2005年上海交大考博英语真题
05年10月考博英语A卷
05年10⽉考博英语A卷中国科学院博⼠研究⽣⼊学考试英语试卷2005年10⽉------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------THE CHINESE ACADEMY OF SCIENCESENGLISH ENTRANCE EXAMINATION FORDOCTORAL CANDIDATESOctober 2005PAPER ONEPART I VOCABULARY (15 minutes, 10 points, 0.5 point each)Directions: Choose the word or expression below each sentence that best completes the statement, and mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single baracross the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.1. Marine biologists are calling for Cardigan Bay to be redeveloped as a marine nature _______ to protect the dolphins.A. reservationB. rescueC. reserveD. refugee2. Police have planned a reconstruction of the crime tomorrow in the hope that thiswill ________ the memory of the passers-by.A. keepB. easeC. jogD. enhance3. Diamonds have little ________ value and their price depends almost entirely on their scarcity.A. intricateB. intactC. intriguingD. intrinsic4. At the moment she is ________ the netball match between the Japanese team andthe Cuban team over at the playing field.A. arbitratingB. interveningC. refereeingD. deciding5. Any time ________, any period of waiting is because you haven't come and received the message.A. errorB. cutC. lackD. lag6. James Joyce was __________ as the greatest writer of the 20th century.A. salutedB. estimatedC. scaledD. measured7. As a moralist, Virginia Woolf works by indirection, subtly undermining officially accepted mores, mocking, suggesting, and calling values into question ______ asserting, advocating or bearing witness.A. rather thanB. other thanC. together withD. as well as8. Scientists hope the collision will produce a large crater in the comet’s surface in order to reveal the core and give some _________ to the origin of the solar system.A. sourcesB. interpretationsC. cluesD. observations9. The Japanese Prime Minister’s _________ is a seat on the UN Security Council, for which he will be lobbying at the summit.A. precedenceB. promiseC. priorityD. procedure10. This cycle of growth, reached its peak in 1986, when the annual rate of growthwas ________ 12 percent.A. in case ofB. in view ofC. in face ofD. in excess of11. How well a person __________ depends just as much on whether they’re self-confident as it does on particular skills and expertise.A. jumps outB. turns outC. covers upD. turns up12. The skin of the forest keeper _________ exposure to the harsh northwest weather.A.is tanned fromB.is colored fromC. is tainted byD. is encoded by13. The Court of Auditors of the EU is an _________ body and acts independently from all other institutions.A. indifferentB. imperativeC. impartialD. incoherent14. Since it is too late to change my mind, I am _________ to carrying out the plan.A. committedB. obligedC. engagedD. resolved15. The possibilities of an autumn election cannot be _________.A. struck outB. left outC. ruled outD. counted out16. Hotels and restaurants are an ____ part of the city; without them the city’s tourist industry cannot exist.A. insignificantB. integralC. interiorD. inevitable17. I reject any religious doctrine that does not _______ to reason and is in conflict with morality.A. applyB. appealC. attractD. attend18. There are three bodies of writing that come to _________ this question and wewill consider each in turn.A. bear onB. sort outC. figure outD. put on19. Success does not ________ in never making mistakes but in never making thesame one a second time.A. compriseB. conveyC. consistD. conform20. Thousands perished, but the Japanese wished to ________ the extent of the cruelacts committed by their soldiers.A. live up toB. mark downC. size upD. play downPART II CLOZE TEST (15 minutes, 15 points)Directions:For each blank in the following passage, choose the best answer from the four choices given below. Mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet. Healthy guilt is a warning signal that either something dangerous is about to happen or something has already happened that needs ___21___. A feeling of distress is good when it keeps us from ___22___ our own values. It serves a useful function. Here is a(n) ___23___: If a fire broke out in someone's home ___24___ faulty wiring, he would not be content with ___25___ putting out the fire. ___26___, he would have the house rewired. When we feel guilty about something, we have to make the necessary changes in our character to prevent a ___27___.Unhealthy guilt is a distressful feeling which occurs without reason or persists even after appropriate steps have been taken to deal with a situation. A person with___28___ self-esteem may react to feelings of guilt in one of two ways: ___29___ that he has done wrong in order to protect his fragile ego; or experience the feeling as a ___30___ that he is just an unworthy person. An example involves the case of Mr. L. He has a ___31___ with Mr. Y and exchanges angry words. Later that day, Mr. Y gets sick. Mr. L may feel that he was the ___32___of Mr. Y's misfortune. Mr. L feels unwarranted guilt for the misfortune and thinks that his angry feelings caused the misfortune. This is irrational thinking and is ___33___ of pathological guilt.When people do research on a particular challenge and make a decision, the decision may ___34___ unfavorable consequences. Feeling distress and pain is normal. However, feeling guilty over the idea that you caused the consequences is unhealthy. As long as a decision is made with proper advice and with good intent, then the person remains morally right ___35___ having made the decision. There is no reason for guilt.21. A. connection B. correction C. recovery D. repetition22. A. underestimating B. displaying C. violating D. deteriorating23. A. hypothesis B. definition C. experiment D. analogy24. A. due to B. but for C. with D. under25. A. devotedly B. primarily C. timely D. merely26. A. Therefore B. Rather C. Anyway D. Consequently27. A. distress B. renewal C. conflict D. recurrence28. A. low B. exalted C. sincere D. much29. A. Imply B. Admit C. Deny D. Argue30. A. prescription B. communication C. confirmation D. perception31. A. contact B. disagreement C. relationship D. concern32. A. cause B. origin C. cure D. witness33. A. record B. proof C. evidence D. description34. A. attach to B. turn to C. lead to D. take to35. A. at B. in C. as D. forPART III READING COMPREHENSIONSection A (60 minutes, 30 points)Directions: Below each of the following passages you will find some questions or incomplete statements. Each question or statement is followed by fourchoices marked A, B, C, and D. Read each passage carefully, and then selectthe choice that best answers the question or completes the statement. Markthe letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on yourMachine-scoring Answer Sheet.Passage OneJeans were invented a little over a century ago and are currently the world's most popular, versatile garment, crossing boundaries of class, age and nationality. From their origins as pure workwear, th ey have spread through every level of the fashion spectrum, and are embraced internationally for their unmatched comfort and appeal.In the mid '40s, the Second World War came to an end, and denim blue jeans, previously worn almost exclusively as workwear, gained a new status in the U.S. and Europe. Rugged but relaxed, they stood for freedom and a bright future. Sported byboth men and women, by returning GI’s and sharp teenagers, they seem ed as clean and stron g as the people who chose to wear them. In Europe, surplus Levi's were left behind by American armed forces and were available in limited supplies. It was the European population's first introduction to the denim apparel. Workwear manufacturers tried to copy the U.S. originals, but those in the know insisted on the real thing.In the 50s, Europe was exposed to a daring new style in music and movies and consequently jeans took on an aura of sex and rebellion. Rock'n'roll coming from America blazed a trail of defiance, and jeans became a symbol of the break with convention and rigid social mores. When Elvis Presley sang in "Jailhouse Rock," his denim prison uniform carried a potent, virile image. Girls swooned and guys were quick to copy the King. In movies like "The Wild One" and "Rebel Without a Cause," cult figures Marlon Brando and James Dean portrayed tough anti-heroes in jeans and T-shirts. Adults spurned the look; teenagers, even those who only wanted to look like rebels, embraced it.By the beginning of the '60s, slim jeans had become a leisurewear staple, as teens began to have real fun, forgetting the almost desperate energy of the previous decade, while cocooned(包围在) in wealth and security. But the seeds of change had been sown, and by the mid '60s jeans had acquired yet another social connotation---as the uniform of the budding socialand sexual revolution. Jeans were the great equalizer, the perfect all-purpose garment for the classless society sought by the Hippy generation. In the fight for civil rights, at anti-war demonstrations on the streets of Paris, at sit-ins and love-ins everywhere, the battle cry was heard above a sea of blue.36.Jeans were first designed for _______.A.soldiersB.WorkmenC. TeenagersD. cowboys37.In the mid 40s, jeans gained popularity because ________.A. they made the wearer look clean and toughB. they were comfortable and looked friendlyC. they were the outward symbol of the mainstream societyD. they stood for freedom and a strong character38.What does the ―real thing‖ refer to in the second paragraph?A.authentic Levi’sB.workwearC. casual wearD. jeans of European style39.The popularity of Elvis Presley’s way of dressing illustrates that _________.A.teenagers wanted to look sexyB.people desired to look strong and manlyC.jeans went well with rock’n’rollD.D.Americans were more rebellious than Europeans40. The last sentence suggests that jeans were ________./doc/61c5a61755270722192ef7c4.html ed for military purposesB.the symbol of the ideal of social equalityC.worn by all kinds of peopleD. the outfit of social improvementPassage TwoThe ethnic group known as Ashkenazim is blessed with more than its fair share of talented minds, but is also prone to a number of serious genetic diseases.Researchers now suggest that intelligence is closely linked to several illnesses in Ashkenazi Jews, and that the diseases are the result of natural selection.The Ashkenazim are descended from Jewish communities in Germany, Austria, Poland, and Eastern Europe that date back to the 10th century. Today they make up approximately 80 percent of the world's Jewish population.Ashkenazim have the highest average IQ of any ethnic group, scoring 12 to 15 points above the European average. They are also strongly represented in fields and occupations requiring high cognitive ability. For instance, Jews of European ancestry account for 27 percent of U.S. Nobel science prize winners.But the group is also associated with several neurological disorders, including Tay-Sachs, Gaucher's, and Niemann-Pick. Tay-Sachs is a fatal hereditary disease of the central nervous system. Sufferers lack an enzyme needed to break down fatty substances in the brain and nerve cells. Gauchers and Niemann-Pick are similar, often fatal diseases.Because Jews were discriminated against in medieval Europe, they were often driven into professions such as moneylending and banking which were looked down upon or forbidden for Christians.Historians suggest that Jews with lucrative jobs often had four, six, or sometimes even eight or nine children. Poorer families, meanwhile, tended to be smaller, possibly because they lived in overcrowded areas in which children were more prone to disease. As a result, the researchers say, over hundreds of years the Jewish population of Europe became more intelligent than their gentile countrymen.But increased intelligence may have come at a cost, with genetic diseases such as Tay-Sachs being side effects of genes that facilitate intelligence. Researchers argue that it's highly unlikely that mutated genes responsible for these illnesses could have reached such high levels in Ashkenazim if they were not connected to cognitive performance.While the link is difficult to prove, there is some evidence that Gaucher disease does increase a person’s IQ. Around one in three people of working age who were patients of the Gaucher Clinic at the Shaare Zedek Medical Centre in Jerusalem had professions requiring an average IQ of more than 120. This group included scientists, academics, physicians, and accountants.Modern-day Ashkenazim are now far more likely to marry outside their ethnic group. A researcher says that he would expecta tendency for both higher IQs and associated genetic disorders to become less marked over time.41. According to the first paragraph, Ashkenazim are _______.A.more intelligent than other JewsB.more likely to be sick than other JewsC.endowed with natural ability because of genetic diseasesD.more likely to be born with genetic diseases42. According to the article, Ashkenazim are related to the Jewish people in ______.A.the whole Europe and Eastern AsiaB. B. Eastern Europe and a few other European countriesC.Eastern Europe and a few Asian countriesD.Eastern Europe and Germany43. Tay-Sachs, Gaucher’s and Niemann-Pick are _______.A.diseases caused by absence of an enzymeB.life-threatening genetic diseasesC.diseases that make people more intelligentD.the same disease with different terms44.The ―lucrative job‖ may most probably be a job which is _______.A.ProfitableB.unsteadyC.challengingD.permanent45.The underlined sentence in paragraph 7 roughly means that the researchersbelieve that _______.A. mutated genes have a negative influence on Ashkenazim’s intelligenceB. mutated genes have played a role in Ashkenazim’s intelligenceC. the Ashkenazim’s high intelligence is caused by the mutated genesD. the Ashkenazim’s illnesses have greatly handicapped their performance46.From the passage, it can be anticipated that in the future ________.A.Ashkenazim would be less intelligent but healthierB.there would be more outstanding Ashkenazim intellectualsC.Ashkenazim would be more intelligent and less healthyD.the cause of genetic diseases would be explored more deeplyPassage ThreeSometimes it's just hard to choose. You're in a restaurant and the waiter has his pen at the ready. As you hesitate, he gradually begins to take a close interest in the ceiling, his fingernails, then in your dining partner. Each dish on the menu becomes a blur as you roll your eyes up and down it in a growing panic. Finally, you desperately opt for something that turns out to be what you hate.It seems that we need devices to protect us from our hopelessness at deciding between 57 barely differentiated varieties of stuff - be they TV channels, gourmet coffee, downloadable ring tones, or perhaps, ultimately even interchangeable lovers. This thought is opposed to our government's philosophy, which suggests that greater choice over railways, electricity suppliers and education will make us happy. In my experience, they do anything but.Perhaps the happiest people are those who do not have much choice and aren’t confronted by the misery of endless choice. True, that misery may not be obvious to people who don't have a variety of luxuries. If you live in Madagascar, say, where average life expectancy is below 40 and they don't have digital TV or Starbucks, you might not be impressed by the anxiety and perpetual stress our decision-making paralysis causes.Choice wasn't supposed to make people miserable. It was supposed to be the hallmark of self-determination that we so cherish in capitalist western society. But it obviously isn't: ever more choice increases the feeling of missed opportunities, and this leads to self-blame when choices fail to meet expectations. What is to be done? A new book by an American social scientist, Barry Schwartz, called The Paradox of Choice, suggests that reducing choices can limit anxiety.Schwartz offers a self-help guide to good decision making that helps us to limit our choices to a manageable number, and ultimately derive greater satisfaction from the choices we make. This is a capitalist response to a capitalist problem.But once you realize that your Schwartzian filters are depriving you ofsomething you might have found enjoyable, you will experience the same anxiety as before, worrying that you made the wrong decision in drawing up your choice-limiting filters. Arguably, we will always be doomed to buyers' remorse and the misery it entails. The problem of choice is perhaps more difficult than Schwartz allows.47.The waiter mentioned in Paragraph 1 would agree that given a variety of choice_______.A. it is common for his customer to hesitate in ordering a mealB. it is impolite for his customer to order with hesitationC. it is difficult for his customer to expect quality foodD. it is possible to get to know his customer’s partner48.It is implied that it is the government’s inten tion to _______.A.improve the quality of TV programsB.try to offer greater choice over public service systemsC.make people realize that some lovers are interchangeableD.encourage the downloading of a variety of ring tones49.We can infer that the author’s attitude toward s choice is that _______.A.the more choice we have, the more freedom we can enjoyB.endless choice has only made us more miserableC.it is easy for people to make a wrong decision with few choicesD. before we make decisions, we want as many choices as possible50.The author mentioned ―Starbucks‖ in Paragraph 3 as an illustration of _______.A.happinessB.low life expectancyC. perpetual stressD. luxury51.From Barry Schwartz’s book, The Paradox of Choice, we can getrecommendation tips on _______.A. how to handle the situation of capitalist exploitationB.how to deal with your expense budgetC. how to avoid the feeling of missed opportunitiesD.how to save money by making a right choice52.We may conclude that it is NOT one of the author’s purposes to _______.AAA. stress the problem of choiceB.discuss decision-making paralysisC. make an analysis of buyers’ remorseD. promote the new book The Paradox of ChoicePassage FourMany things make people think artists are weird –the odd hours, the nonconformity, the clove cigarettes. However, the weirdest may be this: artists’ only jobs are to explore emotions, and yet they choose to focus on the ones that feel lousy. This wasn’t always so. The earliest forms of art, like painting and m usic, are those best suited for expressing joy. But somewhere in the 19th century, more artists began seeing happiness as insipid, phony or, worst of all, boring. In the 20th century, classical music became more atonal, visual art more unsettling.Sure, there have been exceptions, but it would not be a stretch to say that for the past century or so, serious art has been at war with happiness. In 1824, Beethoven completed his ―Ode to Joy‖. In 1962, novelist Anthoy Burgess used it in A Clockwork Orange as the favorite music of his ultra-violent antihero.You could argue that art became more skeptical of happiness because modern times have seen such misery. But the reason may actually be just the opposite: there is too much damn happiness in the world today.In the West, before mass communication and literacy, the most powerful mass medium was the church, which reminded worshippers that their souls were in peril and that they would someday be meat for worms. Today the messages that the average Westerner is bombarded with are not religious but commercial, and relentlessly happy. Since these messages have an agenda –to pry our wallets from our pockets –they make the very idea of happiness seem bogus(假的). ―Celebrate!‖commanded the ads for the arthritis drug Celebrex, before we found out it could increase the risk of heart attack.What we forget – what our economy depends on us forgetting – is that happiness is more than pleasure without pain. Thethings that bring the greatest joy carry the greatest potential for loss and disappointment. Today, surrounded by promises of easy happiness, we need someone to tell us that it is ok not to be happy, that sadness makes happiness deeper. As the wine-connoisseur movie Sideways tells us, it is the kiss of decay and mortality that makes grape juice into Pinot Noir. We need art to tell us, as religion once did, that you will die, that everything ends, and that happiness comes not in denying this but in living with it. It’s a message even more bitter tha n a clove cigarette, yet, somehow, is a breath of fresh air.53.What is most strange about artists?A. They wear special clothes.B. They rarely work in the daytime.C. They mainly depict distressing things.D. They are liable to take illegal drugs.54.What does the author mean by ―a stretch‖?A.a terrible thingB.an exaggerationC.a continuous period of timeD.an exception55.The example that ―Ode to Joy‖ was used in Burgess’s novel is meant to illustratethat _______.A.musicians and novelists share similar artistic tasteB.violent people have a strong desire to be happyC.serious art is often contradictory with happinessD.music is enjoyed by good and bad people alike56.The word ―Celebrex‖ in the advertisement ________.A.misleads people into buying dangerous drugsB.reminds people of a cheerful feelingC.boasts of the effectiveness of a drug/doc/61c5a61755270722192ef7c4.html es from a religious term57.How could the economy depend on our forgetting things?A.The economy would not be boosted if everybody were satisfied.B.There are many new products designed for the forgetful.C.People will spend more money if we believe in easy happiness.D.We pay heavily for forgetting things easily.58.What does the author imply with the movie Sideways?A.Happiness can be found through pains and efforts.B.Happiness comes when everything dies.C.Happiness makes sadness deeper.D.Happiness is not a good thing.Passage FiveAs students return to school this fall, parents will again worry about new illnesses as kids come into contact with flu germs. There are other risks they should worry about—illnesses caused by the common bugs and rodents found in school buildings. Perhaps the even more dangerous pests however are those individuals who prevent school administrators from swiftly addressing these problems.Anti-chemical activists have pushed, and nearly 20 states and local governments have passed, laws to eliminate or drastically reduce the use of pesticides in schools. Yet pesticides are used to control roaches, mice, rats, mosquitoes, and other pests. The public health implications of allowing these things to get out of control should be obvious: increased allergies and illnesses related to insect and rodent bites.Some states have passed a seemingly more reasonable policy that demands that school administrators provide notification 48 to 72 hours before using pesticides. But such laws allow problems to escalate during waiting periods when an urgent response is warranted. Notification paperwork burdens also consume limited financial resources. Journalist Steve Milloy reported that the notification law of Maryland costs the state’s schools $32,000 annually.Parents should fear these laws and the pests they harbor more than the pesticides. Environmental Protection Agency(EPA) pesticide standards are so exceedingly cautious that the risks are tiny when the product is used according to label directions. An analysis done by the University of Texas found that the EPA’s risk estimates overstate pesticide exposure damage at a level hundreds of thousands of times greater than the risk of actual exposure.Meanwhile, many of the pests in schools pose serious risks. Allergies and asthma are a particular concern. According to one study published in Environmental Health Perspectives: ―Allergens associated with dust mites and cockroaches are probably important in both onset and worsening of asthma symptoms for children who are chronically exposed to these agents.‖Cockroach allergies are particularly problematic. Children who suffered from this type of allergy missed more days of school and lost more sleep than children suffering from other allergies.Prudent use of chemicals—not reduced pesticide use—can be a big part of the solution. A study in the Journal of Allergies and Clinical Immunology showed that use of chemical baits and regular cleaning can reduce indoor cockroach allergens to levels below that which causes allergies.If people are truly concerned about public health in schools, it’s time to start looking at priorities. Rather than liberate the pests, they should liberate the schools from silly government regulations and dangerous vermin.59. The author implies that parents should be most concerned about __________.A.flu germsB.pestsC.school administratorsD.anti-chemical activists60. The author would most probably agree that the laws restricting the use of pesticides in schools _________.A.are necessaryB.are harmfulC.are quite effectiveD.reflect health concerns61. The third paragraph shows that in schools ________.A. sometimes pesticides should be used immediatelyB. the cost of using pesticides is very highC.the laws about using pesticides are not properly observedD. using pesticides is a daily routine62. Regarding pesticides, the author thinks that _________.A. their danger has been exaggeratedB. their effects have been proved by EPAC. they are not effective for killing some pestsD.they may cause some illnesses in children63. Allergens associated with cockroaches may ________.A. kill some insectsB. trigger genetic problemsC. cause asthma symptomsD. create environmental pollution64. As a result of cockroach allergies, children may have difficulty with _______.A.hearingB.digesting/doc/61c5a61755270722192ef7c4.html municatingD.sleeping65. What is the main idea of the passage?A. New chemicals should be developed to control pests.B. Pesticides should be used frequently to control pests.C.Some policies have ruined the efforts to control pests.D. Schools have ignored the need to control pests.Section B ( 20 minutes, 10 points)Direction: In each of the following passages, five sentences have been removed from the original text. They are listed from A to F and put below the passage. Choosethe most suitable sentence from the list to fill in each of the blanks (numbered66 to 75). For each passage, there is one sentence that does not fit in any ofthe blanks. Mark your answers on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Passage OneTHE LONDON terrorist attacks on July 7 and July 21 changed British Prime Minister Tony Blair. He had long been reluctant to make the fight against Islamo-fascist terror a domestic issue. Last week he outlined security measures to deal with radical clerics who incite violence.Of particular interest is a measure that reads in part: "It is now necessary, in order to acquire British citizenship, that people attend a citizenship ceremony [and] swear allegiance to the country." That's not much different from U.S. law. ___66___ This requirement would violate Section 203 of the U.S. V oting Rights Act, which requires that bilingual election materials and assistance be made available when a foreign language reaches critical mass in the general population. For example, California recall ballots in Los Angeles County were printed in English, Spanish, Chinese, Vietnamese, Japanese, Korean and Tagalog. ___67___U.S. law, in effect, tells new citizens that they can be fully engaged in U.S. democracy without understanding the language of its election campaigns. ___68___ Naturalized citizens must demonstrate a fundamental understanding of U.S. history and civics. Isn't it reasonable to expect them also to be able to communicate, at a basic level, in the language of U.S. politics?___69___ Requiring citizens to understand basic English isn't bias. But supporting a system that encourages American citizens to accept a life without meaningful participation in politics and civic life —that's bias.To end the separatism and disengagement that flourishes in part because significant portions of his country cannot speak English, Blair wants to make basic knowledge of English a requirement for British citizenship. There can be no true national。
上海交通大学考博英语-1
上海交通大学考博英语-1(总分:75.00,做题时间:90分钟)一、{{B}}Part Ⅰ Listening Comprehension{{/B}}(总题数:40,分数:20.00)1.I'll have to ______ this dress a bit before the wedding next week.(分数:0.50)A.let offB.let goC.let looseD.let out √解析:[解析] D项“let out放大(衣服)”,根据空格处的意思:我得把衣服改的大点,故选D。
A项let off放 (炮);B项let go放开,松手;C项let loose松手,释放”,均不符合题意。
2.From the time of the Greeks to the Great War, medicine' s job was simple: to struggle with ______ diseases and gross disabilities, to ensure live births, and to manage pain. A. immortal B. immune C lethal D. toxic(分数:0.50)A.B.C. √D.解析:[解析] C项“lethal致命的”,如Pot-holes can be lethal for the unwary cyclist(路上坑坑洼洼,骑车的人一不小心就有致命危险),根据空格处的意思:与致命的疾病做斗争,故选C。
A项immortal 不朽的;B项immune免疫的;D项toxic有毒的,均不符合题意。
3.Telephones save the feet and endless amounts of time. This is due partly to the fact that the telephone service is superb here, ______ the postal service is less efficient.(分数:0.50)A.whereB.sinceC.thatD.whereas √解析:[解析] 四个选项的意思分别是where什么地方,在哪里,……的(地方);since自……以后,自……以来,因为,既然;that(引导从句);whereas然而,反之,鉴于,尽管,但是。
2005年03月考博英语试题及答案
中国科学院博士研究生入学考试英语试卷2005年3月考生须知:一、本试卷由试卷一(PAPER ONE)和试卷二(PAPER TWO)两部分组成。
试卷一为客观题,答卷使用标准化机读答题纸;试卷二为主观题,答卷使用普通答题纸。
二、请考生一律用HB或2B铅笔填涂标准化机读答题纸,画线不得过细或过短。
修改时请用橡皮擦拭干净。
若因填涂不符合要求而导致计算机无法识别,责任由考生自负。
请保持机读答题纸清洁、无折皱。
三、全部考试时间总计180分钟,满分为100分。
时间及分值分布如下:试卷一:Ⅰ听力20分钟20分Ⅱ词汇15分钟10分Ⅲ完形填空15分钟15分Ⅳ阅读60分钟30分小计110分钟75分试卷二:Ⅴ英译汉30分钟10分Ⅵ写作40分钟15分小计70分钟25分CHINESE ACADEMY OF SCIENCESENGLISH ENTRANCE EXAMINATIONFORDOCTORAL CANDIDATESMarch 2005PAPER ONEPART Ⅰ LISTENING COMPREHENSION (20 minutes, 20 points)Directions:In this section, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The question will be spoken only once. Choose the best answer from the four choices given by marking the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.1. A. He needs more fresh air. B. He is willing to go out.C. He is too sick to go out.D. He opened the window.2. A. Their friemts. B. Daily activities.C. Past experiences.D. Historical events.3. A. To buy a ticket. B. To pay a fee.C. To pay back a debt.D. To buy a gift.4. A. Give information. B. State preferences.C. Ask permission.D. Attract attention.5. A. In a gymnasium. B. In an art exhibition.C. In a shop.D. In a hotel.6. A. 19 dollars each. B. 38 dollars each.C. 30 dollars altogether.D. 36 dollars altogether.7. A. Jack is a gentleman. B. Jack does everything right.C. Jack is a desirable husband.D. Jack behaves immaturely sometimes.8. A. It was remarkable to both the man and the woman.B. It was not suitable for the woman.C. The man hated this kind of movie.D. The woman complained about its quality.9. A. See how much the jacket is.B. See if the jacket there is blue.C. See if there is a cell phone in the jacket.D. See if there was anything turned in this morning.10. A. The man has caught a cold. B. The woman was caught in a rainstorm.C. The weather forecast was inaccurate.D. It rained very heavily.Directions:In this section, you will hear three short talks. At the end of each talk, there will be a few questions. Both the talk and the questions will be read to you only once. After each question, there will be a pause. During the pause, you must choose the best answer fromthe four choices given by marking the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Questions 11-13 are based on Talk 1.11. A. Language comes from physical labor.B. Language learning is a long-term endeavor.C. Language reflects history.D. Language study is very important.12. A. Constructing a wheel. B. Making a choice.C. Coming back.D. Turning around.13. A. The overthrow of a class. B. The overthrow of a tyrant.C. The overthrow of a belief.D. The overthrow of an act.Questions 14-17 are based on Talk 2.14. A. It‟s a wonderful idea.B. It‟s not a smart thing to do.C. It‟s too difficult to put into practice.D. It‟s interesting to the decision maker.15. A. Telling people about your degrees.B. Promising that you will make good achievements.C. Introducing your job responsibilities.D. Talking about the needs of the potential employer.16. A. The results which your potential boss wants to gain with your assistance.B. The results of making more money on an international market.C. The results that the employer has seen in the past.D. The results that your potential boss does not want to see.17. A. Proving that you are capable of doing the job.B. Seeking the position that is not too high or too low for you.C. Insisting that experience is more important than knowledge.D. Claiming that you are better than any other applicant.Questions 18-20 are based on Talk 3.18. A. They exercise dogs twice a day.B. They learn how to be responsible for dogs.C. They encourage dogs to go for long walks.D. They like dogs too much to care about other things.19. A. Working for the police.B. Relaxing with other dogs.C. Protecting businesses.D. Guiding the blind.20. A. Dogs ride in public transport.B. Dogs bite their owners when in a rage.C. Vehicles run over stray dogs.D. People always keep dogs on leads.PART ⅡVOCABULARY (15 minutes, 10 points, 0.5 point each)Directions: Choose the word or expression below each sentence that best completes the statement, and mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.21. Giorgio, now fifteen, and Lucia, also in her teens, were reaching the of their adolescence.A. crisisB. criterionC. causalityD. credibility22. At first Jackie prayed, frozen in fear, but gradually his terror curiosity.A. put up withB. lived up toC. did away withD. gave way to23. The International Olympic Committee rejects the accusations that Beijing‟s budget-cutting move might its preparation for the games.A. degradeB. deliberateC. deployD. defend24. You are not allowed to take a second job your employer gives you permission.A. so long asB. otherwiseC. unlessD. whereas25. They continued to about and enjoy themselves until they became tired.A. strokeB. strollC. stammerD. string26. The survey asked 750 school children about the values and beliefs they from television.A. pick upB. take upC. put upD. make up27. I am grateful for your invitation, and I‟d like to accept your offer with pleasure.A. delightedB. innocentC. graciousD. prestigious28. I must you farewell right now, but on some future occasion, I hope to see you again.A. relayB. bidC. sendD. deliver29. Perhaps my dishes will not be as delicious as those which you are accustomed to eating, but I beg you to grant my and have dinner with me.A. resentmentB. requirementC. requestD. reservation30. That singular ach ievement was not just about Korea‟s arrival as a football force but as a self-confident mature nation to be seriously.A. copedB. shownC. establishedD. taken31. Europe as a unit did little by itself; it either sent for US help, or each European government acted on its own.A. incidentalB. apparentC. cohesiveD. descendent32. On 9 December, James Joyce experienced one of those coincidences which affected him at the time and which later became material for his books.A. inadequatelyB. systematicallyC. profoundlyD. simultaneously33. Embarrassed, I nodded, trying to think of some way to my error.A. make do withB. make up forC. go in forD. go along with34. Furthermore, if I were to leave him, he would , for he cannot endure to be separated from me for more than one hour.A. prevailB. presideC. perishD. persecute35. With high hopes, the company sent samples of the substance to scientists, but theycouldn‟t any practical uses for it.A. come up withB. do justice toC. get even withD. look up to36. He signed a new contract with the Dublin firm, Maunsel & Company, on more favorable than those Grant Richards had given him.A. itemsB. termsC. articlesD. specifications37. Most scientists agree this outpouring contributes to global warming, which could eventually lead to coastal flooding, weather, and widespread crop loss.A. intensiveB. extremeC. unpleasedD. unique38. There was a quick turnover of staff in the department as the manager treated his employees with contempt.A. utterB. soleC. intimateD. corresponding39. The source, who spoke on condition of anonymity, to discuss the implication of that conclusion.A. recededB. impliedC. compliedD. declined40. Childhood can be a time of great insecurity and loneliness, during which the need to be accepted by peers great significance.A. takes onB. works outC. brings aboutD. gives inPART ⅢCLOZE TEST (is minutes, 15 points)Directions: There are 15 blanks in the following passage. Read the passage through. Then, go back and choose the most suitable of the words or phrases marked A, B, C, and D for each blank in the passage. Mark the corresponding letter of the word or phrase you have chosen with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Can exercise be a bad thing? Sudden death during or soon after strenuous exertion on the squash court or on the army training grounds, is not unheard of. 41 trained marathon runners are not immune to fatal heart attacks. But no one knows just 42 common these sudden deaths linked to exercise are. The registration and investigation of such 43 is very patchy; only a national survey could determine the true 44 of sudden deaths in sports. But the climate ofmedical opinion is shifting in 45 of exercise, for the person recovering from a heart attack as 46 as the average