外文翻译原文和译文
英译汉佳作欣赏
英译汉：佳译赏析巧选主语成妙译（1）原文】饱经沧桑的20世纪仅剩下几个春秋，人类即将跨入充满希望的21世纪。
【译文】I n a few years’ time, mankind will bid farewell to the 20th c entury, a century full of vic issitudes, and enter into the 21s t c entury, a c entury full of hopes.【赏析】1995年，联合国举办纪念成立50周年庆祝活动，江主席出席并发表演说。
原文是该篇演说的第一句，是地道的汉语。
翻译此句时，一般译者往往会亦步亦趋地将原文译为两个分句，分别以“饱经沧桑的20世纪”和“人类”作主语。
但高明的译者吃透了原文的精神，选择mankind为主语统领全句，以准确而地道的英语译出，确实是一则难得的佳译，值得翻译爱好者认真体会。
英译汉：佳译赏析之“肚里的墨水”（2）【原文】T heir family had more money, more hors es, more slaves than any one els e in the Country, b ut the boys had less grammar than mos t of their poor C racker neighbors.【译文】他们家里的钱比人家多，马比人家多，奴隶比人家多，都要算全区第一，所缺少的只是他哥儿俩肚里的墨水，少得也是首屈一指的。
【赏析】原文选自Gone With the Wind。
译文忠实且流畅，算得上好译文，特别值得一提的是译者对grammar的处理，如果照搬字典自然难于翻译，但译者吃透了原句精神，译为“肚里的墨水”，真是再妥帖不过了。
英译汉：佳译赏析之“思前想后”（3）【原文】A nd in these meditations he fell asleep.【译文】他这么思前想后，就睡着了。
外文文献翻译译稿和原文
外文文献翻译译稿1卡尔曼滤波的一个典型实例是从一组有限的，包含噪声的，通过对物体位置的观察序列（可能有偏差）预测出物体的位置的坐标及速度。
在很多工程应用（如雷达、计算机视觉）中都可以找到它的身影。
同时，卡尔曼滤波也是控制理论以及控制系统工程中的一个重要课题。
例如，对于雷达来说，人们感兴趣的是其能够跟踪目标。
但目标的位置、速度、加速度的测量值往往在任何时候都有噪声。
卡尔曼滤波利用目标的动态信息，设法去掉噪声的影响，得到一个关于目标位置的好的估计。
这个估计可以是对当前目标位置的估计（滤波），也可以是对于将来位置的估计（预测），也可以是对过去位置的估计（插值或平滑）。
命名[编辑]这种滤波方法以它的发明者鲁道夫.E.卡尔曼（Rudolph E. Kalman）命名，但是根据文献可知实际上Peter Swerling在更早之前就提出了一种类似的算法。
斯坦利。
施密特（Stanley Schmidt）首次实现了卡尔曼滤波器。
卡尔曼在NASA埃姆斯研究中心访问时，发现他的方法对于解决阿波罗计划的轨道预测很有用，后来阿波罗飞船的导航电脑便使用了这种滤波器。
关于这种滤波器的论文由Swerling（1958）、Kalman (1960)与Kalman and Bucy（1961）发表。
目前，卡尔曼滤波已经有很多不同的实现。
卡尔曼最初提出的形式现在一般称为简单卡尔曼滤波器。
除此以外，还有施密特扩展滤波器、信息滤波器以及很多Bierman, Thornton开发的平方根滤波器的变种。
也许最常见的卡尔曼滤波器是锁相环，它在收音机、计算机和几乎任何视频或通讯设备中广泛存在。
以下的讨论需要线性代数以及概率论的一般知识。
卡尔曼滤波建立在线性代数和隐马尔可夫模型（hidden Markov model）上。
其基本动态系统可以用一个马尔可夫链表示，该马尔可夫链建立在一个被高斯噪声（即正态分布的噪声）干扰的线性算子上的。
系统的状态可以用一个元素为实数的向量表示。
(完整版)外文翻译
外文文献原稿和译文原稿logistics distribution center location factors:(1) the goods distribution and quantity. This is the distribution center and distribution of the object, such as goods source and the future of distribution, history and current and future forecast and development, etc. Distribution center should as far as possible and producer form in the area and distribution short optimization. The quantity of goods is along with the growth of the size distribution and constant growth. Goods higher growth rate, the more demand distribution center location is reasonable and reducing conveying process unnecessary waste.(2) transportation conditions. The location of logistics distribution center should be close to the transportation hub, and to form the logistics distribution center in the process of a proper nodes. In the conditional, distribution center should be as close to the railway station, port and highway.(3) land conditions. Logistics distribution center covers an area of land in increasingly expensive problem today is more and more important. Is the use of the existing land or land again? Land price? Whether to conform to the requirements of the plan for the government, and so on, in the construction distribution center have considered.(4) commodities flow. Enterprise production of consumer goods as the population shift and change, should according to enterprise's better distribution system positioning. Meanwhile, industrial products market will transfer change, in order to determine the raw materials and semi-finished products of commodities such as change of flow in the location of logistics distribution center should be considered when the flow of the specific conditions of the relevant goods.(5) other factors. Such as labor, transportation and service convenience degree, investment restrictions, etc.How to reduce logistics cost，enhance the adaptive capacity and strain capacity of distribution center is a key research question of agricultural product logistics distribution center．At present，most of the research on logistics cost concentrates off theoretical analysis of direct factors of logistics cost, and solves the problem of over-high logistics Cost mainly by direct channel solution．This research stresses on the view of how to loeate distribution center, analyzes the influence of locating distribution center on logistics cost．and finds one kind of simple and easy location method by carrying on the location analysis of distribution center through computer modeling and the application of Exeel．So the location of agricultural product logistics distribution center can be achieved scientifically and reasonably, which will attain the goal of reducing logistics cost, and have a decision．making support function to the logisties facilities and planning of agricultural product．The agricultural product logistics distribution center deals with dozens and even hundreds of clients every day, and transactions are made in high-frequency. If the distribution center is far away from other distribution points，the moving and transporting of materials and the collecting of operational data is inconvenient and costly. costly．The modernization of agricultural product logistics s distribution center is a complex engineering system，not only involves logistics technology, information technology, but also logistics management ideas and its methods，in particular the specifying of strategic location and business model is essential for the constructing of distribution center. How to reduce logistics cost，enhance the adaptive capacity and strain capacity of distribution center is a key research question of agricultural product logistics distribution center. The so—called logistics costs refers to the expenditure summation of manpower, material and financial resources in the moving process of the goods．such as loading and unloading，conveying，transport，storage，circulating，processing, information processing and other segments. In a word。
外文翻译及中文译文
车床用于车外圆、端面和镗孔等加工的机床称作车床。
车削很少在其他种类的机床上进行，因为其他机床都不能像车床那样方便地进行车削加工。
由于车床除了用于车外圆还能用于镗孔、车端面、钻孔和铰孔，车床的多功能性可以使工件在一次定位安装中完成多种加工。
这就是在生产中普遍使用各种车床比其他种类的机床都要多的原因。
两千多年前就已经有了车床。
现代车床可以追溯到大约1797年，那时亨利•莫德斯利发明了一种具有把主轴和丝杆的车床。
这种车床可以控制工具的机械进给。
这位聪明的英国人还发明了一种把主轴和丝杆相连接的变速装置，这样就可以切削螺纹。
车床的主要部件：床身、主轴箱组件、尾架组件、拖板组、变速齿轮箱、丝杆和光杆。
床身是车床的基础件。
它通常是由经过充分正火或时效处理的灰铸铁或者球墨铸铁制成，它是一个坚固的刚性框架，所有其他主要部件都安装在床身上。
通常在球墨铸铁制成，它是一个坚固的刚性框架，所有其他主要部件都安装在床身上。
通常在床身上面有内外两组平行的导轨。
一些制造厂生产的四个导轨都采用倒“V”，而另一些制造厂则将倒“V”形导轨和平面导轨结合。
由于其他的部件要安装在导轨上并（或）在导轨上移动，导轨要经过精密加工，以保证其装配精度。
同样地，在操作中应该小心，以避免损伤导轨。
导轨上的任何误差，常常会使整个机床的精度遭到破坏。
大多数现代车床的导轨要进行表面淬火处理。
以减少磨损和擦伤，具有更大的耐磨性。
主轴箱安装在床身一端内导轨的固定位置上。
它提供动力。
使工件在各种速度下旋转。
它基本上由一个安装在精密轴承中的空心轴和一系列变速齿轮---类似于卡车变速箱所组成，通过变速齿轮，主轴可以在许多中转速的旋转。
大多数车床有8～18中转速，一般按等比级数排列。
在现代车床上只需扳动2～4个手柄，就能得到全部挡位的转速。
目前发展的趋势是通过电气的或机械的装置进行无级变速。
由于车床的精度在很大程度上取决于主轴，因此主轴的结构尺寸较大，通常安装在紧密配合的重型圆锤滚子轴承或球轴承中。
液压系统外文文献翻译中英文
外文文献翻译(含：英文原文及中文译文)英文原文Hydraulic systemW Arnold1 IntroductionThe hydraulic station is called a hydraulic pump station and is an independent hydraulic device. It is step by step to supply oil. And control the direction of hydraulic oil flow, pressure and flow, suitable for the host and hydraulic equipment can be separated on the various hydraulic machinery.After the purchase, the user only needs to connect the hydraulic station and the actuator (hydraulic or oil motor) on the mainframe with different tubings. The hydraulic machine can realize various specified actions and working cycles.The hydraulic station is a combination of manifolds, pump units or valve assemblies, electrical boxes, and tank electrical boxes. Each part function is:The pump unit is equipped with a motor and an oil pump, which is the power source of the hydraulic station and can convert mechanical energy into hydraulic oil pressure energy.V alve combination - its plate valve is mounted on the vertical plate, and the rear plate is connected with the same function as the manifold.Oil manifolds - assembled from hydraulic valves and channel bodies. It regulates hydraulic oil pressure, direction and flow.Box--a semi-closed container for plate welding. It is also equipped with an oil screen, an air filter, etc., which is used for cooling and filtering of oil and oil.Electrical box - divided into two types: one is to set the external lead terminal board; one is equipped with a full set of control appliances.The working principle of the hydraulic station: The motor drives the oil pump to rotate, then the pump sucks oil from the oil tank and supplies oil, converts the mechanical energy into hydraulic pressure energy, and the hydraulic oil passes through the manifold (or valve assembly) to adjust the direction, pressure and flow and then passes through the external tube. The way to the hydraulic cylinder or oil motor in the hydraulic machinery, so as to control the direction of the hydraulic motor, the strength of the speed and speed, to promote all kinds of hydraulic machinery to do work.(1) Development history of hydraulic pressureThe development history of hydraulics (including hydraulic power, the same below), pneumatics, and seals industry in China can be roughly divided into three stages, namely: the starting stage in the early 1950s to the early 60s; and the professional in the 60s and 70s. The growth stage of the production system; the 80-90's is a stage of rapid development. Among them, the hydraulic industry began in the early 1950s with thedevelopment of hydraulic machines such as Grinding Machines, broaching machines, and profiling lathes, which were produced by the machine tool industry. The hydraulic components were produced by the hydraulic workshop in the machine tool factory, and were produced for self use. After entering the 1960s, the application of hydraulic technology was gradually promoted from the machine tool to the agricultural machinery and engineering machinery. The original hydraulic workshop attached to the main engine plant was independent and became a professional manufacturer of hydraulic components. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, with the continuous development of mechanization of production, particularly in the provision of highly efficient and automated equipment for the second automobile manufacturing plant, the hydraulic component manufacturing industry witnessed rapid development. The batch of small and medium-sized enterprises also began to become specialized manufacturers of hydraulic parts. In 1968, the annual output of hydraulic components in China was close to 200,000 pieces. In 1973, in the fields of machine tools, agricultural machinery, construction machinery and other industries, the professional factory for the production of hydraulic parts has grown to over 100, and its annual output exceeds 1 million pieces. Such an independent hydraulic component manufacturing industry has taken shape. At this time, the hydraulic product has evolved from the original imitation Su product intoa combination of imported technology and self-designed products. The pressure has been developed towards medium and high pressures, and electro-hydraulic servo valves and systems have been developed. The application of hydraulics has been further expanded. The pneumatic industry started a few years later than hydraulics, and it was only in 1967 that it began to establish a professional pneumatic components factory. Pneumatic components began to be manufactured and sold as commodities. Its sealing industry including rubber seals, flexible graphite seals, and mechanical seals started from the production of common O-rings, oil seals, and other extruded rubber seals and asbestos seal products in the early 1950s. In the early 1960s, it began to develop and produce flexible products. Graphite seals and mechanical seals and other products. In the 1970s, a batch of batches of professional production plants began to be established one after another in the systems of the former Ministry of Combustion, the Ministry of Agriculture, and the Ministry of Agricultural Machinery, formally forming the industry, which laid the foundation for the development of the seal industry.In the 1980s, under the guidance of the national policy of reform and opening up, with the continuous development of the machinery industry, the contradiction between the basic components lags behind the host computer has become increasingly prominent and caused the attention of all relevant departments. To this end, the former Ministry of Machinesestablished the General Infrastructure Industry Bureau in 1982, and unified the original pneumatic, hydraulic, and seal specialties that were scattered in the industries of machine tools, agricultural machinery, and construction machinery, etc. The management of a piece of office, so that the industry in the planning, investment, the introduction of technology and scientific research and development and other aspects of the basic parts of the bureau's guidance and support. This has entered a period of rapid development, it has introduced more than 60 foreign advanced technology, of which more than 40 hydraulic, pneumatic 7, after digestion and absorption and technological transformation, are now mass production, and has become the industry's leading products . In recent years, the industry has intensified its technological transformation. From 1991 to 1998, the total investment of national, local, and corporate self-raised funds totaled about 2 billion yuan, of which more than 1.6 billion were hydraulic. After continuous technological transformation and technological breakthroughs, the technical level of a group of major enterprises has been further improved, and technological equipment has also been greatly improved, laying a good foundation for forming a high starting point, specialization, and mass production. In recent years, under the guidance of the principle of common development of multiple ownership systems in the country, various small and medium-sized enterprises with different ownership have rapidly emerged and haveshown great vitality. With the further opening up of the country, foreign-funded enterprises have developed rapidly, which plays an important role in raising industry standards and expanding exports. So far China has established joint ventures with famous manufacturers in the United States, Germany, Japan and other countries or directly established piston pumps/motors, planetary speed reducers, hydraulic control valves, steering gears, hydraulic systems, hydrostatic transmissions, and hydraulic components. The company has more than 50 manufacturing enterprises such as castings, pneumatic control valves, cylinders, gas processing triplets, rubber seals, and mechanical seals, and has attracted more than 200 million U.S. dollars in foreign capital.