ):指的是生理学家把正常机体通过调节作用,使得各个器官、系统的协调活动,共同维持内环境的相对稳定状态。
homeostasis的例子:
1、如生命活动功能以及正常姿势(直立以及行路姿势)的维持等;
2、机体的不同层次或水平(细胞、组织器官、系统、整体、社会群体)的稳定状态;
3、以及在特定时间内(由几毫秒直至若干万年)保持的特定状态。
扩展资料
稳态失调的后果:
1、内在平衡一旦受到破坏,就会影响生物个体,从而发生衰老和病变。
2、有害的毒化物质对生体之恒常状态破坏,生物体会降低效率,导致内部功能受损,增加疾病的风险,轻者经过治疗或随着时间的流逝而消失。
3、但如果超出身体的负荷和外在因素所引发的疾病或残留的毒素仍在,可能会使身体功能永久的丧失。
政治学常见名词中英文对照
政治学常见名词中英文对照一画一个数的绝对值Absolute V alue of a Number一致Consensus二画二元分类Dichotomous Classification人格Personality三画个案研究Case Study工程理论Engineering Theory四画分析Analysis分类Classification分裂Cleavage气质Dispositions方差分析Analysis of V ariance方法论Methodology不对称Asymmetry中心趋势测量Central Tendency Measurement 中心极限理论Central Limits Theorem内容分析Content Analysis文化Culture反馈Feedback场研究Field Study历史研究方式Historical Approach见解Perspective公共舆论Public Opinion公共政策Public Policy比率Ratio比较研究Comparative Study双尾检验Two-Tailed Test五画生物政治学Biopolitics代价-利益分析Cost-Benefit Analysis目的-工具分析Ends-Means Analysis平衡Equilibrium目标Goal归纳Induction功能主义Functionalism囚犯的困境Prisoner's Dilemma主观互证Intersubjectivity六画后行为主义Postbehavioralism后验推理A Posteriori先验推理A Priori权威Authority交易理论Bargaining Theory交换Exchange行为模式Behavior Pattern同型性Isomorphism因果关系Causality交互作用Interaction行为主义Behavioralism共同体Community压制Coercion决策研究方式Decision-making Approach同期组Cohort决定论Determinism冲突Conflict自然实验Natural Experiment自由度Degrees of Freedom团体Group团体理论Group Theory机构Institution合法性Legitimacy观察Observation多元论Pluralism权力Power过程Process问卷Questionnaire地区研究Regional Studies扩大Spillover传统研究方式Traditional Approach价值V alue七画利益聚集Aggregation of Interests连续统一体Continuum利益表达Articulation of Interests评价研究Evaluation Research折衷研究方式Eclectic Approach采访Interview启发式设计Heuristic Device纵向-横向研究方法投射法Projective Methods宏观-微观分析Macro-Micro AnalysisLongitudinal V ersus Cross Section Methods 投票行为V oting Behavior还原论Reductionism角色Role社会自动平衡Homeostasis社会控制Social Control社会工程学Social Engineering社会母体Social Matrix社会科学Social Science社会分层Social Stratification社会系统Social System社会Society社会计量学Sociometry系统System系统分析System Analysis时间数列分析Time Series Analysis 八画态度Attitude实力分析Capability Analysis态度分级Attitude Scaling实验Experiment实验室研究方式Laboratory Approach 经验主义Empiricism环境Environment事实Fact事件资料Events Data规范Norm直觉Intuition组织Organization规范性Normative和平研究Peace Research组织理论Organization Theory知觉Perception范例Paradigm命题Proposition知识社会学Sociology of Knowledge 所属群体Reference Group录用Recruitment参与观察Participant Observation参数Parameter抽样Sampling空间模型Spatial Model刺激-反映Stimulus-Response刻板Stereotype非干扰性度量Unobtrusive Measure 非参数统计Nonparametric Statistics 变量V