lazy individual. Training can help the victim of a heart attack by lowering the 47 of oxygen the heart needs at any given level of work 48 the patient can do more before reaching the point where chest pains indicate a heart starved of oxygen. The question is, should middle-aged people, 49 particular, be screened for signs of heart disease before 50 vigorous exercise?Most cases of sudden death in sport are caused by lethal arrhythmias in the beating of the heart, often in people 51 undiagnosed coronary heart disease. In North America 52 over 35 is advised to have a physical check-up and even an exercise electrocardiogram. The British, on the whole, think all this testing is unnecessary. Not many people die from exercise, 53 , and ECGs(心电图)are notoriously inaccurate. However, two medical cardiologists at the Victoria Infirmary in Glasgow, advocate screening by exercise ECG for people over 40, or younger people 54 at risk of developing coronary heart disease. Individuals showing a particular abnormality in their ECGs 55 , they say, a 10 to 20 times greater risk of subsequently developing signs of coronary heart disease, or of sudden death.41. A. Then B. Though C. Since D. Even42. A. why B. how C. if D. what43. A. runners B. exercises C. patients D. cases44. A. initiation B. evidence C. incidence D. indication45. A. favor B. positive C. inclination D. bias46. A. good B. well C. much D. far47. A. weight B. amount C. degree D. quality48. A. however B. because C. but D. so49. A. at B. to C. for D. in50. A. taking up B. trying on C. getting over D. doing with51. A. beyond B. by C. with D. of52. A. anyone B. none C. some D. nobody53. A. of course B. at all C. after all D. by far54. A. readily B. suddenly C. already D. ready55. A. having B. had C. having been D. havePART ⅣREADING COMPREHENSION (60 minutes, 30 points)Directions: You will read five passages in this part of the test. Below each passage there are some questions or incomplete statements. Each question or statement is followed by four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Read the passage carefully, and then select the choice that best answers the question or completes the statement. Mark the letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Passage 1I myself first saw Samarkand from a rise across a wilderness of crumbling ruins and great graveyards which lie between it and the airport. Suddenly we caught a glimpse of painted towers and the great blue domes of mosques and tombs shouldering the full weight of the sky among bright green trees and gardens. Beyond the gardens and the glittering domes still were those watchful mountains and their evocative snow. I found myself thinking of the thrill I had on catching my first sight of Damascus after crossing the desert from Syria. The light, the orchards and many of the trees were the same but deeper still was the sense of coming into contact with one of the most astonishing cultures in history, the world of the one and only Allah and his prophet Muhammad. It was a world that completely overawed me.Yet the memory of Samarkand which stays with me most clearly is quite a humble one. Coming back to the city from the country on my last evening we passed some unusual elm trees and I stopped to have a look at them. They were, my guide told me, perhaps a thousand years old, older certainly than Genghis Khan. A flock of fat-tailed sheep (the same kind of sheep that my own ancestors saw a Hottentot keeping when they landed at the Cape of Good Hope 321 years ago), tended by some Tadshik children, moved slowly home in the distance. Then from the city came quite clearly the call to prayer from mosque and minaret. I had not expected any calls at all and it made no difference that some of the calls came over loud-speakers. Then beyond the trees an old manappeared on a donkey, dismounted, spread a prayer mat on the ground, and kneeling towards Mecca, he began to pray.From Samarkand I journeyed on to Bokhara which was once the holiest city in Central Asia. At one time it possessed over a hundred religious colleges and close to four hundred mosques. It drew adventurers of all races towards it as it did Marco Polo. Not many of them reached their destination. These days at what used to be one of the richest market places in the world, one buys ice-cream instead of slaves; watches and mass-produced trinkets and fizzy drinks instead of gold, silks and turquoise jewellery. Few of the four hundred mosques remain and most have vanished without even leavinga trace.56. Samarkand lies .A. in a desertB. high in the mountainsC. in front of DamascusD. between the mountains and the airport57. The author said that he was overawed by .A. the beauty of the sceneB. the sight of DamascusC. the age of the placeD. the world of Allah and Muhammad58. The author refers to his clearest memory of Samarkand as “humble” because .A. it was an ordinary scene that he rememberedB. it was his last night in the city and his last memoryC. the elm trees were older than Genghis KhanD. the trees looked impressive in the evening light59. The author says that the sheep he saw were similar to .A. the ones his ancestors had keptB. the ones that lived in his own countryC. those his ancestors had seen at the Cape of Good HopeD. those his ancestors had taken to the Cape of Good Hope60. The author was surprised to hear the calls to prayer because .A. he was far away from the city, yet he could hear them clearlyB. he did not think there would be any callsC. the calls came from the mosquesD. the calls were no different over loud-speakers61. The market has changed in character because now .A. it does sell jewelleryB. the holy men do not sell thereC. it sells goods for tourists and items of little valueD. the traders have disappeared because it is too dangerous to sell therePassage 2The component of the healthy personality that is the first to develop is the sense of trust. As with other personality components, the sense of trust is not something that develops independent of other manifestations of growth. It is not that infants learn how to use their bodies for purposeful movement, learn to recognize people and objects around them, and also develop a sense of trust. Rather, the concept “sense of trust” is a shortcut expression intended to convey the characteristic flavor of all the child‟s satisfying experiences at this early age.Studies of mentally ill individuals and observations of infants who have been grossly deprived of affection suggest that trust is an early-formed and important element in the healthy personality. Psychiatrists find again and again that the most serious illnesses occur in patients who have been sorely neglected or abused or otherwise deprived of love in infancy.Observations of infants brought up in emotionally unfavorable institutions or moved to hospitals with inadequate facilities for psychological care support these findings. A recent report says that “Infants under 5 months of age who have been in an institution for some time present a well-defined picture. The outstanding features are listlessness, relative immobility, quietness, poor sleep, an appearance of unhappiness, etc.”Another investigation of children separated from their mothers at 6 to 12 months and not provided with an adequate substitute comes to much the same conclusion.Most significant for our present point, these reactions are most likely to occur in children who, up to the time of separation at 6 to 9 months of age, had a happy relation with their mothers, while those whose relations were unhappy are relatively unaffected.It is at about this age that the struggle between trusting and mistrusting the world comes to a climax, for it is then that children first perceive clearly that they and their environment are things apart. That at this point formerly happy infants should react so badly to separation suggests, indeed, that they had a faith that now has been shattered. In most primitive societies and in some sections of our own society, the attention accorded infants is more in line with natural processes. Throughout infancy the baby is surrounded by people who are ready to feed it, fondle it, and otherwise comfort it at a moment‟s notice. Moreover, these ministrations are given spontaneously and wholeheartedly, and without that element of nervous concern that may characterize the efforts of young mothers made self-conscious and insecure by our scientific age.We must not exaggerate, however. Most infants in our society too find smiles and comfort. As their own bodies come to be more dependable, there is added to the pleasures of increasing sensory response and motor control the pleasure of the mothers‟ encouragement. Then, too, psychologists tell us that mothers create a sense of trust in their children not by the particular techniques they employ but by the sensitiveness with which they respond to the children‟s needs and by their overall attitude.62. The sense of trust in an infant is under development when .A. the infant experiences some satisfactionB. adults‟ trust is adequateC. the infant learns how to moveD. the infant is surrounded by people he can recognize63. The author raises evidence of mental illness and other disorders in children .A. to introduce a discussion of the effect of institutions on childrenB. to show the effect on children of an unhappy relation with their mothers during infancyC. to warn parents of the dangers of neglecting and abusing their childrenD. to support the point that trust is an early formed and important element of a healthy personality64. Babies might mistrust the world if .A. they did not receive food when they were hungryB. they mastered their body movements too quicklyC. someone came too close to themD. they saw an object disappear65. The climax in the development of a sense of trust occurs .A. before maternal affection is providedB. when a child perceives that he or she is separate from the environmentC. when a child successfully controls his or her muscular coordinationD. as a result of maternal separation66. A possible reason that a child having an unhappy relation with his/her mother will not be affected by maternal separation at 6 to 9 months is that .A. the struggle between trusting and mistrusting has reached a climaxB. the child sees himself/herself as being separate from the environmentC. the child‟s sense of trust is destroyedD. no sense of trust has ever developed67. According to this passage, the most important factor in developing a sense of trust is .A. the type of techniques used by the motherB. the sensitivity of the childC. maternal loveD. the combined effect of natural feeling and cultural attitudes68. How can mothers create a sense of trust in a child?A. By showing confidence and experience in front of the child.B. By applying techniques taught by psychologists.C. By showing the child that the mother is understanding of his/her wants.D. By offering smiles and comforts.Passage 3I saw a television advertisement recently for a new product called an air sanitizer. A woman stood in her kitchen, spraying the empty space in front of her as though using Mace against an imaginary assailant. She appeared very determined. Where others aresatisfied with antibacterial-laced sponges, dish soaps, hand sanitizers and telephone wipes, here was a woman who sought to sterilize the air itself.As a casual student of microbiology, I find it hard to escape the absurdity here. This woman is, like any human being, home to hundreds of trillions of bacteria. Bacteria make up a solid third, by weight, of the contents of her intestines. If you were to sneak into her bathroom while she was showering—and based on my general impression of this woman from the advertisement, I don‟t recommend this—and secret away a teaspoon of the water at her feet, you would find some 820 billion bacteria. Bacteria are unavoidably, inevitably—and, usually, utterly benignly—a part of our world.The fantasy of a germ-free home is not only absurd, but it is also largely pointless. Unless you share your home with someone very old, very young (under 6 months) or very ill, the few hundred bacteria on a countertop, doorknob or spoon pose no threat. The bacteria that cause food poisoning, the only significant rational bacterial worry in the average home, need to multiply into the thousands or millions before they can overwhelm your immune system and cause symptoms.The only way common food poisoning bacteria can manage this is to spend four or five hours reproducing at room temperature in something moist that you then eat. If you are worried about food poisoning, the best defense is the refrigerator. If you don‟t make a habit of eating perishable food that has been left out too long, don‟t worry about bacteria.Viruses are slightly different. You need only pick up a few virus particles to infect yourself with a cold or flu, and virus particles can survive on surfaces for days. So disinfecting the surfaces in the home should, in theory, reduce the chances of picking up a bug.In practice, the issue is less clear. A study by Dr. Elaine Larson at the Columbia School of Nursing called into question the usefulness of antibacterial products for the home. In New York, 224 households, each with at least one preschooler, were randomly assigned to two groups. One group used antibacterial cleaning, laundry and hand-washing products. The other used ordinary products. For 48 weeks, the groups were monitored for seven symptoms of colds, flu and food poisoning—and found to be essentially thesame. A ccording to Dr. Gerba‟s research, an active adult touches an average of 300 surfaces every 30 minutes. You cannot win at this. You will become obsessive-compulsive. Just wash your hands with soap and water a few times a day, and leave it at that.69. What is the main idea of this passage?A. We don‟t need to worry too much about bacteria everywhere in our life.B. Antibacterial products for the home are found to be effective.C. The TV advertisement the writer mentioned is a total failure.D. The existent bacteria pose a threat only to the very young and very old.70. We can infer from Paragraph 3 that .A. healthy people should live separately from unhealthy members of the familyB. a germ-free home is not only possible, but significantC. unless you live with the vulnerable, it is pointless to sterilize the airD. our immune systems are too weak to fight against the food poisoning bacteria71. In the first sentence of Paragraph 4, “... manage this” means “to manage the process of .A. killing the bacteria in your bodyB. multiplying to a significantly large numberC. raising the room temperatureD. sterilizing the perishable food72. According to the author, if you want to keep healthy, you had better .A. make the room dryB. keep the food in the refrigeratorC. wash your hands as much as possibleD. clean the surfaces with anti-bacterial products73. From Paragraph 5 the author emphasizes .A. the danger of virusesB. the common existence of virus particlesC. the short life span of virusesD. the difficulty in killing viruses74. The word “bug” used in Paragraph 5 means .A. a bacteriumB. a coldC. a fluD. a virus75. According to the author, one will become obsessive-compulsive .A. if he washes his hands every time he touches a surfaceB. if he only washes his hands with soap and waterC. if he could not win over the bacteria in his homeD. if he does not fight against the bacteria at homePassage 4Until recently the halls of North High in Minneapolis were lined with vending machines where students could buy soda pop and other sugary drinks, as they can in most other high schools in the nation. But with rates of childhood obesity sky-rocketing, the Minneapolis school district worried about pushing pop. The district needed a way to keep its lucrative vending contract with Coca-Cola while steering kids toward more healthful beverages.Bryan Bass, North‟s assistant principal, took the challenge. He stocked 12 of North‟s 16 vending machines only with water, priced at 75 cents a bottle. Three machines dispensed juice and sports drinks for $1. Only one sold soft drinks, at $1.25 per can. “We located the water machines strategically outside our buildings, so when you come out of a classroom what you see is a water machine,” says Bass. “We also decided to allow water in classrooms but not juice or pop.” The result? Profits from the vending machines nearly tripled, from $ 4,500 to $11,000 in two years. They‟re now in their third year, and says Bass:“Water has become …cool.‟”North‟s suc cess demonstrates what many obesity experts and parents believe: Kids will learn to make healthful food and drink choices if they have access to them and are motivated to do so. “Price is a powerful motivator,” says Simone French of the University of Minnesota, an expert on school-based obesity prevention. She‟s impressed with North‟s efforts, but she says the problem is implementing these strategiesthroughout society. “Obesity is the biggest health issue facing kids,and we‟ve got to do more.”How to do mo re was outlined last week in the Institute of Medicine‟s 460-page action plan, mandated by Congress, on “Preventing Childhood Obesity.” Chaired by Emory University‟s Jeffrey Koplan, the plan is the first comprehensive look at childhood obesity and what government, industry, schools, communities, families, and medical professionals can do to reduce its impact. “I think this is similar in importance to the first Surgeon General‟s Report on Smoking and Health in 1964,” Koplan says. That landmark document led to the health warning on cigarette packages and a ban on cigarette advertising on TV.76. In most American high schools, selling soft drinks is .A. encouragedB. allowedC. unlawfulD. unprofitable77. Water has become “cool” in the Minneapol is school district partly because .A. water is provided freeB. most kids can afford nothing but waterC. water machines are put in noticeable positionsD. children have realized the harm of sugary drinks78. We can infer that in terms of healthful drinks for kids, Simone French and some other experts are .A. confident about children‟s choicesB. pessimistic about the futureC. puzzled about which approach to takeD. worried about how to motivate children79. By mentioning the 1964 report on smoking, Jeffrey Koplan implied that .A. more children tend to smoke today than yesterdayB. both obesity and smoking require the attention of schools and society.C. the present plan on obesity would function similarly as a landmark.D. obesity and smoking are both health problems.80. The primary purpose of this passage is to .。
2005年全国医学博士统一考试英语听力录音文本
2005Part I Listening Comprehension (30%)Section ADirections: In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, you will hear a question about what is said. The questionwill be read only once. After you hear the question, read the four possible answersmarked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice onthe ANSWER SHEET.Listen to the following example.You will hear:Woman: I feel faint.Man: No wonder. You haven’t had a bite all day.Question: What’s the matter with the woman?You will read:A. She is sick.B. She was bitten by an ant.C. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Here C is the fight answer.Sample AnswerA B C DSection A1. W: Congratulations! I understand you will be admitted to Peking University. When are youleaving for Beijing?M: You must be thinking of someone else. I’m still waiting to hear.Q: What does the man mean?2. M: Hello, this is Jason Smith. I’m calling to see if my urine test results are in.W: Doctor White just sent them to the lab this morning. So the earliest data will be back in tomorrow’s afternoon.Q: What does the woman mean?3. M: I’m taking a collection for the AIDS patients. Would you like to give?W: Just a minute when I get my purse.Q: What will the woman do next?4. M: Oh, that hurts!W: What happened? Did you cut yourself?M: Yes, on the edge of this paper. I’m not bleeding. But my finger is really hurt.Q: What happened to the man?5. W: Have you saved enough to buy that new digital camera?M: You know, money seems to be burning a hole in my pocket lately.Q: What does the man mean?6. M: One of the members of the Student Union is quitting. Do you know anyone who will beinterested in taking this place?W: I’m not sure. But I will certainly keep an eye out for you.Q: What will the woman probably do?7. W: Have you been the dentist to have your wisdom tooth pulled out?M: I have an appointment with the dentist this afternoon.Q: What does the man mean?8. M: See, it looks normal enough. It’s smaller than a regular video camera and it doesn’t weighmuch but you can use it to photograph the unseen. Do you know what I mean by that?W: You photograph through solid?Q: How does the man describe the physical features of the camera?9. W: The new shampoo I’ve been using lately smells nice. But it makes my head skin itchterribly.M: It’s probably all those harsh chemicals. You should try the kind I use. It’s all natural.Q: What does the man suggest the woman do?10. M: Have you been to the new fitness center since it is opened?W: Are you kidding? Tomorrow is the deadline of my project.Q: What does the woman mean?11. W: I’m trying to find a book by Rod Serling? Don’t you know where should I look?M: He is a playwright, isn’t he? Log on to this computer, click on drama and then search by the author name. See?Q: What does the man suggest the woman do?12. M: What’s Bill doing here today? I thought he was supposed to be out of the office on Fridays.W: He decided he’d better have Mondays off instead.Q: What can be inferred about Bill?13. W: I have to go out of town on my family emergency. Can you cover my speech class for me?M: Sure. I hope your emergency works out ok.W: Thanks. My father is in the hospital and I need to arrange for his discharge.Q: Why is the woman unable to teach her class?14. M: I should have a CT scan, should not?W: In a couple of weeks.M: Ok. Should I keep taking these tablets in the meantime?W: I’m going to prescribe something else.Q: What does the woman suggest the man do?15. M: Who broke the printer?W: I don’t know. It was jammed when I tried it.M: It bugs me when somebody does that and just leaves it that way.Q: How is the man feeling now?Section BDirections:In this section you will hear three passages. After each one, you will hear five questions. After each question, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C and D.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET. Passages OneQuestions 16-20 are based on the following passage:Recent studies of patients at sleep clinics have re ve al ed significant facts about the causes of insomnia as well as ways to deal with it. It is no surprise that stress and depression are linked toinsomnia.Also, insomnia may be caused by physical illness: itching, aches, asthma, arthritis, ulcer and heart problem that involve shortness of breath or difficulty in breathing.What can you do if you suffer from insomnia? Two things: you can eat certain foods that will help you fall sleep and stay asleep. And you can do certain things that are sleep-inducing. Here are some guidelines:A. If you had a bad night sleep, don’t stay in bed later than the next morning.B. Don’t go to bed earlier the next night, stick to your usual bedtime and rising pattern.C. Don’t nap during the day. Naps cut down on night sleep time.D. Never lie awake in bed for more than thirty minutes. By lying in bed sleepless, you can form an association between your bed and sleepless.E. Get as much exercise as possible, preferably in the morning.As for food intake to help you sleep, make sure that your diet is a balanced one and rich in tryptophan, an amino acid found in certain foods. The body can convert tryptophan to air tryptophan and then to serotonin, a body chemical crucial to the sleep process. If you include in your daily diet food high in tryptophan, such as apples, eggs, cheese, fish and meat and incorporate some of the sleep-inducing activities into your life, the chances are good that you will achieve a pattern of restful and suiting sleep.16. What is the talk mainly about?17. Which of the following is not mentioned as an illness inducing insomnia?18. What is the speaker’s advice to insomniac who had a bad sleep?19. Why are the insomniac advised to include food high in tryptophan in their daily diet?20. What is the speaker’s attitude toward the future of the insomniac?Passage TwoQuestions 21-25 are based on the following passage:There are two kinds of people in the world and I’m one of them. I’m the kind of person who likes to be on time for things. In fact, I like to be early. Let’s say, I need to catch a flight which is leaving at 4 p.m. Usually, I am at the gate, ticket out, ready to go no later than 7:14 a. m. My wife is the other kind of person. For her, the ideal way to catch a plane would be to arrive at the airport as the plane was taking off.Part of this is a cultural difference. I grew up in Wasp that is white Anglo-Saxon protestant household and my wife grew up in a Cuban household. Wasps tend to follow schedule strictly; Cubans tend to be more relaxed. If a Wasp wedding is scheduled to start at 2 p.m Saturday, the wedding march will start at 2 p.m. sharp and the bride would come down the aisle at 2:03 no matter what, even if the originally scheduled groom has bailed out and the bribe has to use an emergency back-up groom taken right off the street. Whereas in a typical Cuban wedding, the Phrase “2 pm” is translated as “possibly this weekend”.But the difference between my wife and me is not totally cultural. I think it is also gender-related. I believe that men and women do not view the time the same way. I think that in general, women think there is more time in the universe than men do.21. What is the talk mainly about?22. What kind of person is the speaker?23. If a Wasp wedding is scheduled to start at 2 p.m, what time then would the bribe come downthe aisle?24. How would a Wasp family react if the originally scheduled groom has bailed out?25. Which of the following is not mentioned as a reason for the difference between the couple? Passage ThreeQuestions 26-30 are based on the following talk:W: Well, Mr. Jason. There is a nerve running behind your knee and your hip and through your spine.M: Ehr.W: When you lift your leg, that nerve should fly in and out of your spine quite freely. But with your leg, the nerve won’t fly very far. When you lift it, the nerve is trapped and it’s very sour.When I bend your knee, that takes the tension off and eases the pain. If we straighten it, the nerve goes tight and it’s painful.M: Ay!W: Now, what’s trapping the nerve? Well, your MRI scan confirms that you got a damaged disc in the lower part of your back.M: Oh, I see.W: The disc is a little pat of gristle which lies between the bones in your spine. Now, if you lift heavily in a wrong way, you can damage it. And that is what happened to you. You damaged a disc. It’s pressing on the nerve in your spine so that it can’t fly freely. And that’s the cause of the pain you’ve been having.M: Aha.W: Now, we are going to try to solve the problem first of all with bed rest to let the disk get back to normal and with drugs to take away pain and help the disc to recover. We’ll also give you some physiotherapy to ease your leg and back. I can’t promise that this will be entirely successful. And we may have to consider an operation at a later date.26. What does the woman most probably do?27. What is the woman doing now?28. What caused the damages to the man’s health?29. What is the location of the damaged disc?30. Which of the following is not mentioned as a piece of advice given by the woman?。
高考上海英语试题及答案知识讲解
2005年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试(上海卷)英语试卷I.Listening ComprehensionPart A Short ConversationsDirections: In Part A ,you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers .At the end of each conversation ,a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it ,read the four possible answers on your paper ,and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.1.A.A waiter. B.A shop assistant. C.A cashier. D.A postman. 2.A.Weight lifting. B.Running.C.Eating cucumbers. D.Drinking diet coke.3.A.Work with his friends. B.Call on his friends.C.Go for a walk . D.Make a phone call.4.A.In a bookstore . B.In a reading room.C.In a furniture store. D.In the man’s study.5.A.8. B.12. C.20. D.32.6.A.Job hunting. B.An online course.C.Earlier graduation. D.Summer vacation plans. 7.A.Confused. B.Sympathetic. C.Embarrassed. D.Uninterested. 8.A.The air is fresh. B.It’s hot inside.C.The window is open. D.It’s noisy outside.9.A.Phone later. B.Try harder. C.Wait for a signal. D.Check the number. 10.A.He lost his way. B.He received a traffic ticket.C.He worked very carefully. D.He drove in heavy traffic.Part B PassagesDirections: In Part B, you will hear two short passages, and you will be asked three questions on each of the passages . The passages will be read twice ,but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question .read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one would be the best answer to the question you have heard.Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following passage.11.A.Open the cage window. B.Put the cash in the drawer.C.Check the savings accounts. D.Examine the audio system 12.A.Exciting. B.Demanding. C.Boring. D.Relaxing. 13.A.It has flexible working hours. B.The speaker can have more leisure time.C.It requires more organization. D.The speaker can daydream while working. Questions 14 through 16 are based on the following news.14.A.A natural disaster. B.A power failure.C.Homeless farmers. D.A serious accident.15.A.Jews and some Arabs. B.Arabs and North Africans.C.Jews and North Africans. D.North Americans and some Arabs.16.A.Exchange them for banks . B.Save them for travelers.C.Collect them for poor children . D.Spend them on duty-free goods.Part C Longer ConversationsDirections: In Part C. you will hear two longer conversations. The conversations will be read twice .After you hear each conversation ,you are required to fill in the numbered blanks with the information you have heard. Write your answers on your answer sheet.Complete the form ,Write ONE WORD for each answer.Complete the form ,Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.II.Grammar and V ocabularyDirections: Beneath each of the following sentences there are four choices marked A,B,C and D. Choose the one answer that best completes the sentence.25.John became a football coach in Sealion Middle School the beginning of March.A.on B.for C.with D.at26.No progress was made in the trade talk as neither side would accept the conditions of .A.others B.the other C.either D.another27.There be any difficulty about passing the road test since you have practiced a lot in the driving school.A.mustn’t B.shan’t C.shouldn’t D.needn’t28.At a rough estimate .Nigeria is Great Britain.A.three times the size as B.the size three times ofC.three times as the size of D.three times the size of29.There was a loud scream from the backstage immediately after the concert ended, ?A.wasn’t there B.was there C.didn’t it D.did it30.More than a dozen students in that school abroad to study medicine last year.A.sent B.were sent C.had sent D.had been sent 31.Professor Smith ,along with his assistants , on the project day and night to meet the deadline .A.work B.working C.is working D.are working 32.He got well-prepared for the job interview ,for he couldn’t risk the good opportunity.A.to lose B.losing C.to be lost D.being lost33.into use in April 2000, the hotline was meant for residents reporting water and heating supply breakdowns.A.Put B.Putting C.Having put D.Being put34.He transplanted the little tree to the garden it was the best time for it .A.where B.when C.that D.until35.It was unbelievable that the fans waited outside the gym for three hours just a look at the sports stars.A.had B.having C.to have D.have36.More and more people are signing up for Yogn classes nowadays, advantage of the health and relaxation benefits.A.taking B.taken C.having taken D.having been taken 37.At last ,we found ourselves in a pleasant park with trees providing shade and down to eat our picnic lunch.A.sitting B.having sat C.to sit D.sat38.in the regulations that you should not tell other people the password of your e-mail account.A.What is required B.What requires C.It is required D.It requires 39.Never before in greater need of modern public transport than it is today.A.has this city been B.this city has beenC.was this city D.this city was40.If a shop has chairs women can park their men ,women will spend more time in theshop.A.that B.which C.when D.where41.There was such a long queue for coffee at the interval that we gave up .A.eventually B.unfortunately C.generously D.purposefully 42.The company is starting a new advertising campaign to new customers to its stores.A.join B.attract C.stick D.transfer43.He proved himself a true gentleman and the beauty of his was seen at its best when he worked with others.A.temper B.appearance C.talent D.character44.At times ,worrying is a normal, response to a difficult event or situation—a loved one being injured in an accident , for example.A.effective B.individual C.inevitable D.unfavorable III.ClozeDirections: For each blank in the following passages there are four words or phrases marked A, B,C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.(A)Are your table manners much better when you are eating at a friend’s home or in a restaurant than they are at your own home ?Probably so , 45 you are aware that people judge you by your table manners .You take special pains when you are eating 46 .Have you ever stopped to realize how much less self-conscious you would be on such occasions if 47 table manners had become a habit for you ?You can make them a habit by 48 good table manners at home.Good manners at mealtimes help you and those around you to feel 49 .This is true at home as much as it is true in someone else’s home or in a restaurant. Good50 make meals more enjoyable for everyone at the table.By this time you probably know quite well what good table manners are .You 51 that keeping your arms on the table ,talking with your 52 full ,and wolfing down your food are not considered good manners .You know also that if you are mannerly ,you say “Please” and “Thank you” and ask for things to be passed to you.Have you ever thought of a pleasant attitude as being 53 to good table manners ? Not only are pleasant mealtimes enjoyable ,but they aid digestion .The dinner table is a 54 for enjoyable conversation. It should never become a battleground. You are definitely growing in social maturity(成熟)when you try to be an agreeable table companion.45.A.because B.but C.unless D.though46.A.in public B.at home C.at ease D.in a hurry 47.A.such B.no C.some D.good 48.A.acting B.enjoying C.practicing D.watching 49.A.comfortable B.stressed C.depressed D.outstanding 50.A.dishes B.manners C.atmospheres D.friends 51.A.mention B.prefer C.doubt D.realize 52.A.stomach B.hands C.mouth D.bowl 53.A.essential B.considerate C.obvious D.unusual 54.A.time B.place C.chance D.way(B)There is a tendency to think of each of the arts as a separate area of activity . Many artists.55 would prove that there has always been a warm relationship between the various areas of human activity. 56 , in the late nineteenth century the connections between music and painting were particularly 57 .Artists were invited to design clothes and settings for operas and ballets ,but sometimes it was the musicians who were inspired (给……以灵感)by the work of contemporary painters .Of the musical compositions that were considered as 58 to the visual arts ,perhaps the most famous is Mussorgsky’s Pictures at an Exhibition.Mussorgsky composed the piece in 1874 after the death ,at the age of 39, of the artist Victor Hartmann. 59 their friendship had not been a particularly long-fasting one .Mussorgsky was shocked by Hartmann’s 60 death.The following year the critic .Vladimir. Stasov who decided to hold an exhibition of Hartmann’s work,suggested tha t Mussorgsky try to 61 his grief by writing something in memory of Hartmann.The exhibition served as Mussorgsky’s inspiration. The ten pieces that make up Pictures at an Exhibition are intended as 62 rather than representations of the paintings in the exhibition .Between each is a promenade(舞曲中的行进), 63 the composer walks from one painting to another .The music is sometimes witty and playful sometimes almost alarming and frightening . Through a range of surprising 64 .Mussorgsky manages to convey the spirit of the artist and his work.55.A.therefore B.however C.moreover D.otherwise 56.A.For example B.On the contrary C.In general D.On the other hand 57.A.separate B.unknown C.close D.relevant 58.A.links B.additions C.responses D.keys 59.A.Before B.Though C.As D.If 60.A.unavoidable B.undiscovered C.unnecessary D.unexpected 61.A.control B.relieve C.conceal D.represent 62.A.symbols B.imaginations C.contributions D.subjects 63.A.but B.for C.once D.as 64.A.paintings B.topics C.contrasts D.visions IV.Reading Comprehension(A)You either have it , or you don’t –a sense of direction ,that is .But why is it that some people could find their way across the Sahara without a map ,while others can lose themselves in the next street?Scientists say we’re all born with a sense of direction ,but it is not property understood how it works .One theory is that people with a good sense of direction have simply worked harder at developing it. Research being carried out at Liverpool University supports this idea and suggests that if we don’t use it. we lose it .