(2) Current statusBasic profileAfter more than 40 years of hard work, China's hydraulics, pneumatics and seals industry has formed a complete industrial system with a certain level of production capacity and technical level. According to the statistics of the third n ational industrial census in 1995, China’s state-owned, privately-owned, cooperative, village-run, individual, and “funded enterprises” have annual sales income of more than 1 million yuan in hydraulic, pneumatic, and seal industrial townships and above. There are a total of more than 1,300 companies, including about 700 hydraulics, and about 300 pneumatic and sealing parts. According to thestatistics of the international industry in 1996, the total output value of the hydraulic industry in China was about 2.448 billion yuan, accounting for the 6th in the world; the total output value of the pneumatic industry was about 419 million yuan, accounting for the world’s10 people.2. Current supply and demand profileWith the introduction of technology, independent development and technological transformation, the technical level of the first batch of high-pressure plunger pumps, vane pumps, gear pumps, general hydraulic valves, oil cylinders, oil-free pneumatic components and various types of seals has become remarkable. Improve, and can be stable mass production, provide guarantees for all types of host to improve product quality. In addition, certain achievements have also been made in the aspects of CAD, pollution control, and proportional servo technology for hydraulic pneumatic components and systems, and have been used for production. So far, the hydraulic, pneumatic and seal products have a total of about 3,000 varieties and more than 23,000 specifications. Among them, there are about 1,200 types of hydraulic pressure, more than 10,000 specifications (including 60 types of hydrodynamic products, 500 specifications); about 1350 types of pneumatic, more than 8,000 specifications; there are also 350 types of rubber seals, more than 5000 The specifications are now basically able to adapt to the general needs ofvarious types of mainframe products. The matching rate for major equipment sets can reach more than 60%, and a small amount of exports has started.In 1998, the domestic production of hydraulic components was 4.8 million pieces, with sales of about 2.8 billion yuan (of which mechanical systems accounted for 70%); output of pneumatic components was 3.6 million pieces, and sales were about 550 million yuan (including mechanical systems accounting for about 60%) The production of seals is about 800 million pieces, and the sales volume is about 1 billion yuan (including about 50% of mechanical systems). According to the statistics of the annual report of the China Hydraulic and Pneumatic Sealing Industry Association in 1998, the production and sales rate of hydraulic products was 97.5% (101% of hydraulic power), 95.9% of air pressure, and 98.7% of seal. This fully reflects the basic convergence of production and sales.Although China's hydraulic, pneumatic and sealing industries have made great progress, there are still many gaps compared with the development needs of the mainframe and the world's advanced level, which are mainly reflected in the variety, performance and reliability of products. . Take hydraulic products as an example, the product varieties are only 1/3 of the foreign country, and the life expectancy is 1/2 of that of foreign countries. In order to meet the needs of key hosts, imported hosts, and majortechnical equipment, China has a large number of imported hydraulic, pneumatic, and sealing products every year. According to customs statistics and relevant data analysis, in 1998, the import volume of hydraulic, pneumatic and seal products was about 200 million U.S. dollars, of which the hydraulic pressure was about 140 million U.S. dollars, the pneumatics were 30 million U.S. dollars, and the seal was about 0.3 billion U.S. dollars. The year is slightly lower. In terms of amount, the current domestic market share of imported products is about 30%. In 1998, the total demand for hydraulic parts in the domestic market was about 6 million pieces, and the total sales volume was 4 billion yuan; the total demand for pneumatic parts was about 5 million pieces, and the total sales volume was over 700 million yuan; the total demand for seals was about 1.1 billion yuan. Pieces, total sales of about 1.3 billion yuan. (3) Future developments1. The main factors affecting development(1) The company's product development capability is not strong, and the level and speed of technology development can not fully meet the current needs for advanced mainframe products, major technical equipment and imported equipment and maintenance;(2) Many companies have lagged behind in manufacturing process, equipment level and management level, and their sense of quality is not strong, resulting in low level of product performance, unstable quality,poor reliability, and insufficiency of service, and lack of user satisfaction. And trusted branded products;(3) The degree of professional specialization in the industry is low, the power is scattered, the duplication of the low level is serious, the product convergence between the region and the enterprise leads to blind competition, and the prices are reduced each other, thus the efficiency of the enterprise is reduced, the funds are lacking, and the turnover is difficult. Insufficient investment in development and technological transformation has severely restricted the overall level of the industry and its competitive strength.(4) When the degree of internationalization of the domestic market is increasing, foreign companies have gradually entered the Chinese market to participate in competition, coupled with the rise of domestic private, cooperative, foreign-funded, and individual enterprises, resulting in increasing impact on state-owned enterprises. .2. Development trendWith the continuous deepening of the socialist market economy, the relationship between supply and demand in the hydraulic, pneumatic and sealed products has undergone major changes. The seller market characterized by “shortage” has basically become a buyer’s market characterized by “structured surplus”. Replaced by. From the perspective of overall capacity, it is already in a trend of oversupply, and in particular,general low-grade hydraulic, pneumatic and seals are generally oversupply; and like high-tech products with high technological content and high value and high value-added products that are urgently needed by the host, Can not meet the needs of the market, can only rely on imports. After China's entry into the WTO, its impact may be greater. Therefore, during the “10th Five-Y ear Plan” period, the growth of the industry’s output value must not only rely on the growth of quantity. Instead, it should focus on the structural contradiction of the industry and intensify efforts to adjust the industrial structure and product structure. It should be based on the improvement of quality. Product technology upgrades in order to adapt to and stimulate market demand, and seek greater development.2. Hydraulic application on power slide(1) Introduction of Power Sliding TableUsing the binding force curve diagram and the state space analysis method to analyze and study the sliding effect and the smoothness of the sliding table of the combined machine tool, the dynamics of the hydraulic drive system of the sliding table—the self-regulating back pressure regulating system are established. mathematical model. Through the digital simulation system of the computer, the causes and main influencing factors of the slide impact and the motion instability are analyzed. What kind of conclusions can be drawn from those, if we canreasonably design the structural dimensions of hydraulic cylinders and self-regulating back pressure regulators ——The symbols used in the text are as follows:s 1 - flow source, that is, the flow rate of the governor valve outlet;S el —— sliding friction of the sliding table;R - the equivalent viscous friction coefficient of the slide;I 1 - quality of slides and cylinders;12 - self-adjusting back pressure valve core quality;C 1, c 2 - liquid volume without cylinder chamber and rod chamber;C 2 - Self-adjusting back pressure valve spring compliance;R 1, R2 - Self-adjusting back pressure valve damping orifice fluid resistance;R 9 - Self-adjusting back pressure valve valve fluid resistance;S e2——initial pre-tightening force of self-adjusting back pressure valve spring;I 4, I5 - Equivalent liquid sense of the pipeline;C 5, C 6 - equivalent liquid capacity of the pipeline;R 5, R7 - Equivalent liquid resistance of the pipeline;V 3, V4 - cylinder rodless cavity and rod cavity volume;P 3, P4—pressure of the rodless cavity and rod cavity of the cylinder;F - the slide bears the load;V - speed of slide motion;In this paper, the power bond diagram and the state space splitting method are used to establish the system's motion mathematical model, and the dynamic characteristics of the slide table can be significantly improved.In the normal operation of the combined machine tool, the magnitude of the speed of the slide, its direction and the load changes it undergoes will affect its performance in varying degrees. Especially in the process of work-in-process, the unsteady movement caused by the advancing of the load on the slide table and the cyclical change of the load will affect the surface quality of the workpiece to be machined. In severe cases, the tool will break. According to the requirements of the Dalian Machine Tool Plant, the author used the binding force curve diagram and the state space analysis method to establish a dynamic mathematical model of a self-adjusting back pressure and speed adjustment system for the new hydraulic drive system of the combined machine tool slide. In order to improve the dynamic characteristics of the sliding table, it is necessary to analyze the causes and main influencing factors of the impetus and movement of the sliding table. However, it must pass the computer's digital simulation and the final results obtained from the research.(2) Dynamic Mathematical ModelThe working principle diagram of the self-adjusting back pressure speedregulation system of the combined machine tool slide hydraulic drive system is shown in the figure. This system is used to complete the work-cycle-stop-rewind. When the sliding table is working, the three-position four-way reversing valve is in the illustrated position. The oil supply pressure of the oil pump will remain approximately constant under the effective action of the overflow valve, and the oil flow passes through the reversing valve and adjusts the speed. The valve enters the rodless chamber of the cylinder to push the slide forward. At the same time, the pressurized oil discharged from the rod chamber of the cylinder will flow back to the tank through the self-regulating back pressure valve and the reversing valve. During this process, there was no change in the operating status of both the one-way valve and the relief valve. The complex and nonlinear system of the hydraulic drive system of the self-adjusting back pressure governor system is a kind of self-adjusting back-pressure governor system. To facilitate the study of its dynamic characteristics, a simple and reasonable dynamic mathematical model that only considers the main influencing factors is established. Especially important [1][2]. From the theoretical analysis and the experimental study, we can see that the system process time is much longer than the process time of the speed control valve. When the effective pressure bearing area of the rodless cavity of the fuel tank is large, the flow rate at the outlet of the speed control valve is instantaneous. The overshoot is reflected in thesmall change in speed of the slide motion [2]. In order to further broaden and deeply study the dynamic characteristics of the system so that the research work can be effectively performed on a miniature computer, this article will further simplify the original model [2], assuming that the speed control valve is output during the entire system pass. When the flow is constant, this is considered to be the source of the flow. The schematic diagram of the dynamic model structure of this system is shown in Fig. 2. It consists of a cylinder, a sliding table, a self-adjusting back pressure valve, and a connecting pipe.The power bond graph is a power flow graph. It is based on the transmission mode of the system energy, based on the actual structure, and uses the centralized parameters to represent the role of the subsystems abstractly as a resistive element R, a perceptual element I, and a capacitive element. Three kinds of role of C. Using this method, the physical concept of modeling is clear, and combined with the state-space analysis method, the linear system can be described and analyzed more accurately. This method is an effective method to study the dynamic characteristics of complex nonlinear systems in the time domain. According to the main characteristics of each component of the self-adjusting back pressure control system and the modeling rules [1], the power bond diagram of the system is obtained. The upper half of each key in the figure represents the power flow. The two variables that makeup the power are the force variables (oil pressure P and force F) and the flow variables (flow q and velocity v). The O node indicates that the system is connected in parallel, and the force variables on each key are equal and the sum of the flow variables is zero; 1 The nodes represent the series connection in the system, the flow variables on each key are equal and the sum of the force variables is Zero. TF denotes a transformer between different energy forms. The TF subscripted letter represents the conversion ratio of the flow variable or the force variable. The short bar on the key indicates the causal relationship between the two variables on the key. The full arrow indicates the control relationship. There are integral or differential relationships between the force and flow variables of the capacitive and perceptual elements in the three types of action elements. Therefore, a complex nonlinear equation of state with nine state variables can be derived from Fig. 3 . In this paper, the research on the dynamic characteristics of the sliding table starts from the two aspects of the slide's hedging and the smoothness of the motion. The fourth-order fixed-length Runge-Kutta is used for digital simulation on the IBM-PC microcomputer.(3) Slide advanceThe swaying phenomenon of the slide table is caused by the sudden disappearance of the load acting on the slide table (such as drilling work conditions). In this process, the table load F, the moving speed V, and thepressure in the two chambers of the cylinder P3 and P4 can be seen from the simulation results in Fig. 4. When the sliding table moves at a uniform speed under the load, the oil pressure in the rodless cavity of the oil cylinder is high, and a large amount of energy is accumulated in the oil. When the load suddenly disappears, the oil pressure of the cavity is rapidly reduced, and the oil is rapidly reduced. When the high-pressure state is transferred to the low-pressure state, a lot of energy is released to the system, resulting in a high-speed forward impact of the slide. However, the front slide of the sliding table causes the pressure in the rod cavity of the oil cylinder to cause the back pressure to rise, thereby consuming part of the energy in the system, which has a certain effect on the kicking of the slide table. We should see that in the studied system, the inlet pressure of the self-adjusting back pressure valve is subject to the comprehensive effect of the two-chamber oil pressure of the oil cylinder. When the load suddenly disappears, the pressure of the self-adjusting back pressure valve rapidly rises and stably exceeds the initial back pressure value. It can be seen from the figure that self-adjusting back pressure in the speed control system when the load disappears, the back pressure of the cylinder rises more than the traditional speed control system, so the oil in the rod cavity of the cylinder absorbs more energy, resulting in the amount of forward momentum of the slide It will be about 20% smaller than traditionalspeed control systems. It can be seen from this that the use of self-adjusting back-gear speed control system as a drive system slider has good characteristics in suppressing the forward punch, in which the self-adjusting back pressure valve plays a very large role.(4) The smoothness of the slideWhen the load acting on the slide changes periodically (such as in the case of milling), the speed of the slide will have to fluctuate. In order to ensure the processing quality requirements, it must reduce its speed fluctuation range as much as possible. From the perspective of the convenience of the discussion of the problem, assume that the load changes according to a sine wave law, and the resulting digital simulation results are shown in Figure 5. From this we can see that this system has the same variation rules and very close numerical values as the conventional speed control system. The reason is that when the change of the load is not large, the pressure in the two chambers of the fuel tank will not have a large change, which will eventually lead to the self-regulating back pressure valve not showing its effect clearly.(5) Improvement measuresThe results of the research show that the dynamic performance of a sliding table with self-regulating back pressure control system as a drive system is better than that of a traditional speed control system. To reduce the amount of kick in the slide, it is necessary to rapidly increase the backpressure of the rod cavity when the load disappears. To increase the smoothness of the sliding table, it is necessary to increase the rigidity of the system. The main measure is to reduce the volume of oil. From the system structure, it is known that the cylinder has a large volume between the rod cavity and the oil discharge pipe, as shown in Fig. 6a. Its existence in terms of delay and attenuation of the self-regulating back pressure valve function, on the other hand, also reduces the rigidity of the system, it will limit the further improvement of the propulsion characteristics and the smoothness of the motion. Thus, improving the dynamic characteristics of the sliding table can be handled by two methods: changing the cylinder volume or changing the size of the self-regulating back pressure valve. Through the simulation calculation of the structural parameters of the system and the comparison of the results, it can be concluded that the ratio of the volume V4 between the rod cavity and the oil discharge pipe to the volume V3 between the rodless cavity and the oil inlet pipe is changed from 5.5 to 5.5. At 1 oclock, as shown in the figure, the diameter of the bottom end of the self-adjusting back pressure valve is increased from the original 10mm to 13mm, and the length of the damper triangle groove is reduced from the original lmm to 0.7mm, which will enable the front of the slide table. The impulse is reduced by 30%, the transition time is obviously shortened, and the smoothness of the slide motion will also be greatly improved.中文译文液压系统W Arnold1. 绪论液压站称液压泵站,是独立的液压装置。