ariable九画类比Analogy相关Correlation临界域Critical Region指数Index Number重访法Panel Study重言Tautology点估计Point Estimate政策科学Policy Sciences政治行动Political Action政治行动者Political Actor政治人类学Political Anthropology政治行为Political Behavior政治变化Political Change政治通讯Political Communication政治共同体Political Community政治文化Political Culture政治发展Political Development政治生态学Political Ecology政治一体化Political Integration政治哲学Political Philosophy政治心理学Political Psychology政治科学Political Science政治社会化Political Socialization政治社会学Political Sociology政治系统Political System政治理论Political Theory政治Politics政体Polity信度Reliability研究方式Approach研究Research研究设计Research Design科学Science科学方法Scientific Method科学哲学Philosophy of Science语义差度Semantic Differential战略Strategy统计学Statistics结构-功能主义Structural-Functionalism 结构Structure十画通讯理论Communications Theory通则解释Nomothetic Explanation契约论Contract Theory资料Data差异检验Deffierence Tests格特曼量表Guttman Scale预测Prediction调查研究Survey Research十一画假定Assumption假设Hypothesis随大流效果Bandwagon Effect偏性样本Biased Sample偶然性Chance控制组Control Group控制变量Control V ariables控制论Cybernetics描述Description离散度量数Dispersion Measures推断Inference领导Leadership检验Testing检验的功效Power of a Test随机Random理想类型Ideal Type理性选择范围Rational Choice Paradigm 理性Rationality第一类错误Type 1 Error十二画集体商品Collective Goods集合Set量化Quantification量表Scale量表转换Scale Transformation趋势陈述Tendency Statement散点图Scatter Diagaram十三画概念Concept概念组合Conceptual Scheme概括Generalization概率Probability解释Explanation频数分布Frequency Distrubution博弈论Game Theory输入Input输出Output管理科学Management Science零假设Null Hypothesis模拟Simulation十四画演绎Deduction模型Model稳定Stability十五画熵Entropy影响Influence十六画整体论Holism操作研究Operations Research。
医学生理学名词解释
1. Negative feedback:负反馈:在一个闭环系统中,控制部分活动受受控部分反馈信号(Sf)的影响而变化,若Sf为负,则为负反馈。
其作用是输出变量受到扰动时系统能及时反应,调整偏差信息(Se),以使输出稳定在参考点(Si)。
2. homeostasis(稳态):内环境的理化性质不是绝对静止的,而是各种物质在不断转换之中达到相对平衡状态,即动态平衡,这种平衡状态为稳态。
3. Autoregulation:自身调节,指组织、细胞在不依赖于外来的神经和体液调节情况下,自身对刺激发生的适应性反应过程。
4. Paracrine:旁分泌,内分泌细胞分泌的激素通过细胞外液扩散而作用于临近靶细胞的作用方式。
5. 局部电位:由阈下刺激引起局部膜去极化(局部反应),引起邻近一小片膜产生类似去极化。
主要包括感受器电位,突触后电位及电刺激产生的电紧张电位。
特点:分级;不传导;可以相加或相减;随时间和距离而衰减。
6. 内向电流:指细胞膜激活时发生的跨膜正离子内向流动或负离子外向流动。
7. fluid mosaic model:液态镶嵌模型,是有关膜的分子结构的假说,内容是膜的共同特点是以液态的脂质双分子层为骨架,其中镶嵌有具有不同分子结构、因而也具有不同生理功能的蛋白质。
8. 跳跃式传导:有髓纤维受外加刺激时,动作电位只能发生在相邻的朗飞结之间,跨髓鞘传递。
9. 膜片钳:用来测量单通道跨膜的离子电流和电导的装置。
10. 后负荷:指肌肉开始收缩时遇到的阻力。
11. 横桥:肌凝蛋白的膨大的球状部突出在粗肌丝的表面,它与细肌丝接触共同组成横桥结构。
它对肌丝的滑动有重要意义。
12. 后电位:在锋电位下降支最后恢复到静息电位水平前,膜两侧电位还要经历一些微小而较缓慢的波动,称为后电位。
13. Chemical-dependent channel:化学门控通道能特异性结合外来化学刺激的信号分子,引起通道蛋白质的变构作用而使通道开放,然后靠相应离子的易化扩散完成跨膜信号传递的膜通道蛋白。