“Children as young as seven have the ability to find their way around.” says Jim Martland .Research Director of the project . “However if they are not allowed out alone or are taken everywhere by car ,the y never develop the skills”Jim Martland also emphasizes that young people should be taught certain skills to improve their sense of direction .He makes the following suggestions.●If you are using a map ,turn it so it relates to the way you are facing.●If you leave your bike in a strange place ,put it near something like a big stone or a tree.Note landmarks on the route as you go away from your bike .When you return ,go backalong the same route●Simplify the way of finding your direction by using lines such as streets in a town,streams ,or walls in the countryside to guide you .Count your steps so that you know how far you have gone and note any landmarks such as tower blocks or hills which can help to find out where you are.Now you need never get lost again!65.Scientists believe that .A.some babies are born with a sense of directionB.people learn a sense of direction as they grow olderC.people never lose their sense of directionD.everybody posses a sense of direction from birth66.What is true of seven-year-old children according to the passage?A.They never have a sense of direction without maps.B.They should never be allowed out alone if they lack a sense of direction.C.They have a sense of direction and can find their way around.D.They can develop a good sense of direction if they are driven around in a car.67.If you leave your bike in a strange place ,you should .A.tie it to a tree so as to prevent it from being stolenB.draw a map of the route to help remember where it isC.avoid taking the same route when you come back in itD.remember something easily recognizable on the route68.According to the passage the best way to find your way around is to .A.ask policemen for directionsB.use walls . streams , and streets to guide yourself .C.remember your route by looking out for steps and stairs .D.count the number of landmarks that you see .B“Come in . Kim . Have a seat , please .” said Bill Williams , the manager . This was Kim’s first experience with an assessment . After only six months he was due for a raise if this assessment was satisfactory“Kim,” began Bill Williams . “I am very pleased with the quality of your work . I have nothing but praise for your devotion and your hard work . My only concern is that you are not active enough in putting forward your suggestions .”“But.” Replied Kim. “I have always completed every assignment you have given me . Mr. Williams.”“I know that , Kim . And please, call me Bill .But what I expect is for you t o think independently and introduce new ideas . I need more input from you —more feedback on how things are going I don’t need a “yes man”. You never tell me what you think . You just smile as though everything is fine .”“But,” said Kim,” “ I feel that si nce you are my superior , it would he presumptuous of me to tell you what to do .”“I’m not asking you to tell me what to do, but what you think we could do .To make suggestions . I employed you because I respect your experience in this field, but you are notcommunicating your thoughts to me .”“Yes . I see I’m not accustomed to this , but I will try to do as you say …, Bill”“Good, then , I expect to hear more from you at staff meetings or at any other time you want to discuss an idea with me .”“Yes , of course . Thank you Mr. Will…Bill .”69.Kim is the sort of employee who .A.does not speak out his own ideas B.is not devoted to the jobC.laughs too much over work D.can not finish his work on time70.The word “presumptuous” in the middle of the passage is closest in meaning to “” .A.full of respect B.too confident and rudeC.lacking in experience D.too shy and quiet71.From the passage ,we can learn that .A.Kim has been invited to take charge of the staff meetingsB.the manager appreciates those who just do what he tells them to doC.the manager is pleased with Kim’s hard work and his suggestionsD.Kim is likely to have a higher salary if he can pass the assessmentCcross the world , 11 billion people have no access to clean drinking water . More than2.6 bullion people lack basic sanitation (卫生设备) .The combination proves deadly . Each year . diseases related to inadequate water and sanitation kill between 2 and 3 million people and cause an estimated 80 percent of all sicknesses in the developing world . Safe thinking water is a precondition for health and the fight against child death rate , inequality between men and women, and poverty .Consider these facts :●The average distance that women in Africa and Asia walk to collect water is 6 kilometers .●Only 58 percent of children in sub-Saharan Africa are drinking safe water, and only 37percent of children in South Asia have access to even a basic toilet .●Each year in India alone, 73 million working days a re lost to water-borne diseases .Here are three ways you can help :1) Write CongressCurrent U.S. foreign aid for drinking water and sanitation budgets only one dollar per year per American citizen . Few members of Congress have ever received a letter from voters , about clean drinking water abroad .2) Sponsor a project with a faith-based organizationMany U.S. religious groups already sponsor water and sanitation projects, working with partner organizations abroad . Simply put , a single project by a U.S. organization can make safe water areality for thousands of people .3) Support nonprofit water organizationsNumerous U.S.-based nonprofits work skillfully abroad in community-led projects related of drinking water and sanitation . Like the sample of non-profits noted as follows , some organizations are large , others small-scale , some operate worldwide , others are devoted to certain areas in Africa , Asia , or Latin America . Support them generously .72.The three facts presented in the passage the used to illustrate that .A.poverty can result in water-borne diseasesB.people have no access to clean drinking waterC.women’s rights are denied in some developing countries .D.safe drinking water should be a primary concern73.The intended readers of the passage are _____________.A.Americans B.overseas sponsorsC.Congressmen D.U.S-based water organizations74.The main purpose of the passage is to call on people to ___________.A.get rid of water-related diseases in developing countriesB.donate money to people short of water through religious groupsC.fight against the worldwide water shortage and sanitation problemD.take joint action in support of some nonprofit water organizations75.What information will probably be provided following the last paragraph?A.A variety of companies and their worldwide operation.B.A list of nonprofit water organizations to make contact with.C.Some ways to get financial aids from U.S. Congress.D.A few water resources exploited by some world-famous organizations.DEquipped only with a pair of binoculars(双筒望远镜) and ready to spend long hours waiting in all weathers for a precious glance of a rare bullfinc h(红腹灰雀). Britain’s birdwatchers had long been supposed to be lovers of a minority sport. But new figures show birdwatching is fast becoming a popular pastime, with almost three million of us absorbed in our fluttering feathered friends.Devoted birdwatchers, those prepared to travel thousands of miles for a sighting of a rare Siberian bird are fast being joined by a new breed of follower whose interest is satiated by watching a few finches(雀科鸣鸟) on a Sunday walk or putting up a bird-box in the back garden.“Almost three million UK birdwatchers is certainly possible if you include everyone wit h only a casual interest.” Stephen Moss said in his newly published book-A Bird in the Bush a Social History of Birdwatching-which records the pursuit from the rich Victorian Englishman’s love of shooting rare birds to the less offensive observational tendencies of birdwatchers today.Television wildlife programmes have helped to fuel the new trend . Last summer ,BBC 2’s Britain Goes Wild was a surprise success .It pulled in three million viewers and led to bird-houses selling out across the UK as 45,000 people promised to put up a box.Birdwatchers’ networking system first came to the attention of the nation in 1989, when a birdwatcher caught sight of the first Vermivora chrysoptera-a golden –winged songbird from North America-to be seen in Britain. He put a message our on the network service Birdline, andthe next day 3,000 birdwatchers proved the fell pull of a truly rare bird as they visited the Tesco car park in Kent, where it had settled. Today, birdwatchers can log on to or have news of the latest sightings texted to their phones.“Multimillion -pound spending on, binoculars, bird food and boxes point to the increasing numbers of birdwatchers,” said David Cromack, the editor of Bird Watching magazine “The number of people involved is so big that they have great potential to influence government decisions affecting the environment.”76.The word “satiated” in paragraph 2 can best be replaced by “ ”. A .affected B .shared C .satisfied D .narrowed77.What happened after the message of seeing a Vermivora chrysoptera was put on the network? A .Birdwatchers helped the rare bird settle in Kent. B .Large numbers of birdwatchers went to view the bird. C .Many birdwatchers logged on to the website for details. D .Birdwatchers showed their determination to protect the rare bird. 78.Which of the following CANNOT be true according to the passage? A .Television wildlife programmes started the popular pastime of birdwatching. B .The network service has contributed to the rapid development of birdwatching. C .Birdwatching in Britain was long considered a sport with a small group of followers. D .The current situation of birdwatching may promote the protection of the environment. 79.The passage mainly tells us about ___________ in UK. A .the history of birdwatchig B .a growing passion for birdwatching C .the impact of media on birdwatching D .birdwatcing as a popular expensive sportEDirections: Read the following text and choose the most suitable heading from A-F for each80Auctions are public sales of goods, conducted by an officially approved auctioneer. He asks the crowd assembled in the auction-room to make offers, or “bids”, for t he various items on sale. He encourages buyers to bid higher figures, and finally names the highest bidder as the buyer of the goods. This is called “knocking down” the goods, for the bidding ends when the auctioneer strikes a small hammer on a table at which he stands. 81 The ancient Roman probably invented sales by auction, and the English word comes from the Latin auctio, maning “increase” The Romans usually sold in this way the goods taken in war. In England in the eighteenth and nineteenth centu ries, goods were often sold “by the candle”: a short82Practically all goods whose qualities vary are sold by auction. Among these are coffee, skins, wool, tea, furs, silk and wines. Auction sales are also usual for land and property, furniture,83An auction is usually advertised beforehand with full particulars of the articles to be sold and where and when they can be viewed by potential buyers. If the advertisement cannot give full details, catalogues are printed, and each group of goods to be sold together, called a “lot”, is usually given a number. The auctioneer need not begin with Lot I and continue in the order of numbers: he may wait until he notices the fact that certain buyers are in the room and then produce84re sold for. The auctioneer therefore has a direct interest in pushing up the bidding as high as possible. He will not waste time by starting the bidding too low. He will also play on the opponents among his buyers and succeed in getting a high price by encouraging two business competitors to bid against each other.第Ⅱ卷(共45分)1.TranslationDirections: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 1.我希望尽快收到你的照片。
2005年高考上海英语试题及答案
2005年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试(上海卷)英语试卷I.Listening ComprehensionPart A Short ConversationsDirections: In Part A ,you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers .At the end of each conversation ,a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it ,read the four possible answers on your paper ,and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.1.A.A waiter. B.A shop assistant. C.A cashier. D.A postman. 2.A.Weight lifting. B.Running.C.Eating cucumbers. D.Drinking diet coke.3.A.Work with his friends. B.Call on his friends.C.Go for a walk . D.Make a phone call.4.A.In a bookstore . B.In a reading room.C.In a furniture store. D.In the man’s study.5.A.8. B.12. C.20. D.32.6.A.Job hunting. B.An online course.C.Earlier graduation. D.Summer vacation plans. 7.A.Confused. B.Sympathetic. C.Embarrassed. D.Uninterested. 8.A.The air is fresh. B.It’s hot inside.C.The window is open. D.It’s noisy outside.9.A.Phone later. B.Try harder. C.Wait for a signal. D.Check the number. 10.A.He lost his way. B.He received a traffic ticket.C.He worked very carefully. D.He drove in heavy traffic.Part B PassagesDirections: In Part B, you will hear two short passages, and you will be asked three questions on each of the passages . The passages will be read twice ,but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question .read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one would be the best answer to the question you have heard.Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following passage.11.A.Open the cage window. B.Put the cash in the drawer.C.Check the savings accounts. D.Examine the audio system 12.A.Exciting. B.Demanding. C.Boring. D.Relaxing. 13.A.It has flexible working hours. B.The speaker can have more leisure time.C.It requires more organization. D.The speaker can daydream while working. Questions 14 through 16 are based on the following news.14.A.A natural disaster. B.A power failure.C.Homeless farmers. D.A serious accident.15.A.Jews and some Arabs. B.Arabs and North Africans.C.Jews and North Africans. D.North Americans and some Arabs.16.A.Exchange them for banks . B.Save them for travelers.C.Collect them for poor children . D.Spend them on duty-free goods.Part C Longer ConversationsDirections: In Part C. you will hear two longer conversations. The conversations will be read twice .After you hear each conversation ,you are required to fill in the numbered blanks with the information you have heard. Write your answers on your answer sheet.Complete the form ,Write ONE WORD for each answer.Complete the form ,Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.II.Grammar and V ocabularyDirections: Beneath each of the following sentences there are four choices marked A,B,C and D. Choose the one answer that best completes the sentence.25.John became a football coach in Sealion Middle School the beginning of March.A.on B.for C.with D.at26.No progress was made in the trade talk as neither side would accept the conditions of .A.others B.the other C.either D.another27.There be any difficulty about passing the road test since you have practiced a lot in the driving school.A.mustn’t B.shan’t C.shouldn’t D.needn’t28.At a rough estimate .Nigeria is Great Britain.A.three times the size as B.the size three times ofC.three times as the size of D.three times the size of29.There was a loud scream from the backstage immediately after the concert ended, ?A.wasn’t there B.was there C.didn’t it D.did it30.More than a dozen students in that school abroad to study medicine last year.A.sent B.were sent C.had sent D.had been sent 31.Professor Smith ,along with his assistants , on the project day and night to meet the deadline .A.work B.working C.is working D.are working 32.He got well-prepared for the job interview ,for he couldn’t risk the good opportunity.A.to lose B.losing C.to be lost D.being lost33.into use in April 2000, the hotline was meant for residents reporting water and heating supply breakdowns.A.Put B.Putting C.Having put D.Being put34.He transplanted the little tree to the garden it was the best time for it .A.where B.when C.that D.until35.It was unbelievable that the fans waited outside the gym for three hours just a look at the sports stars.A.had B.having C.to have D.have36.More and more people are signing up for Yogn classes nowadays, advantage of the health and relaxation benefits.A.taking B.taken C.having taken D.having been taken 37.At last ,we found ourselves in a pleasant park with trees providing shade and down to eat our picnic lunch.A.sitting B.having sat C.to sit D.sat38.in the regulations that you should not tell other people the password of your e-mail account.A.What is required B.What requires C.It is required D.It requires 39.Never before in greater need of modern public transport than it is today.A.has this city been B.this city has beenC.was this city D.this city was40.If a shop has chairs women can park their men ,women will spend more time in theshop.A.that B.which C.when D.where41.There was such a long queue for coffee at the interval that we gave up .A.eventually B.unfortunately C.generously D.purposefully 42.The company is starting a new advertising campaign to new customers to its stores.A.join B.attract C.stick D.transfer43.He proved himself a true gentleman and the beauty of his was seen at its best when he worked with others.A.temper B.appearance C.talent D.character44.At times ,worrying is a normal, response to a difficult event or situation—a loved one being injured in an accident , for example.A.effective B.individual C.inevitable D.unfavorable III.ClozeDirections: For each blank in the following passages there are four words or phrases marked A, B,C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.(A)Are your table manners much better when you are eating at a friend’s home or in a restaurant than they are at your own home ?Probably so , 45 you are aware that people judge you by your table manners .You take special pains when you are eating 46 .Have you ever stopped to realize how much less self-conscious you would be on such occasions if 47 table manners had become a habit for you ?You can make them a habit by 48 good table manners at home.Good manners at mealtimes help you and those around you to feel 49 .This is true at home as much as it is true in someone else’s home or in a restaurant. Good50 make meals more enjoyable for everyone at the table.By this time you probably know quite well what good table manners are .You 51 that keeping your arms on the table ,talking with your 52 full ,and wolfing down your food are not considered good manners .You know also that if you are mannerly ,you say “Please” and “Thank you” and ask for things to be passed to you.Have you ever thought of a pleasant attitude as being 53 to good table manners ? Not only are pleasant mealtimes enjoyable ,but they aid digestion .The dinner table is a 54 for enjoyable conversation. It should never become a battleground. You are definitely growing in social maturity(成熟)when you try to be an agreeable table companion.45.A.because B.but C.unless D.though46.A.in public B.at home C.at ease D.in a hurry 47.A.such B.no C.some D.good 48.A.acting B.enjoying C.practicing D.watching 49.A.comfortable B.stressed C.depressed D.outstanding 50.A.dishes B.manners C.atmospheres D.friends 51.A.mention B.prefer C.doubt D.realize 52.A.stomach B.hands C.mouth D.bowl 53.A.essential B.considerate C.obvious D.unusual 54.A.time B.place C.chance D.way(B)There is a tendency to think of each of the arts as a separate area of activity . Many artists.55 would prove that there has always been a warm relationship between the various areas of human activity. 56 , in the late nineteenth century the connections between music and painting were particularly 57 .Artists were invited to design clothes and settings for operas and ballets ,but sometimes it was the musicians who were inspired (给……以灵感)by the work of contemporary painters .Of the musical compositions that were considered as 58 to the visual arts ,perhaps the most famous is Mussorgsky’s Pictures at an Exhibition.Mussorgsky composed the piece in 1874 after the death ,at the age of 39, of the artist Victor Hartmann. 59 their friendship had not been a particularly long-fasting one .Mussorgsky was shocked by Hartmann’s 60 death.The following year the critic .Vladimir. Stasov who decided to hold an exhibition of Hartmann’s work,suggested tha t Mussorgsky try to 61 his grief by writing something in memory of Hartmann.The exhibition served as Mussorgsky’s inspiration. The ten pieces that make up Pictures at an Exhibition are intended as 62 rather than representations of the paintings in the exhibition .Between each is a promenade(舞曲中的行进), 63 the composer walks from one painting to another .The music is sometimes witty and playful sometimes almost alarming and frightening . Through a range of surprising 64 .Mussorgsky manages to convey the spirit of the artist and his work.55.A.therefore B.however C.moreover D.otherwise 56.A.For example B.On the contrary C.In general D.On the other hand 57.A.separate B.unknown C.close D.relevant 58.A.links B.additions C.responses D.keys 59.A.Before B.Though C.As D.If 60.A.unavoidable B.undiscovered C.unnecessary D.unexpected 61.A.control B.relieve C.conceal D.represent 62.A.symbols B.imaginations C.contributions D.subjects 63.A.but B.for C.once D.as 64.A.paintings B.topics C.contrasts D.visions IV.Reading Comprehension(A)You either have it , or you don’t –a sense of direction ,that is .But why is it that some people could find their way across the Sahara without a map ,while others can lose themselves in the next street?Scientists say we’re all born with a sense of direction ,but it is not property understood how it works .One theory is that people with a good sense of direction have simply worked harder at developing it. Research being carried out at Liverpool University supports this idea and suggests that if we don’t use it. we lose it .“Children as young as seven have the ability to find their way around.” says Jim Martland .Research Director of the project . “However if they are not allowed out alone or are taken everywhere by car ,the y never develop the skills”Jim Martland also emphasizes that young people should be taught certain skills to improve their sense of direction .He makes the following suggestions.●I f you are using a map ,turn it so it relates to the way you are facing.●I f you leave your bike in a strange place ,put it near something like a big stone or a tree.Note landmarks on the route as you go away from your bike .When you return ,go backalong the same route●Simpli fy the way of finding your direction by using lines such as streets in a town,streams ,or walls in the countryside to guide you .Count your steps so that you know how far you have gone and note any landmarks such as tower blocks or hills which can help to find out where you are.Now you need never get lost again!65.Scientists believe that .A.some babies are born with a sense of directionB.people learn a sense of direction as they grow olderC.people never lose their sense of directionD.everybody posses a sense of direction from birth66.What is true of seven-year-old children according to the passage?A.They never have a sense of direction without maps.B.They should never be allowed out alone if they lack a sense of direction.C.They have a sense of direction and can find their way around.D.They can develop a good sense of direction if they are driven around in a car.67.If you leave your bike in a strange place ,you should .A.tie it to a tree so as to prevent it from being stolenB.draw a map of the route to help remember where it isC.avoid taking the same route when you come back in itD.remember something easily recognizable on the route68.According to the passage the best way to find your way around is to .A.ask policemen for directionsB.use walls . streams , and streets to guide yourself .C.remember your route by looking out for steps and stairs .D.count the number of landmarks that you see .B“Come in . Kim . Have a seat , please .” said Bill Williams , the manager . This was Kim’s first experience with an assessment . After only six months he was due for a raise if this assessment was satisfactory“Kim,” began Bill Williams . “I am very pleased with the quality of your work . I have nothing but praise for your devotion and your hard work . My only concern is that you are not active enough in putting forward your suggestions .”“But.” Replied Kim. “I have always completed every assignment you have given me . Mr. Williams.”“I know that , Kim . And please, call me Bill .But what I expect is for you t o think independently and introduce new ideas . I need more input from you —more feedback on how things are going I don’t need a “yes man”. You never tell me what you think . You just smile as though everything is fine .”“But,” said Kim,” “ I feel that si nce you are my superior , it would he presumptuous of me to tell you what to do .”“I’m not asking you to tell me what to do, but what you think we could do .To make suggestions . I employed you because I respect your experience in this field, but you are notcommunicating your thoughts to me .”“Yes . I see I’m not accustomed to this , but I will try to do as you say …, Bill”“Good, then , I expect to hear more from you at staff meetings or at any other time you want to discuss an idea with me .”“Yes , of course . Thank you Mr. Will…Bill .”69.Kim is the sort of employee who .A.does not speak out his own ideas B.is not devoted to the jobC.laughs too much over work D.can not finish his work on time70.The word “presumptuous” in the middle of the passage is closest in meaning to “” .A.full of respect B.too confident and rudeC.lacking in experience D.too shy and quiet71.From the passage ,we can learn that .A.Kim has been invited to take charge of the staff meetingsB.the manager appreciates those who just do what he tells them to doC.the manager is pleased with Kim’s hard work and his suggestionsD.Kim is likely to have a higher salary if he can pass the assessmentCcross the world , 11 billion people have no access to clean drinking water . More than2.6 bullion people lack basic sanitation (卫生设备) .The combination proves deadly . Each year . diseases related to inadequate water and sanitation kill between 2 and 3 million people and cause an estimated 80 percent of all sicknesses in the developing world . Safe thinking water is a precondition for health and the fight against child death rate , inequality between men and women, and poverty .Consider these facts :●The average distance that women in Africa and Asia walk to collect water is 6 kilometers .●Only 58 percent of children in sub-Saharan Africa are drinking safe water, and only 37percent of children in South Asia have access to even a basic toilet .●Each year in India alone, 73 million working days are lost to water-borne diseases .Here are three ways you can help :1) Write CongressCurrent U.S. foreign aid for drinking water and sanitation budgets only one dollar per year per American citizen . Few members of Congress have ever received a letter from voters , about clean drinking water abroad .2) Sponsor a project with a faith-based organizationMany U.S. religious groups already sponsor water and sanitation projects, working with partner organizations abroad . Simply put , a single project by a U.S. organization can make safe water areality for thousands of people .3) Support nonprofit water organizationsNumerous U.S.-based nonprofits work skillfully abroad in community-led projects related of drinking water and sanitation . Like the sample of non-profits noted as follows , some organizations are large , others small-scale , some operate worldwide , others are devoted to certain areas in Africa , Asia , or Latin America . Support them generously .72.The three facts presented in the passage the used to illustrate that .A.poverty can result in water-borne diseasesB.people have no access to clean drinking waterC.women’s rights are denied in some developing countries .D.safe drinking water should be a primary concern73.The intended readers of the passage are _____________.A.Americans B.overseas sponsorsC.Congressmen D.U.S-based water organizations74.The main purpose of the passage is to call on people to ___________.A.get rid of water-related diseases in developing countriesB.donate money to people short of water through religious groupsC.fight against the worldwide water shortage and sanitation problemD.take joint action in support of some nonprofit water organizations75.What information will probably be provided following the last paragraph?A.A variety of companies and their worldwide operation.B.A list of nonprofit water organizations to make contact with.C.Some ways to get financial aids from U.S. Congress.D.A few water resources exploited by some world-famous organizations.DEquipped only with a pair of binoculars(双筒望远镜) and ready to spend long hours waiting in all weathers for a precious glance of a rare bullfinc h(红腹灰雀). Britain’s birdwatchers had long been supposed to be lovers of a minority sport. But new figures show birdwatching is fast becoming a popular pastime, with almost three million of us absorbed in our fluttering feathered friends.Devoted birdwatchers, those prepared to travel thousands of miles for a sighting of a rare Siberian bird are fast being joined by a new breed of follower whose interest is satiated by watching a few finches(雀科鸣鸟) on a Sunday walk or putting up a bird-box in the back garden.“Almost three million UK birdwatchers is certainly possible if you include everyone wit h only a casual interest.” Stephen Moss said in his newly published book-A Bird in the Bush a Social History of Birdwatching-which records the pursuit from the rich Victorian Englishman’s love of shooting rare birds to the less offensive observational tendencies of birdwatchers today.Television wildlife programmes have helped to fuel the new trend . Last summer ,BBC 2’s Britain Goes Wild was a surprise success .It pulled in three million viewers and led to bird-houses selling out across the UK as 45,000 people promised to put up a box.Birdwatchers’ networking system first came to the attention of the nation in 1989, when a birdwatcher caught sight of the first Vermivora chrysoptera-a golden –winged songbird from North America-to be seen in Britain. He put a message our on the network service Birdline, andthe next day 3,000 birdwatchers proved the fell pull of a truly rare bird as they visited the Tesco car park in Kent, where it had settled. Today, birdwatchers can log on to or have news of the latest sightings texted to their phones.“Multimillion -pound spending on, binoculars, bird food and boxes point to the increasing numbers of birdwatchers,” said David Cromack, the editor of Bird Watching magazine “The number of people involved is so big that they have great potential to influence government decisions affecting the environment.”76.The word “satiated” in paragraph 2 can best be replaced by “ ”. A .affected B .shared C .satisfied D .narrowed77.What happened after the message of seeing a Vermivora chrysoptera was put on the network? A .Birdwatchers helped the rare bird settle in Kent. B .Large numbers of birdwatchers went to view the bird. C .Many birdwatchers logged on to the website for details. D .Birdwatchers showed their determination to protect the rare bird. 78.Which of the following CANNOT be true according to the passage? A .Television wildlife programmes started the popular pastime of birdwatching. B .The network service has contributed to the rapid development of birdwatching. C .Birdwatching in Britain was long considered a sport with a small group of followers. D .The current situation of birdwatching may promote the protection of the environment. 79.The passage mainly tells us about ___________ in UK. A .the history of birdwatchig B .a growing passion for birdwatching C .the impact of media on birdwatching D .birdwatcing as a popular expensive sportEDirections: Read the following text and choose the most suitable heading from A-F for each80Auctions are public sales of goods, conducted by an officially approved auctioneer. He asks the crowd assembled in the auction-room to make offers, or “bids”, for t he various items on sale. He encourages buyers to bid higher figures, and finally names the highest bidder as the buyer of the goods. This is called “knocking down” the goods, for the bidding ends when the auctioneer strikes a small hammer on a table at which he stands. 81 The ancient Roman probably invented sales by auction, and the English word comes from the Latin auctio, maning “increase” The Romans usually sold in this way the goods taken in war. In England in the eighteenth and nineteenth centu ries, goods were often sold “by the candle”: a short82Practically all goods whose qualities vary are sold by auction. Among these are coffee, skins, wool, tea, furs, silk and wines. Auction sales are also usual for land and property, furniture,83An auction is usually advertised beforehand with full particulars of the articles to be sold and where and when they can be viewed by potential buyers. If the advertisement cannot give full details, catalogues are printed, and each group of goods to be sold together, called a “lot”, is usually given a number. The auctioneer need not begin with Lot I and continue in the order of numbers: he may wait until he notices the fact that certain buyers are in the room and then produce84re sold for. The auctioneer therefore has a direct interest in pushing up the bidding as high as possible. He will not waste time by starting the bidding too low. He will also play on the opponents among his buyers and succeed in getting a high price by encouraging two business competitors to bid against each other.第Ⅱ卷(共45分)1.TranslationDirections: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 1.我希望尽快收到你的照片。
上海交通大学考博英语真题及答案