外文翻译--创业板市场
外文文献翻译译文一、外文原文原文：China's Second BoardI. Significance of and events leading to the establishment of a Second BoardOn 31 March 2009 the China Securities Regulatory Commission (CSRC issued Interim Measures on the Administration of Initial Public Offerings and Listings of Shares on the ChiNext [i.e., the Second Board, also called the Growth Enterprise Market] ("Interim Measures"), which came into force on 1 May 2009. This marked the creation by the Shenzhen Stock Exchange of the long-awaited market for venture businesses. As the original plan to establish such a market in 2001 had come to nothing when the dotcom bubble burst, the market's final opening came after a delay of nearly 10 years.Ever since the 1980s, when the Chinese government began to foster the development of science and technology, venture capital has been seen in China as a means of supporting the development of high-tech companies financially. The aim, as can be seen from the name of the 1996 Law of the People's Republic of China on Promoting the Conversion of Scientific and Technological Findings into Productivity ,was to support the commercialization of scientific and technological developments. Venture capital funds developed gradually in the late 1990s, and between then and 2000 it looked increasingly likely that a Second Board would be established. When the CSRC published a draft plan for this in September 2000, the stage was set. However, when the dotcom bubble (and especially the NASDAQ bubble) burst, this plan was shelved. Also, Chinese investors and venture capitalists were probably not quite ready for such a move.As a result, Chinese venture businesses sought to list on overseas markets (a so-called "red chip listing") from the late 1990s. However, as these listings increased, so did the criticism that valuable Chinese assets were being siphoned overseas.On thepolicy front, in 2004 the State Council published Some Opinions on Reform, Opening and Steady Growth of Capital Markets ("the Nine Opinions"), in which the concept of a "multi-tier capital market" was presented for the first time. A first step in this direction was made in the same year, when an SME Board was established as part of the Main Board. Although there appear to have been plans to eventually relax the SME Board's listing requirements, which were the same as those for companies listed on the Main Board, and to make it a market especially for venture businesses, it was decided to establish a separate market (the Second Board) for this purpose and to learn from the experience of the SME Board.As well as being part of the process of creating a multi-tier capital market, the establishment of the Second Board was one of the measures included in the policy document Several Opinions of the General Office of the State Council on Providing Financing Support for Economic Development ("the 30 Financial Measures"), published in December 2008 in response to the global financial crisis and intended as a way of making it easier for SMEs to raise capital.It goes without saying that the creation of the Second Board was also an important development in that it gives private equity funds the opportunity to exit their investments. The absence of such an exit had been a disincentive to such investment, with most funds looking for a red chip listing as a way of exiting their investments. However, with surplus savings at home, the Chinese authorities began to encourage companies to raise capital on the domestic market rather than overseas. This led, in September 2006, to a rule making it more difficult for Chinese venture businesses to list their shares on overseas markets. The corollary of this was that it increased the need for a means whereby Chinese private equity funds could exit their investments at an early opportunity and on their own market. The creation of the Second Board was therefore a belated response to this need.II. Rules and regulations governing the establishment of the Second BoardWe now take a closer look at some of the rules and regulations governing the establishment of the Second Board.First , the Interim Measures on the Administration of Initial Public Offerings andListings of Shares on the ChiNext, issued by the CSRC on 31 March 2009 with effect from 1 May 2009. The Interim Measures consist of six chapters and 58 articles, stipulating issue terms and procedures, disclosure requirements, regulatory procedures, and legal responsibilities.First, the General Provisions chapter. The first thing this says (Article 1) is: "These Measures are formulated for the purposes of promoting the development of innovative enterprises and other growing start-ups" This shows that one of the main listing criteria is a company's technological innovativeness and growth potential. The Chinese authorities have actually made it clear that, although the Second Board and the SME Board are both intended for SMEs of similar sizes, the Second Board is specifically intended for SMEs at the initial (rather than the growth or mature) stage of their development with a high degree of technological innovativeness and an innovative business model while the SME Board is specifically intended for companies with relatively stable earnings at the mature stage of their development. They have also made it clear that the Second Board is not simply a "small SME Board." This suggests to us that the authorities want to see technologically innovative companies listing on the Second Board and SMEs in traditional sectors listing on the SME Board.Next, Article 7 says: "A market access system that is commensurate with the risk tolerance of investors shall be established for investors on the ChiNext and investment risk shall be fully disclosed to investors." One noteworthy feature is the adoption of the concept of the "qualified investor" in an attempt to improve risk control.Furthermore, Article 8 says: "China Securities Regulatory Commission (hereinafter, CSRC) shall, in accordance with law, examine and approve the issuer’s IPO application and supervise the issuer’s IPO activities. The stock exchange shall formulate rules in accordance with law, provide an open, fair and equitable market environment and ensure the normal operation of the ChiNext." Until the Second Board was established, it was thought by some that the stock exchange had the right to approve new issues. Under the Interim Measures, however, it is the CSRC that examines and approves applications.First, offering conditions. Article 10 stipulates four numerical conditions for companies applying for IPOs.Second, offering procedures. The Interim Measures seek to make sponsoring securities companies more responsible by requiring them to conduct due diligence investigations and make prudential judgment on the issuer’s growth and render special opinions thereon.Third, information disclosure. Article 39 of the Interim Measures stipulates that the issuer shall make a statement in its prospectus pointing out the risks of investing in Second Board companies: namely, inconsistent performance, high operational risk, and the risk of delisting. Similarly,Fourth, supervision. Articles 51 and 52 stipulate that the stock exchange (namely, the Shenzhen Stock Exchange) shall establish systems for listing, trading and delisting Second Board stocks, urge sponsors to fulfill their ongoing supervisory obligations, and establish a market risk warning system and an investor education system.1. Amendments to the Interim Measures on Securities Issuance and Listing Sponsor System and the Provisional Measures of the Public Offering Review Committee of the China Securities Regulatory Commission2. Rules Governing the Listing of Shares on the ChiNext of Shenzhen Stock Exchange Next, the Shenzhen Stock Exchange published Rules Governing the Listing of Shares on the ChiNext of Shenzhen Stock Exchange on 6 June (with effect from 1 July).3. Checking investor eligibility As the companies listed on the Second Board are more risky than those listed on the Main Board and are subject to more rigorous delisting rules (see above), investor protection requires that checks be made on whether Second Board shares are suitable for all those wishing to invest in them.4. Rules governing (1) application documents for listings on the ChiNext and (2) prospectuses of ChiNext companies On 20 July the CSRC published rules governing Application Documents for Initial Public Offerings and Listings of Shares on the ChiNext and Prospectuses of ChiNext Companies, and announced that it would begin processing listing applications on 26 July.III. Future developmentsAs Its purpose is to "promote the development of innovative enterprises and other growing start-ups"，the Second Board enables such companies to raise capital by issuing shares. That is why its listing requirements are less demanding than those of the Main Board but also why it has various provisions to mitigate risk. For one thing, the Second Board has its own public offering review committee to check how technologically specialized applicant companies are, reflecting the importance attached to this. For another, issuers and their controlling shareholders, de facto controllers, and sponsoring securities companies are subject to more demanding accountability requirements. The key factor here is, not surprisingly, disclosure. Also, the qualified investor system is designed to mitigate the risks to retail investors.Once the rules and regulations governing the Second Board were published, the CSRC began to process listing applications from 26 July 2009. It has been reported that 108 companies initially applied. As of mid-October, 28 of these had been approved and on 30 October they were listed on the Second Board.As of 15 December, there are 46 companies whose listing application has been approved by CSRC (including the above-mentioned 28 companies). They come from a wide range of sectors, especially information technology, services, and biopharmacy. Thus far, few companies in which foreign private equity funds have a stake have applied. This is because these funds have tended to go for red-chip listings.Another point is movement between the various tiers of China's multi-tier capital market. As of early September, four companies that are traded on the new Third Board had successfully applied to list on the Second Board. As 22 new Third Board companies meet the listing requirements of the Second Board on the basis of their interim reports for the first half of fiscal 2009, a growing number of companies may transfer their listing from the new Third Board to the Second Board. We think this is likely to make the new Third Board a more attractive market for private equity investors.The applicants include companies that were in the process of applying for a listing on the SME Board. The CSRC has also made it clear that it does not see theSecond Board simply as a "small SME Board" and attaches great importance to the companies' innovativeness and growth potential. Ultimately, whether or not such risks can be mitigated will depend on whether the quality of the companies that list on the Second Board improves and disclosure requirements are strictly complied with. For example, according to the rules governing Prospectuses of ChiNext Companies, companies are required to disclose the above-mentioned supplementary agreements as a control right risk. The point is whether such requirements will be complied with.Since there is a potentially large number of high-tech companies in China in the long term, whether or not the Second Board becomes one of the world's few successful venture capital markets will depend on whether all these rules and regulations succeed in shaping its development and the way in which it is run.The authorities clearly want to avoid a situation where the Second Board attracts a large number of second-rate companies and becomes a vehicle for market abuse as it would then run the risk of becoming an illiquid market shunned by investors who have lost trust in it. Indeed, such has been the number of companies applying to list on the Second Board that some observers have expressed concern about their quality.There has also been some concern about investor protection. For example, supplementary agreements between private equity funds and issuers pose a risk to retail investors in that they may suddenly be faced with a change in the controlling shareholder. This is because such agreements can result in a transfer of shares from the founder or controlling shareholder to a private equity fund if the company fails to meet certain agreed targets or in a shareholding structure that is different from the apparent one, for example. The problem of low liquidity, which has long faced the new Third Board market, where small-cap high-tech stocks are also traded, also needs to be addressed.Meanwhile, the Second Board's Public Offering Review Committee was officially established on 14 August. It has 35 members. A breakdown reveals that the number of representatives of the CSRC and the Shenzhen Stock Exchange has been limited to three and two, respectively, to ensure that the committee has the necessary number of technology specialists. Of the remainder, 14 are accountants, six lawyers,three from the Ministry of Science and Technology, three from the China Academy of Sciences, two from investment trust companies, one from an asset evaluation agency, and one from the National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC). It has been reported that the members include specialists in the six industry fields the CSRC considers particularly important for Second Board companies (namely, new energy, new materials, biotechnology and pharmaceuticals, energy conservation and environmental protection, services and IT).Source: Takeshi Jingu.2009.“China's Second Board”. Nomura Journal of Capital Markets Winter 2009 V ol.1 No.4.pp.1-15.二、翻译文章译文：中国创业板市场一、建立创业板市场及其意义2009年3月31日中国证券监督管理委员会(以下简称“中国证监会”)发行《中国证监会管理暂行办法》，首次在创业板市场上[即,第二个板,也叫创业板市场](“暂行办法”) 公开募股，从 2009年的5月1日开始生效，这标志着深圳证券交易所市场这个人们期待已久的合资企业即将诞生。
计算机外文翻译（完整）
计算机外⽂翻译（完整）毕业设计(论⽂)外⽂资料翻译专业：计算机科学与技术姓名：王成明学号：06120186外⽂出处：The History of the Internet附件： 1.外⽂原⽂ 2.外⽂资料翻译译⽂；附件1：外⽂原⽂The History of the InternetThe Beginning - ARPAnetThe Internet started as a project by the US government. The object of the project was to create a means of communications between long distance points, in the event of a nation wide emergency or, more specifically, nuclear war. The project was called ARPAnet, and it is what the Internet started as. Funded specifically for military communication, the engineers responsible for ARPANet had no idea of the possibilities of an "Internet."By definition, an 'Internet' is four or more computers connected by a network.ARPAnet achieved its network by using a protocol called TCP/IP. The basics around this protocol was that if information sent over a network failed to get through on one route, it would find another route to work with, as well as establishing a means for one computer to "talk" to another computer, regardless of whether it was a PC or a Macintosh.By the 80's ARPAnet, just years away from becoming the more well known Internet, had 200 computers. The Defense Department, satisfied with ARPAnets results, decided to fully adopt it into service, and connected many military computers and resources into the network. ARPAnet then had 562 computers on its network. By the year 1984, it had over 1000 computers on its network.In 1986 ARPAnet (supposedly) shut down, but only the organization shut down, and the existing networks still existed between the more than 1000 computers. It shut down due to a failied link up with NSF, who wanted to connect its 5 countywide super computers into ARPAnet.With the funding of NSF, new high speed lines were successfully installed at line speeds of 56k (a normal modem nowadays) through telephone lines in 1988. By that time, there were 28,174 computers on the (by then decided) Internet. In 1989 there were 80,000 computers on it. By 1989, there were290,000.Another network was built to support the incredible number of people joining. It was constructed in 1992.Today - The InternetToday, the Internet has become one of the most important technological advancements in the history of humanity. Everyone wants to get 'on line' to experience the wealth of information of the Internet. Millions of people now use the Internet, and it's predicted that by the year 2003 every single person on the planet will have Internet access. The Internet has truly become a way of life in our time and era, and is evolving so quickly its hard to determine where it will go next, as computer and network technology improve every day.HOW IT WORKS:It's a standard thing. People using the Internet. Shopping, playing games,conversing in virtual Internet environments.The Internet is not a 'thing' itself. The Internet cannot just "crash." It functions the same way as the telephone system, only there is no Internet company that runs the Internet.The Internet is a collection of millioins of computers that are all connected to each other, or have the means to connect to each other. The Internet is just like an office network, only it has millions of computers connected to it.The main thing about how the Internet works is communication. How does a computer in Houston know how to access data on a computer in Tokyo to view a webpage?Internet communication, communication among computers connected to the Internet, is based on a language. This language is called TCP/IP. TCP/IP establishes a language for a computer to access and transmit data over the Internet system.But TCP/IP assumes that there is a physical connecetion between onecomputer and another. This is not usually the case. There would have to be a network wire that went to every computer connected to the Internet, but that would make the Internet impossible to access.The physical connection that is requireed is established by way of modems,phonelines, and other modem cable connections (like cable modems or DSL). Modems on computers read and transmit data over established lines,which could be phonelines or data lines. The actual hard core connections are established among computers called routers.A router is a computer that serves as a traffic controller for information.To explain this better, let's look at how a standard computer might viewa webpage.1. The user's computer dials into an Internet Service Provider (ISP). The ISP might in turn be connected to another ISP, or a straight connection into the Internet backbone.2. The user launches a web browser like Netscape or Internet Explorer and types in an internet location to go to.3. Here's where the tricky part comes in. First, the computer sends data about it's data request to a router. A router is a very high speed powerful computer running special software. The collection of routers in the world make what is called a "backbone," on which all the data on the Internet is transferred. The backbone presently operates at a speed of several gigabytes per-second. Such a speed compared to a normal modem is like comparing the heat of the sun to the heat of an ice-cube.Routers handle data that is going back and forth. A router puts small chunks of data into packages called packets, which function similarly to envelopes. So, when the request for the webpage goes through, it uses TCP/IP protocols to tell the router what to do with the data, where it's going, and overall where the user wants to go.4. The router sends these packets to other routers, eventually leadingto the target computer. It's like whisper down the lane (only the information remains intact).5. When the information reaches the target web server, the webserver then begins to send the web page back. A webserver is the computer where the webpage is stored that is running a program that handles requests for the webpage and sends the webpage to whoever wants to see it.6. The webpage is put in packets, sent through routers, and arrive at the users computer where the user can view the webpage once it is assembled.The packets which contain the data also contain special information that lets routers and other computers know how to reassemble the data in the right order.With millions of web pages, and millions of users, using the Internet is not always easy for a beginning user, especially for someone who is not entirely comfortale with using computers. Below you can find tips tricks and help on how to use main services of the Internet.Before you access webpages, you must have a web browser to actually be able to view the webpages. Most Internet Access Providers provide you with a web browser in the software they usually give to customers; you. The fact that you are viewing this page means that you have a web browser. The top two use browsers are Netscape Communicator and Microsoft Internet Explorer. Netscape can be found at /doc/bedc387343323968011c9268.html and MSIE can be found at /doc/bedc387343323968011c9268.html /ie.The fact that you're reading this right now means that you have a web browser.Next you must be familiar with actually using webpages. A webpage is a collection of hyperlinks, images, text, forms, menus, and multimedia. To "navigate" a webpage, simply click the links it provides or follow it's own instructions (like if it has a form you need to use, it will probably instruct you how to use it). Basically, everything about a webpage is made to be self-explanetory. That is the nature of a webpage, to be easily navigatable."Oh no! a 404 error! 'Cannot find web page?'" is a common remark made by new web-users.Sometimes websites have errors. But an error on a website is not the user's fault, of course.A 404 error means that the page you tried to go to does not exist. This could be because the site is still being constructed and the page hasn't been created yet, or because the site author made a typo in the page. There's nothing much to do about a 404 error except for e-mailing the site administrator (of the page you wanted to go to) an telling him/her about the error.A Javascript error is the result of a programming error in the Javascript code of a website. Not all websites utilize Javascript, but many do. Javascript is different from Java, and most browsers now support Javascript. If you are using an old version of a web browser (Netscape 3.0 for example), you might get Javascript errors because sites utilize Javascript versions that your browser does not support. So, you can try getting a newer version of your web browser.E-mail stands for Electronic Mail, and that's what it is. E-mail enables people to send letters, and even files and pictures to each other.To use e-mail, you must have an e-mail client, which is just like a personal post office, since it retrieves and stores e-mail. Secondly, you must have an e-mail account. Most Internet Service Providers provide free e-mail account(s) for free. Some services offer free e-mail, like Hotmail, and Geocities.After configuring your e-mail client with your POP3 and SMTP server address (your e-mail provider will give you that information), you are ready to receive mail.An attachment is a file sent in a letter. If someone sends you an attachment and you don't know who it is, don't run the file, ever. It could be a virus or some other kind of nasty programs. You can't get a virus justby reading e-mail, you'll have to physically execute some form of program for a virus to strike.A signature is a feature of many e-mail programs. A signature is added to the end of every e-mail you send out. You can put a text graphic, your business information, anything you want.Imagine that a computer on the Internet is an island in the sea. The sea is filled with millions of islands. This is the Internet. Imagine an island communicates with other island by sending ships to other islands and receiving ships. The island has ports to accept and send out ships.A computer on the Internet has access nodes called ports. A port is just a symbolic object that allows the computer to operate on a network (or the Internet). This method is similar to the island/ocean symbolism above.Telnet refers to accessing ports on a server directly with a text connection. Almost every kind of Internet function, like accessing web pages,"chatting," and e-mailing is done over a Telnet connection.Telnetting requires a Telnet client. A telnet program comes with the Windows system, so Windows users can access telnet by typing in "telnet" (without the "'s) in the run dialog. Linux has it built into the command line; telnet. A popular telnet program for Macintosh is NCSA telnet.Any server software (web page daemon, chat daemon) can be accessed via telnet, although they are not usually meant to be accessed in such a manner. For instance, it is possible to connect directly to a mail server and check your mail by interfacing with the e-mail server software, but it's easier to use an e-mail client (of course).There are millions of WebPages that come from all over the world, yet how will you know what the address of a page you want is?Search engines save the day. A search engine is a very large website that allows you to search it's own database of websites. For instance, if you wanted to find a website on dogs, you'd search for "dog" or "dogs" or "dog information." Here are a few search-engines.1. Altavista (/doc/bedc387343323968011c9268.html ) - Web spider & Indexed2. Yahoo (/doc/bedc387343323968011c9268.html ) - Web spider & Indexed Collection3. Excite (/doc/bedc387343323968011c9268.html ) - Web spider & Indexed4. Lycos (/doc/bedc387343323968011c9268.html ) - Web spider & Indexed5. Metasearch (/doc/bedc387343323968011c9268.html ) - Multiple searchA web spider is a program used by search engines that goes from page to page, following any link it can possibly find. This means that a search engine can literally map out as much of the Internet as it's own time and speed allows for.An indexed collection uses hand-added links. For instance, on Yahoo's site. You can click on Computers & the Internet. Then you can click on Hardware. Then you can click on Modems, etc., and along the way through sections, there are sites available which relate to what section you're in.Metasearch searches many search engines at the same time, finding the top choices from about 10 search engines, making searching a lot more effective.Once you are able to use search engines, you can effectively find the pages you want.With the arrival of networking and multi user systems, security has always been on the mind of system developers and system operators. Since the dawn of AT&T and its phone network, hackers have been known by many, hackers who find ways all the time of breaking into systems. It used to not be that big of a problem, since networking was limited to big corporate companies or government computers who could afford the necessary computer security.The biggest problem now-a-days is personal information. Why should you be careful while making purchases via a website? Let's look at how the internet works, quickly.The user is transferring credit card information to a webpage. Looks safe, right? Not necessarily. As the user submits the information, it is being streamed through a series of computers that make up the Internet backbone.The information is in little chunks, in packages called packets. Here's the problem: While the information is being transferred through this big backbone, what is preventing a "hacker" from intercepting this data stream at one of the backbone points?Big-brother is not watching you if you access a web site, but users should be aware of potential threats while transmitting private information. There are methods of enforcing security, like password protection, an most importantly, encryption.Encryption means scrambling data into a code that can only be unscrambled on the "other end." Browser's like Netscape Communicator and Internet Explorer feature encryption support for making on-line transfers. Some encryptions work better than others. The most advanced encryption system is called DES (Data Encryption Standard), and it was adopted by the US Defense Department because it was deemed so difficult to 'crack' that they considered it a security risk if it would fall into another countries hands.A DES uses a single key of information to unlock an entire document. The problem is, there are 75 trillion possible keys to use, so it is a highly difficult system to break. One document was cracked and decoded, but it was a combined effort of14,000 computers networked over the Internet that took a while to do it, so most hackers don't have that many resources available.附件2：外⽂资料翻译译⽂Internet的历史起源——ARPAnetInternet是被美国政府作为⼀项⼯程进⾏开发的。
外文文献翻译译文
环境管理会计（EMA）是管理会计发展的趋势Christine Jasch摘要：组织机构和会计师们为什么应该关心环境问题？来自供应链、资金提供商、监管机构以及其他利益相关者对于环境绩效及其信息披露的压力，导致组织机构的与环境相关的成本不断增加。
但同时提高环境绩效能够带来潜在的货币利益这一观点也逐渐得到人们的认同，传统的会计实务不能充分提供对于环境管理和与之相关的战略决策所需要的信息。
由于联合国可持续发展事务署下的环境管理会计工作组的成立，以及由它主办的出版物的发行，环境管理会计得到了促进和提升。
最近，国际会计师联合会发行了一份关于环境管理会计的指导性文件，这将进一步推动环境管理会计在会计师中的应用。
这期《清洁生产》杂志的关于环境管理会计的这个特别问题，侧重于它的方法论背景，以及来自澳大利亚、奥地利、阿根廷、加拿大、日本和立陶宛的案例研究经验。
正文：环境问题伴随者相关费用,收入和利益,正被世界上大多数国家的公民,政府组织,合作型领导人给予越来越多的关注.但是,有一个越来越广泛的共识,那就是,传统的会计不能为合理的支持在环境管理责任方面的决策制定提供准确的信息.为了填补这个差距,目前,EMA的新兴领域已经受到持续增加的关注.在19世纪九十年代早期,美国环保署是第一个成立了正式的项目去促进EMA的采纳的国家机构.从那时起,在30个国家的组织已经开始推动和落实EMA的许多不同类型的与环保相关的管理措施. 对于EMA的广泛关注是由于联合国可持续发展事务司对EMA的提倡以及其对EMA书籍的委托出版。
国际会计师联合会决定授权在由联合国科学发展司EMA工作组发表的最早的关于EMA 两本出版物的基础上发展一个关于EMA的指导性文件以整合关于EMA的最好的信息并与此同时进行必要的更新和添加.这个文件既不是有规定的要求的标准,也不是个描述性研究报告.它意在成为一个提供指导性信息的文件,作为监管要求,标准和纯粹信息的中间地带.这样, 它的目标是提供了一个总体框架和EMA的定义是相当全面，这是一致的可能与其他现有的，广泛应用于环境会计框架与EMA必须通力合作，以减少一些就这一重要议题的国际混乱功能。
外文文献翻译酒店服务质量管理
毕设附件外文文献翻译原文及译文（3500 字）原文Study of Service Quality Management in Hotel IndustryBorkar；SameerAbstractIt is an attempt to understand the role of quality improvement process in hospitality industry and effectiveness in making it sustainable business enterprise. It is a survey of the presently adopted quality management tools which are making the hotels operations better focused and reliable and meet the customer expectations。
Descriptive research design is used to know the parameters of service quality management in hospitality industry。
Exploratory research design is undertaken to dig out the service quality management practices and its effectiveness. Data analysis is done and presented；hypothesis is tested against the collected data. Since the industry continuously tries to improve upon their services to meet the levels of customer satisfaction; Study presents tools for continuous improvement process and how it benefits all the stake holders。
外文文献翻译——顾客满意度(附原文)
外文文献翻译（附原文)译文一：韩国网上购物者满意度的决定因素摘要这篇文章的目的是确定可能导致韩国各地网上商场顾客满意的因素。
假设客户的积极认知互联网购物的有用性，安全，技术能力，客户支持和商场接口积极影响客户满意度.这也是推测，满意的顾客成为忠实的客户。
调查结果证实,客户满意度对顾客的忠诚度有显著影响,这表明,当顾客满意服务时会显示出很高的忠诚度。
我们还发现,“网上客户有关安全风险的感知交易中，客户支持，网上购物和商场接口与客户满意度呈正相关。
概念模型网上购物者可以很容易的将一个商场内的商品通过价格或质量进行排序，并且可以在不同的商场之间比较相同的产品.网上购物也可以节省时间和降低信息搜索成本。
因此，客户可能有一种感知,他们可以用更少的时间和精力得到更好的网上交易。
这个创新的系统特性已被定义为知觉有用性。
若干实证研究发现,客户感知的实用性在采用影响满意度的创新技术后得以实现。
因此，假设网上购物的知觉有用性与满意度成正相关（H1）.网上客户首要关注的是涉及关于网上信用卡使用的明显的不安全感。
虽然认证系统有明显进步,但是顾客担心在网上传输信用卡号码这些敏感的信息是不会被轻易的解决的。
网上的隐私保护环境是另一个值得关注的问题。
研究表明，网上客户担心通过这些网上业务会造成身份盗窃或冒用他们的私人信息。
因此，据推测,网上购物的安全性对顾客满意度有积极地影响（H2）。
以往的研究表明,系统方面的技术,如网络速度，错误恢复能力和系统稳定性都是导致客户满意度的重要因素。
例如,Kim和Lim(2001）发现,网络速度与网上购物者的满意度有关。
Dellaert和卡恩(1999年)也报告说，当网络提供商没有进行很好的管理时网上冲浪速度慢会给评价网站内容带来负面影响。
丹尼尔和Aladwani的文件表明，系统错误的迅速准确的恢复能力以及网络速度是影响网上银行用户满意度的重要因素（H3）。
由于网上交易的非个人化性质客户查询产品和其他服务的迅速反应对客户满意度来说很重要.也有必要提供快捷交货，优质的售后服务和简便的退货程序.因此，许多网上购物商场为客户查询配备互动回答系统。
毕业论文外文翻译译文及原文
译文模型飞机设计介绍这种教学系列是书面与应用专业的飞机设计原则，以简单的无线电控制的飞机设计的水平，可以使学生易于理解。
学习模块可以依次写入，也可以单独引用。
此教学系列涵盖了许多不同的设计方面。
但是学习模块并非很详细，许多课题已省略，因为它们太复杂，难于处理，或对于简单模型飞机的设计它们的影响是微不足道的。
学习模块是休闲的，以对话式参与读者的方式，使内容更容易被非专业的读者所理解。
教师计划使用这些学习模块可以让读者自己阅读和适应课程，或者使他们以学生的角度去学习。
这是老师的决定，因为他们知道他们的学生需要学习什么，什么是适合他们课程计划和课程内容的。
各种深度的概念已被添加在学习单元的结尾。
这些可能包括复杂的飞机设计，或者更先进的数学技术。
飞机设计涵盖了众多的学科，从创意、艺术灵感、精确的数学计算，以及先进的理念帮助，以满足更广泛的教育需求。
在这里，有些学生可能会比别人提出更多的议题，并可能要继续学习飞机设计。
在指南的最后一个进一步阅读的部分已经提供了指向在线资源和印刷文本，学生可以自主学习。
也有一些建议项目学生可以学习，无论是独立或作为SACE研究项目的一部分。
大学生可能提供帮助指导学生学习，而这会给中学生学习的机会，通常在高年级本科生和硕士学位发现的研究课题。
这本手册的计划和指示，建立了两个无线电控制的飞机，在山谷景观ACE和额外的300 部。
这些文件包含建立和飞这架飞机所需的信息。
这种教学系列被写入到需要这些信息，并允许扩展，但仅靠这种教学系列是不足以建立一个无线电控制的飞机，作为构建技术和一些特定的信息没有被提供。
这个信息很容易在互联网上，有些链接会在进一步阅读环节里。
学习模块1飞机怎样飞行？基础知识让我们以一个客机开始，例如波音737，从阿德莱德飞往墨尔本。
我们忽略它的起飞和降落，来看它的主要部分“巡航”在这个期间，飞机没有更快或者更慢，也没有变高变低，没有左右转弯，只是保持一个速度平直飞行。
外文翻译资料及译文