上海交通大学考博英语真题及答案Part II vocabularysection A31.There was no_____but to close the road until February.A.dilemmaB.denyingC.alternativeD.doubt32.I______when I heard that my grandfather had died.A.fell apartB.fell awayC.fell outD.fall back33.I’m_____passing a new law that helps poor children get better medicine.A.taking advantage ofB.standing up forC.looking up toD.taking hold of34.In front of the platform,the students were talking with the professor over the quizzes oftheir_____subjects.pulsorypulsiveC.alternativeD.predominant35.The tutor tells the undergraduates that one can acquire____in a foreign language through morepractice.A.proficiencyB.efficiencyC.efficacyD.frequency36.The teacher explained the new lesson_____to the students.A.at randomB.at a lossC.at lengthD.at hand37.I shall ___the loss of my reading-glasses in newspaper with a reward for the finder. A.advertisermC.announceD.publish38.The poor nutrition in the early stages of infancy can ___adult growth. A.degenerateB.deteriorateC.boostD.retard39.She had a terrible accident,but___she was’t killed.A.at all eventsB.in the long runC.at largeD.in vain40.His weak chest___him to winter illness .A.predictsB.preoccupiesC.prevailsD.predisposesSection B41.The company was losing money,so they had to lay off some of its employees for three months.A.oweB.dismissC.recruitD.summon42.The north American states agrreed to sign the agreement of economical and military union inOttawa.A.conventionB.convictionC.contradictionD.confrontation43 The statue would be perfect but for a few small defects in its base.A.faultsB.weaknessesC.flawsD.errors44.When he finally emerged from the cave after thirty days.John was startlingly pale. A.amazinglyB.astonishinglyC.uniquelyD.dramatically45.If you want to set up a company,you must comply with the regulations laid down by theauthorities.A.abide byB.work outC.check outD.succumb to46.The school master applauded the girl’s bravery in his opening speech.A.praiseB.appraisedC.cheeredD.clapped47.The local government leaders are making every effort to tackle the problem of poverty.A.abolishB.addressC.extinguishD.encounter48.This report would be intelligible only to an expert in computing.A.intelligentprehensivepetentprehensible49.Reading a book and listening to music simultaneously seems to be mo problem for them.A.intermittentlyB.constantlyC.concurrentlyD.continuously50.He was given a laptop computer in acknowledgement of his work for the company.A.accomplishmentB.recognitionC.apprehensionmitmentPart III CloseIn Mr.Allen’s high school class,all students have to “get married”.However,the wedding ceremonies are not real ones but 51 .These mock ceremonies sometimes become so 52 that the loud laughter drowns out the voive of the “minister”.Even the two students getting married often begin to giggle.The teacher Mr. Allen,believes that marriage is a difficult and serious business.He wants young people to understand that there are many changes that 53 take place after marriage.He believes that the need for these psychological and financial 54 should be understood before people marry.Mr.Allen does’t only introduce his students to major problems 55 in marriage such as illness or unemployment.He also expose them to nitty-gritty problems they will face every day.He wants to introduce young people to all the trials and 56 that can strain a marriage to the breaking point .He even 57 his students with the problems of divorced men must pay child support money for their wives.It has been upsetting for some of the students to see the problems that a married couple often faces. 58 they took the course,they had not worried much about the problems of marriage.However,both students and parents feel that Mr.Allen’s course is valuable and have 59 the course publicly.There statements and letters supporting the class have, 60 the school to offer the course again,51. A.duplications B.imitations C.assumption D.fantasies52. A.noisy B.artificial C.graceful D.real53. A.might B.would C.must D.need54. A.issues B.adjustments C.matters D.expectancies55. A.to face B.facing C.having faced D.faced56. A.tribulations B.errors C.triumphs D.verdicts57. rms B.concerns C. triumphs D.associates58. A.Until B.Before C.After D.As.59. A.taken B.suggested C.endorsed D.reproched60. A.confined B.convinced promised D.conceivedpassage oneWhy do people always want to get up and dance when they hear music? The usual explanation is that there is something embeded in every culture-----that dancing is a “cul tural universal”. A researcher in Manchester thingks the impulse may be more deeply rooted than that.He says it may be a reflex reaction.Neil Todd,a psychologist at the University of Manchester. told the BA that he first got an inkling that biology was the key after watching people dance to deafeningly loud music.“There is a compulsion about it.”he says.He reckoned there might be a more direct,biological,explanation for the disre to dance,so he started to look at the inner ear.The human ear has two main functions:hearing and maintaining balance.The standard view is that these tasks are segregated so that organs for balance,for insance,do not have an acoustic function.But Todd says animal studies have shown that the sacculus,which is part of the balance---regulating vestibular system,has retain some sensitivity to sound.The sacculus is especially sensitive to extremely loud noise,above 70 decibel.“There’s no question that in a contemporary dance environment,the sacculus will be stimulated.”says Todd.The av erage rave,he says,blares music at a painful 110 to 140 decibels.But no one really knows what an acoustically stimulated sacculus does.Todd speculates that listening to ex tremely loud music is a form of “vestibular self-stimulation”:it gives a he ightened sensation of motion. “We don’t know exactly why it causes pleasure.”he says.”But we know that people go to extraordinary length to get it.”He list bungee jumping,playing on swings or even rocking to and fro in a rocking chair as other example of pursuits designed to stimulate the sacculus.The same pulsing that makes us feel as though we are moving may make us get up and dances as well,says Todd.Loud music sends signals to the inner ear which may prompt reflex movement. “The typical pulse rate of dance musi c is around the rate of locomo tion.”he says,“It’s quite possible you’re triggering a spinal reflex.”61.The passage begins with______A. a new explanation of musicB. a cultural universal questionedC. a common psychological abnormalityD. a deep insight into human physical movenents62.What intrigued Todd was ______A.human instinct reflexesB.people’s biological heritagesC.people’s compulsion about loud musicD.the damages loud music wrecks on human hearing63.Todd’s biological e xplanation for the desire to dance refers to_____A.the mechanism of hearing soundsB.the response evoked from the sacculusC.the two main functions performed by the human earD.the segregation of the hearing and balance maintaining function64.When the sacculus is acoustically stimulated,according to Todd_____A.functional balance will be maintained in the earB.pleasure will be arousedC.decibel will shoot upD.hearing will occur65.What is the passage mainly about?A.The human ear does more than hearing than expcted.B.Dancing is capable of heighten the sensation of hearingC.Loud music stimulates the inner ear and generates the urge to danceD.The human inner ear does more to help hear than to help maintain balance.passage 2Have you switch off your compter? How about your television? Your video? Your CD player? And even your coffee percolator? Really switched them off,not just pressed the button on some conrtol panel and left your machine with a telltale bright red light warning you that it is ready to jump back to life at your command?Because if you haven’t,you are one of the guilty people who help pollute the planet.It does’t matter if you’ve joined the neighborhood recycling scheme,conscientiously sorted your garbage and avoided driving to work.You still can’t sleep easy while just one of those little red lights is glowing in the dark.The awful truth is that household and office electrical appliances left on stand-by mode are gobbling up energy,even though they are doing absolutely nothing.Some electronic products-----such as CD players----can use almost as much energy on stand-by as they do when running.Others may use a lot less,but as your video player spend far more hours on stand-by than playing anything,the wastage soon adds up.In the US.alone,idle electronic devices consume enough energy to power cities with the energy needs of Chicago or London----costing consumers around $1 billion a year.Power stations fill the atmosphere with carbon dioxide just to do absolutely nothing.Thoughtless design is partly responseble for the waste.But manufactures only get away with desinging products that waste energy this way because consumers are not sensitive enough to the issue,indeed,while recycling has caught the public imagination ,reducing waste has attracted much less attention.But “source reduction”,as the garbage experts like to call the art of not using what you don’t need to use,offers enormous potential for reducing waste of all kinds.With a little intelligent shopping,you can cut waste long before you reach the end of the chain.Packaging remains the big villain.One of the hidden consequences of buying products grown or made all around the world,rather than produced locally,is the huge amount of packaging.To help cut the waste and encourage intelligent manufacturers the simplest trick is to look for ultra-light package.The same arguments apply to the very light but strong plastic bottles that are replacing heavier glass alternatives,thin-walled aluminum cans,and cartons made of composites that wrap up anything drinkable in an ultra-light package.There are hundreds of other tricks you can discuss with colleagues while gathering around the proverbial water cooler—filling up,naturally,your own mug rather than a disposable plastic cup.But you don’t need to go as far as one website which tells you how to give your friends unwrapped Christmas presents.There are limits to source correctness.66. Fron the first two paragraphs,the author implies that______A.hitch has made life easy everywhereB.nobody seems to be innocent in polluting the planetC.recycling can potentially control environmental deteriorationD.everybody is joining the global battle against pollution in one way or another67.The waste caused by household and office electrical appliances on stand-by mode seemsto_____A.be a long-standing indoor problemB.cause nothing but troubleC.get exaggeratedD.go unnoticed68.By idle electronic devices,the author means those appliances_____A.left on stand-by modeB.filling the atmosphere with carbon dioxideed by those who are mot energy-conscioused by those whose words spesk louder than actions69.Ultra-light packaging______A.is expected to reduce American waste bu one-thirdB.is an illustration of what is called “source reduction”C.can make both manufacturers and consumers intelligentD.is a villain of what the garnage experts call “source reduction”70.The conclusion the author is trying to draw is that______A.one person cannot win the battle against pollutionB.anybody can pick up tricks of environmental protection on the webC.noybody can be absolutely right in all the tricks of environmental protectionD.anybody can present or learn a trick of cutting down what is not neededpassage 3You can have too much of a good thing,it seems---at least when it comes to physiotherapy after a stroke. Many doctors believe that it is the key to recovery:exetcising a partially paralyzed limb can help the brain “rewire”itself and replace neural co nnections destroyed by a clot in the brain.But the latest animal experiments suggest that too much exercise too soon after a brain injury can make the damage worse. “It’s something that clinicians are not aware of,”says Timothy Schallert of the University at Austin,who led the research.In some trials,stroke victims asked to put their good arm in a sling---to force them to use their partially paralyzed limb---had made much better recoveries than those who used their good arm. But these patients were treated many months after their strokes.Earlier intervention,Schallert reasoned,should lead to even more dramatic improvements.To test this theory,Schallert and his colleagues placed tiny casts on the good forelimbs of rats for two weeks immediately after they were given a small brain injury that partially paralyzed one forelimb.Several weeks later, the researchers were astonished to find that brain tissue surruouding the original injury had also died. “The size of the injury doubled. It’s very dramatic effect.”says Schallert.Brain-injured rats that were not forced to overuse their partially paralyzed limbs showed no similar damage,and the casts did not cause a dramatic loss of brain tissue in animals that had not already suffered minor brain damage.In subsequent experiments,the researchers have found that the critical period for exercise-induced damage in rats is the first week after the initial brain injury.The spreading brain damage witnessed by Schaller’s team was probably caused by the releaseof glutamate,a neurotransmitter,from brain cells stimulated during limb movement.At high doses,glutamate is toxic even to healthy nerve cells.And Schallert believes that a brain injury makes neighboring cells unusually susceptible to the neurotransmitter’s toxic effects.Randolph Nudo of the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston,who studies brain injury in primates,agrees that glutamate is the most likely culprit.In experiments with squirrel monkeys suffering from stroke-like damage,Nudo tried beginning rehabilitation within five days of injury.Although the treatment was bebeficial in the long run,Nudo noticed an initial worsening of the paralysis that might also have been due to brain damage brought on by exercise.Schallert stresses that mild exercise is likely to be beneficial however soon it begins.He adds that it is unclear whether human victims of strokes,like brain -injured rats,could make their problems worse by exercising too vigorously,too soon.Some clinics do encourage patients to begin physiotherapy within a few weeks of suffering a traumatic head injury or stroke,says David Hovda,director of brain injury research at the University of California,Los Angeles.But even if humans do have a similar period of vulnerability to rat,he speculates that it might be possible to use drugs to block the effects of glutamate.71. Schallert issued a warning to those who____A.believe in the possibility of rewiring the brainB.are ignorant of physiotherapy in the clinicC.add exercise to partially paralyzed limbsD.are on the verge of a stroke72.Which of the following is Schallert’s hypothesis for his investigation.?A.Earlier intervention should lead to even more dramatic improvements.B.The critical period for braim damage is one week after injury.C.A partially paralyzed limb can cause brain damagesD.Physiotherapy is the key to brain recovery.73.The results from Schallert’s rese arch____A.reinforced the singificance of physiotherapy after a strokeB.indicated the fault with his experiment designC.turned out the oppsiteD.verified his hypothesis74.The results made Schallert’s team aware of the fact that____A.glutamate can have toxic efforts on healthy nerve cellsB.exercise can boost the release of glutamateC.glutamate is a neurotransmitterD. all of the above75.Schallert would probably advise clinicians____A.to administer drugs to blick the effects of glutamateB.to be watchful of the amount of exercise for stroke victimsC.to prescribe vigorous exercise to stroke vivtims one week after injuryD.to reconsider the significance of phusiotherapy to brain damagePssage FourOur understanding of cities in anything more than casual terms usually starts with observationsof their spatial form and structure at some point or cross-section in time.This is easiest way to begin,for it is hard to assemble data on how cities change through time,and, in any case,our perceptions often betray us into thinking of spatial structures as being resilient and long lasting.Even where physical change is very rapid,this only has an impact on us when we visit such places infrequent -ly ,after years away. Most of our urban theory,whether it emanates from the social sciences or engineering,is structured around the notion that spatial and spatial and social structures change slowly,and are sufficiently inert for us to infer reasonable explanations from cross-sectional studies.In recent years,these assumptions have come to be challenged,and in previous editorials I have argued the need for a more temporal emphasis to our theories and models,where the emphasis is no longer on equilibrium but on the intrinsic dynamics of urban change.Even these views,however,imply a conventional wisdom where the real focus of urban studies is on processes that lead to comparatively slow changes in urban organization,where the functions determining such change are very largely routine,accomplished over months or years,rather than any lesser cycle of time.There is a tacit assumption that longer term change subsumes routine change on a day-to-day or hour-basis,which is seen as simply supporting the fixed spatial infrastructures that we perceive cities to be built around .Transportation modeling,for example,is fashioned from thes standpoint in that routine trip-making behavior is the focus of study,its explanation being central to the notion that apatial structures are inert and long lasting.76.We ,according to the passage,tend to observe citiesA.chronologicallyB.longitudinallyC.sporadicallyD.horizontally77.we think about a city as____A.a spatial eventB.a symbolica worldC.a social environmentD.an intertelated system78.Cross-sectional studies show that cities ____A.are structured in three dimensiosB.are transformed rapidly in any aspectC.are resilient and long lasting rhrougy timeD.change slowly in spatial and social structrues79.The author is drawing our attention to ____A.the equilibrium of urban spatial structuresB.the intrinsic dynamics of urban changeC.the fixed spatial infrastructureD.all of the above80.The conventional notion,the aurhor contends,____A.presents the inherent nature of a cityB.underlies the fixed spatial infrastructuresC.places an emphasis on lesser cycles of timeD.hinders the physical change of urban structurePassane fiveWhen it is sunny in June,my father gets in his first cutting of hay.He starts on the creek meadows,which are flat,sandy,and hot.They are his driest land.This year,vacationing from my medical practice,I returned to Vermont to help with the haying.The heft of a bale through my leather gloves is familiar:the tautness of the twine,the heave ofthe bale,the sweat rivers that run through the hay chaff on my arms.This work has the smell of sweet grass and breeze.I walk behind the chug and clack of the baler,moving the bales into piles so my brother can do the real work of picking them up later.As hot as the air is,my face is hotter.I am surprised at how soon I get tired.I take a break and sit in the shade,watching my father bale,trying not to think about how old he is,how the heat affects his heart,what might happen.This is not my usual work,of course.My usual work is to sit with patients and listen to them.Occasionslly I touch them,and am glad that my hands are soft.I don’t think my patients would like farmer callouses and dirty hands on their tender spots.Reluctantly I feel for lumps in breasts and testicles,hidden swellings of organs and joints,and probe all the painful places in my patients’lives.There are many,Perhaps I am too soft,could stand callouses of a different sort.I feel heavy after a day’s work ,as if my pat ients were inside me,letting me carry them.I don’t mean to.But where do I put their stories? The childhood beatings,ulcers from stress, incapacitating depression,fears,illness? These are not my experiences,yet I feel them and carry them with me.Try to find healthier meanings,I spent the week before vacation crying.The hay field is getting organized.Piles of three and four bales are scattered around the field.They will be easy to pick up.Dad climbs,tired and lame,from the tractor.I hand him a jar of ice w ater,and he looks with satisfaction on his job just done.I’ll stack a few more bales snd maybe drive the truck for my brother.My father will have some appreciative customers this winter,as he sells his bales of hay.I’ve needed to feel this heaviness in my muscles,the heat on my face.I am taunted by the simplicity of this work,the purpose and results,the definite boundaries of the fields,the dimensions of the bales,for illness is not defined by the boundaries of bodies;it spills into families ,homes, schools,and my office,like hay tumbling over the edge of the cutter bar.I feel the rough stubble left in its wake.I need to remember the stories I’ve helped reshape,new meanings stacked against the despair of pain,I need to remember the smell of hay in June.81.Which of the following is NOT true according to the story?A.The muscular work in the field has an emotional impact on the narrator.B.The narrator gets tired easily working in the field.C.It is the first time for the narroator to do hayingD.The narrator is as physician82.In retrospection ,the narrator___A.feels guilty before his father and brotherB.defends his soft hands in a meaningful wayC.hates losing his muscular power before he knows itD.is shamed for the farmer callouses he does not possess83.As a physician,the narrator is ___A.empathicB.arrogantC.callousD.fragile84.His associations punctuate_____A.the similarities between medicine and agricultureB.the simplicity of muscular workC.the hardship of life everywhereD.the nature of medical practice85.The narrator would say that____A.it can do physicians good to spend a vacation doing muscular workB.everything is interlinked and anything can be anythingC.he is a shame to his fatherD.his trip is worth itPassage SixEveryone has seen it happen,A colleague who has been excited,involved,and productive slowly begins to pull back,lose energy and interest,and becomes a shadow or his or her former self.Or,a person who has been a beacon of vision and idealism retreats into despair or cynicism.What happened? How does someone who is capable and committed become a person who functions minimally and does not seem to care for the job or the people that work there?Burnout is a chronic state of depleted energy ,lack of commitment and involvement,and continual frustration,often accompanied at work by physical symptoms,disability claims and performance problem.Job burnout is a crisis of spirit,when work that was once exciting and meaningful becomes deadening. An organization’s mo st valuable resource---the energy ,dedication,and creativity of its employees---is often squandered by a climate that limits or frustrates the pool of talent and energy available.Milder forms of burnout are a problem at every level in every type of work.The burned-out manager comes to work,but he brings a shell rather than a person.He experiences little satisfaction,and feels uninvolved,detached,and uncommitted to his work and co-workers.While he may be effective by external standards,he works far below his own level of productivity. The people around him are deeply affected by his attitude and energy level,and the whole community begins to suffer.Burnout is a crisis of the spirit because people who burn out were once on fire.It’s especially scary …………….some of the most talented .If they can’t maintain their fire,others ask who can? Are these people lost forever,or can the inner flame be rekindled? People often feel that burnout just comes upon them and that they are helpless victims of it. Actually,the evidence is growing that there were ways for individuals to safeguard and renew their spirit,snd more important,there are ways for organizations to change conditions that lead to burnout.86.The passage begins with____A.a personal transitionB.a contrast between two types of peopleC.a shift from conformity to individualityD.a mysterious physical and mental state87.Which of the following is related with the crisis of spirit?A.Emotional exhaustionB.DepersonalizationC.Reduced personal accomplishmentD.All of the above88.Job burnout is a crisis of spirit,which will result in ___A.a personal problemB.diminished productivityC.an economic crisis in a countryD.a failure to establish a pool of talent and energy89.Burnout can be ___A.fatalB.staticC.infectiousD.permanent90.Those who are burned-out,according to the passage,are potentially able___A.to find a quick fixB.to restore what they have lostC.to be aware of their status quoD.to challenge their organization A.B.C.D. A.B.C.D. A.B.C.D.。
上海交通大学考博英语模拟试卷5(题后含答案及解析)
上海交通大学考博英语模拟试卷5(题后含答案及解析)题型有:1. Structure and V ocabulary 2. Reading Comprehension 3. Cloze 4. WritingStructure and V ocabulary1.Although it is only a small business,its____is surprisingly high.A.turn-upB.turn-overC.turn-aboutD.turn-out正确答案:B解析:各项的意思是:turn-up“开大(声音);出现”;turn-over“营业额”;turn—about“反复思考;向后转”;turn-out“生产,制造”。
2.Unfortunately not all of us obtain our just____in this life.A.demandsB.gainsC.desertsD.wins正确答案:C解析:各项的意思是:demand“要求,所要求的事物”;in great demand“需求量很大”;gain“盈利,获利”;deserts“应得的赏罚,功劳”;win“(体育比赛中)胜利”。
3.That contract, with which we had a disagreement last month,has now gone____.A.throughB.downC.overD.around正确答案:B解析:各项的意思是:go through“检查,穿过,通过”;go down“降低,被接受,得到赞同”;go over“留下印象,搁置起来”;go around“参观;到处走动”。
4.The____of two houses proved such a financial burden that they were forced to sell one.A.upsurgeC.upturnD.upkeep正确答案:D解析:各项的意思是:upsurge“急剧增长,激发,突发”;upshot“结局,终点”;upturn“上升,好转”;upkeep“维修(费),保养费,生活费”。
上海交通大学2001-2004历年考博英语试题
武汉大学2004年博士研究生入学考试试题Part ⅠReading Comprehension (30%)Directions: There are 4 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets.Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage:All types of stress study, whether under laboratory or real-life situations, study mechanisms for increasing the arousal level of the brain.The brain blood flow studies show that reciting the days of the week and months of the year increases blood flow in appropriate areas, whereas problem solving which demands intense concentration of a reasoning type produces much larger changes in the distribution of blood in the brain.Between these basic studies of brain function and real life situations there is still a considerable gap, but reasonable deduction seems possible to try and understand what happens to the brain. Life consists of a series of events which may be related to work or to our so-called leisure time. Work may be relatively automatic—as with typing, for instance, it requires intense concentration and repetition during the learning phase to establish a pattern in the brain. Then the typist's fingers automatically move to hit the appropriate keys as she reads the words on the copy. ?However, when she gets tired she makes mistakes much more frequently. To overcome this she has to raise her level of arousal and concentration but beyond a certain point the automatic is lost and thinking about hitting the keys leads to more mistakes.Other jobs involve intense concentration such as holding bottles of wine up to a strong light and turning them upside down to look for particles of dirt falling down. This sounds quite easy but experience teaches that workers can do this for only about thirty minutes before they start making a mistake. This is partly because the number of occasions with dirt in the bottle is low and the arousal level, therefore, fails. Scientists have shown that devices to raise arousal level will increase the accuracy of looking for relatively rare events. A recent study of the effect of loss of sleep in young doctors showed that in tests involving a challenge to their medical judgment when short of sleep they raised their arousal level and became better at tests of grammatical reasoning as well.1. According to the brain blood flow studies, problem solving ________.A. increases blood flow in some areas of the brainB. causes changes in the distribution of blood in the brainC. demands intense concentration of blood in certain areasD. is based on the ability to recite the time2. The author believes that ________.A. the results obtained in the laboratory exactly reflects the real-life situationsB. the gap between the laboratory studies and real-life situations is too large to fill upC. the gap between the laboratory studies and real-life situations can be closed by proper reasoningD. the difference between the laboratory studies and real-life situations will be reduced3. When a typist gets tired, ________.A. she has to try hard to raise her automaticB. she can type only automaticallyC. she cannot think about what she is doing.D. she can seldom type automatically4. Examining bottles of wine is hard work because ________.A. the bottles must be held upside downB. it is difficult to see the particles of dirt?C. it requires high level of automaticD. most bottles are all right5. According to the author, a key factor in the ability to reason is ________. ??????A. the subject's knowledge of grammarB. the amount of sleep the subject has hadC. the level of arousal of the subjectD. the extent to which the subject has been taught to reasonQuestions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage:Auctions are public sales of goods, conducted by an officially approved auctioneer. He asks the crowd assembled in the auction-room to make offers, or “bids”, for the various items on sale. He encourages buyers to bid higher figures, and finally names the highest bidder as the buyer of the goods. This is called “knocking down” the goods, for the bidding ends when the auctioneer bangs a small hammer on a table at which he stands. This is often set on a raised platform called a rostrum. ?The ancient Romans probably invented sales by auction, and the English word comes from the Latin auctio, meaning “increase”. The Romans usually sold in this way the spoils taken in war; these sales were called sub basra, meaning “under the spear”, a spear being stuck in the ground as a signal for a crowd to gather. In England in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries goods were often sold “by the candle”: a short candle was lit by the auctioneer, and bids could be made while it stayed alight.Practically all goods whose qualities vary are sold by auction. Among these are coffee, hides, skins, wool, tea, cocoa, furs, spices, fruit and vegetables and wines. Auction sales are also usual for land and property, antique furniture, pictures, rare books, old china and similar works of art. The auction rooms at Christie's and Sotheby's in London and New York are world famous.An auction is usually advertised beforehand with full particulars of the articles to be sold and where and when they can be viewed by prospective buyers. If the advertisement cannot give full details, catalogues are printed, and each group of goods to be sold?together, called a “lot”, is usually given a number. The auctioneer need not begin with Lot 1 and continue in numerical order; he may wait until he registers the fact that certain dealers are in the room and then produce the lots they are likely to be interested in. The auctioneer's services are paid for in the form of a percentage of the price tha goods are sold for. The auctioneer therefore has a direct interest in pushing up the bidding as high as possible.The auctioneer must know fairly accurately the current market values of the goods he is selling, and he should be acquainted with regular buyers of such goods. He will not waste time by starting the bidding too low. He will also play on the rivalries among his buyers and succeed in getting a hight price by encouraging two business competitors to bid against each other. It is largely on his advice that a seller will fix a “reserve” price, that is ,a price below which the goods cannot be sold. Even the best auctioneers, however, find it difficult to stop a “knock out”, whereby dealers illegally arrange beforehand not to bid against each other, but nominate one of themselves as theonly bidder, in the hope of buying goods at extremely low prices. If such a “knock-out” comes off ,the real auction sale takes place privately afterwards among the dealers.6. A candle used to burn at auction sales ________.A. because they took place at nightB. as a signal for the crowd to gatherC. to keep the auctioneer warmD. to limit the time when offers could be made7. An auction catalogue gives prospective buyers ________.A. the current market values of the goodsB. details of the goods to be soldC. the order in which goods must be soldD. free admission to the auction sale8. The auctioneer may decide to sell the “lots” out of order because ________. ??A. he sometimes wants to confuse the buyersB. he knows from experience that certain people will want to buy certain itemsC. he wants to keep certain people waitingD. he wants to reduce the number of buyers9. An auctioneer likes to get high prices for the goods he sells because ________.A. then he earns more himselfB. the dealers are pleasedC. the auction-rooms become world famousD. it keeps the customers interested10. A “knock out”?is arranged ________.A. to keep the price in the auction room lowB. to allow one dealer only to make a profitC. to increase the auctioneer's profitD. to help the auctioneerQuestions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage:Whenever two or more unusual traits or situations are found in the same place, it is tempting to look for more than a coincidental relationship between them. The high Himalayas and the Tibetan plateau certainly have extraordinary physical characteristics and the cultures which are found there are also unusual, though not unique. However there is no intention of adopting Montesquieu's view of climate and soil as cultural determinants. The ecology of a region merely poses some of the problems faced by the inhabitants of the region, and while the problems facing a culture are important to its development, they do not determine it.?The appearance of the Himalayas during the late Tertiary Period and the accompanying further raising of the previously established rages had a marked effect on the climate of the region. Primarily, of course, it blocked the Indian monsoon (季风) from reaching Central Asia at all. Secondarily, air and moisture from other??Directions were also reduced.Prior to the raising of the Himalayas, the land now forming the Tibetan uplands had a dry, continental climate with vegetation and animal life similar to that of much of the rest of the region on the same parallel, but somewhat differen than that of the areas farther north, which were already drier. With the coming of the Himalayas and the relatively sudden drying out of the region, there was a severe thinning out of the animal and plant population. The ensuing incompletePleistocene glaciations (冰蚀) had a further thinning effect, but significantly did not wipe out life in the area. Thus after the end of the glaciation there were only a few varieties of life extant from the original continental species. Isolated by the Kunlun range from the Tarim basin and Turfan depression, species which had already adapted to the dry steppe climate, and would otherwise have been expected to flourish in Tibetan, the remaining native fauna and flora (动植物) multiplied. Armand describes the Tibetan fauna as not having great variety, but being “striking” in the abundance of the particular species that are present. The plant life is similarly limited in variety, with some observers finding no more than seventy varieties of plants in even the relatively fertile Eastern Tibetan valleys. with fewer than ten food crops. Tibetan “tea” is a major staple, perhaps replacing the unavailable vegetables.The difficulties of living in an environment at once dry and cold. and populated with species more usually found in more hospitable climates, are great. These difficulties may well have influenced the unusual polyandrous (一妻多夫制) societies typical of the region. Lattimore sees the maintenance of multiple-husband households as being preserved from earlier forms by the harsh conditions of the Tibetan uplands, which permitted no experimentation and “froze” the cultures which came there. Kawakita, on the other hand, sees the polyandry as a way of easily permitting the best householder to become the head husband regardless of age. His detailed studies of the Bhotea village of Tsumje do seem to support this idea of polyandry as a method of talent mobility is a situation where even the best talent is barely enought for survival.In sum, though arguments can be made that a pre-existing polyandrous system was strengthened and preserved (insofar as it has been) by the rigors of the land, it would certainly be an overstatement to lay causative factors of any stronger nature to the ecological influences in this case.11. What are the “unusual traits or situations” referred to in the first sentence?A. Patterns of animal and plant growth.B. Food and food preparation patterns of the upland Tibetans.C. Social and familial organization of typical Tibetan society.D. All of the above.12. The purpose of the passage is to ________.A. analyze the possible causal links between Tibetan ecology and societyB. describe the social organization of typical Tibetan villagesC. describe Tibetan fauna and floraD. analyze the mysteries of the sudden appearance of the Himalayas13. The author 's knowledge of Tibet is probably ________.A. based on firsthand experienceB. the result of lifelong studiesC. derived from books onlyD. limited to geological history14. According to the passage, which of the following would probably be the most agreeable to Montesquieu?A. All regions have different soils and thus, different cultures.B. some regions with similar climates will have similar cultures.C. Cultures in the same area, sharing soil and climate, will be essentially identical.D. The plants of a country, by being the food of its people, cause the people to have similar viewsto one another.15. The species of fauna and flora remaining in Tibet after the Pleistocene glaciation can properly be called continental because they ________.A. are originally found in continental climatesB. are the only life forms in Tibet, which is as big as a continentC. have been found in other parts of the Asian continentD. are found in land mass that used to be a separate continentQuestions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage:Opponents of affirmative action say the battle over the use of race in college admissions is hardly over, despite the Supreme Court's ruling Monday upholding the goal of a diverse student body. Higher education leaders overwhelmingly hailed the decision, saying it reaffirmed policies used by most selective colleges and universities. But some critics raised the possibility of more lawsuits, and promised to continue pressuring the Department of Education's Office of Civil Rights to investigate questionable policies.