附录C：外文翻译资料Article Source：Business & Commercial Aviation, Nov 20, 2000. 5-87-88 Interactive Electronic Technical Manuals Electronic publications can increase the efficiency of your digital aircraft and analogtechnicians.Benoff, DaveComputerized technical manuals are silently revolutionizing the aircraft maintenance industry by helping the technician isolate problems quickly, and in the process reduce downtime and costs by more than 10 percent.These electronic publications can reduce the numerous volumes of maintenance manuals, microfiche and work cards that are used to maintain engines, airframes, avionics and their associated components."As compared with the paper manuals, electronic publications give us greater detail and reduced research times," said Chuck Fredrickson, general manager of Mercury Air Center in Fort Wayne, Ind.With all the advances in computer hardware and software technologies, such as high quality digital multimedia, hypertext and the capability to store and transmit digital multimedia via CD-ROMs/ networks, technical publication companies have found an effective, cost-efficient method to disseminate data to technicians.The solution for many operators and OEMs is to take advantage of today's technology in the form of Electronic Technical Manuals (ETM) or Interactive Technical Manuals (IETM). An ETM is any technical manual prepared in digital format that has the ability to be displayed using any electronic hardware media. The difference between the types of ETM/IETMs is the embedded functionality and implementation of the data."The only drawback we had to using ETMs was getting enough computers to meet our technicians' demand," said Walter Berchtold, vice president of maintenance at Jet Aviation's West Palm Beach, Fla., facility.A growing concern is the cost to print paper publications. In an effort to reduce costs, some aircraft manufacturers are offering incentives for owners to switch from paper to electronic publications. With an average printing cost of around 10 cents per page, a typical volume of a paper technical manual can cost the manufacturer over $800 for each copy. When producing a publication electronically, average production costs for a complete set of aircraft manuals are approximately $20 per copy. It is not hard to see the cost advantages of electronic publications.Another advantage of ETMs is the ease of updating information. With a paper copy, the manufacturer has to reprint the revised pages and mail copies to all the owners. When updates are necessary for an electronic manual, changes can either be e-mailed to theowners or downloaded from the manufacturer's Web site.So why haven't more flight departments converted their publications to ETM/IETMs? The answer lies in convincing technicians that electronic publications can increase their efficiency."We had an initial learning curve when the technicians switched over, but now that they are familiar with the software they never want to go back to paper," said Fredrickson.A large majority of corporate technicians also said that while they like the concept of having a tool that aids the troubleshooting process, they are fearful to give up all of their marked-up paper manuals.In 1987, a human factors study was conducted by the U.S. government to compare technician troubleshooting effectiveness, between paper and electronic methodology, and included expert troubleshooting procedures with guidance through the events. Results of the project indicated that technicians using electronic media took less than half the time to complete their tasks than those using the paper method, and technicians using the electronic method accomplished 65 percent more in that reduced time.The report also noted that new technicians using the electronic technical manuals were 12-percent more efficient than the older, more experienced technicians. (Novices using paper took 15 percent longer than the experts.)It is interesting that 90 percent of the technicians who used the electronic manuals said they preferred them to the paper versions. This proved to the industry that with proper training, the older technicians could easily transition from paper to electronic media.Electronic publications are not a new concept, although how they are applied today is. "Research over the last 20 years has provided a solid foundation for today's IETM implementation," said Joseph Fuller of the U.S. Naval Surface Warfare Center. "IETMs such as those for the Apache, Comanche, F-22, JSTAR and V-22 have progressed from concept to military and commercial implementation."In the late 1970s, the U.S. military investigated the feasibility of converting existing paper and microfilm. The Navy Technical Information Presentation System (NTIPS) and the Air Force Computer- based Maintenance Aid System (CMAS) were implemented with significant cost savings.The report stated that transition to electronic publications resulted in reductions in corrective maintenance time, fewer false removals of good components, more accurate and complete maintenance data collection reports, reduction in training requirements and reduced system downtime.The problem that the military encountered was ETMs were created in multiple levels of complexity with little to no standardization. Options for publications range from simple page-turning programs to full-functioning automated databases.This resulted in the classification of ETMs so that the best type of electronic publication could be selected for the proper application.Choosing a LevelWith all of the OEM and second- and third-party electronic publications that are available it is important that you choose the application level that is appropriate for your operation.John J. Miller, BAE Systems' manager of electronic publications, told B/CAthat "When choosing the level of an ETM/IETM, things like complexity of the aircraft and its systems, ease of use, currency of data and commonality of data should be the deciding factors; and, of course, price. If operational and support costs are reduced when you purchase a full-functioning IETM, then you should purchase the better system."Miller is an expert on the production, sustainment and emerging technologies associated with electronic publications, and was the manager of publications for Boeing in Philadelphia.Electronic publications are classified in one of five categories. A Class 1 publication is a basic electronic "page turner" that allows you to view the maintenance manual as it was printed. With a Class 2 publication all the original text of the manual is viewed as one continuous page with no page breaks. In Class 3, 4 and 5 publications the maintenance manual is viewed on a computer in a frame-based environment with increasing options as the class changes. (See sidebar.)Choosing the appropriate ETM for your operation is typically limited to whatever is being offered on the market, but since 1991 human factors reports state the demand has increased and, therefore, options are expected to follow.ETM/IETM ProvidersCompanies that create ETM/IETMs are classified as either OEM or second party provider. Class 1, 3 and 4 ETM/IETMs are the most commonly used electronic publications for business and commercial operators and costs can range anywhere from $100 to $3,000 for each ETM/ IETM. The following are just a few examples ofETM/IETMs that are available on the market.Dassault Falcon Jet offers operatorsof the Falcon 50/50EX, 900/900EX and 2000 a Class 4 IETM called the Falcon Integrated Electronic Library by Dassault (FIELD). Produced in conjunction with Sogitec Industries in Suresnes Cedex, France, the electronic publication contains service documentation, basic wiring, recommended maintenance and TBO schedules, maintenance manual, tools manual, service bulletins, maintenance and repair manual, and avionics manual.The FIELD software allows the user to view the procedures and hot- link directly to the Illustrated parts catalog. The software also enables the user to generate discrepancy forms, quotation sheets, annotations in the manual and specific preferences for each user.BAE's Miller said most of the IETM presentation systems have features called "Technical Notes." If a user of the electronic publication notices a discrepancy or needs to annotate the manual for future troubleshooting, the user can add a Tech Note (an electronic mark-up) to the step or procedure and save it to the base document. The next time that or another user is in the procedure, clicking on the tech note icon launches a pop-up screen displaying the previous technician's comments. The same electronic transfer of tech notes can be sent to other devices by using either a docking station or through a network server. In addition, systems also can use "personal notes" similar to technical notes that are assigned ID codes that only the authoring technician can access.Requirements for the FIELD software include the minimum of a 16X CD-ROM drive,Pentium II 200 MHz computer, Windows 95, Internet Explorer 4 SP 1 and Database Access V3.5 or higher.Raytheon offers owners of Beech and Hawker aircraft a Class 4 IETM called Raytheon Electronic Publication Systems (REPS). The REPS software links the frame-based procedures with the parts catalog using a single CD-ROM.Raytheon Aircraft Technical Publications said other in- production Raytheon aircraft manual sets will be converted to the REPS format, with the goal of having all of them available by 2001. In addition Raytheon offers select Component Maintenance Manuals (CMM). The Class 1 ETM is a stand-alone "page-turner" electronic manual that utilizes the PDF format of Adobe Acrobat.Other manufacturers including Bombardier, Cessna and Gulfstream offer operators similar online and PDF documentation using a customer- accessed Web account.Boeing is one manufacturer that has developed an onboard Class 5 IETM. Called the Computerized Fault Reporting System (CFRS), it has replaced the F-15 U.S. Air Force Fault Reporting Manuals. Technologies that are currently being applied to Boeing's military system are expected to eventually become a part of the corporate environment.The CFRS system determines re-portable faults by analyzing information entered during a comprehensive aircrew debrief along with electronically recovered maintenance data from the Data Transfer Module (DTM). After debrief the technicians can review aircraft faults and schedule maintenance work to be performed. The maintenance task is assigned a Job Control Number (JCN) and is forwarded electronically to the correct work center or shop. Appropriate information is provided to the Air Force's Core Automated Maintenance System (CAMS).When a fault is reported by pilot debrief, certain aircraft systems have the fault isolation procedural data on a Portable Maintenance Aid (PMA). The JCN is selected on a hardened laptop with a wireless Local Area Network (LAN) connection to the CFRS LAN infrastructure. The Digital Wiring Data System (DWDS) displays aircraft wiring diagrams to the maintenance technician for wiring fault isolation. On completion of maintenance, the data collected is provided to the Air Force, Boeing and vendors for system analysis.Third party IETM developers such as BAE Systems and Dayton T. Brown offer OEMs the ability to subcontract out the development of Class 1 through 5 ETM/IETMs. For example, Advantext, Inc. offers PDF and IPDF Class 1 ETMs for manufacturers such as Piper and Bell Helicopters. Technical publications that are available include maintenance manuals, parts catalogs, service bulletins, wiring diagrams, service letters and interactive parts ordering forms.The difference between the PDF and IPDF version is that the IPDF version has the ability to search for text and include hyperlinks. A Class 1 ETM, when printed, is an exact reproduction of the OEM manuals, including any misspellings or errors. Minimum requirements for the Advantext technical publications is a 486 processor, 16 MB RAM with 14 MB of free hard disk space and a 4X CD-ROM or better.Aircraft Technical Publishers (ATP) offers Class 1, 2 and 3 ETM/ IETMsfor the Beechjet 400/400A; King Air 300/ 350, 200 and 90; Learjet 23/24/25/28/29/35/36/55; Socata TB9/10/20/21 and TBM 700A; Sabreliner 265-65, -70 and -80; andBeech 1900. The libraries can include maintenance manuals, Illustrated parts bulletins, wiring manuals, Airworthiness Directives, Service Bulletins, component maintenance manuals and structural maintenance manuals. System minimum requirements are Pentium 133 MHz, Windows 95 with 16 MB RAM, 25 MB free hard disk space and a 4X CD-ROM or better.Additional providers such as Galaxy Scientific are providing ETM/ IETMs to the FAA. This Class 2, 3 and 4 publication browser is used to store, display and edit documentation for the Human Factors Section of the administration."Clearly IETMs have moved from research to reality," said Fuller, and the future looks to hold more promise.The Future of Tech PubsThe use of ETM/IETMs on laptop and desktop computers has led research and development corporations to investigate the human interface options to the computer. Elements that affect how a technician can interface with a computer are the work environment, economics and ease of use. Organizations such as the Office of Naval Research have focused their efforts on the following needs of technicians: -- Adaptability to the environment.-- Ease of use.-- Improved presentation of complex system relationship.-- Maximum reuse and distribution of engineering data.-- Intelligent data access.With these factors in mind, exploratory development has begun in the areas of computer vision, augmented reality display and speech recognition.Computer vision can be created using visual feedback from a head- mounted camera. The camera identifies the relative position and orientation of an object in an observed scene, and the object is used to correlate the object with a three-dimensional model. In order for a computer vision scenario to work, engineering data has to be provided through visually compatible software.When systems such as Sogitech's View Tech electronic publication browser and Dassault Systemes SA's Enovia are combined, a virtual 3D model is generated.The digital mockup allows the engineering information to directly update the technical publication information. If a system such as CATIA could be integrated into a Video Reference System (VRS), then it could be possible that a technician would point the camera to the aircraft component, the digital model identifies the component and the IETM automatically displays the appropriate information.This example of artificial intelligence is already under development at companies like Boeing and Dassault. An augmented reality display is a concept where visual cues are presented to users on a head-mounted, see-through display system.The cues are presented to the technician based on the identification of components on a 3D model and correlation with the observed screen. The cues are then presented as stereoscopic images projected onto the object in the observed scene.In addition a "Private Eye" system could provide a miniature display of the maintenance procedure that is provided from a palm- size computer. Limited success hascurrently been seen in similar systems for the disabled. The user of a Private Eye system can look at the object selected and navigate without ever having to touch the computer. Drawbacks from this type of system are mental and eye fatigue, and spatial disorientation.Out of all the technologies, speech recognition has developed into an almost usable and effective system. The progression through maintenance procedures is driven by speaker-independent recognition. A state engine controls navigation, and launches audio responses and visual cues to the user. Voice recognition software is available, although set up and use has not been extremely successful.Looking at other industries, industrial manufacturing has already started using "Palm Pilot" personal digital assistants (PDAs) to aid technicians in troubleshooting. These devices allow the technician to have the complete publication beside them when they are in tight spaces. "It would be nice to take the electronic publications into the aircraft, so we are not constantly going back to the work station to print out additional information," said Jet Aviation's Berchtold.With all the advantages that a ETM/ IETM offers it should be noted that electronic publications are not the right solution all of the time, just as CBT is not the right solution for training in every situation. Only you can determine if electronic publications meet your needs, and most technical publication providers offer demo copies for your review. B/CA IllustrationPhoto: Photograph: BAE Systems' Christine Gill prepares a maintenance manual for SGML conversion BAE Systems; Photograph: Galaxy Scientific provides the FAA's human factors group with online IETM support.; Photograph: Raytheon's Class 4 IETM "REPS" allows a user to see text and diagrams simultaneously with hotlinks to illustrated parts catalogs.外文翻译资料译文部分文章出处:民航商业杂志，2000-11-20,5-87-88交互式电子技术手册的电子出版物可以提高数字飞机和模拟技术的效率。
5、外文文献翻译(附原文)产业集群,区域品牌,Industrial cluster ,Regional brand