“We're talking about admissions programs, scholarships, any program...only for minorities or in which the standards used to judge admissions are substantially different,” says Linda Chavez, founder and president of the Center for Equal Opportunity, a conservative non-profit group.Others say they'll take their case to voters. “We have to seriously contest all this at the ballot box,” says University of California regent Ward Cannerly, who helped win voter approval of California's Proposition 209, which prohibits considering race or gender in public education, hiring and contracting. Because of that law, Monday's ruling had no practical impact in the state. “It may be time for us to...let the (Michigan) voters decide if they want to use race as a factor in admissions,” Connerly said Monday.Meanwhile, U. S. Education Secretary Rod Paige, consistent with President Bush's stance opposing affirmative action, said the Department of Education will “continue examining and highlighting effective race-neutral approaches to ensure broad access to and diversity within our public institutions”. Even Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O' Connor, in one of the opinions, recommended that states look for lessons in race-neutral programs being tried in California and elsewhere. While the ruling said admissions officials may consider race in the selection process, colleges and universities are not obligated to do so. “Ultimately in the debate, diversity is a choice, not a legal mandate,” says Arthur Coleman, a former Department of Education official who now helps colleges and universities ensure constitutional policies.The public, too, remains conflicted, largely along racial lines. According to a january poll by the non-profit research organization Public Agenda, 79% of Americans said it is important for colleges to have a racially diverse student body, while just 54% said affirmative action programs should continue. In a Gallup poll conducted days before the ruling, 49% of adults said they favor affirmative action and 43% did not, with blacks and Hispanics far more likely to favor the practice than whites. And some educators doubt that with Monday's ruling, those opposing affirmative action will change their minds.For now, admissions officials and university lawyers are poring over the ruling to determine how or whether to adjust policies. While most tend to be closed-mouthed about admissions policies, many say they don't expect significant changes.16. What the critics said in the first paragraph amounts to the idea that ________.A. no admission policies based on race should be implemented.B. minority applicants should be given favorable considerations.C. different standards for admitting minority students should be set up.D. selective colleges and universities should be punished for their discriminatory policies.17. Connerly insists that the Court's ruling should ________.A. win approval from Californian voters before it is put in effectB. be contested by the Michigan voters with an opinion pollC. be applied in some states before it is extended to other statesD. produce the intended practical effect before it is widely accepted18. What is the attitude of the Department of Education towards affirmative action?A. NeutralityB. ObjectionC. ApprovalD. Indifference19. Which of the following is True about affirmative action according to the text?A. A vast majority of people support it.?B. The minorities claim it to be a discriminatory policy.C. The minority students are more likely to welcome it.D. the Court's decision will certainly change people's attitude to it.20. It can be inferred from the text that one of the major objectives of affirmative action is to ________.A. ensure race-neutral programs are set up in college and universitiesB. adapt the Supreme Court's ruling to college situationsC. formulate the right policies for college admissionsD. discourage the practice of racial discrimination in college admissionsPart ⅡEnglish-Chinese Translation (25%)?Directions: Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese.Computers are permeating almost every aspect of our lives, including many areas previously untouched by technology. 1. But unlike such other pervasive technologies as electricity, television and the motor car, computers are on the whole less reliable and less predictable in their behavior. This is because they are discrete state digital electronic devices that are prone to total and catastrophic failure. Computer systems, when they are “down,” are completely down, unlike electromechanical devices, which may be only partially down and are thus partially usable. Computers enable enormous quantities of information to be stored, retrieved, and transmitted at great speed on a scale not possible before. 2. This is all very well, but it has serious implications for data security and personal privacy because computers are inherently insecure. The recent activities of hackers and data thieves in the United States, Germany, and Britain have shown how all-too-easy it still is to break into even the most-sophisticated financial and military systems. The list of scares perpetrated by the new breed of hi-tech criminals, ranging from fraud in airline-ticket reservations to the reprogramming of the chips inside mobile phones, is growing daily. Computer systems are often incredibly complex-so complex, in fact, that they are not always understood even by their creators (although few are willing to admit it). This often makes them completely unmanageable. Unmanageable complexity, can result in massive foul-ups or spectacular budget “runaways.” For example, Jeffrey Rothfeder in Business Week reports thatBank of America in 1988 had to abandon a $ 20-million computer system after spending five years and a further $ 60 million trying to make it work. Allstate Insurance saw the cost of its new system rise from $ 8 million to a staggering $ 100 million and estimated completion was delayed from 1987 to 1903. Moreover, the problem seems to be getting worse: in 1988 the American Arbitration. Association took on 190 computer disputes, most of which involved defective systems. The claims totaled 200m i l l i o n—up from only $ 31 million in 1984.3. Complexity can also result in disaster: no computer is 100 percent guaranteed because it is virtually impossible to anticipate all sorts of critical applications, such as saving lives, flying air craft, running nuclear power stations, transferring vast sums of money, and controlling missile systems—sometimes with tragic consequences. For example, between 1982 and 1987, some twenty-two servicemen died in five separate crashes of the United States Air Force's sophisticated Blackhawk helicopter before the problem was traced to its computer-based “fly-by-wire” system. At least two people died after receiving overdoses of radiation emitted by the computerized. There are 25 X-ray machines, and there are many other examples of fatal computer-based foul-ups. Popular areas for less life-threatening computer malfunctions include telephone billing and telephone switching software, bank statements and bank-teller machines, electronic funds-transfer systems, and motor-vehicle license data bases. Although computers have often taken the “blame” on these occasions, the ultimate cause of failure in most cases is, in fact, human error.Every new technology creates new problems—as well as new benefits--for society, and computers are no exception. 4. But digital computers have rendered society especially vulnerable to hardware and software malfunctions. Sometimes industrial robots go crazy, while heart pacemakers and automatic garage door openers are rendered useless by electromagnetic radiation or “electronic smog” emitted from point-of-sale terminals, personal computers, and video games. Automated teller machines (ATMs) and pumps at gas stations are closed down because of unforeseen software snafus.The cost of all this downtime is huge. 5. For example, it has been reported that British businesses suffer around thirty major mishaps a year. revolving losses running into millions of pounds. These are caused by machine or human error and do not include human misuse in the form of fraud and sabotage. The cost of failures in domestically produced software in the United Kingdom alone is conservatively estimated at $ 900 million per year. In 1989, a British Computer Society committee, reported that much software was now so complex that current skills in safety assessment were inadequate and that therefore the safety of people could not be guaranteed.Part Ⅲ??Chinese-English Translation (25%)?Directions: Translate the following short paragraph into English and write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET.1. 一位负责扶贫工作的官员说,到2004年底,尽管大多数贫困人口将解决温饱问题,还将有一些生活极端贫困的人们,他们还需要政府的资助。
全国医学博士英语统考真题试卷2005
2005Part II vocabularysection A31.There was no_____but to close the road until February.A.dilemmaB.denyingC.alternativeD.doubt32.I______when I heard that my grandfather had died.A.fell apartB.fell awayC.fell outD.fall back33.I’m_____passing a new law that helps poor children get bettermedicine.A.taking advantage ofB.standing up forC.looking up toD.taking hold of34.In front of the platform,the students were talking with theprofessor over the quizzes of their_____subjects.pulsorypulsiveC.alternativeD.predominant35.The tutor tells the undergraduates that one can acquire____ina foreign language through more practice.A.proficiencyB.efficiencyC.efficacyD.frequency36.The teacher explained the new lesson_____to the students.A.at randomB.at a lossC.at lengthD.at hand37.I shall ___the loss of my reading-glasses in newspaper witha reward for the finder. A.advertise rm C.announceD.publish38.The poor nutrition in the early stages of infancy can ___adultgrowth. A.degenerate B.deteriorate C.boost D.retard39.She had a terrible accident,but___she was’t killed.A.at all eventsB.in the long runC.at largeD.in vain40.His weak chest___him to winter illness .A.predictsB.preoccupiesC.prevailsD.predisposesSection B41.The company was losing money,so they had to lay off some ofits employees for three months.A.oweB.dismissC.recruitD.summon42.The north American states agrreed to sign the agreement ofeconomical and military union in Ottawa.A.conventionB.convictionC.contradictionD.confrontation43 The statue would be perfect but for a few small defects in itsbase.A.faultsB.weaknessesC.flawsD.errors44.When he finally emerged from the cave after thirty days.John was startlingly pale. A.amazingly B.astonishingly C.uniquelyD.dramatically45.If you want to set up a company,you must comply with theregulations laid down by the authorities.A.abide byB.work outC.check outD.succumb to46.The school master applauded the girl’s bravery in his openingspeech.A.praiseB.appraisedC.cheeredD.clapped47.The local government leaders are making every effort to tacklethe problem of poverty.A.abolishB.addressC.extinguishD.encounter48.This report would be intelligible only to an expert in computing.A.intelligentprehensivepetentprehensible49.Reading a book and listening to music simultaneously seems tobe mo problem for them.A.intermittentlyB.constantlyC.concurrentlyD.continuously50.He was given a laptop computer in acknowledgement of his work forthe company.A.accomplishmentB.recognitionC.apprehensionmitmentPart III CloseIn Mr.Allen’s high school class,all students have to “get married”.However,the wedding ceremonies are not real ones but 51 .These mock ceremonies sometimes become so 52 that the loud laughter drowns out the voive of the “minister”.Even the two students getting married oftenbegin to giggle.The teacher Mr. Allen,believes that marriage is a difficult and serious business.He wants young people to understand that there are many changes that 53 take place after marriage.He believes that the need for these psychological and financial 54 should be understood before peoplemarry.Mr.Allen does’t only introduce his students to major problems 55 in marriage such as illness or unemployment.He also expose them to nitty-gritty problems they will face every day.He wants to introduce young people to all the trials and 56 that can strain a marriage to the breaking point .He even 57 his students with the problems of divorced men must pay child support money for their wives.It has been upsetting for some of the students to see the problems that a married couple often faces. 58 they took the course,they had not worried much about the problems of marriage.However,both students and parents feel that Mr.Allen’s course is valuable and have 59 the course publicly.There statements and letters supporting the class have, 60 theschool to offer the course again,51. A.duplications B.imitations C.assumptionD.fantasies52. A.noisy B.artificial C.graceful D.real53. A.might B.would C.must D.need54. A.issues B.adjustments C.mattersD.expectancies55. A.to face B.facing C.having faced D.faced56. A.tribulations B.errors C.triumphsD.verdicts57. rms B.concerns C. triumphsD.associates58. A.Until B.Before C.After D.As.59. A.taken B.suggested C.endorsedD.reproched60. A.confined B.convinced promisedD.conceivedpassage oneWhy do people always want to get up and dance when they hear music? The usual explanation is that there is something embeded in every culture-----that dancing is a “cultural universal”. A researcher in Manchester thingks the impulse may be more deeply rooted than that. Hesays it may be a reflex reaction.Neil Todd,a psychologist at the University of Manchester. told the BA that he first got an inkling that biology was the key after watching people dance to deafeningly loud music.“There is a compulsion about it.”he says.He reckoned there might be a moredirect,biological,explanation for the disre to dance,so he started tolook at the inner ear.The human ear has two main functions:hearing and maintaining balance.The standard view is that these tasks are segregated so thatorgans for balance,for insance,do not have an acoustic function.But Todd says animal studies have shown that the sacculus,which is part of the balance---regulating vestibular system,has retain some sensitivity to sound.The sacculus is especially sensitive to extremely loud noise,above70 decibel.“There’s no question that in a contemporary dance environment,the sacculus will be stimulated.”says Todd.The average rave,he says,blares music at a painful 110 to 140 decibels.But no one really knows what an acoustically stimulated sacculus does.Todd speculates that listening to extremely loud music is a form of “vestibular self-stimulation”:it gives a heightened sensation of motion. “We don’t know exactly why it causes pleasure.”he says.”But we know that people go to extraordinary length to get it.”He list bungee jumping,playing on swings or even rocking to and fro in a rocking chair as other example of pursuits designed to stimulate the sacculus.The same pulsing that makes us feel as though we are moving may make us get up and dances as well,says Todd.Loud music sends signals to the inner ear which may prompt reflex movement. “The typical pulse rate of dance music is around the rate of locomotion.”he says,“It’s quite possible you’re triggering a spinal reflex.”61.The passage begins with______A. a new explanation of musicB. a cultural universalquestionedC. a common psychological abnormalityD. a deep insight into humanphysical movenents62.What intrigued Todd was ______A.human instinct reflexesB.people’s biological heritagesC.people’s compulsion about loud musicD.the damages loud music wrecks on human hearing63.Todd’s biological explanation for the desire to dance refersto_____A.the mechanism of hearing soundsB.the response evoked from the sacculusC.the two main functions performed by the human earD.the segregation of the hearing and balance maintaining function64.When the sacculus is acoustically stimulated,according toTodd_____A.functional balance will be maintained in the earB.pleasure will be arousedC.decibel will shoot upD.hearing will occur65.What is the passage mainly about?A.The human ear does more than hearing than expcted.B.Dancing is capable of heighten the sensation of hearingC.Loud music stimulates the inner ear and generates the urge to danceD.The human inner ear does more to help hear than to help maintainbalance.passage 2Have you switch off your compter? How about your television? Your video? Your CD player? And even your coffee percolator? Really switched them off,not just pressed the button on some conrtol panel and left your machine with a telltale bright red light warning you that it is ready to jump back to life at your command?Because if you haven’t,you are one of the guilty people who help pollute the planet.It does’t matter if you’ve joined the neighborhood recycling scheme,conscientiously sorted your garbage and avoided driving to work.You still can’t sleep easy while just one of those little redlights is glowing in the dark.The awful truth is that household and office electrical appliances left on stand-by mode are gobbling up energy,even though they are doing absolutely nothing.Some electronic products-----such as CD players----can use almost as much energy on stand-by as they do when running.Others may use a lot less,but as your video player spend far more hours on stand-by than playing anything,the wastage soon adds up.In the US.alone,idle electronic devices consume enough energy to power cities with the energy needs of Chicago or London----costing consumers around $1 billion a year.Power stations fill the atmosphere with carbon dioxide just to do absolutely nothing.Thoughtless design is partly responseble for the waste.But manufactures only get away with desinging products that waste energy this way because consumers are not sensitive enough to the issue,indeed,while recycling has caught the public imagination ,reducing waste has attractedmuch less attention.But “source reduction”,as the garbage experts like to call the art of not using what you don’t need to use,offers enormous potential for reducing waste of all kinds.With a little intelligent shopping,you can cut waste long before you reach the end of the chain.Packaging remains the big villain.One of the hidden consequences of buying products grown or made all around the world,rather than produced locally,is the huge amount of packaging.To help cut the waste and encourage intelligent manufacturers the simplest trick is to look forultra-light package.The same arguments apply to the very light but strong plastic bottles that are replacing heavier glass alternatives,thin-walled aluminum cans,and cartons made of composites that wrap up anything drinkable inan ultra-light package.There are hundreds of other tricks you can discuss with colleagues while gathering around the proverbial water cooler—fillingup,naturally,your own mug rather than a disposable plastic cup.But you don’t need to go as far as one website which tells you how to give your friends unwrapped Christmas presents.There are limits to sourcecorrectness.66. Fron the first two paragraphs,the author implies that______A.hitch has made life easy everywhereB.nobody seems to be innocent in polluting the planetC.recycling can potentially control environmental deteriorationD.everybody is joining the global battle against pollution in oneway or another67.The waste caused by household and office electrical applianceson stand-by mode seems to_____A.be a long-standing indoor problemB.cause nothing buttroubleC.get exaggeratedD.go unnoticed68.By idle electronic devices,the author means those appliances_____A.left on stand-by modeB.filling the atmosphere with carbon dioxideed by those who are mot energy-conscioused by those whose words spesk louder than actions69.Ultra-light packaging______A.is expected to reduce American waste bu one-thirdB.is an illustration of what is called “source reduction”C.can make both manufacturers and consumers intelligentD.is a villain of what the garnage experts call “source reduction”70.The conclusion the author is trying to draw is that______A.one person cannot win the battle against pollutionB.anybody can pick up tricks of environmental protection on the webC.noybody can be absolutely right in all the tricks of environmentalprotectionD.anybody can present or learn a trick of cutting down what is notneededpassage 3You can have too much of a good thing,it seems---at least when it comes to physiotherapy after a stroke. Many doctors believe that it is the key to recovery:exetcising a partially paralyzed limb can help the brain “rewire”itself and replace neural connections destroyed by a clotin the brain.But the latest animal experiments suggest that too much exercise too soon after a brain injury can make the damage worse. “It’s something that clinicians are not aware of,”says Timothy Schallert of the University at Austin,who led the research.In some trials,stroke victims asked to put their good arm in a sling---to force them to use their partially paralyzed limb---had made much better recoveries than those who used their good arm. But these patients were treated many months after their strokes.Earlier intervention,Schallert reasoned,should lead to even more dramaticimprovements.To test this theory,Schallert and his colleagues placed tiny casts on the good forelimbs of rats for two weeks immediately after they were given a small brain injury that partially paralyzed one forelimb.Several weeks later, the researchers were astonished to find that brain tissue surruouding the original injury had also died. “The size of the injury doubled. It’s very dramatic effect.”says Schallert.Brain-injured rats that were not forced to overuse their partially paralyzed limbs showed no similar damage,and the casts did not cause adramatic loss of brain tissue in animals that had not already suffered minor brain damage.In subsequent experiments,the researchers have found that the critical period for exercise-induced damage in rats is the first week after the initial brain injury.The spreading brain damage witnessed by Schaller’s team was probably caused by the release of glutamate,a neurotransmitter,from brain cells stimulated during limb movement.At high doses,glutamate is toxic even to healthy nerve cells.And Schallert believes that a brain injury makes neighboring cells unusually susceptible to the neurotransmitter’s toxiceffects.Randolph Nudo of the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston,who studies brain injury in primates,agrees that glutamate is the most likely culprit.In experiments with squirrel monkeys suffering from stroke-like damage,Nudo tried beginning rehabilitation within five days of injury.Although the treatment was bebeficial in the long run,Nudo noticed an initial worsening of the paralysis that might also have been due to brain damage brought on by exercise.Schallert stresses that mild exercise is likely to be beneficial however soon it begins.He adds that it is unclear whether human victims of strokes,like brain -injured rats,could make their problems worse by exercising too vigorously,too soon.Some clinics do encourage patients to begin physiotherapy within a few weeks of suffering a traumatic head injury or stroke,says David Hovda,director of brain injury research at the University of California,Los Angeles.But even if humans do have a similar period of vulnerability to rat,he speculates that it might be possible to use drugs to block the effects of glutamate.71. Schallert issued a warning to those who____A.believe in the possibility of rewiring the brainB.are ignorant of physiotherapy in the clinicC.add exercise to partially paralyzed limbsD.are on the verge of a stroke72.Which of the following is Schallert’s hypothesis for hisinvestigation.?A.Earlier intervention should lead to even more dramaticimprovements.B.The critical period for braim damage is one week after injury.C.A partially paralyzed limb can cause brain damagesD.Physiotherapy is the key to brain recovery.73.The results from Schallert’s research____A.reinforced the singificance of physiotherapy after a strokeB.indicated the fault with his experiment designC.turned out the oppsiteD.verified his hypothesis74.The results made Schallert’s team aware of the fact that____A.glutamate can have toxic efforts on healthy nerve cellsB.exercise can boost the release of glutamateC.glutamate is a neurotransmitterD. all of the above75.Schallert would probably advise clinicians____A.to administer drugs to blick the effects of glutamateB.to be watchful of the amount of exercise for stroke victimsC.to prescribe vigorous exercise to stroke vivtims one week afterinjuryD.to reconsider the significance of phusiotherapy to brain damagePssage FourOur understanding of cities in anything more than casual terms usually starts with observations of their spatial form and structure atsome point or cross-section in time.This is easiest way to begin,for it is hard to assemble data on how cities change through time,and, in any case,our perceptions often betray us into thinking of spatial structures as being resilient and long lasting.Even where physical change is very rapid,this only has an impact on us when we visit such places infrequent -ly ,after years away. Most of our urban theory,whether it emanates from the social sciences or engineering,is structured around the notion that spatial and spatial and social structures change slowly,and are sufficiently inert for us to infer reasonable explanations from cross-sectional studies.In recent years,these assumptions have come to be challenged,and in previous editorials I have argued the need for a more temporal emphasis to our theories and models,where the emphasis is no longer on equilibrium but on the intrinsic dynamics of urban change.Even these views,however,imply a conventional wisdom where the real focus of urban studies is on processes that lead to comparatively slow changes in urban organization,where the functions determining such change are very largely routine,accomplished over months or years,rather than any lesser cycle of time.There is a tacit assumption that longer term change subsumes routine change on a day-to-day or hour-basis,which is seen as simply supporting the fixed spatial infrastructures that we perceive cities to be built around .Transportation modeling,for example,is fashioned from thes standpoint in that routine trip-making behavior is the focus of study,its explanation being central to the notion that apatial structures are inert and long lasting.76.We ,according to the passage,tend to observe citiesA.chronologicallyB.longitudinallyC.sporadicallyD.horizontally77.we think about a city as____A.a spatial eventB.a symbolica worldC.a social environmentD.an intertelated system78.Cross-sectional studies show that cities ____A.are structured in three dimensiosB.are transformed rapidly inany aspectC.are resilient and long lasting rhrougy timeD.change slowly in spatial and social structrues79.The author is drawing our attention to ____A.the equilibrium of urban spatial structuresB.the intrinsic dynamics of urban changeC.the fixed spatial infrastructureD.all of the above80.The conventional notion,the aurhor contends,____A.presents the inherent nature of a cityB.underlies the fixed spatial infrastructuresC.places an emphasis on lesser cycles of timeD.hinders the physical change of urban structurePassane fiveWhen it is sunny in June,my father gets in his first cutting of hay.He starts on the creek meadows,which are flat,sandy,and hot.They are his driest land.This year,vacationing from my medical practice,I returned to Vermont to help with the haying.The heft of a bale through my leather gloves is familiar:the tautness of the twine,the heave of the bale,the sweat rivers that run through the hay chaff on my arms.This work has the smell of sweet grass and breeze.I walk behind the chug and clack of the baler,moving the bales into piles so my brother can do the real work of picking them up later.As hot as the air is,my face is hotter.I am surprised at how soon I get tired.I take a break and sit in the shade,watching my father bale,trying not to think about how old he is,how the heat affects his heart,what mighthappen.This is not my usual work,of course.My usual work is to sit with patients and listen to them.Occasionslly I touch them,and am glad that my hands are soft.I don’t think my patients would like farmer callouses and dirty hands on their tender spots.Reluctantly I feel for lumps in breasts and testicles,hidden swellings of organs and joints,and probe all the painful places in my patients’lives.There are many,Perhaps I am too soft,could stand callouses of a different sort.I feel heavy after a day’s work ,as if my patients were inside me,letting me carry them.I don’t mean to.But where do I put their stories?The childhood beatings,ulcers from stress, incapacitating depression,fears,illness? These are not my experiences,yet I feel them and carry them with me.Try to find healthier meanings,I spent the weekbefore vacation crying.The hay field is getting organized.Piles of three and four bales are scattered around the field.They will be easy to pick up.Dad climbs,tired and lame,from the tractor.I hand him a jar of ice water,and he looks with satisfaction on his job just done.I’ll stack a few more bales snd maybe drive the truck for my brother.My father will have some appreciative customers this winter,as he sells his bales of hay.I’ve needed to feel this heaviness in my muscles,the heat on my face.I am taunted by the simplicity of this work,the purpose and results,the definite boundaries of the fields,the dimensions of the bales,for illness is not defined by the boundaries of bodies;it spills into families ,homes, schools,and my office,like hay tumbling over the edge of the cutter bar.I feel the rough stubble left in its wake.I need to remember the stories I’ve helped reshape,new meanings stacked against the despair of pain,I need to remember the smell of hay in June.81.Which of the following is NOT true according to the story?A.The muscular work in the field has an emotional impact on thenarrator.B.The narrator gets tired easily working in the field.C.It is the first time for the narroator to do hayingD.The narrator is as physician82.In retrospection ,the narrator___A.feels guilty before his father and brotherB.defends his soft hands in a meaningful wayC.hates losing his muscular power before he knows itD.is shamed for the farmer callouses he does not possess83.As a physician,the narrator is ___A.empathicB.arrogantC.callousD.fragile84.His associations punctuate_____A.the similarities between medicine and agricultureB.the simplicity of muscular workC.the hardship of life everywhereD.the nature of medical practice85.The narrator would say that____A.it can do physicians good to spend a vacation doing muscular workB.everything is interlinked and anything can be anythingC.he is a shame to his fatherD.his trip is worth itPassage SixEveryone has seen it happen,A colleague who has been excited,involved,and productive slowly begins to pull back,lose energy and interest,and becomes a shadow or his or her former self.Or,a person who has been a beacon of vision and idealism retreats into despair or cynicism.What happened? How does someone who is capable and committed become a person who functions minimally and does not seem to care for the job or the people that work there?Burnout is a chronic state of depleted energy ,lack of commitmentand involvement,and continual frustration,often accompanied at work by physical symptoms,disability claims and performance problem.Job burnout is a crisis of spirit,when work that was once exciting and meaningful becomes deadening.An organization’s most valuable resource---the energy ,dedication,and creativity of its employees---is often squandered by a climate that limits or frustrates the pool of talent and energyavailable.Milder forms of burnout are a problem at every level in every type of work.The burned-out manager comes to work,but he brings a shell rather than a person.He experiences little satisfaction,and feels uninvolved,detached,and uncommitted to his work and co-workers.While he may be effective by external standards,he works far below his own level of productivity. The people around him are deeply affected by his attitude and energy level,and the whole community begins to suffer.Burnout is a crisis of the spirit because people who burn out were once on fire.It’s especially scary…………….some of the most talented .If they can’t maintain their fire,others ask who can? Are these people lost forever,or can the inner flame be rekindled? People often feel that burnout just comes upon them and that they are helpless victims of it. Actually,the evidence is growing that there were ways for individuals to safeguard and renew their spirit,snd more important,there are ways for organizations to change conditions that lead to burnout.86.The passage begins with____A.a personal transitionB.a contrast between two types of peopleC.a shift from conformity to individualityD.a mysterious physical and mental state87.Which of the following is related with the crisis of spirit?A.Emotional exhaustionB.DepersonalizationC.Reduced personal accomplishmentD.All of the above88.Job burnout is a crisis of spirit,which will result in ___A.a personal problemB.diminished productivityC.an economic crisis in a countryD.a failure to establish a pool of talent and energy89.Burnout can be ___A.fatalB.staticC.infectiousD.permanent90.Those who are burned-out,according to the passage,are potentiallyable___A.to find a quick fixB.to restore what they have lostC.to be aware of their status quoD.to challenge their organizationA.B.C.D. A.B.C.D. A.B.C.D.。
上海交通大学考博英语模拟试卷13(题后含答案及解析)
上海交通大学考博英语模拟试卷13(题后含答案及解析)题型有:1. Structure and V ocabulary 2. Cloze 3. Reading Comprehension 4. English-Chinese Translation 5. WritingStructure and V ocabulary1.My own inclination, if I were in your situation, would be to look for another position.A.symptomB.likenessC.habitD.tendency正确答案:D解析:inclination的意思是“倾斜,弯曲,倾斜度,倾向,爱好”。
四个选项中,A项symptom表示“症状,征兆”,B项likeness表示“相像,相似物”,C 项habit表示“习惯,习性”,D项tendency表示“趋向,倾向”。
本题是说如果我处在你的位置,我会寻找另外的职位。
因此D项为正确答案。
知识模块:词汇2.The items contained in the parcel don’t correspond______those on the list that accompanied it.A.againstB.forC.aboutD.with正确答案:D解析:固定搭配题。
correspond的意思是“与……一致”常与with连用。
根据句子意思推出正确答案是D选项。
例句如下:His actions do not correspond with his words.(他言行不一。
) 知识模块:词汇3.During our stay m Paris we were splendidly ______ by the Italian Ambassador.A.sustainedB.maintainedC.retainedD.entertained正确答案:D解析:sustained维持;maintained保持;retained保留;entertained招待,款待。
2005年12月ACCA F2考试真题(上海交大ACCA)
23 A company manufactures a single product with a variable cost per unit of £22. The contribution to sales ratio is 45%.Monthly fixed costs are £198,000.What is the breakeven point (in units)?A4,950B9,000C11,000D20,0004An organisation has the following total costs at two activity levels:Activity level (units)17,00022,000T otal costs (£)140,000170,000Variable cost per unit is constant in this range of activity and there is a step up of £5,000 in the total fixed costs when activity exceeds 18,000 units.What is the total cost at an activity level of 20,000 units?A£155,000B£158,000C£160,000D£163,0005The following statements relate to financial accounting or to cost and management accounting:(i)The main users of financial accounting information are external to an organisation.(ii)Cost accounting is part of financial accounting and establishes costs incurred by an organisation.(iii)Management accounting is used to aid planning, control and decision making.Which of the statements are correct?A(i) and (ii) onlyB(i) and (iii) onlyC(ii) and (iii) onlyD(i), (ii) and (iii)6The following terms relate to computers:(i)Application package(ii)Operating system(iii)SpreadsheetWhich of the above terms are examples of computer software?A(i) and (ii) onlyB(i) and (iii) onlyC(ii) and (iii) onlyD(i), (ii) and (iii)3[P.T.O.7An organisation’s stock records for last month show the following transactions in respect of one item:Date Receipts Issues Stock(units)(units)(units)1st3005th10020013th60080020th30050028th200300The opening stock was valued at a total cost of £9,300 and all receipts on the 13th were purchased at a cost of £33 per unit.The organisation uses the weighted average method of valuation and calculates a new weighted average after each stores receipt.What was the total value of the closing stock?A£9,500B£9,700C£9,750D£9,9008 A company uses 9,000 units of a component per annum. The component has a purchase price of £40 per unit andthe cost of placing an order is £160. The annual holding cost of one component is equal to 8% of its purchase price.What is the Economic Order Quantity (to the nearest unit) of the component?A530B671C949D1,3429 A company determines its order quantity for a component using the Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) model.What would be the effects on the EOQ and the total annual ordering cost of an increase in the annual cost of holding one unit of the component in stock?EOQ Total annual ordering costA Lower HigherB Higher LowerC Lower No effectD Higher No effect410Consider the following statements:(i)Job costing is only applicable to service organisations.(ii)Batch costing can be used when a number of identical products are manufactured together to go into finished stock.Is each statement TRUE or FALSE?Statement (i)Statement (ii)A False FalseB False T rueC T rue T rueD T rue False11An organisation absorbs overheads on a machine hour basis. The planned level of activity for last month was 30,000 machine hours with a total overhead cost of £247,500. Actual results showed that 28,000 machine hours were recorded with a total overhead cost of £238,000.What was the total under absorption of overheads last month?A£7,000B£7,500C£9,500D£16,50012The following information relates to a manufacturing company for next period:Units£Production14,000Fixed production costs63,000Sales12,000Fixed selling costs12,000Using absorption costing the profit for next period has been calculated as £36,000.What would the profit for next period be using marginal costing?A£25,000B£27,000C£45,000D£47,0005[P.T.O.13Information relating to two processes (F and G) was as follows:Process Normal loss as Input Output% of input litres litresF865,00058,900G537,50035,700For each process, was there an abnormal loss or an abnormal gain?Process F Process GA Abnormal gain Abnormal gainB Abnormal gain Abnormal lossC Abnormal loss Abnormal gainD Abnormal loss Abnormal loss14Last month 27,000 direct labour hours were worked at an actual cost of £236,385 and the standard direct labour hours of production were 29,880. The standard direct labour cost per hour was £8·50.What was the labour efficiency variance?A£17,595 AdverseB£17,595 FavourableC£24,480 AdverseD£24,480 Favourable15Last month a company’s budgeted sales were 5,000 units. The standard selling price was £6 per unit with a standard contribution to sales ratio of 60%. Actual sales were 4,650 units with a total revenue of £30,225What were the favourable sales price and adverse sales volume contribution variances?Sales price Sales volume contribution££A2,3251,260B2,5001,260C2,3252,100D2,5002,10016Which of the following is an initial requirement of a management control system?A Establishing the standard to be achievedB Measuring the actual performanceC Setting organisational objectivesD T aking appropriate corrective action617Which one of the following would be classified as indirect labour?A Assembly workers on a car production lineB Bricklayers in a house building companyC Machinists in a factory producing clothesD Forklift truck drivers in the stores of an engineering company18The following statements relate to the calculation of the regression line y = a + bx using the information on the formulae sheet at the end of this examination paper:(i)n represents the number of pairs of data items used(ii)(∑x)2is calculated by multiplying ∑x by ∑x(iii)∑xy is calculated by multiplying ∑x by ∑yWhich statements are correct?A(i) and (ii) onlyB(i) and (iii) onlyC(ii) and (iii) onlyD(i), (ii) and (iii)19The correlation coefficient (r) for measuring the connection between two variables (x and y) has been calculated as 0·6.How much of the variation in the dependent variable (y) is explained by the variation in the independent variable (x)?A36%B40%C60%D64%20The following statements relate to relevant cost concepts in decision making:(i)Materials can never have an opportunity cost whereas labour can.(ii)The annual depreciation charge is not a relevant cost.(iii)Fixed costs would have a relevant cost element if a decision causes a change in their total expenditureWhich statements are correct?A(i) and (ii) onlyB(i) and (iii) onlyC(ii) and (iii) onlyD(i), (ii) and (iii)7[P.T.O.21 A company is evaluating a project that requires 4,000 kg of a material that is used regularly in normal production.2,500 kg of the material, purchased last month at a total cost of £20,000, are in stock. Since last month the price of the material has increased by 21/2%.What is the total relevant cost of the material for the project?A£12,300B£20,500C£32,300D£32,80022In a process where there are no work-in-progress stocks, two joint products (J and K) are created. Information (in units) relating to last month is as follows:Product Sales Opening stock of Closing stock offinished goods finished goodsJ6,000100300K4,000400200Joint production costs last month were £110,000 and these were apportioned to joint products based on the number of units produced.What were the joint production costs apportioned to product J for last month?A£63,800B£64,000C£66,000D£68,20023 A company manufactures two products (L and M) using the same material and labour. It holds no stocks. Informationabout the variable costs and maximum demands are as follows:Product L Product M£/unit£/unitMaterial (£4 per litre)1319Labour (£7 per hour)3528Units UnitsMaximum monthly demand6,0008,000Each month 50,000 litres of material and 60,000 labour hours are available.Which one of the following statements is correct?A Material is a limiting factor but labour is not a limiting factor.B Material is not a limiting factor but labour is a limiting factor.C Neither material nor labour is a limiting factor.D Both material and labour are limiting factors.8The following information relates to questions 24 and 25:A company has established the following selling price, costs and revenue equations for one of its products:Selling price (£ per unit) = 50 – 0·025QMarginal revenue (£ per unit) = 50 – 0·05QT otal costs per month (£) = 2,000 + 15QQ represents the number of units produced and sold per month.24At what selling price will monthly profits be maximised?A£15·00B£17·50C£25·00D£32·5025What would be the monthly profit if the selling price per unit was set at £20?A£1,000B£4,000C£6,000D£12,000(50 marks)9[P.T.O.Section B – ALL FIVE questions are compulsory and MUST be attempted.1Pointdextre Ltd, which manufactures and sells a single product, is currently producing and selling 102,000 units per month, which represents 85% of its full capacity. T otal monthly costs are £619,000 but at full capacity these would be £700,000. T otal fixed costs would remain unchanged at all activity levels up to full capacity. The normal selling price of the product results in a contribution to sales ratio of 40%.A new customer has offered to take a monthly delivery of 15,000 units at a price per unit 20% below the normalselling price. If this new business is accepted, existing sales are expected to fall by one unit for every six units sold to this new customer.Required:(a)For the current production and sales level, calculate:(i)the variable cost per unit;(ii)the total monthly fixed costs;(iii)the selling price per unit;(iv)the contribution per unit.(6 marks)(b)Calculate the net increase or decrease in monthly profit which would result from acceptance of the newbusiness.(4 marks)(c)In the context of decision making, explain the term ‘opportunity cost’ and illustrate your answer by referenceto Pointdextre Ltd.(2 marks)(12 marks)2Partlet Ltd makes a product that passes through two manufacturing processes. A normal loss equal to 8% of the raw material input occurs in Process I but no loss occurs in Process II. Losses have no realisable value.All the raw material required to make the product is input at the start of Process I. The output from Process I each month is input into Process II in the same month. Work in progress occurs in Process II only.Information for last month for each process is as follows:Process IRaw material input50,000 litres at a cost of £365,000Conversion costs£256,000Output to Process II47,000 litresProcess IIOpening work in progress5,000 litres (40% complete for conversion costs) valued at £80,000Conversion costs£392,000Closing work in progress2,000 litres (50% complete for conversion costs)Required:(a)Prepare the Process I account for last month.(5 marks)(b)Calculate in respect of Process II for last month:(i)the value of the completed output; and(ii)the value of closing work in progress.(5 marks)(c)If the losses in Process I were toxic and the company incurred costs in safely disposing of them, state howthe disposal costs associated with the normal loss would have been recorded in the Process I account. No calculations are required.(2 marks)(12 marks)103JWW Ltd manufactures two products, X and Y, and any quantities produced can be sold for £60 per unit and £25 per unit respectively. Variable costs of the two products are:X Y£ per unit£ per unitMaterials (at £5 per kg)155Labour (at £6 per hour)243Other variable costs65––––––T otal4513––––––Next month only 4,200 kg of material and 3,000 labour hours will be available.The company holds no stocks and aims to maximise its profits each month.Required:(a)State the objective function and constraints in a form suitable for solving by linear programming.(5 marks)(b)Determine the optimal production plan for next month (in units).(4 marks)(9 marks)4Ploverleigh Ltd, which manufactures a single product, uses standard absorption costing. The standard product cost per unit is as follows:£Direct materials11Direct labour24Fixed production overhead18Budgeted and actual production for last month were 12,000 units and 12,500 units respectively. The actual costs incurred last month were:£Direct materials142,700Direct labour291,300Fixed production overhead230,800Required:(a)Prepare a statement that reconciles the standard cost of actual production with its actual cost for last monthand highlights the total variance for each of the three cost elements.(4 marks)(b)Provide a breakdown of the total fixed production overhead variance in your statement in (a) by calculatingtwo sub variances.(2 marks)(c)If Ploverleigh Ltd uses standard marginal costing instead of standard absorption costing, explain how ANDwhy any of the three total variances calculated in (a) would be different and state clearly which, if any, of the variances would remain unchanged. No calculations are required.(3 marks)(9 marks)5Sangazure Ltd manufactures many different products in a factory that has two production cost centres (T and W) and several service cost centres.The total budgeted overhead costs (after the allocation, apportionment and reapportionment of service cost centre costs), and other information for production cost centres T and W are as follows:Cost centre Budgeted Basis of overhead Budgeted activityoverheads absorptionT£780,000Machine hours16,250 machine hoursW£173,400Direct labour hours14,450 direct labour hoursRequired:(a)Calculate the overhead absorption rates for cost centres T and W.(2 marks)The prime cost of product PP, one of the products made by Sangazure Ltd, is as follows:£ per unitDirect material10Direct labour:Cost centre T14Cost centre W21One unit of product PP takes 35 minutes of machine time in cost centre T. The direct labour in cost centre T is paid £7 per hour and £6 per hour in cost centre W.(b)Calculate the total production cost for one unit of PP.(3 marks)(c)Briefly explain why service cost centre costs need to be reapportioned to production cost centres. Whichmethod of reapportionment fully recognises the work that service cost centres do for each other?(3 marks)(8 marks)Formulae SheetEnd of Question Paper。
上海交通大学英语水平考试样题及答案
上海交通大学英语水平考试样题学生姓名:________________ 年级:____________学号:学号: _____________ 班级代号:_______________ 考试地点: 授课教师:授课教师: Part I Listening (40%)Section 1 Long Conversations (10%)Directions: In this section, you will hear two long conversations. At the end of each conversation, you will hear five questions. Both the conversations and the questions will will be be be spoken spoken spoken ONLY ONLY ONLY ONCE. ONCE. ONCE. After After After you you you hear hear hear a a a question, question, question, you you must must choose choose choose the the the best best answer from the four choices.(注意:请把答案写在答题卷上,否则以零分处理) Conversation 1 1. A) It is exaggerated. B) It is self-important. C) It is a move toward the concepts she teaches. D) It doesn’t give a clear idea of what the department does . 2. A) S he didn’t agree with him . B) It illustrates one of her basic ideas. C) The man was an expert on people management. D) It shows how some people do not understand people management. 3. A) Worrying can cause needless stress. B) It is important to remember other things as well. C) They can stop you thinking about more basic things. D) We can’t solve them, so there’s no point in worrying.4. A) Completely. B) In no way at all. C) With respect to relationships. D) With respect to professional questions. 5. A) By giving them a written warning. B) By sacking people who break the rules. C) By following organizational procedures. D) By understanding the employee’s personal circumstances . passage twice.work," said Denise Denise Harris. Harris. Harris. "I still "I still get get seizures. seizures. So So now, now, now, when they remove when they remove the part that the seizure is 2) ____________ from, it's supposed to stop." But while Harris i s is is in the in the hospital, she is also helping helping scientists scientists scientists understand how understand how the brain comprehends and uses uses language. language. For For the study the study , , researchers are researchers are monitoring the the implanted implanted implanted 3) 3) ____________ ____________ on on on a a a part part of of the the the frontal frontal frontal lobe lobe lobe called called called Broca's Broca's Broca's area, area, named after 19th century French physician Pierre Paul Broca. He was the first doctor to recognize the major role of that area in language. Through the implant process, called Intra-cranial Electrophysiology Electrophysiology, or ICE, the , or ICE, the researchers researchers have have have found that found that Broca's area processes three different language language functions functions in 4) ____________ –––– within a quarter of a second. within a quarter of a second. It is the first time the technique has been used to document how the brain processes grammar and produces words.Eric Halgren of the University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, is one of the 5) ____________ investigators of the study . "What "What we we we were were were able able able to to to find find find was was was that that that within within within a a a centimeter, centimeter, centimeter, around around around less less less than than than an an inch, certainly, and probably half an inch, there were different regions - perhaps they 6) ____________ ____________ some some some –––– but but they they they were were were doing, doing, doing, at at at different different different times, times, times, different different different processes, processes, all within this small area." The The first first first function deals with recognizing a word, the second with understanding function deals with recognizing a word, the second with understanding the word's context i n a sentence, and the in a sentence, and the third third lets lets lets us 7) ____________ the word by us 7) ____________ the word by speaking. Harvard University brain expert Steven Pinker is another of the study's authors. Ned Ned Sahin, Sahin, Sahin, a a a 8) 8) 8) ____________ ____________ ____________ fellow fellow fellow at at at Harvard Harvard Harvard and and and the the the University University University of of California, San Diego, School of Medicine was the first author of the paper outlining the work, which was published in the journal Science . According to Sahin, 9)___________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________. "Nearly every introductory introductory textbook as textbook as well as people practicing in in the the the field field field in in speech pathology , , for for for instance, instance, instance, teach and believe that 10) ______________________ teach and believe that 10) ______________________ ____________________________________________________________________ _______________ –– Broca's area and Wernicke's area, where Broca's area is responsible responsible for for for producing, producing, producing, for for for speaking, speaking, speaking, and and and Wernicke's Wernicke's Wernicke's for for for comprehending," comprehending," comprehending," said said Sahin. This study shows that Broca's area is involved in both speaking and comprehension, illustrating that parts of the brain perform more than one task."Here's "Here's an an an example example example of of of one one one relatively relatively relatively small small small part part part of of of the the the brain brain brain that's that's that's doing doing doing three three very different things at three different times, but all within the space of a quarter of a second." But Eric Halgren points out that despite our growing knowledge, much about the human brain remains unknown. "How does this h unk of hunk of flesh, which is not much different from a muscle muscle –––––– it's it's just a bowl of porridge –––– how does it produce the mind? how does it produce the mind? It's a total mystery". He says 11) ______________________________________________________ ________________________________________. ONLY ONCE.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3) It is no coincidence that the relationship between our countries has accompanied a period of positive change. ___________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 4) 4) And And yet yet the the the success success success of of that that engagement engagement engagement depends depends upon understanding -- -- on on sustaining sustaining an an an open open open dialogue, dialogue, dialogue, and and learning about about one one one another another and from from one one another. For just as that American table tennis player pointed out, we share much in common as human beings, but our countries are different in certain ways. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 5) 5) For For For a a a variety variety variety of of of reasons, reasons, reasons, production production production of of of the the the H1N1 H1N1 H1N1 vaccine vaccine vaccine has has has lagged lagged lagged behind behind demand. demand. The The The vaccine vaccine vaccine for the so-called swine for the so-called swine flu flu is is is made made made in in in the the the same way as same way as the seasonal flu vaccine - in chicken eggs. But the government's top infectious disease expert, Dr. Anthony Fauci, said the goal is to perfect new ways to make a vaccine. "What "What we we we really really really want want want to to to do do do is is is get get get away away away from from from that that that and and and get get get it it it to to to be be be 21st 21st 21st century century technology technology - - - molecular molecular molecular biology biology biology, , , recombinant recombinant recombinant DNA DNA DNA technology technology technology, , , where where where you you you have have very very good good good control control control over over over the the the process. process. process. It's It's It's rapid, rapid, rapid, it's it's it's consistent, consistent, consistent, and and and it it it proves proves proves to to to be be something something that that that we we we can can can rely rely rely on." on." on." _____________________________________ _____________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ Part II Integrated Reading (30%)Section 1 Banked Cloze (10%)Directions: In this section, there is a a passagepassage with ten blanks. You are required tochoices. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once. Give your answers to the questions on your ANSWER popular connect favorite race affect compare decrease deprivation act out signify effect derive increase major concludeY (for YES) if the statement agrees with the information given in the passage; N (for NO) if the statement contradicts the information given in the passage; For questions 8-10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.Attention: For questions 1-7, one more point will be deducted if youdo n’t an swer each one correctly.(注意: 1-7题中每答错一题倒扣1分, 不答不得分,答对得1分; 请把答案写在答题卷上,否则以零分处理)Who are smarter, m en or women? It's a topic of common men or women? It's a topic of common –––– and often comic and often comic –– contemplation, but it has also become a serious policy issue issue for colleges and students for colleges and students in the United States. After After years years years of of of concentrated concentrated concentrated effort effort effort to to to raise raise raise the the the academic academic academic achievement achievement achievement of of of girls, girls, who who in previous decades in previous decades h ad often received had often received l ess attention less attention in the classroom a nd been and been steered away from college-prep courses, the nation can brag that female students have progressed tremendously. Though still underrepresented in calculus and other advanced-level science and math courses in high school, women now outnumber men applying to and g raduating graduating graduating from college from college –––– so so much so that that it appears some colleges it appears some colleges are giving male applicants an admissions boost. As a result, the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights is examining whether colleges are engaging in widespread discrimination against women in an effort to balance their male and female populations. Consider Consider some some some of of of the the the numbers numbers numbers at at at leading leading leading schools: schools: schools: At At At Vassar Vassar Vassar College College College in in in New New York State, State, a a formerly all-women's all-women's college college college that that is is still still still 60% 60% female, female, more more more than than two-thirds of the applicants last last year year year were women. were women. The college accepted 35% of the men who applied, compared with 20% of the women. women. Locally, elite Pomona College Locally, elite Pomona College accepted accepted 21% 21% 21% of of of male male male applicants applicants applicants for for for this this this year's year's year's freshman freshman freshman class, class, class, but but but only only only 13% 13% 13% of of female female applicants. applicants. applicants. At At At Virginia's Virginia's Virginia's College College College of of of William William William & & & Mary, Mary, Mary, 7,652 7,652 7,652 women women women applied applied for this year's year's freshman class, compared freshman class, compared w ith 4,457 with 4,457 male applicants. Yet the numbers of of each each each who who who gained gained gained admittance admittance admittance were were were nearly nearly nearly the the the same. same. same. That's That's That's because because because the the the college college accepted 45% of the men and only 27% of the women. A A 2007 2007 2007 analysis analysis analysis by by U.S. News & World Report , , based based based on on on the the the data data data sent sent sent by by colleges for the magazine's annual rankings, found that the admissions rate for women averaged 13 percentage points lower lower than that than that for for men. But percentages don't men. But percentages don't tell tell the the whole whole story. story. story. It It It could could could be be that that the the the men men men were were were stronger stronger stronger candidates, candidates, candidates, or or or they they they might might might have have applied applied in in in areas areas areas of of of engineering engineering engineering and and and science science science where where where women's women's women's numbers numbers numbers are are are still still still lower. lower. But But such such such justifications, justifications, justifications, even even even if if if true, true, true, are are are unlikely unlikely unlikely to to to fully fully fully explain explain explain these these these numbers. numbers. numbers. At At schools schools such as the University of California, where admissions rely overwhelmingly such as the University of California, where admissions rely overwhelmingly on on statistical statistical statistical measures measures measures of of of academic academic academic achievement achievement achievement such such such as as as grades grades grades and and and test test test scores, scores, scores, the the disparities disparities don't don't don't appear. appear. appear. Far Far Far more more more women women women than than than men men men applied applied applied to to to UCLA UCLA UCLA –––– the the UC's UC's most selective campus –– last year. The university accepted about the same percentage of each, with a slight edge to the women. As a result, result, the the the freshman class freshman class has close to 800 more women than men. In recent years, several college leaders have admitted that their institutions give a boost boost to to to male male male applicants applicants applicants to to to maintain maintain maintain gender gender gender balance balance balance on on on campus. campus. campus. Most Most Most students students students of of either sex, they point out, prefer such balance. If Vassar accepted equal percentages of each sex, women would outnumber men by more than 2 to 1. Jennifer Jennifer Delahunty Delahunty Delahunty Britz, the dean of admissions at Kenyon College Britz, the dean of admissions at Kenyon College in Ohio, a formerly all-male school, brought the matter to broad public attention in 2006 with an Op-Ed Op-Ed article article article for for for the the New York Times describing describing the the the dilemma dilemma dilemma of of of her her her admissions admissions office. "What "What messages messages messages are are are we we we sending sending sending young young young women women women that that that they they they must . . . must . . . be be even even more more accomplished accomplished accomplished than than than men men men to to to gain gain gain admission admission admission to to to the the the nation's nation's nation's top top top colleges?" colleges?" NewYork Times has long long favored allowing colleges to favored allowing colleges to use race as an admissions factor factor in in order to diversify student populations. She also wrote t hat exposure that exposure to people of different backgrounds and viewpoints better better educates educates educates all all all students students students –––– not not just just just those those those given given given a a a leg leg leg up. up. up. We We We are are are not not not in in in favor favor favor of of accepting accepting underqualified underqualified underqualified or or or clearly clearly clearly inferior inferior inferior students students students for for for the the the sake sake sake of of of diversity. diversity. diversity. But But most colleges are inundated with applications from students who more than meet their standards; the differences among many of them are slight. It makes sense for colleges to to pick pick pick a a a balanced balanced balanced population population population from from from within within within this this this group. group. group. At At At the the the same same same time, time, time, admissions admissions officers should avoid rigid notions of what constitutes enough men on campus. It's not harming harming UCLA, UCLA, UCLA, or or or destroying destroying destroying college college college social social social life, life, life, to to admit admit somewhat somewhat somewhat more more more women women than men. Even Even if if if the the the Civil Civil Civil Rights Rights Rights Commission Commission Commission finds finds finds pervasive pervasive pervasive gender gender gender discrimination discrimination discrimination in in admissions, there's little it could do about the situation. Such discrimination –––– though though not racial discrimination –––– is legal for undergraduate admissions at private, nonprofit is legal for undergraduate admissions at private, nonprofit colleges, colleges, even even even those those those that that that receive receive receive federal federal federal funding. funding. funding. Commission Commission Commission documents documents documents on on on the the inquiry suggest that colleges could find more "gender-neutral" ways of balancing their student student numbers, numbers, numbers, perhaps perhaps perhaps by by by offering offering offering programs programs programs and and and extracurricular extracurricular extracurricular activities activities activities that that attract men. Those Those might might might work work work for for for some some some schools schools schools but but but won't won't won't change change change the the the overall overall overall scenario. scenario. scenario. Not Not with with college college college populations populations populations composed composed composed of of of 57% 57% 57% women women women nationwide. nationwide. nationwide. The The The issue issue issue we'd we'd we'd like like the Commission on Civil Rights to investigate is: What's happening with the education education of of of U.S. U.S. U.S. boys? boys? boys? Why Why Why are are are so so so few few few of of of them them them applying applying applying to to to and and and graduating graduating graduating from from college? Theories Theories and and and arguments arguments arguments abound. abound. abound. Some Some Some say say say that that that boys boys boys are are are more more more active active active and and and thus thus less able to sit still for long periods –––– and as a result, more likely to be categorized as and as a result, more likely to be categorized as having having attention deficit attention deficit / / hyperactivity disorder or needing special hyperactivity disorder or needing special education. A 2008 study by researchers at Northwestern University found that when girls are involved in a language-related task –––– such as reading such as reading –––– they show they show more activity in areas of the brain brain involved involved involved in in in encoding encoding encoding language. language. language. Boys Boys Boys use use use more more more sensory sensory sensory information information information to to to do do linguistic tasks. The study suggests boys might do better if they were taught language and arts in different ways. ways. Race Race Race is a is a factor as well. well. The The The gender gender gender gap gap gap is starker is starker among African American and Latino students. There There may be may be no one reason –––– or solution. But or solution. But figuring out ways ways to to to help boys help boys achieve in school is a better response to the gender gap than making it easier for them to get into college later. 1. As a result of the effort to raise the academic achievement of the girls for years, the girls girls have exceeded boys have exceeded boys t remendously tremendously tremendously in all courses in all courses in colleges except c alculus and calculus and other advanced-level science and math courses. 2. 2. Female Female Female students students students are are are facing facing facing the the the low low low admission admission admission rate rate rate because because because some some some colleges colleges colleges are are engaging engaging in in in discrimination discrimination discrimination against against against women women women to to to achieve achieve achieve the the the balance balance balance of of of their their their male male male and and female populations. 3. 3. Although Although Although the the the men men men were were were traditionally traditionally traditionally considered considered considered stronger stronger stronger candidates candidates candidates in in in areas areas areas of of engineering and science, t he admission the admission rate rate for for for men men men in these areas in these areas is still lower lower than than that for women. 4. Women have outnumbered men men in in in gaining gaining gaining admittance admittance admittance in in in UCLA UCLA UCLA’’s freshman class this this year year year because because because their their their admissions admissions admissions greatly greatly greatly rely rely rely on on on grades grades grades and and and test test test scores scores scores of of of their their applicants. 5. 5. Some Some Some college college leaders hold hold that that most most college college college students students students prefer prefer prefer their their their policy policy policy of of maintaining gender balance by admitting equal percentages of each sex. 6. The dilemma of the dean of admissions at Kenyon College is whether to use gender as as an an an admissions admissions factor in in order order order to to to achieve achieve gender gender balance balance balance or or use use race race as as an an admissions factor in order to diversify student populations. 7. 7. According According to to Jennifer Jennifer Jennifer Delahunty Delahunty Delahunty Britz, Britz, Britz, it it it is is is reasonable reasonable reasonable for for for colleges colleges colleges to to to pick pick pick a a balanced population from the candidates who more than meet their standards. 8. 8. Actually Actually the the Civil Civil Civil Rights Rights Rights Commission Commission Commission can can can do do do little little little to to to change change change the the the situation situation situation of of discrimination in college admission because such discrimination is ____________________________________________________________________. 9. The study shows that in doing linguistic tasks the boys use more sensory information, the girls show more _________________________________________. 10. 10. Despite Despite Despite various various various theories theories theories and and and arguments arguments arguments about about about why why why so so so few few few boys boys boys apply apply apply to to to and and We form many of our opinions 1_____ our our favorite books. favorite books. The author whom we prefer is our most potent teacher; we look at at the the the world world world 2______ 2______ his eyes. If we habitually read books that are elevating in tone, pure in style, 3______ i n reasoning, in reasoning, and and keen keen keen in in in insight, insight, insight, our our our minds minds minds 4______ 4______ the the same same same characteristics. characteristics. characteristics. If, If, If, 5_________, 5_________, we read weak or vicious books, our minds contract the f aults and faults and vices of the books. We cannot escape the influence of what we read any more 6_______ we can escape escape the the the influence influence influence of of of the the the air air air that that that we we breathe. The best books are 7______ which which stir stir us up most and make us the most 8______ to do something and be something something ourselves. ourselves. ourselves. The The The best best best books books books lift lift us us to a to a higher plane 9_____ w e breathe a we breathe a purer atmosphere. As we should associate with people who can inspire inspire us us us to to to nobler nobler deeds, 10______ we should only read those books which have an uplifting power, power, and and and 11______ 11______ 11______ stir stir stir us us us to to to make make make the the most of ourselves and our opportunities. … Good books elevate the character, 12_______ the taste, take the attractiveness attractiveness out out out of of of low low low pleasures, pleasures, pleasures, and and lift us upon a higher plane of thinking and living. It is not easy to be 13______ directly after reading a noble and 1. A) by B) with C) from D) in 2. A) with B) through C) in D) inside 3. A) sound B) good C) beautiful D) hard 4. A) have B) with C) being D) develop 5. A) on the contrary B) however C) on the other hand D) anyway 6. A) however B) than C) as D) but 7. A) them B) they C) theirs D) those 8. A) determining B) determine C) determined D) being determined 9. A) which B) where C) while D) when 10. A) as B) and C) so D) also 11.A) they B) books C) those D) which 12. A) pure B) purify C) pore D) pear 13. A) mean B) meaningful C) meanwhile D) meaning inspiring book. The conversation of a man who reads for improvement or pleasure pleasure will will will be be be flavored flavored flavored 14______ 14______ 14______ his his reading; but it will not be about his reading. 15_______ you read, read with enthusiasm, enthusiasm, with with with energy energy energy, , , read read with with the the whole whole mind, mind, mind, if if if you you you would would would increase increase increase your your mental stature. Learn to absorb the mental mental and and and the the the moral moral moral life life life of of of a a a book, book, book, and and assimilate 16______ into your life. 17_____ is the best reader who consumes the most knowledge and converts it 18______ 18______ character. character. character. Mechanical Mechanical Mechanical readers readers remember words, the h usks of husks of things, but digest 19_______. They cram their brains but starve their 20______. If you are getting getting the the the most most most out out out of of of a a a book, book, book, you you you will will feel feel a a a capacity capacity for for doing doing doing things things things which which you never felt before. 14. A) with B) of C) by D) after 15.A) What B) That C) Books D) Whatever 16. A) them B) it C) which D) life 17. A) It B) He C) None D) Everyone 18. A) by B) with C) in D) into 19. A) things B) something C) nothing D) anything 20. A) hearts B) stomachs C) minds D) tastes 。
2005年高考上海英语试题及答案