外文文献翻译（附原文）外文译文一：产业集群的竞争优势——以中国大连软件工业园为例Weilin Zhao,Chihiro Watanabe，Charla-Griffy-Brown[J]. Marketing Science,2009(2):123-125.摘要：本文本着为促进工业的发展的初衷探讨了中国软件公园的竞争优势。
产业集群深植于当地的制度系统，因此拥有特殊的竞争优势。
根据波特的“钻石”模型、SWOT模型的测试结果对中国大连软件园的案例进行了定性的分析。
产业集群是包括一系列在指定地理上集聚的公司，它扎根于当地政府、行业和学术的当地制度系统，以此获得大量的资源，从而获得产业经济发展的竞争优势。
为了成功驾驭中国经济范式从批量生产到开发新产品的转换，持续加强产业集群的竞争优势,促进工业和区域的经济发展是非常有必要的。
关键词：竞争优势；产业集群；当地制度系统；大连软件工业园；中国；科技园区；创新；区域发展产业集群产业集群是波特[1]也推而广之的一个经济发展的前沿概念。
作为一个在全球经济战略公认的专家,他指出了产业集群在促进区域经济发展中的作用。
他写道：集群的概念,“或出现在特定的地理位置与产业相关联的公司、供应商和机构，已成为了公司和政府思考和评估当地竞争优势和制定公共决策的一种新的要素。
但是，他至今也没有对产业集群做出准确的定义。
最近根据德瑞克、泰克拉[2]和李维[3]检查的关于产业集群和识别为“地理浓度的行业优势的文献取得了进展”。
“地理集中”定义了产业集群的一个关键而鲜明的基本性质。
产业由地区上特定的众多公司集聚而成,他们通常有共同市场、,有着共同的供应商,交易对象,教育机构和其它像知识及信息一样无形的东西，同样地,他们也面临相似的机会和威胁。
在全球产业集群有许多种发展模式。
比如美国加州的硅谷和马萨诸塞州的128鲁特都是知名的产业集群。
前者以微电子、生物技术、和风险资本市场而闻名,而后者则是以软件、计算机和通讯硬件享誉天下[4]。
外文翻译原文及配套译文
Business process re-engineering –saviour or just another fad?One UK health care perspectiveAnjali PatwardhanHealth Service Management Centre,Birmingham,UK,and Dhruv Patwardhan University of Newcastle,Newcastle upon Tyne,UKAbstractPurpose –Pressure to change is politically driven owing to escalating healthcare costs and an emphasis on efficiency gains,value for money and improved performance proof in terms of productivity and recently to some extent by demands from less satisfied patients and stakeholders.In a background of newly immerging expensive techniques and drugs,there is an increasing consumer expectation,i.e.quality services.At the same time,health system managers and practitioners are finding it difficult to cope with demand and quality expectations.Clinicians are frustrated because they are not recognised for their contribution.Managers are frustrated because meaningful dialogue with clinicians is lacking,which has intensified the need for change to a more efficient system that satisfies all arguments about cost effectiveness and sustainable quality services.Various strategies,originally developed by management quality “gurus”for engineering industries,have been applied to health industries with variable success,which largely depends on the type of health care system to which they are applied.Design/methodology/approach –Business process re-engineering is examined as a quality management tool using past and recent publications.Findings –The paper finds that applying business process re-engineering in the right circumstances and selected settings for quality improvement is critical for its success.It is certainly “not for everybody”.Originality/value –The paper provides a critical appraisal of business process re-engineering experiences in UK healthcare.Lessons learned regarding selecting organisations and agreeing realistic expectations are addressed.Business process re-engineering has been evaluated and reviewed since 1987in US managed health care,with no clear lessons learned possibly because unit selection and simultaneous comparison between two units virtually performing at opposite ends has never been done before.Two UK pilot studies,however,add useful insights.Keywords Business process re-engineering,Total quality management,Continuous improvement,Medical management,Health services,United KingdomPaper type ViewpointHistory of quality management in health careTo know how health care organisations became interested in industrial quality development tools and how business process re-engineering (BPR)emerged as an option,we have to go back to 1987when the Quality Improvement in Health Care National Demonstration Project (NDP)was launched as an experiment (Godfrey,n.d.).A total of 21health-care organisations participated and promised to support this study lasting eight-months.The aim was to look at the applicability of industrial quality-improvement methods to health care.Support included free consulting,The current issue and full text archive of this journal is available at/0952-6862.htmBPR –saviour or just a fad?289Received 29November 2006Revised 10February 2007Accepted 25May 2007International Journal of Health Care Quality Assurance Vol.21No.3,2008pp.289-296q Emerald Group Publishing Limited 0952-6862DOI 10.1108/09526860810868229materials,access to training courses and reviews.The funding companies included many of the USA’s leading organisations such as Corning,Ford,Hewlett-Packard,IBM and Xerox.At the final stages of the project evaluations it was clear that out of 21organisations,15health care organisations made significant progress –mainly financial and patient satisfaction gains,target and project time keeping and investment in research and development.The NDP was extended for three years,which eventuallyevolved into the Institute for Healthcare Improvement,a not-for-profit organisation –dedicated to providing health-care quality management ter,BPR emerged as an alternative for managers in organisations frustrated with slow improvements,not encompassing the whole organisation experiencing total quality management (TQM).The TQM key target was to convert an organisation’s structure,culture and services to patient/consumer rather than organisation-focused goals (Harvey and Millett,1999).Why change?Traditionally health care systems were mostly “governed”by clinicians (Shutt,2003)because patient outcomes;that is,recovery from illness,were the sole responsibility of all professionals directly involved in patient plexity and variance in health care studies reveal that outcome has many determinants;i.e.pharmacy,pathology,technical support and information technology.It was also realised that cost containment and good quality care needed teamwork,communication,time management,etc.(Shutt,2003).Sir Roy Griffiths,in the early 1980s,developed hospital general management and the greater involvement of clinicians in resource management initiatives (DHSS,1984).Today,apart from political motives,change is driven by escalating health care costs,increased demands for quality care,value for money services,patient expectation and third-party payers in managed health care systems.These intensified the need for change to more efficient health care systems.What is BPR?BPR,also known business transformation and process change management,was introduced to the business world by Frederick Taylor in his article The Principles of Scientific Management in the 1900s (wikipedia,2006).In the 1990s,Hammer and Champy (1993)introduced Reengineering the Corporation ,which gave birth to BPR.BPR is “the analysis and design of workflows and processes within and between organizations”(Devenport and Short,1990,p.11).Teng et al.(1994)on the other hand,defined BPR as critical analysis and radical redesign of existing business processes to achieve breakthrough improvements in performance measures.Hammer and Champy (1993),similarly,defined BPR as fundamentally rethinking and radically redesigning business processes to achieve dramatic improvements in critical contemporary performance measures such as cost,quality,service and speed.From a health care viewpoint,BPR is a management approach that rethinks present practices and processes in business and its interactions.It attempts to improve underlying process efficiency by applying fundamental and radical approaches by either modifying or eliminating non-value adding activities and redeveloping the process/structure/culture (McNulty and Ferlie,2000).However,in the health sector,a wide variety of patient groups make the health care service a complex project to redesign along these lines,thereby rendering changes context and time sensitive.IJHCQA 21,3290BPR key featuresHealth care’s BPR approach means starting with clean slate and rethinking services using a patient-focused approach.With the benefit of hindsight BPR identifies delays caused by unnecessary steps or potential errors that are built into processes.It is presumed that redesigning processes by removing these errors dramatically improves care quality.The BPR approach,therefore,raises expectations about dramatic results. Consequently,high returns on investment are anticipated.The process,planned strategically,is explained in Taylor’s BPR framework(wikipedia,2006): .defining BPR’s purpose and goal;.identifying requirements that meet clients’needs;.defining project scope,including appropriate activities such as process mapping;.assessing the environment using,for example,force-field analyses;.re-engineering business processes and activities;.implementing redesigned processes;and.monitoring redesign success and failure.BPR vs TQMComparing BPR with other popular quality management methods helps us to appreciate and highlight key features in a health care context(Harvey and Millett,1999).TQM or continuous quality improvement(CQI)refers to programmes and initiatives that emphasise incremental improvement in work processes and outputs over an open-ended time period.In contrast,BPR refers to discrete initiatives intended to radically redesign and improve work processes within a time frame.Some people think TQM is best suited to quality in health care improvement though it is an incremental stepwise,slow but holistic approach.In practice,TQM and BPR are customer-oriented and both encourage managers and practitioners to take a customer view point.Both are team approaches that involve process control.The TQM protagonists assume that existing health care practices and systems are principally right but improvements are needed.The BPR supporters,on the other hand,assume that health care systems and practices areflawed and need replacing.Those using TQM expect and believe in stepwise increments in performance as opposed to BPR experts who look for dramatic results.TQM aims to improve all levels for all stakeholders and at all steps,while BPR aims at specified areas only.Standardisation and supporting documentation is a TQM key point.Believing in consistent and cost-effective performance and minimising process or system defects, prevents rather than corrects problems(Field and Swift,1996).Those that use the BPR approach,on the other hand,areflexible and assume that standardisation increases process complexity(Harvey and Millett,1999).Nevertheless,BPR is a drastic change leading to staff resistance.Moreover,it is a top-down approach,so management support and commitment is vital to success.Innovation,therefore,is a risky process when used for“sick organisations”.The TQM incremental method,on the other hand,follows a gradual approach that is mostly bottom-up.It involves employees and often based on Deming’s principles that direct improvements through plan-do-study-act(PDSA)cycle.TQM,therefore,is suitable for improving quality in any organisation,although some amendments to suit context may be needed.Application in managed health care generated different results BPR–saviour or just a fad?291when dissimilar processes were applied in different scenarios.Business process re-engineering,therefore,may not suite everyone because it works better when applied to sick organisations or in fundamentally defective systems (Bashein et al.,1994).The TQM approach is about a cultural change as it is built into practices hooked on daily routines.The BPR method is a target-oriented process that is time sensitive because if not completed as planned then success may be jeopardised.The TQM primary enableris statistical process control,while in BPR it is information and technology (Harvey and Millett,1999).Advantages of applying BPR to health service quality improvementUsing BPR in the health sector was a response to frustrations amongst managers in organisations who perceived TQM’s incrementalism and ability to achieve organisation-wide change had failed.King’s College Hospital experience (Grimes,2000;Harrison et al.,1992)suggests that BPR could be best tried to achieve previously unachieved levels of efficiency in scenarios when other efforts/methods had been unsuccessful.The driving forces for change were aspirations to develop a more efficient system that satisfies consumers’demands for service quality and value for money (Bowns and McNulty,1999).At the same time,BPR makes it possible to sustain such quality without necessarily costing more,even though we know that health care costs are rising steeply.The third and most important aspiration in the King’s project was to improve professionals’job satisfaction,what they felt they always deserved.The aim was to orient health care towards and focus on patients rather than organisation needs.The BPR approach focuses on rethinking and redesigning processes from scratch,giving staff opportunities to revisit services in detail,thereby pointing out improvement areas.It strips all non-value adding and unnecessary steps from the process to make services more efficient.Although it is managed top-down and dominated by managers and leaders,decision making is done at the coal-face,thereby empowering the team.The BPR approach provides a flexible work environment,culture and work practices.It can be valuable for organisations in deep difficulties and performing poorly.In such a crisis,re-engineering may be the only way organisations can survive (Harvey and Millett,1999).Where major structural and cultural deficiencies are identified or are obvious as a poor performance cause,BPR is the best way to handle that scenario –evident from King’s College Hospital experiences (Bowns and McNulty,1999).BPR limitations in health care quality improvementWe know that BPR is a top-down approach that staff may resist.It is cited by autonomous clinical professionals as “a brutal and inappropriate technique”(Jones,1996,p.4284).Implementing BPR in health care scenarios,where clinicians are key players,therefore,is not only difficult but also unsafe (McNulty and Ferlie,2000).Thus,BPR may lead to ownership loss and employee de-motivation because they are not involved in planning and change management.Generally,change processes are less-well understood by employees (Jones,1996,p.4284):Quality would seem unlikely to be forthcoming if re-engineering is imposed from the top down in a rigid and mechanistic fashion ...If organizational change is to be effective and sustainable,this will also require the active engagement of,and learning by,employees rather than grudging compliance with management diktat.IJHCQA 21,3292Quality improvement in European public services elaborated health care TQM and BPR as quality improvement tools.It was acknowledged that many business approaches to quality improvement,including TQM and re-engineering,failed to take account of health care’s complexity and the nature of professionalised knowledge.The language and values used in most of these projects were alien to clinicians and so were rejected as management fads.It seems that BPR requires massive culture and structure change if it is to improve quality of the same magnitude.It may be that radical overnight transformation may sound impressive but unrealistic.Structural and cultural change needs time to develop,be accepted and absorbed at all levels, particularly in health care settings.In short,BPR is a high-cost and high-risk project. Seventy-percent of all industries could not achieve their targets–a BPR success rate around30per cent.In the health care sector,on the other hand,from the literature we reviewed,there is no successfigure available.BPR carries an unrealistic scope and expectation most of the time,which may be a reason for its70per cent failure rate.Its top-down nature and success depends on sustained management commitment and inspirational leadership,which is not easily measured and may not be available up to the threshold needed.BPR may make only a unit change in time.To be meaningful,it needs to be followed by a CQI exercise.Once changes are brought about,BPR-based change needs CQI projects to have sustained results.It is always contested that BPR does not take account of human processes–evident from Jones’(1996,p.4284) quotation:Such a perspective is seen as promoting the idea that you can design a perfect process, implement it exactly as you planned and the organizational machine will carry it out faultlessly.Setting on one side questions about the reliability of this whole process,it is evident that BPR neglects the important role of human creativity in making process work. As we raised earlier,BPR usually innovates one process at a time rather than a whole organisation approach.The process that is changed,therefore,might not have an effect on overall organisational performance that can be measured especially those perceived by consumers.In other words,BPR may have a drastic effect on one specific process but none or very little on total organisational performance.A simple illustration for improving inpatient admissions shows that BPR alone cannot improve services.There will be need also to improve day care,outpatient,primary care and emergency services. All have an effect on an organisation’s inpatient services because they are interlinked and interdependent.Moreover,BPR’s effect can be difficult to assess in this context since NHS organisations lack specific measures(Bowns and McNulty,1999).The extent to which BPR is applicable to health care systemsThe UK BPR health care experience comes from two centrally funded pilot studies:(1)King’s College Hospital,London(KCH);and(2)Leicester Royal Infirmary(LRI).The KCH project was evaluated by a Brunel team(Packwood et al.,1998;Grimes,2000) and the LRI scheme by Sheffield and Warwick(Bowns and McNulty,1999).Employees in these organisations shared their BPR experiences during evaluation.Consequently, both studies generated interesting and valuablefindings as they highlighted to what extent BPR could be applied to health care systems.However,the two hospitals were BPR–saviour or just a fad?293extremes,i.e.KCH was a “sick”unit at the time of the study.LRI,on the other hand,was one of the best teaching hospitals (McNulty and Ferlie,2000)with little scope to improve.At the end of the pilot studies it was evident from reports that both hospitals could not reach expectations especially the drastic changes and improvements anticipated at the beginning of the BPR projects.Both reduced waiting times and length of stay along with faster diagnostic processes.King’s,over and above theseimprovements,also made £1million savings (Grimes,2000)–attributed to “waste reduction”by process mapping followed by removing non-value adding activities and by increasing efficiency in the renewed system (Packwood et al.1998).This suggests that BPR is not for everybody and that selecting units to which BPR can be applied is important to achieve desired results.When the two trusts ran the pilot,they also continued to work on their generic and core improvement initiatives at different levels in the process and so it was difficult to attribute success to BPR alone or to assess its relative contribution to overall improvements.One approach to identify suitable sub processes for applying BPR is process mapping from “door to door”,which helps capture all the process components and applying a lean approach (Jones and Mitchell,2006,p.23).Identifying value-added activities highlights the non-value-added ones.Each non-value-added activity can be measured and analysed to assess its impact and ways to eliminate activity.Resource availability,deadline,cost,generic skills and above all,urgency to change help users select the right improvement tool.Also,as raised earlier,change management success is closely related to team morale,ownership and motivation.To achieve quality in health care services,therefore,two key staff groups –managers and clinicians,who come from different cultural backgrounds and are knowledgeable in different ways,need to work as a team.Understanding and cooperation are crucial if difficult tasks are to be accomplished (Shortell et al.1998).However,BPR’s failure to consider the human aspects of processes may make it difficult to integrate BPR into health care services.The BPR approach sounds impressive but unrealistic because soft structural and cultural change need time to develop particularly in health care settings.We believe that BPR can help to improve health services if it is meticulously planned and applied diligently.In short,even with all BPR’s limitations,it is still capable of delivering dramatic results not least because it forces staff to think from outside the scenario or process as a whole and work to deadlines (Bowns and McNulty,1999).Conclusions and recommendationsHealth care is a more complex system than any manufacturing industry.As a service provider with a major human component there are safety and efficiency issues rather than cost and efficacy,which separates health care from industry.BPR,like other single approaches to improve service quality,are likely to be unsuitable for health care (Shortell and Ferlie,2001),which is comprised of a number of sub processes.It has many stakeholders at different levels and there is wide variation in its internal customer (e.g.,fellow professionals)and external customer (i.e.patients)needs.We accept that BPR can be used as a tool for improving some sub-process or sub-unit activity.An example could be what happened in the LRI where BPR was tried as a quality improvement tool in bed management,pathology and OPD service innovation,etc.;but not applied in areas where clinician’s precision was paramount or where BPR was accepted less-well.In these areas,therefore,views on the methods’suitability forIJHCQA 21,3294quality improvements were mixed.That is,TQM and BPR ideally should always be followed by CQI methods for service improvement to be sustainable and effective.In short,quality management tools designed for industry should be applied to health services with proper selection,caution and care.ReferencesBashein,B.J.,Markus,M.L.and Riley,P.(1994),“Preconditions for BPR success:and how to prevent failures”,Information Systems Management,Vol.11No.2,pp.7-13.Bowns,I.R.and McNulty,T.(1999),Re-engineering Leicester Royal Infirmary–Executive Summary,School of Health and Related Research,University of Sheffield,Sheffield. Devenport,T.and Short,J.(1990),“The new industrial engineering information technology and BPR”,Sloan Management Review,Summer,pp.11-27.DHSS(1984),Health Services Management:Implementation of the NHS Management Inquiry, DHSS Circular HC(84)13,DHSS,London.Field,S.W.and Swift,K.G.(1996),Effecting a Quality Change:An Engineering Approach,Arnold, London.Godfrey,B.(n.d.),“Quality health care”,Quality Digest,available at:/ sep96/health.htm(accessed on15October2006).Grimes,K.(2000),Changing the Change Team,King’s College Hospital,London.Hammer,M.and Champy,J.(1993),Reengineering the Corporation:A Manifesto for Business Revolution,Harper Business Books,New York,NY.Harrison,S.,Hunter,D.,Marnoch,G.and Pollitt,C.(1992),Just Managing:Power and Culture in the NHS,Macmillan,Basingstoke.Harvey,S.and Millett,B.(1999),“OD,TQM and BPR:a comparative approach”,Australian Journal of Management and Organizational Behavior,Vol.2No.3,pp.30-42.Jones,D.and Mitchell,A.(2006),Lean Thinking for the NHS:A Report Commissioned by the NHS Confederation,pamphlet RA395.G7,NHS Confederation,London.Jones,M.(1996),“Re-engineering”,in Warner,M.(Ed.),International Encyclopedia of Business and Management,Routledge,London.McNulty,T.and Ferlie,E.(2000),Reengineering Health Care:The Complexities of Organisational Transformation,Oxford University Press,Oxford.Packwood,T.,Pollitt,C.and Roberts,S.(1998),“Good medicine?A case study of business process reengineering in a hospital”,Policy and Politics,Vol.26No.4,pp.401-15. Shortell,S.and Ferlie,E.(2001),“Improving quality of healthcare in the United Kingdom and the United States:a framework for change”,The Milbank Quarterly,Vol.79No.2,May, pp.281-315.Shortell,S.M.,Waters,T.M.and Clarke,K.W.B.(1998),“Physicians as double agents: maintaining trust in an era of multiple accountabilities”,Journal of the American Medical Association,Vol.280No.12,pp.1102-8.Shutt,J.A.(2003),“Balancing the health care scorecard”,Managed Care,September,pp.42-6. Teng,J.T.C.,Grover,V.and Fiedler,K.(1994),“Business process reengineering:charting a strategic path for the information age”,California Management Review,Vol.36No.3, pp.9-31.wikipedia(2006),“Frederick Winslow Taylor”,available at:/wiki/ Frederick_Winslow_Taylor(accessed2December2006).BPR–saviour or just a fad?295Further reading Davies,H.T.O.(2000),“Organizational culture and quality of health care”,Quality in Health Care ,Vol.9No.2,pp.111-9.Malhotra,Y.(1998),“Business process redesign:an overview”,IEEE Engineering Management Review ,Vol.26No.3,pp.214-25.Pollitt,C.(1996),“Business approaches to quality improvement:why are they hard for the NHS toswallow?”,Quality in Health Care ,Vol.5No.2,pp.104-10.Raymond,L.,Bergeron, F.and Rivard,S.(1980),“Determinants of business processreengineering success in small and large enterprises:an empirical study in the Canadian context”,Journal of Small Business Management ,Vol.36,pp.72-85.Corresponding authorAnjali Patwardhan can be contacted at:doctoranjali@IJHCQA 21,3296To purchase reprints of this article please e-mail:reprints@ Or visit our web site for further details:/reprints。
工程管理外文翻译(原文+译文)
Concrete Construction matterT. Pauly, M. J. N. PriestleyAbstractViewed in terms of accepted practices, concrete construction operations leave much to be desired with respect to the quality, serviceability, and safety of completed structures. The shortcomings of these operations became abundantly clear when a magnitude 7.6 earthquake struck northern Paki-stan on October 8, 2005, destroying thousands of buildings, damaging bridges, and killing an esti-mated 79,000 people. The unusually low quality of construction operations prevalent was a major cause of the immense devastation.Keywords: Concrete Placing Curing Construction TechnologyPlacing ConcreteIf concrete is placed in the surface, the sur-face should be filled with water sufficiently to prevent it from absorbing the concrete of its water. If fresh concrete is to be placed on or nearby to concrete that has solidified, the surface of the placed concrete should be cleaned absolutely, preferably with a high-pressure air or water jet or steel-wire brushes. The surface should be wet, but there should be no much water. A little quantity of cement grout should be brushed over the whole area, and then followed immediately with the application of a 1/2-in Layer of mortar. The fresh concrete should be placed on or against the mortar.In order to decrease the disintegration re-sulting from carriage after it is placed. The con-crete should be placed as nearly as probably in itsfinal point. It should be placed in layers to permit uniform compaction. The time interval between the placing of layers should be limited to assure perfect bond between the fresh and previously placed concrete.In placing concrete in deeper patters, a ves-sel should be used to limit the free fall to not over 3 or 4 ft, in order to prevent concrete disintegra-tion. The vessel is a pipe made of lightweight metal, having adjustable lengths and attached to the bottom of a hopper into which the concrete is deposited. As the patters are filled, sections of the pipe may be removed.Immediately after the concrete is placed, it should be compacted by hand pudding or a me-chanical vibrator to eliminate voids. The vibrator should be left in one position only long enough to reduce the concrete around it to a plastic mass; then the vibrator should be moved, or disintegra-tion of the aggregate will occur. In general, the vibrator should not be permitted to penetrate concrete in the prior lift.The mainly advantage of vibrating is that it permits the use of a drier concrete, which has a higher strength because of the reduced water content. Among the advantages of vibrating con-crete are the following:1.The decreased water permits a reduction in the cement and fine aggregate because less cement paste is needed.2.The lower water content decreases shrinkage and voids.3.The drier concrete decreases the cost of finishing the surface.4.Mechanical vibration may replace three to eight hand puddles.5.The lower water content increases the strength of the concrete.6.The drier mixture permits theremoval of some patters more quickly, which may reduce the cost of patters.Curing ConcreteIf concrete is to gain its maximum strength and other desirable properties, it should be cured with adequate moisture and at a favorable tem-perature. Failure to provide these conditions may result in an inferior concrete.The initial moisture in concrete is adequate to hydrate all the cement, provided it is not should replace the moisture that does evaporate. This may be accomplished by many methods, such as leaving the patters in place, keeping the surface wet, or covering the surface with a liquid curing compound, which comes being to a water-tight membrane that prevents the escape of the initial water. Curing compounds may be applied by brushes or pressure sprayers. A gallon will cover 200 to 300 sq ft.Concrete should be placed at a temperature not less than 40 or more than 80°F.A lower tem-perature will decrease the rate of setting, while ahigher temperature will decrease the ultimate strength.Placing Concrete in Cold WeatherWhen the concrete is placed during cold weather, it is usually necessary to preheat the water, the aggregate, or both in order that the ini-tial temperature will assure an initial set and gain in strength .Preheating the water is the most ef-fective method of providing the necessary tem-perature. For this purpose a water reservoir should be equipped with pipe coils through which steam can be passed, or steam may bedischarged directly into the water, several outlets being used to given better distribution of the heat.When the temperatures of the mixtures are known, some specific charts may be used to cal-culate the temperature of concrete. A straight line pass all three scales, passing through every two known temperatures, will assure the determina-tion of the third temperature. If the surface of sand isdry, the fact lines of the scales giving the temperature of concrete should be used. However, if the sand contains about 3 percent moisture, the dotted lines should be used.Specifications usually demand that freshly placed concrete shall be kept at a temperature of not less than 70°F for 3 days or 50°F for 5 days after it is placed. Some proper method must be provided to keep the demanded temperature when the cold weather is estimated.Reinforcing steels for concreteCompared with concrete, steel is a high strength material. The useful strength of ordinary reinforcing steels in tension as well as compres-sion, i.e., the yield strength, is about 15 times the compressive strength of common structural con-crete, and well over 100 times its tensile strength. On the other hand, steel is a high-cost material compared with concrete. It follow that the two materials are the best used in combination if theconcrete is made to resist the compressive stresses and the compressive force, longitudinal steel reinforcing bars are located close to the ten-sion face to resist the tension force., and usually additional steel bars are so disposed that they re-sist the inclined tension stresses that are caused by the shear force in the beams. However, rein-forcement is also used for resisting compressive forces primarily where it is desired to reduce the cross-sectional dimensions of compression members, as in the lower-floor columns of multi-story buildings. Even if no such necessity exits , a minimum amount of reinforce- ment is placed in all compression members to safeguard them against the effects of small accidental bending moments that might crack and even fail an unre-inforced member.For most effective reinforcing action, it is essential that steel and concrete deform together, i. e., that there be a sufficiently strong bond be-tween the two materials to ensure that no relative movements of the steel bars and the surrounding concrete occur. This bond is provided by the rela-tively large chemical adhesion which develops at the steel-concrete interface, by the natural roughness of the mill scale of hot-rolled rein-forcing bars , and by the closely spaced rib-shap-ed surface deformations with which reinforcing bars are furnished in order to provide a high de-gree of interlocking of the two materials.Steel is used in two different ways in con-crete structures: as reinforcing steel and as prestressing steel .reinforcing steel is placed in the forms prior to casting of the concrete. Stresses in the steel, as in the hardened concrete, are caused only by the loads on the structure, except for possible parasitic stresses from shrinkage or similar causes. In contrast, in priestesses concrete structures large tension forces are applied to the reinforcement prior to letting it act jointly with the concrete in resistingexternal.The most common type of reinforcing steel is in the form of round bars, sometimes called rebars, available in a large range of diameters,from 10 to 35 mm for ordinary applications and in two heavy bar sizes off 44 and 57 mm these bars are furnished with surface deformations for the purpose of increasing resistance to slip be-tween steel and concrete minimum requirements for these deformations have been developed in experimental research. Different bar producers use different patterns, all of which satisfy these requirements.Welding of rebars in making splices, or for convenience in fabricating reinforcing cages for placement in the forms, may result in metal-lurgical changes that reduce both strength and ductility, and special restrictions must be placed both strength and ductility, and special restric-tions must be placed both on the type of steel used and the welding procedures the provisions of ASTM A706 relatespecifically to welding.In reinforced concrete a long-time trend is evident toward the use of higher strength materi-als, both steel and concrete.Reinforcing bars with 40ksi yield stress , almost standard 20 years ago , have largely been replaced by bars with 60ksi yield stress , both because they are more economical and because their use tends to reduce congestion of steel in the forms .The ACI Code permits reinforcing steels up to Fy=80ksi. Such high strength steels usually yield gradually but have no yield plateau in this situation the ACI Code requires that at the speci-fied minimum yield strength the total strain shall not exceed 0.0035 this is necessary to make cur-rent design methods, which were developed for sharp-yielding steels with a yield plateau, appli-cable to such higher strength steels. there is no ASTM specification for deformed bars may be used , according to the ACI Code , providing they meet the requirements stated under special circumstances steel in this higher strength range has its place, e.g., in lower-story columns of high-rise buildings.In order to minimize corrosion of rein-forcement and consequent spelling of concrete under sever exposure conditions such as in bridge decks subjected to deicing chemicals , galvanized or epoxy-coated rebars may be specified.Repair of Concrete StructuresReinforced concrete is generally a very du-rable structural material and very little repair work is usually needed. However, its durability can be affected by a variety of causes, including those of design and construction faults, use of inferior materials and exposure to aggressive en-vironment. The need for a repair is primarily dic-tated by the severity of the deterioration as de-termined from the diagnosis. Good workmanship is essential if any thing more than just a cosmetic treatment to the creation is required.1. performance requirements of repair systemHaving established the causes of the defect by carefully diagnosing the distress, the next step should be to consider the requirements of the re-pair method that will offer an effective solution to the problem (see fig.).