2005年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试(上海卷)英语试卷I.Listening ComprehensionPart A Short ConversationsDirections: In Part A ,you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers .At the end of each conversation ,a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it ,read the four possible answers on your paper ,and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.1.A.A waiter. B.A shop assistant. C.A cashier. D.A postman. 2.A.Weight lifting. B.Running.C.Eating cucumbers. D.Drinking diet coke.3.A.Work with his friends. B.Call on his friends.C.Go for a walk . D.Make a phone call.4.A.In a bookstore . B.In a reading room.C.In a furniture store. D.In the man’s study.5.A.8. B.12. C.20. D.32.6.A.Job hunting. B.An online course.C.Earlier graduation. D.Summer vacation plans. 7.A.Confused. B.Sympathetic. C.Embarrassed. D.Uninterested. 8.A.The air is fresh. B.It’s hot inside.C.The window is open. D.It’s noisy outside.9.A.Phone later. B.Try harder. C.Wait for a signal. D.Check the number. 10.A.He lost his way. B.He received a traffic ticket.C.He worked very carefully. D.He drove in heavy traffic.Part B PassagesDirections: In Part B, you will hear two short passages, and you will be asked three questions on each of the passages . The passages will be read twice ,but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question .read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one would be the best answer to the question you have heard.Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following passage.11.A.Open the cage window. B.Put the cash in the drawer.C.Check the savings accounts. D.Examine the audio system 12.A.Exciting. B.Demanding. C.Boring. D.Relaxing. 13.A.It has flexible working hours. B.The speaker can have more leisure time.C.It requires more organization. D.The speaker can daydream while working. Questions 14 through 16 are based on the following news.14.A.A natural disaster. B.A power failure.C.Homeless farmers. D.A serious accident.15.A.Jews and some Arabs. B.Arabs and North Africans.C.Jews and North Africans. D.North Americans and some Arabs.16.A.Exchange them for banks . B.Save them for travelers.C.Collect them for poor children . D.Spend them on duty-free goods.Part C Longer ConversationsDirections: In Part C. you will hear two longer conversations. The conversations will be read twice .After you hear each conversation ,you are required to fill in the numbered blanks with the information you have heard. Write your answers on your answer sheet.Complete the form ,Write ONE WORD for each answer.Complete the form ,Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.II.Grammar and V ocabularyDirections: Beneath each of the following sentences there are four choices marked A,B,C and D. Choose the one answer that best completes the sentence.25.John became a football coach in Sealion Middle School the beginning of March.A.on B.for C.with D.at26.No progress was made in the trade talk as neither side would accept the conditions of .A.others B.the other C.either D.another27.There be any difficulty about passing the road test since you have practiced a lot in the driving school.A.mustn’t B.shan’t C.shouldn’t D.needn’t28.At a rough estimate .Nigeria is Great Britain.A.three times the size as B.the size three times ofC.three times as the size of D.three times the size of29.There was a loud scream from the backstage immediately after the concert ended, ?A.wasn’t there B.was there C.didn’t it D.did it30.More than a dozen students in that school abroad to study medicine last year.A.sent B.were sent C.had sent D.had been sent 31.Professor Smith ,along with his assistants , on the project day and night to meet the deadline .A.work B.working C.is working D.are working 32.He got well-prepared for the job interview ,for he couldn’t risk the good opportunity.A.to lose B.losing C.to be lost D.being lost33.into use in April 2000, the hotline was meant for residents reporting water and heating supply breakdowns.A.Put B.Putting C.Having put D.Being put34.He transplanted the little tree to the garden it was the best time for it .A.where B.when C.that D.until35.It was unbelievable that the fans waited outside the gym for three hours just a look at the sports stars.A.had B.having C.to have D.have36.More and more people are signing up for Yogn classes nowadays, advantage of the health and relaxation benefits.A.taking B.taken C.having taken D.having been taken 37.At last ,we found ourselves in a pleasant park with trees providing shade and down to eat our picnic lunch.A.sitting B.having sat C.to sit D.sat38.in the regulations that you should not tell other people the password of your e-mail account.A.What is required B.What requires C.It is required D.It requires 39.Never before in greater need of modern public transport than it is today.A.has this city been B.this city has beenC.was this city D.this city was40.If a shop has chairs women can park their men ,women will spend more time in theshop.A.that B.which C.when D.where41.There was such a long queue for coffee at the interval that we gave up .A.eventually B.unfortunately C.generously D.purposefully 42.The company is starting a new advertising campaign to new customers to its stores.A.join B.attract C.stick D.transfer43.He proved himself a true gentleman and the beauty of his was seen at its best when he worked with others.A.temper B.appearance C.talent D.character44.At times ,worrying is a normal, response to a difficult event or situation—a loved one being injured in an accident , for example.A.effective B.individual C.inevitable D.unfavorable III.ClozeDirections: For each blank in the following passages there are four words or phrases marked A, B,C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.(A)Are your table manners much better when you are eating at a friend’s home or in a restaurant than they are at your own home ?Probably so , 45 you are aware that people judge you by your table manners .You take special pains when you are eating 46 .Have you ever stopped to realize how much less self-conscious you would be on such occasions if 47 table manners had become a habit for you ?You can make them a habit by 48 good table manners at home.Good manners at mealtimes help you and those around you to feel 49 .This is true at home as much as it is true in someone else’s home or in a restaurant. Good50 make meals more enjoyable for everyone at the table.By this time you probably know quite well what good table manners are .You 51 that keeping your arms on the table ,talking with your 52 full ,and wolfing down your food are not considered good manners .You know also that if you are mannerly ,you say “Please” and “Thank you” and ask for things to be passed to you.Have you ever thought of a pleasant attitude as being 53 to good table manners ? Not only are pleasant mealtimes enjoyable ,but they aid digestion .The dinner table is a 54 for enjoyable conversation. It should never become a battleground. You are definitely growing in social maturity(成熟)when you try to be an agreeable table companion.45.A.because B.but C.unless D.though46.A.in public B.at home C.at ease D.in a hurry 47.A.such B.no C.some D.good 48.A.acting B.enjoying C.practicing D.watching 49.A.comfortable B.stressed C.depressed D.outstanding 50.A.dishes B.manners C.atmospheres D.friends 51.A.mention B.prefer C.doubt D.realize 52.A.stomach B.hands C.mouth D.bowl 53.A.essential B.considerate C.obvious D.unusual 54.A.time B.place C.chance D.way(B)There is a tendency to think of each of the arts as a separate area of activity . Many artists.55 would prove that there has always been a warm relationship between the various areas of human activity. 56 , in the late nineteenth century the connections between music and painting were particularly 57 .Artists were invited to design clothes and settings for operas and ballets ,but sometimes it was the musicians who were inspired (给……以灵感)by the work of contemporary painters .Of the musical compositions that were considered as 58 to the visual arts ,perhaps the most famous is Mussorgsky’s Pictures at an Exhibition.Mussorgsky composed the piece in 1874 after the death ,at the age of 39, of the artist Victor Hartmann. 59 their friendship had not been a particularly long-fasting one .Mussorgsky was shocked by Hartmann’s 60 death.The following year the critic .Vladimir. Stasov who decided to hold an exhibition of Hartman n’s work,suggested that Mussorgsky try to 61 his grief by writing something in memory of Hartmann.The exhibition served as Mussorgsky’s inspiration. The ten pieces that make up Pictures at an Exhibition are intended as 62 rather than representations of the paintings in the exhibition .Between each is a promenade(舞曲中的行进), 63 the composer walks from one painting to another .The music is sometimes witty and playful sometimes almost alarming and frightening . Through a range of surprising 64 .Mussorgsky manages to convey the spirit of the artist and his work.55.A.therefore B.however C.moreover D.otherwise 56.A.For example B.On the contrary C.In general D.On the other hand 57.A.separate B.unknown C.close D.relevant 58.A.links B.additions C.responses D.keys 59.A.Before B.Though C.As D.If 60.A.unavoidable B.undiscovered C.unnecessary D.unexpected 61.A.control B.relieve C.conceal D.represent 62.A.symbols B.imaginations C.contributions D.subjects 63.A.but B.for C.once D.as 64.A.paintings B.topics C.contrasts D.visions IV.Reading Comprehension(A)You either have it , or you don’t –a sense of direction ,that is .But why is it that some people could find their way across the Sahara without a map ,while others can lose themselves in the next street?Scientists say we’re all born with a sense of direction ,but it is not property understood how it works .One theory is that people with a good sense of direction have simply worked harder at developing it. Research being carried out at Liverpool University supports this idea and suggests that if we don’t use it. we lose it .“Children as young as seven have the ability to find their way around.” says Jim Martland .Research Director of the project . “However if they are not allowed out alone or are taken everywhere by car ,they never develop the skills”Jim Martland also emphasizes that young people should be taught certain skills to improve their sense of direction .He makes the following suggestions.●If you are using a map ,turn it so it relates to th e way you are facing.●If you leave your bike in a strange place ,put it near something like a big stone or a tree.Note landmarks on the route as you go away from your bike .When you return ,go backalong the same route●Simplify the way of finding yo ur direction by using lines such as streets in a town,streams ,or walls in the countryside to guide you .Count your steps so that you know how far you have gone and note any landmarks such as tower blocks or hills which can help to find out where you are.Now you need never get lost again!65.Scientists believe that .A.some babies are born with a sense of directionB.people learn a sense of direction as they grow olderC.people never lose their sense of directionD.everybody posses a sense of direction from birth66.What is true of seven-year-old children according to the passage?A.They never have a sense of direction without maps.B.They should never be allowed out alone if they lack a sense of direction.C.They have a sense of direction and can find their way around.D.They can develop a good sense of direction if they are driven around in a car.67.If you leave your bike in a strange place ,you should .A.tie it to a tree so as to prevent it from being stolenB.draw a map of the route to help remember where it isC.avoid taking the same route when you come back in itD.remember something easily recognizable on the route68.According to the passage the best way to find your way around is to .A.ask policemen for directionsB.use walls . streams , and streets to guide yourself .C.remember your route by looking out for steps and stairs .D.count the number of landmarks that you see .B“Come in . Kim . Have a seat , please .” said Bill Williams , the manager . This was Kim’s first experience with an assessment . After only six months he was due for a raise if this assessment was satisfactory“Kim,” began Bill Williams . “I am very pleased with the quality of your work . I have nothing but praise for your devotion and your hard work . My only concern is that you are not active enough in putting forward your suggestions .”“But.” Replied Kim. “I have always completed every assignment you have given me . Mr. Williams.”“I know that , Kim . And please, call me Bill .But what I expect is for you to think independently and introduce new ideas . I need more input from you —more feedback on how things are going I don’t need a “yes man”. You never tell me what you think . You just smile as though everything is fine .”“But,” said Kim,” “ I feel that since you are my supe rior , it would he presumptuous of me to tell you what to do .”“I’m not asking you to tell me what to do, but what you think we could do .To make suggestions . I employed you because I respect your experience in this field, but you are notcommunicating y our thoughts to me .”“Yes . I see I’m not accustomed to this , but I will try to do as you say …, Bill”“Good, then , I expect to hear more from you at staff meetings or at any other time you want to discuss an idea with me .”“Yes , of course . Thank you Mr. Will…Bill .”69.Kim is the sort of employee who .A.does not speak out his own ideas B.is not devoted to the jobC.laughs too much over work D.can not finish his work on time70.The word “presumptuous” in the middle of the passage is closest in meaning to“” .A.full of respect B.too confident and rudeC.lacking in experience D.too shy and quiet71.From the passage ,we can learn that .A.Kim has been invited to take charge of the staff meetingsB.the manager appreciates those who just do what he tells them to doC.the manager is pleased with Kim’s hard work and his suggestionsD.Kim is likely to have a higher salary if he can pass the assessmentCcross the world , 11 billion people have no access to clean drinking water . More than2.6 bullion people lack basic sanitation (卫生设备) .The combination proves deadly . Each year . diseases related to inadequate water and sanitation kill between 2 and 3 million people and cause an estimated 80 percent of all sicknesses in the developing world . Safe thinking water is a precondition for health and the fight against child death rate , inequality between men and women, and poverty .Consider these facts :●The average distance that women in Africa and Asia walk to collect water is 6 kilome ters .●Only 58 percent of children in sub-Saharan Africa are drinking safe water, and only 37percent of children in South Asia have access to even a basic toilet .●Each year in India alone, 73 million working days are lost to water-borne diseases .Here are three ways you can help :1) Write CongressCurrent U.S. foreign aid for drinking water and sanitation budgets only one dollar per year per American citizen . Few members of Congress have ever received a letter from voters , about clean drinking water abroad .2) Sponsor a project with a faith-based organizationMany U.S. religious groups already sponsor water and sanitation projects, working with partner organizations abroad . Simply put , a single project by a U.S. organization can make safe water areality for thousands of people .3) Support nonprofit water organizationsNumerous U.S.-based nonprofits work skillfully abroad in community-led projects related of drinking water and sanitation . Like the sample of non-profits noted as follows , some organizations are large , others small-scale , some operate worldwide , others are devoted to certain areas in Africa , Asia , or Latin America . Support them generously .72.The three facts presented in the passage the used to illustrate that .A.poverty can result in water-borne diseasesB.people have no access to clean drinking waterC.women’s rights are denied in some developing countries .D.safe drinking water should be a primary concern73.The intended readers of the passage are _____________.A.Americans B.overseas sponsorsC.Congressmen D.U.S-based water organizations74.The main purpose of the passage is to call on people to ___________.A.get rid of water-related diseases in developing countriesB.donate money to people short of water through religious groupsC.fight against the worldwide water shortage and sanitation problemD.take joint action in support of some nonprofit water organizations75.What information will probably be provided following the last paragraph?A.A variety of companies and their worldwide operation.B.A list of nonprofit water organizations to make contact with.C.Some ways to get financial aids from U.S. Congress.D.A few water resources exploited by some world-famous organizations.DEquipped only with a pair of binoculars(双筒望远镜) and ready to spend long hours waiting in all weathers for a precious glance of a rare bullfinc h(红腹灰雀). Britain’s birdwatchers had long been supposed to be lovers of a minority sport. But new figures show birdwatching is fast becoming a popular pastime, with almost three million of us absorbed in our fluttering feathered friends.Devoted birdwatchers, those prepared to travel thousands of miles for a sighting of a rare Siberian bird are fast being joined by a new breed of follower whose interest is satiated by watching a few finches(雀科鸣鸟) on a Sunday walk or putting up a bird-box in the back garden.“Almost three million UK birdwatchers is certainly possible if you include everyone with only a casual interest.” Stephen Mos s said in his newly published book-A Bird in the Bush a Social History of Birdwatching-which records the pursuit from the rich Victorian Englishman’s love of shooting rare birds to the less offensive observational tendencies of birdwatchers today.Televisi on wildlife programmes have helped to fuel the new trend . Last summer ,BBC 2’s Britain Goes Wild was a surprise success .It pulled in three million viewers and led to bird-houses selling out across the UK as 45,000 people promised to put up a box.Birdwa tchers’ networking system first came to the attention of the nation in 1989, when a birdwatcher caught sight of the first Vermivora chrysoptera-a golden –winged songbird from North America-to be seen in Britain. He put a message our on the network service Birdline, andthe next day 3,000 birdwatchers proved the fell pull of a truly rare bird as they visited the Tesco car park in Kent, where it had settled. Today, birdwatchers can log on to or have news of the latest sightings texted to their phones.“Multimillion -pound spending on, binoculars, bird food and boxes point to the increasing numbers of birdwatchers,” said David Cromack, the editor of Bird Watching magazine “The number of people involved is so big that they have great potential to influence government decisions affecting the environment.”76.The word “satiated” in paragraph 2 can best be replaced by “ ”. A .affected B .shared C .satisfied D .narrowed77.What happened after the message of seeing a Vermivora chrysoptera was put on the network? A .Birdwatchers helped the rare bird settle in Kent. B .Large numbers of birdwatchers went to view the bird. C .Many birdwatchers logged on to the website for details. D .Birdwatchers showed their determination to protect the rare bird. 78.Which of the following CANNOT be true according to the passage? A .Television wildlife programmes started the popular pastime of birdwatching. B .The network service has contributed to the rapid development of birdwatching. C .Birdwatching in Britain was long considered a sport with a small group of followers. D .The current situation of birdwatching may promote the protection of the environment. 79.The passage mainly tells us about ___________ in UK. A .the history of birdwatchig B .a growing passion for birdwatching C .the impact of media on birdwatching D .birdwatcing as a popular expensive sportEDirections: Read the following text and choose the most suitable heading from A-F for each80Auctions are public sales of goods, conducted by an officially approved auctioneer. He asks the crowd assembled in the auction-room to make offers, or “bids”, for the various items on sale. He encourages buyers to bid higher figures, and finally names the highest bidder as the buyer of the goods. This is called “knocking down” the goods, for the bidding ends when the auctioneer strikes a small hammer on a table at which he stands. 81 The ancient Roman probably invented sales by auction, and the English word comes from the Latin auctio, maning “increase” The Romans usually sold in this way the goods taken in war. In England in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, goods were often sold “by the candle”: a short82Practically all goods whose qualities vary are sold by auction. Among these are coffee, skins, wool, tea, furs, silk and wines. Auction sales are also usual for land and property, furniture,83An auction is usually advertised beforehand with full particulars of the articles to be sold and where and when they can be viewed by potential buyers. If the advertisement cannot give full details, catalogues are printed, and each group of goods to be sold together, called a “lot”, is usually given a number. The auctioneer need not begin with Lot I and continue in the order of numbers: he may wait until he notices the fact that certain buyers are in the room and then produce84sold for. The auctioneer therefore has a direct interest in pushing up the bidding as high as possible. He will not waste time by starting the bidding too low. He will also play on the opponents among his buyers and succeed in getting a high price by encouraging two business competitors to bid against each other.第Ⅱ卷(共45分)1.TranslationDirections: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 1.我希望尽快收到你的照片。
上海交通大学英语语言学真题2005年_真题(含答案与解析)-交互
上海交通大学英语语言学真题2005年(总分96, 做题时间180分钟)ⅠDefine the following linguistic terms with at least one appropriate example for each.1. AssimilationSSS_TEXT_QUSTI该问题分值: 4答案:Assimilation. It is a process by which one sound takes on some or all the characteristics of a neighboring sound. It is often used synonymously with co-articulation. Nasalization, dentalization and velarization are all instances of assimilation. There are two possibilities of assimilation: if a following sound is influencing a preceding sound, it is regressive assimilation; the converse process, in which a preceding sound is influencing a following sound, is known as progressive assimilation. For example, in "mink", "n", which is originally pronounced as /n/, will be velarized by the following "k"/k/, and therefore the word will be pronounced as2. Functional morphemeSSS_TEXT_QUSTI该问题分值: 4答案:Functional morpheme. This is a subtype of free morphemes, which one consists largely of the functional words in language such as conjunctions, prepositions, articles and pronouns, for example, "and, about when on, near, the" and so on.3. Concord (or: Agreement)SSS_TEXT_QUSTI该问题分值: 4答案:Concord (or Agreement) may be defined as the requirement that the forms of two or more words of specific word classes that stand in specific syntactic relationship with one another, shall also be characterized by the same paradigmatically marked category (or categories). For instance, the syntactic relationship between this pen and it in the following dialogue:—Whose is this pen?—Oh, it's the one I lost.本题考查一致关系的定义,考生也应了解语法范畴中的性、数、格等重要概念。
2007-模拟-上海交大考博英语真题
2007-模拟-上海交⼤考博英语真题上海交通⼤学2007年博⼠研究⽣⼊学考试英语试题Part One Vocabulary (20%)Directions: In each question,decide which of the four choices given will most suitabley complete sentence if inserted at the place marked . white your answer on the Answer Sheet.1. We sat down and tried to ______ a friendly conversation.A. commentB. commenceC. commerceD. compact2. Some people want only real flowers on their tables while others like to have______ ones.A. fashionableB. syntheticC. falseD. artificial3. The treasurer was ______ from the club for breaking the rules.A. repelledB. expelledC. excelledD. exploited4. The children's ______ natures were in sharp contrast to the even-tempered dispositions of their parents.A. mercurialB. blitheC. phlegmaticD. introverted5. If the government ______ a law, it ceases to be a law.A. replacesB. repelsC. repealsD. renders6.Because the high seriousness of their narratives resulted in part from their metaphysics, Southern writers were praised for their ______bent.A. technicalB. discursiveC. hedonisticD. philosophical7. A man’s ______ depends not upon his wealth or rank but upon his character.A. dignityB. privilegeC. indignationD. diligence8. I ______ the paper so that every student could have a copy.A. duplicatedB. enlargedC. upheldD. plagiarized9. My Russian is so rusty that I have to start learning it from ______.A. scratchB. scrapC. scrapeD. snatch10. Those who fear the influence of television deliberately______its persuasive power,hoping that they might keep knowledge of its potential to effect social change from being widely disseminated.A. promoteB. underplayC. excuseD. laud11 . When the fighting is over, we will ______ with the enemy’s sympathizer.A. coincideB. reckonC. reconcileD. segregate12. I ______ from reminding her of the money she owned me.A. refrainedB. restrainedC. refreshedD. resided13. There was a period of ______ prior to their divorce, during which she went for atrip around the world and he stayed at home.A.estrangementstrangeness B.C. transmigrationD. frivolity14. Before taking a standardized test, one should ___ himself or herself with all the items that constitute the test paper.A. acquaintB. fascinateC. acquitD. familiar15. This week ten top designers will _____ their autumn collections at the fashion fair.A .enhance B. lubricateC. hustleD. unveil16. Mr. Smith became very ______ when it was suggested that he had made a mistake.A. ingeniousB. empiricalC. objectiveD. indignant17. Jane tried to ______ at the swinging rope, but failed.A. clusterB. clutchC. collideD. cling18. Despite a string of dismal earnings reports, the two-year-old strategy to return the company to profitability is beginning to ______.A. falterB. disappointC. competeD. work19. The elderly Russians find it hard to live on their state ______.A. pensionsC. salariesD. donations20. There is supposed to be a safety ______ which makes it impossible for trains to collide.A. applianceB. accessoryC. machineD. mechanism21. The electricity failure ______ the production of the factory.A. corrodedB. lamedC. magnifiedD. crippled22. The _____ runner can run 2 miles in fifteen minutesA. commonB. usualC. averageD. general23. If his father could not keep up the payments on the mortgage, his uncle might____ it for him.A. redeemB. amendsC: resemble D. appeal24. Although the meanings of words may necessarily be liable to change, it does notfollow that the lexicographer is therefore unable to render spelling, in a great measure, _____A. arbitraryB. superfluousC. interestingD. constant25. The needlelike leaves of the giant redwood tree are_____ each scarcely a quarterof an inch longA. tangibleB. diminutiveC. wiry26. The American dream is most _____ during the periods of productivity and wealth generated by American capitalismA. plausibleB. patrioticC. primitiveD. partial27. When traveling, you are advised to take travellers' checks, which provide a secure _______to carrying your money in cash.A. substituteB.selectionC. preferenceD. alternative28. I never trusted him because I always thought of him as such a ________character.A.graciousB. suspiciousC. uniqueD.particular29. Changing from solid to liquid, water takes in heat from all substances near it, and this _______produces artificial cold surrounding it.A. absorptionB. transitionC. consumptionD. interaction30. The lover of democracy has an ________ towards total itarianism.A. empathy C. sympathyB. antipalthy D. symphony31. In this factory, suggestions often have to wait for months before they are fully________.A. admitted C.absorbedB.acknowledged D.considered32. The world will be advancing with such great speed that our ___ will look back upon us and our time with a sense of superiority.A. antecedentsB. predecessorsC. descendantsD. contemporaries33. Depressed, overworked, and ______ by those people whom he owed money, he decided to put an end to his problems.A. bewitched B .bewilderedC .besmirchedD .beset34. The terrible accounting error was corrected just before the ledger was ______ .A. auditedB. overlookedC. endowedD. registered35. The chairman of the board _______ on me the unpleasant job of dismissing good workers the firm can no longer afford to employ./doc/ee59ac49e45c3b3567ec8b3c.html pelledB. posedC. pressedD. tempted36. Using extremely different decorating schemes in adjoining rooms may result in _____ and lack of unity in style.A. conflictB.confrontationC. disturbanceD.disharmony37. They were in a dreadful _____ when their money, tickets and passports were stolen while they were on holiday.A. conspiracyB. plightC. serenityD. custody38. Undoubtedly the flood could have been _____ if the local government had invested more money in greening the environment.A. put offB. turned offC. kept off D . written off39. The accountant _____ thousands of dollars from the charity while appearing to beits best fundraiser.A. donatedB. validatedC . embezzled D. certify40. After her marriage, the happy life ___ her appearance, making her look more beautiful than ever.A. transfiguredB. disfigureddisheveled D.transformedC.Part Two: Reading Comprehension (30%)Directions: There are 6 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by five questions .For each of them are four choices marked A,B,C and D.You should decideon the best choice and write your answer on the Answer Sheet.Text 1In the atmosphere, carbon dioxide acts rather like a one-way mirror —the glass in the roof of a greenhouse which allows the sun’s rays to enter but prevents the heat from escaping.According to a weather expert’s prediction, the atmosphere will be 3℃ warmer in the year 2050 than it is today, if man continues to burn fuels at the present rate. If this warming up took place, the ice caps in the poles would begin to melt, thus raising sea level several metres and severely flooding coastal cities. Also, the increase in atmospheric temperature would lead to great changes in the climate of the northern hemisphere, possibly resulting in an alteration of earth’s chief food-growing zones.In the past, concern about a man-made warming of the earth has concentrated on the Arctic because the Antarctic is much colder and has a much thicker ice sheet. But the weather experts are now paying more attention to West Antarctic, which may be affected by only a few degrees of warming, in other words, by a warming on the scale that will possibly take place in the next fifty years from the burning of fuels.Satellite pictures show that large areas of Antarctic ice are already disappearing. The evidence available suggests that a warming has taken place. This fits the theory that carbon dioxide warms the earth.However, most of the fuel is burnt in the northern hemisphere, where temperatures seem to be falling. Scientists conclude, therefore, that up to now natural influences on the weather have exceeded those caused by man. The question is: Which natural cause has most effect on the weather?One possibility is the variable behavior of the sun. Astronomers at one research station have studied the hot spots and “cold”spots (that is, the relatively less hot spots) on the sun. As the sun rotates, every 27.5 days, it presents hotter or “colder” faces to the earth, and different aspects to different parts of the earth. This seems to have a considerable effect on the distribution of the earth’s atmospheric pressure, and consequently on wind circulation. The sun is also variable over a long term: its heat output goes up and down in cycles, the latest trend being downward.Scientists are now finding mutual relations between models of solar-weather interactions and the actual climate over many thousands of years, including the last Ice Age. The problem is that the models are predicting that the world should be entering a new Ice Age and it is not. One way of solving this theoretical difficulty is to assume a delay of thousands of years while the solar effects overcome the inertia of the earth’s climate. If this is right, the warming effect of carbon dioxide might thus be serving as a useful counter-balance to the sun’s diminishing heat.41. It can be concluded that a concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere would ________.[A] prevent the sun’s rays from leeching the earth’s surface[B] mean a warming up in the Arctic[C] account for great changes in the climate in the northern hemisphere[D] raise the temperature of the earth’s surface42. The article was written to explain ________.[A] the greenhouse effect[B] the solar effects on the earth[C] the models of solar-weather interactions[D] the causes affecting weather43. Although the fuel consumption is greater in the northern hemisphere, temperatures there seem to be falling. This is________.[A] mainly because the levels of carbon dioxide are rising[B] possibly because the ice caps in the poles are melting[C] exclusively due to the effect of the inertia of the earth’s climate[D] partly due to variations in the output of solar energy44. On the basis of their models, scientists are of the opinion that ________.[A] the climate of the world should be becoming cooler[B] it will take thousands of years for the inertia of the earth’s climate to take effect[C] the man-made warming effect helps to increase the solar effects[D] the new Ice Age will be delayed by the greenhouse effect45. If the assumption about the delay of a new Ice Age is correct, ________.[A] the best way to overcome the cooling effect would be to burn more fuels[B] ice would soon cover the northern hemisphere[C] the increased levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere could warm up the eartheven more quickly[D] the greenhouse effect could work to the advantage of the earthTest 2In early 2004 eight tiny sensors were dropped from a plane near a military base in California. After hitting the ground, the sensors—also known as smart dust sensors—organized themselves into a network and quickly detected a fleet of military vehicles on the ground. The determined the direction, speed and size of a series of military vehicles traveling along the road and later transmitted the data to a computer at a nearby base camp.Smart dust sensors are minicomputers—as small as a grain of rice in some cases—that can monitor and evaluate their physical environment and can relay the information via wireless communication. They can monitor elements such as temperature, moisture, humidity, pressure, energy use, vibration, light, motion, radiation, gas, and chemicals. These devices will soon have many applications, such as use in emergency rescue.Software has been developed to run these minicomputers. A key feature of the software is the ability of the sensors to automatically organize themselves into a communications network and talk to each other via wireless radio signals. If any one connection is interrupted, the sensors will self-correct and pass the information on to the next available sensor.Each sensor has a chip that does the computing work—recording things like temperature and motion at its location. Each sensor also has a tiny radio transmitterthat allows it to talk to other sensors within 100 feet or so. With a single network of 10,000 sensors—thought to be the biggestarray of sensors currently possible—you could cover 9 square miles and get information about each point along the way. The data finally works its way to a base station that can send the information to a computer or to a wireless network..The scientists who are working with this technology say smart dust sensors can be used to detect the location or movement of enemy troops in areas too dangerous or remote for soldiers to operate. Scattering hundreds of self-networking sensors from a manned or unmanned plane onto the battlefield, in theory, could produce critical information and lead to strategic advantage. Sensors could also be used to detect the presence of chemical weapons and could give troops the time needed to put on protective gear.46. Smart dust sensors can do all the following EXCEPT ______.[A] giving troops their protective gear[B] organizing themselves into a computer network[C] detecting the movement of military vehicles nearby[D] operating in remote and dangerous war zones47. By “physical environment” (Paragraph 2), the writer means such elements as ______.[A] the position of military troops[B] the presence of minicomputers[C] the strength of radio signals[D] the amount of water vapor in the air48. If connection between two sensors is blocked, the network will automatically ______.[A] replace the sensor involved[B] repair the sensor involved[C] ignore the sensor involved[D] destroy the sensor involved49. To cover an area of 3 square miles and get information about each point along the way, how many smart dust sensors are needed?[A] About 3,000 sensors.[B] About 3,300 sensors.[C] About 5,000 sensors.[D] About 6,600 sensors.50. The passage implies that the smart dust sensors are most likely to be_____.[A] emergency rescue[B] monitoring pollution[C] military operations[D] evaluating the environmentTest 3In ancient Greece athletic festivals were very important and had strong religious associations. The Olympian athletic festival held every four years in honor of Zeus, king of the Olympian Gods, eventually lost its local character, became first a national event and then, after the rules against foreign competitors had been abolished, international. No one knows exactly how far back the Olympic Games go, but some official records date from 776 B.C. The games took place in August on the plain by Mount Olympus. Many thousands of spectators gathered from all parts of Greece, but no married woman was admitted even as a spectator. Slaves, women and dishonored persons were not allowed to compete. The exact sequence of eventsuncertain, but events included boy’s gymnastics, boxing, wrestling, horse racing and field events, though there were fewer sports involved than in the modern Olympic Games.On the last day of the Games, all the winners were honored by having a ring of holy olive leaves placed on their heads. So great was the honor that the winner of the foot race gave his name to the year of his victory. Although Olympic winners received no prize money, they were, in fact, richly rewarded by their state authorities. How their results compared with modern standards, we unfortunately have no means of telling.After an uninterrupted history of almost 1,200 years, the Games were suspended by the Romans in 394 A.D. They continued for such a long time because people believed in the philosophy behind the Olympics: the idea that a healthy body produced a healthy mind, and that the spirit of competition in sports and games was preferable to the competition that caused wars. It was over 1,500 years before another such international athletic gathering took place in Athens in 1896.Nowadays, the Games are held in different countries in turn. The host country provides vast facilities, including a stadium, swimming pools and living accommodation, but competing courtiers pay their own athletes’ expenses.The Olympics start with the arrival in the stadium of a torch, lighted on Mount Olympus by the sun’s rays. It is carried by a succession of runners to the stadium. The torch symbolized the continuation of the ancient Greek athletic ideals, and it burns throughout the Games until the closing ceremony. The well-known Olympic flag, however, is a modern conception: the five interlocking rings symbolize the uniting of all five continents participating in the Games.51. In ancient Greece, the Olympic Games ________.[A] were merely national athletic festivals[B] were in the nature of a national event with a strong religious colour[C] had rules which put foreign participants in a disadvantageous position[D] were primarily national events with few foreign participants52. In the early days of ancient Olympic Games ________.[A] only male Greek athletes were allowed to participate in the games[B] all Greeks, irrespective of sex, religion or social status, were allowed to take part[C] all Greeks, with the exception of women, were allowed to compete in Games[D] all male Greeks were qualified to compete in the Games53. The order of athletic events at the ancient Olympics ________.[A] has not definitely been established[B] varied according to the number of foreign competitors[C] was decided by Zeus, in whose honor the Games were held[D] was considered unimportant54. Modern athletes’ results cannot be compared with those of ancient runners because ________.[A] the Greeks had no means of recording the results[B] they are much better[C] details such as the time were not recorded in the past[D] they are much worse55. Nowadays, the athletes’ expenses are paid for ________.[A] out of the prize money of the winners[B] out of the funds raised by the competing nations[C] by the athletes themselves[D] by contributionsTest 4When a Scottish research team startled the world by revealing 3 months ago that it had cloned an adult sheep, President Clinton moved swiftly. Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans, he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment -- although no one had proposed to do so -- and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning. That group -- the National Bioethics Advisory Commission (NBAC) -- has been working feverishly to put its wisdom on paper, and at a meeting on 17 May, members agreed on a near-final draft of their recommendations.NBAC will ask that Clinton’s 90-day ban on federal funds for human cloning be extended indefinitely, and possibly that it be made law. But NBAC members are planning to word the recommendation narrowly to avoid new restrictions on research that involves the cloning of human DNA or cells -- routine in molecular biology. The panel has not yet reached agreement on a crucial question, however, whether to recommend legislation that would make it a crime for private funding to be used for human cloning.In a draft preface to the recommendations, discussed at the 17 May meeting, Shapiro suggested that the panel had found a broad consensus that it would be “morally unacceptable to attempt to create a human child by adult nuclear cloning.” Shapiro explained during the meeting that the moral doubt stems mainly from fears about the risk to the health of the child. The panel then informally accepted several general conclusions, although some details have not been settled.NBAC plans to call for a continued ban on federal government funding for anyattempt to clone body cell nuclei to create a child. Because current federal law already forbids the use of federal funds to create embryos (the earliest stage of human offspring before birth) for research or to knowingly endanger an embryo’s life, NBAC will remain silent on embryo research. NBAC members also indicated that they will appeal to privately funded researchers and clinics not to try to clone humans by body cell nuclear transfer. But they were divided on whether to go further by calling for a federal law that would impose a complete ban on human cloning. Shapiro and most members favored an appeal for such legislation, but in a phone interview, he said this issue was still “up in the air.”56. What is the meaning of “startle” in the first line ?[A] begin[B] shock[C] delight[D] uneasy57. We can learn from the first paragraph that ________.[A] federal funds have been used in a project to clone humans[B] the White House responded strongly to the news of cloning[C] NBAC was authorized to control the misuse of cloning technique[D] the White House has got the panel’s recommendations on cloning58.The panel agreed on all of the following except that ________.[A] the ban on federal funds for human cloning should be made a law[B] the cloning of human DNA is not to be put under more control[C] it is criminal to use private funding for human cloning[D] it would be against ethical values to clone a human being59.NBAC will leave the issue of embryo research undiscussed because ________.[A] embryo research is just a current development of cloning[B] the health of the child is not the main concern of embryo research[C] an embryo’s life will not be endangered in embryo research[D] the issue is explicitly stated and settled in the law60.It can be inferred from the last paragraph that ________.[A] some NBAC members hesitate to ban human cloning completely[B] a law banning human cloning is to be passed in no time[C] privately funded researchers will respond positively to NBAC’s appeal[D] the issue of human cloning will soon be settledTest 5Our culture has caused most Americans to assume not only that our language is universal but that the gestures we use are understood by everyone. We do not realize that waving good-bye is the way to summon a person from the Philippines to one's side, or that in Italy and some Latin-American countries, curling the finger to oneself is a sign of farewell.Those private citizens who sent packages to our troops occupying Germany afterWorld War II and marked them GIFT to escape duty payments did not bother to find out that "Gift" means poison in German. Moreover, we like to think of ourselves as friendly, yet we prefer to be at least 3 feet or an arm's length away from others. Latins and Middle Easterners like to come closer and touch, which makes Americans uncomfortable.Our linguistic and cultural blindness and the casualness with which we take notice of the developed tastes, gestures, customs and languages of other countries, are losing us friends, business and respect in the world.Even here in the United States, we make few concessions to the needs of foreign visitors. There are no information signs in four languages on our public buildings or monuments; we do not have multilingual guided tours. Very few restaurant menus have translations, and multilingual waiters, bank clerks and policemen are rare. Our transportation systems have maps in English only and often we ourselves have difficulty understanding them.When we go abroad, we tend to cluster in hotels and restaurants where English is spoken. The attitudes and information we pick up are conditioned by those natives - usually the richer - who speak English. Our business dealings, as well as the nation's diplomacy, are conducted through interpreters.For many years, America and Americans could get by with cultural blindness and linguistic ignorance.After all ,America was the most powerful country of the free world, the distributor of needed funds and goods.But all that is past. American dollars no longer buy all good things, and we are slowly beginning to realize that our proper role in the world is changing. A 1979 Harris poll reported that 55 percent of Americans want this country to play a more significant role in world affairs; we want to have a hand in the important decisions of the next century, even though it may not always be the upper hand.61.It can be inferred that Americans being approached too closely by Middle Easterners would most probably_____.[A] stand still[B] jump aside[C] step forward[D] draw back62.The author gives many examples to criticize Americans for their _____.[A] cultural self-centeredness[B] casual manners[C] indifference towards foreign visitors[D] arrogance towards other cultures63.In countries other than their own most Americans, _____.[A] are isolated by the local people[B] are not well informed due to the language barrier[C] tend to get along well with the natives[D] need interpreters in hotels and restaurants64.According to the author, Americans' cultural blindness and linguistic ignorance will ___.[A] affect their image in the new era[B] cut themselves off from the outside world[C] limit their role in world affairs[D] weaken the position of the US dollar65.The author's intention in writing this article is to make Americans realize that _____.[A] it is dangerous to ignore their foreign friends[B] it is important to maintain their leading role in world affairs[C] it is necessary to use several languages in public places[D] it is time to get acquainted with other culturesTest 6The introduction of non-indigenous "exotic" species is now seen as a major threat to biodiversity. In 1825, a particularly vigorous female clone of itadori (called Japanese knotweed) was introduced into Holland and later distributed throughout Europe by the plant collector and nurseryman, von Seibold. British gardeners loved it and by 1886 it was even found growing on cinder tips in South Wales. By the turn of the century, the plant had colonized many other sites, and gardeners were advised against planting it in shrubberies. By 1994, it was almost everywhere — railways, riversides, hedgerows, cemeteries — swamping a wide range of habitats and displacing rare species. Botanists' fears that the plant is till spreading and may yet colonize other new habitats have generated recent attempts to eradicate it by mechanical and chemical methods, all in vain as yet.The evidence stacked against Japanese knotweed is damning. But there is a deep anxiety that behind the desire to correct human ecological cook-ups — often manifest as a passion to save endangered species and vulnerable ecosystems—is a thinly disguised xenophobia; that we are simply seeing yet another form of ecological imperialism which defines what is "natural" based on human preferences.But whatever our reaction to "problem" or alien species is, it must involve moral decisions. And who should make such decisions and to what degree they are accountable must also be up for review. The conclusions of scientists and other sections of society may differ vastly about what to do about the introduced animals and plants that have become a common feature of everyday life. For example, the scheme to control rabbits in Australia by deliberately spreading the disease myxomatosis was a success in that huge numbers of rabbits were wiped out for the greater good — the "health" of Australian ecosystems. But would inflicting such an horrifically slow agonizing death on sentient creatures win popular support if it were proposed today?Scientists of biodiversity are by their very nature concerned with the organization of species into systems and not necessarily with the interests and well-being of individual, particularly those that are seen as a threat to the maintenance of those systems. Yet there is a growing feeling for the democratization of decisions concerning nonhuman life. The movement towards environmental values must surely involve a movement away from imperialism and a search for a relationship with nature as it truly is, rather than as we would design it. Then, when our lawns have long disappeared, we may yet come to honor the humble dandelion.66. Botanists have generated attempts to remove the Japanese knotweed because _____.[A] it threatens the local biodiversity[B] it is regarded as exotic[C] it's so vigorous as to spread everywhere。
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2005年上海交通大学考博真题Part II vocabularysection A31.There was no_____but to close the road until February.A.dilemmaB.denyingC.alternativeD.doubt32.I______when I heard that my grandfather had died.A.fell apartB.fell awayC.fell outD.fall back33.I’m_____passing a new law that helps poor children get better medicine.A.taking advantage ofB.standing up forC.looking up toD.taking hold of34.In front of the platform,the students were talking with the professor over the quizzes oftheir_____subjects.pulsorypulsiveC.alternativeD.predominant35.The tutor tells the undergraduates that one can acquire____in a foreign language through morepractice.A.proficiencyB.efficiencyC.efficacyD.frequency36.The teacher explained the new lesson_____to the students.A.at randomB.at a lossC.at lengthD.at hand37.I shall ___the loss of my reading-glasses in newspaper with a reward for the finder. A.advertisermC.announceD.publish38.The poor nutrition in the early stages of infancy can ___adult growth. A.degenerateB.deteriorateC.boostD.retard39.She had a terrible accident,but___she was’t killed.A.at all eventsB.in the long runC.at largeD.in vain40.His weak chest___him to winter illness .A.predictsB.preoccupiesC.prevailsD.predisposesSection B41.The company was losing money,so they had to lay off some of its employees for three months.A.oweB.dismissC.recruitD.summon42.The north American states agrreed to sign the agreement of economical and military union inOttawa.A.conventionB.convictionC.contradictionD.confrontation43 The statue would be perfect but for a few small defects in its base.A.faultsB.weaknessesC.flawsD.errors44.When he finally emerged from the cave after thirty days.John was startlingly pale. A.amazinglyB.astonishinglyC.uniquelyD.dramatically45.If you want to set up a company,you must comply with the regulations laid down by theauthorities.A.abide byB.work outC.check outD.succumb to46.The school master applauded the girl’s bravery in his opening speech.A.praiseB.appraisedC.cheeredD.clapped47.The local government leaders are making every effort to tackle the problem of poverty.A.abolishB.addressC.extinguishD.encounter48.This report would be intelligible only to an expert in computing.A.intelligentprehensivepetentprehensible49.Reading a book and listening to music simultaneously seems to be mo problem for them.A.intermittentlyB.constantlyC.concurrentlyD.continuously50.He was given a laptop computer in acknowledgement of his work for the company.A.accomplishmentB.recognitionC.apprehensionmitmentPart III CloseIn Mr.Allen’s high school class,all students have to “get married”.However,the wedding ceremonies are not real ones but 51 .These mock ceremonies sometimes become so 52 that the loud laughter drowns out the voive of the “minister”.Even the two students getting married often begin to giggle.The teacher Mr. Allen,believes that marriage is a difficult and serious business.He wants young people to understand that there are many changes that 53 take place after marriage.He believes that the need for these psychological and financial 54 should be understood before people marry.Mr.Allen does’t only introduce his students to major problems 55 in marriage such as illness or unemployment.He also expose them to nitty-gritty problems they will face every day.He wants to introduce young people to all the trials and 56 that can strain a marriage to the breaking point .He even 57 his students with the problems of divorced men must pay child support money for their wives.It has been upsetting for some of the students to see the problems that a married couple often faces. 58 they took the course,they had not worried much about the problems of marriage.However,both students and parents feel that Mr.Allen’s course is valuable and have 59 the course publicly.There statements and letters supporting the class have, 60 the school to offer the course again,51. A.duplications B.imitations C.assumption D.fantasies52. A.noisy B.artificial C.graceful D.real53. A.might B.would C.must D.need54. A.issues B.adjustments C.matters D.expectancies55. A.to face B.facing C.having faced D.faced56. A.tribulations B.errors C.triumphs D.verdicts57. rms B.concerns C. triumphs D.associates58. A.Until B.Before C.After D.As.59. A.taken B.suggested C.endorsed D.reproched60. A.confined B.convinced promised D.conceivedpassage oneWhy do people always want to get up and dance when they hear music? The usual explanation is that there is something embeded in every culture-----that dancing is a “cul tural universal”. A researcher in Manchester thingks the impulse may be more deeply rooted than that.He says it may be a reflex reaction.Neil Todd,a psychologist at the University of Manchester. told the BA that he first got an inkling that biology was the key after watching people dance to deafeningly loud music.“There is a compulsion about it.”he says.He reckoned there might be a more direct,biological,explanation for the disre to dance,so he started to look at the inner ear.The human ear has two main functions:hearing and maintaining balance.The standard view is that these tasks are segregated so that organs for balance,for insance,do not have an acoustic function.But Todd says animal studies have shown that the sacculus,which is part of the balance---regulating vestibular system,has retain some sensitivity to sound.The sacculus is especially sensitive to extremely loud noise,above 70 decibel.“There’s no question that in a contemporary dance environment,the sacculus will be stimulated.”says Todd.The av erage rave,he says,blares music at a painful 110 to 140 decibels.But no one really knows what an acoustically stimulated sacculus does.Todd speculates that listening to ex tremely loud music is a form of “vestibular self-stimulation”:it gives a he ightened sensation of motion. “We don’t know exactly why it causes pleasure.”he says.”But we know that people go to extraordinary length to get it.”He list bungee jumping,playing on swings or even rocking to and fro in a rocking chair as other example of pursuits designed to stimulate the sacculus.The same pulsing that makes us feel as though we are moving may make us get up and dances as well,says Todd.Loud music sends signals to the inner ear which may prompt reflex movement. “The typical pulse rate of dance musi c is around the rate of locomo tion.”he says,“It’s quite possible you’re triggering a spinal reflex.”61.The passage begins with______A. a new explanation of musicB. a cultural universal questionedC. a common psychological abnormalityD. a deep insight into human physical movenents62.What intrigued Todd was ______A.human instinct reflexesB.people’s biological heritagesC.people’s compulsion about loud musicD.the damages loud music wrecks on human hearing63.Todd’s biological e xplanation for the desire to dance refers to_____A.the mechanism of hearing soundsB.the response evoked from the sacculusC.the two main functions performed by the human earD.the segregation of the hearing and balance maintaining function64.When the sacculus is acoustically stimulated,according to Todd_____A.functional balance will be maintained in the earB.pleasure will be arousedC.decibel will shoot upD.hearing will occur65.What is the passage mainly about?A.The human ear does more than hearing than expcted.B.Dancing is capable of heighten the sensation of hearingC.Loud music stimulates the inner ear and generates the urge to danceD.The human inner ear does more to help hear than to help maintain balance.passage 2Have you switch off your compter? How about your television? Your video? Your CD player? And even your coffee percolator? Really switched them off,not just pressed the button on some conrtol panel and left your machine with a telltale bright red light warning you that it is ready to jump back to life at your command?Because if you haven’t,you are one of the guilty people who help pollute the planet.It does’t matter if you’ve joined the neighborhood recycling scheme,conscientiously sorted your garbage and avoided driving to work.You still can’t sleep easy while just one of those little red lights is glowing in the dark.The awful truth is that household and office electrical appliances left on stand-by mode are gobbling up energy,even though they are doing absolutely nothing.Some electronic products-----such as CD players----can use almost as much energy on stand-by as they do when running.Others may use a lot less,but as your video player spend far more hours on stand-by than playing anything,the wastage soon adds up.In the US.alone,idle electronic devices consume enough energy to power cities with the energy needs of Chicago or London----costing consumers around $1 billion a year.Power stations fill the atmosphere with carbon dioxide just to do absolutely nothing.Thoughtless design is partly responseble for the waste.But manufactures only get away with desinging products that waste energy this way because consumers are not sensitive enough to the issue,indeed,while recycling has caught the public imagination ,reducing waste has attracted much less attention.But “source reduction”,as the garbage experts like to call the art of not using what you don’t need to use,offers enormous potential for reducing waste of all kinds.With a little intelligent shopping,you can cut waste long before you reach the end of the chain.Packaging remains the big villain.One of the hidden consequences of buying products grown or made all around the world,rather than produced locally,is the huge amount of packaging.To help cut the waste and encourage intelligent manufacturers the simplest trick is to look for ultra-light package.The same arguments apply to the very light but strong plastic bottles that are replacing heavier glass alternatives,thin-walled aluminum cans,and cartons made of composites that wrap up anything drinkable in an ultra-light package.There are hundreds of other tricks you can discuss with colleagues while gathering around the proverbial water cooler—filling up,naturally,your own mug rather than a disposable plastic cup.But you don’t need to go as far as one website which tells you how to give your friends unwrapped Christmas presents.There are limits to source correctness.66. Fron the first two paragraphs,the author implies that______A.hitch has made life easy everywhereB.nobody seems to be innocent in polluting the planetC.recycling can potentially control environmental deteriorationD.everybody is joining the global battle against pollution in one way or another67.The waste caused by household and office electrical appliances on stand-by mode seemsto_____A.be a long-standing indoor problemB.cause nothing but troubleC.get exaggeratedD.go unnoticed68.By idle electronic devices,the author means those appliances_____A.left on stand-by modeB.filling the atmosphere with carbon dioxideed by those who are mot energy-conscioused by those whose words spesk louder than actions69.Ultra-light packaging______A.is expected to reduce American waste bu one-thirdB.is an illustration of what is called “source reduction”C.can make both manufacturers and consumers intelligentD.is a villain of what the garnage experts call “source reduction”70.The conclusion the author is trying to draw is that______A.one person cannot win the battle against pollutionB.anybody can pick up tricks of environmental protection on the webC.noybody can be absolutely right in all the tricks of environmental protectionD.anybody can present or learn a trick of cutting down what is not neededpassage 3You can have too much of a good thing,it seems---at least when it comes to physiotherapy after a stroke. Many doctors believe that it is the key to recovery:exetcising a partially paralyzed limb can help the brain “rewire”itself and replace neural co nnections destroyed by a clot in the brain.But the latest animal experiments suggest that too much exercise too soon after a brain injury can make the damage worse. “It’s something that clinicians are not aware of,”says Timothy Schallert of the University at Austin,who led the research.In some trials,stroke victims asked to put their good arm in a sling---to force them to use their partially paralyzed limb---had made much better recoveries than those who used their good arm. But these patients were treated many months after their strokes.Earlier intervention,Schallert reasoned,should lead to even more dramatic improvements.To test this theory,Schallert and his colleagues placed tiny casts on the good forelimbs of rats for two weeks immediately after they were given a small brain injury that partially paralyzed one forelimb.Several weeks later, the researchers were astonished to find that brain tissue surruouding the original injury had also died. “The size of the injury doubled. It’s very dramatic effect.”says Schallert.Brain-injured rats that were not forced to overuse their partially paralyzed limbs showed no similar damage,and the casts did not cause a dramatic loss of brain tissue in animals that had not already suffered minor brain damage.In subsequent experiments,the researchers have found that the critical period for exercise-induced damage in rats is the first week after the initial brain injury.The spreading brain damage witnessed by Schaller’s team was probably caused by the releaseof glutamate,a neurotransmitter,from brain cells stimulated during limb movement.At high doses,glutamate is toxic even to healthy nerve cells.And Schallert believes that a brain injury makes neighboring cells unusually susceptible to the neurotransmitter’s toxic effects.Randolph Nudo of the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston,who studies brain injury in primates,agrees that glutamate is the most likely culprit.In experiments with squirrel monkeys suffering from stroke-like damage,Nudo tried beginning rehabilitation within five days of injury.Although the treatment was bebeficial in the long run,Nudo noticed an initial worsening of the paralysis that might also have been due to brain damage brought on by exercise.Schallert stresses that mild exercise is likely to be beneficial however soon it begins.He adds that it is unclear whether human victims of strokes,like brain -injured rats,could make their problems worse by exercising too vigorously,too soon.Some clinics do encourage patients to begin physiotherapy within a few weeks of suffering a traumatic head injury or stroke,says David Hovda,director of brain injury research at the University of California,Los Angeles.But even if humans do have a similar period of vulnerability to rat,he speculates that it might be possible to use drugs to block the effects of glutamate.71. Schallert issued a warning to those who____A.believe in the possibility of rewiring the brainB.are ignorant of physiotherapy in the clinicC.add exercise to partially paralyzed limbsD.are on the verge of a stroke72.Which of the following is Schallert’s hypothesis for his investigation.?A.Earlier intervention should lead to even more dramatic improvements.B.The critical period for braim damage is one week after injury.C.A partially paralyzed limb can cause brain damagesD.Physiotherapy is the key to brain recovery.73.The results from Schallert’s rese arch____A.reinforced the singificance of physiotherapy after a strokeB.indicated the fault with his experiment designC.turned out the oppsiteD.verified his hypothesis74.The results made Schallert’s team aware of the fact that____A.glutamate can have toxic efforts on healthy nerve cellsB.exercise can boost the release of glutamateC.glutamate is a neurotransmitterD. all of the above75.Schallert would probably advise clinicians____A.to administer drugs to blick the effects of glutamateB.to be watchful of the amount of exercise for stroke victimsC.to prescribe vigorous exercise to stroke vivtims one week after injuryD.to reconsider the significance of phusiotherapy to brain damagePssage FourOur understanding of cities in anything more than casual terms usually starts with observationsof their spatial form and structure at some point or cross-section in time.This is easiest way to begin,for it is hard to assemble data on how cities change through time,and, in any case,our perceptions often betray us into thinking of spatial structures as being resilient and long lasting.Even where physical change is very rapid,this only has an impact on us when we visit such places infrequent -ly ,after years away. Most of our urban theory,whether it emanates from the social sciences or engineering,is structured around the notion that spatial and spatial and social structures change slowly,and are sufficiently inert for us to infer reasonable explanations from cross-sectional studies.In recent years,these assumptions have come to be challenged,and in previous editorials I have argued the need for a more temporal emphasis to our theories and models,where the emphasis is no longer on equilibrium but on the intrinsic dynamics of urban change.Even these views,however,imply a conventional wisdom where the real focus of urban studies is on processes that lead to comparatively slow changes in urban organization,where the functions determining such change are very largely routine,accomplished over months or years,rather than any lesser cycle of time.There is a tacit assumption that longer term change subsumes routine change on a day-to-day or hour-basis,which is seen as simply supporting the fixed spatial infrastructures that we perceive cities to be built around .Transportation modeling,for example,is fashioned from thes standpoint in that routine trip-making behavior is the focus of study,its explanation being central to the notion that apatial structures are inert and long lasting.76.We ,according to the passage,tend to observe citiesA.chronologicallyB.longitudinallyC.sporadicallyD.horizontally77.we think about a city as____A.a spatial eventB.a symbolica worldC.a social environmentD.an intertelated system78.Cross-sectional studies show that cities ____A.are structured in three dimensiosB.are transformed rapidly in any aspectC.are resilient and long lasting rhrougy timeD.change slowly in spatial and social structrues79.The author is drawing our attention to ____A.the equilibrium of urban spatial structuresB.the intrinsic dynamics of urban changeC.the fixed spatial infrastructureD.all of the above80.The conventional notion,the aurhor contends,____A.presents the inherent nature of a cityB.underlies the fixed spatial infrastructuresC.places an emphasis on lesser cycles of timeD.hinders the physical change of urban structurePassane fiveWhen it is sunny in June,my father gets in his first cutting of hay.He starts on the creek meadows,which are flat,sandy,and hot.They are his driest land.This year,vacationing from my medical practice,I returned to Vermont to help with the haying.The heft of a bale through my leather gloves is familiar:the tautness of the twine,the heave ofthe bale,the sweat rivers that run through the hay chaff on my arms.This work has the smell of sweet grass and breeze.I walk behind the chug and clack of the baler,moving the bales into piles so my brother can do the real work of picking them up later.As hot as the air is,my face is hotter.I am surprised at how soon I get tired.I take a break and sit in the shade,watching my father bale,trying not to think about how old he is,how the heat affects his heart,what might happen.This is not my usual work,of course.My usual work is to sit with patients and listen to them.Occasionslly I touch them,and am glad that my hands are soft.I don’t think my patients would like farmer callouses and dirty hands on their tender spots.Reluctantly I feel for lumps in breasts and testicles,hidden swellings of organs and joints,and probe all the painful places in my patients’lives.There are many,Perhaps I am too soft,could stand callouses of a different sort.I feel heavy after a day’s work ,as if my pat ients were inside me,letting me carry them.I don’t mean to.But where do I put their stories? The childhood beatings,ulcers from stress, incapacitating depression,fears,illness? These are not my experiences,yet I feel them and carry them with me.Try to find healthier meanings,I spent the week before vacation crying.The hay field is getting organized.Piles of three and four bales are scattered around the field.They will be easy to pick up.Dad climbs,tired and lame,from the tractor.I hand him a jar of ice w ater,and he looks with satisfaction on his job just done.I’ll stack a few more bales snd maybe drive the truck for my brother.My father will have some appreciative customers this winter,as he sells his bales of hay.I’ve needed to feel this heaviness in my muscles,the heat on my face.I am taunted by the simplicity of this work,the purpose and results,the definite boundaries of the fields,the dimensions of the bales,for illness is not defined by the boundaries of bodies;it spills into families ,homes, schools,and my office,like hay tumbling over the edge of the cutter bar.I feel the rough stubble left in its wake.I need to remember the stories I’ve helped reshape,new meanings stacked against the despair of pain,I need to remember the smell of hay in June.81.Which of the following is NOT true according to the story?A.The muscular work in the field has an emotional impact on the narrator.B.The narrator gets tired easily working in the field.C.It is the first time for the narroator to do hayingD.The narrator is as physician82.In retrospection ,the narrator___A.feels guilty before his father and brotherB.defends his soft hands in a meaningful wayC.hates losing his muscular power before he knows itD.is shamed for the farmer callouses he does not possess83.As a physician,the narrator is ___A.empathicB.arrogantC.callousD.fragile84.His associations punctuate_____A.the similarities between medicine and agricultureB.the simplicity of muscular workC.the hardship of life everywhereD.the nature of medical practice85.The narrator would say that____A.it can do physicians good to spend a vacation doing muscular workB.everything is interlinked and anything can be anythingC.he is a shame to his fatherD.his trip is worth itPassage SixEveryone has seen it happen,A colleague who has been excited,involved,and productive slowly begins to pull back,lose energy and interest,and becomes a shadow or his or her former self.Or,a person who has been a beacon of vision and idealism retreats into despair or cynicism.What happened? How does someone who is capable and committed become a person who functions minimally and does not seem to care for the job or the people that work there?Burnout is a chronic state of depleted energy ,lack of commitment and involvement,and continual frustration,often accompanied at work by physical symptoms,disability claims and performance problem.Job burnout is a crisis of spirit,when work that was once exciting and meaningful becomes deadening. An organization’s mo st valuable resource---the energy ,dedication,and creativity of its employees---is often squandered by a climate that limits or frustrates the pool of talent and energy available.Milder forms of burnout are a problem at every level in every type of work.The burned-out manager comes to work,but he brings a shell rather than a person.He experiences little satisfaction,and feels uninvolved,detached,and uncommitted to his work and co-workers.While he may be effective by external standards,he works far below his own level of productivity. The people around him are deeply affected by his attitude and energy level,and the whole community begins to suffer.Burnout is a crisis of the spirit because people who burn out were once on fire.It’s especially scary …………….some of the most talented .If they can’t maintain their fire,others ask who can? Are these people lost forever,or can the inner flame be rekindled? People often feel that burnout just comes upon them and that they are helpless victims of it. Actually,the evidence is growing that there were ways for individuals to safeguard and renew their spirit,snd more important,there are ways for organizations to change conditions that lead to burnout.86.The passage begins with____A.a personal transitionB.a contrast between two types of peopleC.a shift from conformity to individualityD.a mysterious physical and mental state87.Which of the following is related with the crisis of spirit?A.Emotional exhaustionB.DepersonalizationC.Reduced personal accomplishmentD.All of the above88.Job burnout is a crisis of spirit,which will result in ___A.a personal problemB.diminished productivityC.an economic crisis in a countryD.a failure to establish a pool of talent and energy89.Burnout can be ___A.fatalB.staticC.infectiousD.permanent90.Those who are burned-out,according to the passage,are potentially able___A.to find a quick fixB.to restore what they have lostC.to be aware of their status quoD.to challenge their organization A.B.C.D. A.B.C.D. A.B.C.D.。