①DurabilityIt is important to select repair materials that provide adequate durability. Materials used for the repair job should be at least as durable as the substrate concrete to which it is applied.②Protection of steelThe mechanism of protection provided to the reinforcing depends on the type of repair ma-terials used. For example, cementations materials can protect the steel from further corrosion by their inhibitive effect of increasing the alkalinity of the concrete, whereas epoxy resin mortars can give protection against the ingress of oxygen,moisture and other harmful agents.③Bond with substrateThe bond with the substrate must produce an integral repair to prevent entry of moisture and atmospheric gases at the interface. With most re-pair materials, the bond is greatly enhanced with the use of a suitable bonding aid such as an un-filled epoxy resin systems and slurry of Portland cement, plus any latex additives for a Portland cement-based repair system. Precautions should also be takento remove all loose and friable ma-terials from the surfaces to be bonded.④Dimensional StabilityShrinkage of materials during curing should be kept to a minimum. Subsequent dimensional change should be very close in the substrate in order to prevent failure⑤Initial Resistance to Environmentally In-duced DamageSome initial exposure conditions may lead to premature damage lo repairs. For example, partially cured Portland cement repairs can dete-riorate from hot weather preventing full hydration of the cement. To prevent this from happening extra protection during curing time may be nec-essary.⑥Ease of ApplicationMaterials should be easily mixed and ap-plied so that they can be worked readily into small crevices and voids. Ideally, the material should not stick to tools, and should not shear while being trowel led nor slump after placement.⑦AppearanceThe degree to which the repair material should match the existing concrete will depend on the use of the structure and the client' s re-quirements. A surface coating may be required when appearance is important or when cover to reinforcement is small.2. Selection of Repair MethodsA suitable repair counteracts all the defi-ciencies which are relevant to the use of the structure.The selection of tile correct method and material for a particular, application requires careful consideration, whether to meet special requirements for placing strength, durability or other short-or long-term properties. These con-siderations include:1. Nature of the DistressIf alive crack is filled with a rigid material, then either the repair material will eventually fail or some new cracking will occur adjacent to the original crack. Repairs to live cracks must either use flexible materials to accommodate move-ments or else steps must be taken prior to the re-pair to eliminate the movement.2. Position of the CrackTechniques which rely on gravity to intro-duce the material into the crack are more suc-cessfully carried out on horizontal surfaces but are rarely effective on vertical ones.3. EnvironmentIf moisture, water or contaminants are found in the crack, then it is necessary to rectify the leaks Repair to slop leaks may be further com-plicated by the need to make the repairs while the structure is in service and the environment is damp.4. WorkmanshipThe skill the operatives available to carry put the repairs is another relevant factors. Some-times this can mean the difference between a permanent repair and premature failure of the re-pair material.5. CostThe cost of repair materials is usually small compared with the costs of providing access, preparation and actual labor.6. AppearanceThe repair surface may be unsightly, par-ticularly when it appears on a prominent part of the building. In this case, the repair system will include some form of treatment over the entire surface.Reference[1]Philip Jodidio, Contemporary European Architecture, Taschen, Koln, pp.148-153[2]Ann Breen & Dick Rigby, Waterfronts, McGraw-Hill, Inc. New York, 1994, pp.297-300[3]Ann Breen & Dick Rigby, The New Waterfront, Thames and Hudson, London, 1996, pp.118-120[4]Ann Breen & Dick Rigby, The New Waterfront, Thames and Hudson, London, 1996, pp.52-55[5]Robert Holden, International Landscape Design, Laurence King Publishing, London, 1996, pp.10-27[6] A new concept in refrigerant control for heat pumps ,J.R.Harnish,IIR Conference Pa-per,Cleveland,Ohio.May,1996[7]Carrier Corporation-Catalog 523 848,1997[8]Waste Heat Management Handbook, Na-tional Bureau of Standardc Handbook 121, Pub-lica-tion PB 264959, February,1997Ten design principles for air to air heat pumps,Allen Trask,ASHRAE Journal,July,1997重庆科技学院学生毕业设计（论文）外文译文学院建建筑工程学院专业班级工管103学生姓名李学号201044241附件1：外文资料翻译译文混凝土施工事项T.Pauly, M.J.N.Priestley摘要：根据一般承认的惯例看,巴基斯坦的混凝土结构建筑物在结构上的质量，效用和安全需要上都留下了很多值得关注的问题。
外文文献翻译原文+译文
外文文献翻译原文Analysis of Con tin uous Prestressed Concrete BeamsChris BurgoyneMarch 26, 20051、IntroductionThis conference is devoted to the development of structural analysis rather than the strength of materials, but the effective use of prestressed concrete relies on an appropriate combination of structural analysis techniques with knowledge of the material behaviour. Design of prestressed concrete structures is usually left to specialists; the unwary will either make mistakes or spend inordinate time trying to extract a solution from the various equations.There are a number of fundamental differences between the behaviour of prestressed concrete and that of other materials. Structures are not unstressed when unloaded; the design space of feasible solutions is totally bounded；in hyperstatic structures, various states of self-stress can be induced by altering the cable profile, and all of these factors get influenced by creep and thermal effects. How were these problems recognised and how have they been tackled?Ever since the development of reinforced concrete by Hennebique at the end of the 19th century (Cusack 1984), it was recognised that steel and concrete could be more effectively combined if the steel was pretensioned, putting the concrete into compression. Cracking could be reduced, if not prevented altogether, which would increase stiffness and improve durability. Early attempts all failed because the initial prestress soon vanished, leaving the structure to be- have as though it was reinforced; good descriptions of these attempts are given by Leonhardt (1964) and Abeles (1964).It was Freyssineti’s observations of the sagging of the shallow arches on three bridges that he had just completed in 1927 over the River Allier near Vichy which led directly to prestressed concrete (Freyssinet 1956). Only the bridge at Boutiron survived WWII (Fig 1). Hitherto, it had been assumed that concrete had a Young’s modulus which remained fixed, but he recognised that the de- ferred strains due to creep explained why the prestress had been lost in the early trials. Freyssinet (Fig. 2) also correctly reasoned that high tensile steel had to be used, so that some prestress would remain after the creep had occurred, and alsothat high quality concrete should be used, since this minimised the total amount of creep. The history of Freyssineti’s early prestressed concrete work is written elsewhereFigure1:Boutiron Bridge,Vic h yFigure 2: Eugen FreyssinetAt about the same time work was underway on creep at the BRE laboratory in England ((Glanville 1930) and (1933)). It is debatable which man should be given credit for the discovery of creep but Freyssinet clearly gets the credit for successfully using the knowledge to prestress concrete.There are still problems associated with understanding how prestressed concrete works, partly because there is more than one way of thinking about it. These different philosophies are to some extent contradictory, and certainly confusing to the young engineer. It is also reflected, to a certain extent, in the various codes of practice.Permissible stress design philosophy sees prestressed concrete as a way of avoiding cracking by eliminating tensile stresses; the objective is for sufficient compression to remain after creep losses. Untensionedreinforcement, which attracts prestress due to creep, is anathema. This philosophy derives directly from Freyssinet’s logic and is primarily a working stress concept.Ultimate strength philosophy sees prestressing as a way of utilising high tensile steel as reinforcement. High strength steels have high elastic strain capacity, which could not be utilised when used as reinforcement; if the steel is pretensioned, much of that strain capacity is taken out before bonding the steel to the concrete. Structures designed this way are normally designed to be in compression everywhere under permanent loads, but allowed to crack under high live load. The idea derives directly from the work of Dischinger (1936) and his work on the bridge at Aue in 1939 (Schonberg and Fichter 1939), as well as that of Finsterwalder (1939). It is primarily an ultimate load concept. The idea of partial prestressing derives from these ideas.The Load-Balancing philosophy, introduced by T.Y. Lin, uses prestressing to counter the effect of the permanent loads (Lin 1963). The sag of the cables causes an upward force on the beam, which counteracts the load on the beam. Clearly, only one load can be balanced, but if this is taken as the total dead weight, then under that load the beam will perceive only the net axial prestress and will have no tendency to creep up or down.These three philosophies all have their champions, and heated debates take place between them as to which is the most fundamental.2、Section designFrom the outset it was recognised that prestressed concrete has to be checked at both the working load and the ultimate load. For steel structures, and those made from reinforced concrete, there is a fairly direct relationship between the load capacity under an allowable stress design, and that at the ultimate load under an ultimate strength design. Older codes were based on permissible stresses at the working load; new codes use moment capacities at the ultimate load. Different load factors are used in the two codes, but a structure which passes one code is likely to be acceptable under the other.For prestressed concrete, those ideas do not hold, since the structure is highly stressed, even when unloaded. A small increase of load can cause some stress limits to be breached, while a large increase in load might be needed to cross other limits. The designer has considerable freedom to vary both the working load and ultimate load capacities independently; both need to be checked.A designer normally has to check the tensile and compressive stresses, in both the top and bottom fibre of the section, for every load case. The critical sections are normally, but not always, the mid-span and the sections over piers but other sections may become critical ，when the cable profile has to be determined.The stresses at any position are made up of three components, one of which normally has a different sign from the other two; consistency of sign convention is essential.If P is the prestressing force and e its eccentricity, A and Z are the area of the cross-section and its elastic section modulus, while M is the applied moment, then where ft and fc are the permissible stresses in tension and compression.c e t f ZM Z P A P f ≤-+≤Thus, for any combination of P and M , the designer already has four in- equalities to deal with.The prestressing force differs over time, due to creep losses, and a designer isusually faced with at least three combinations of prestressing force and moment;• the applied moment at the time the prestress is first applied, before creep losses occur,• the maximum applied moment after creep losses, and• the minimum applied moment after creep losses.Figure 4: Gustave MagnelOther combinations may be needed in more complex cases. There are at least twelve inequalities that have to be satisfied at any cross-section, but since an I-section can be defined by six variables, and two are needed to define the prestress, the problem is over-specified and it is not immediately obvious which conditions are superfluous. In the hands of inexperienced engineers, the design process can be very long-winded. However, it is possible to separate out the design of the cross-section from the design of the prestress. By considering pairs of stress limits on the same fibre, but for different load cases, the effects of the prestress can be eliminated, leaving expressions of the form:rangestress e Perm issibl Range Mom entZ These inequalities, which can be evaluated exhaustively with little difficulty, allow the minimum size of the cross-section to be determined.Once a suitable cross-section has been found, the prestress can be designed using a construction due to Magnel (Fig.4). The stress limits can all be rearranged into the form:()M fZ PA Z e ++-≤1 By plotting these on a diagram of eccentricity versus the reciprocal of the prestressing force, a series of bound lines will be formed. Provided the inequalities (2) are satisfied, these bound lines will always leave a zone showing all feasible combinations of P and e. The most economical design, using the minimum prestress, usually lies on the right hand side of the diagram, where the design is limited by the permissible tensile stresses.Plotting the eccentricity on the vertical axis allows direct comparison with the crosssection, as shown in Fig. 5. Inequalities (3) make no reference to the physical dimensions of the structure, but these practical cover limits can be shown as wellA good designer knows how changes to the design and the loadings alter the Magnel diagram. Changing both the maximum andminimum bending moments, but keeping the range the same, raises and lowers the feasible region. If the moments become more sagging the feasible region gets lower in the beam.In general, as spans increase, the dead load moments increase in proportion to the live load. A stage will be reached where the economic point (A on Fig.5) moves outside the physical limits of the beam; Guyon (1951a) denoted the limiting condition as the critical span. Shorter spans will be governed by tensile stresses in the two extreme fibres, while longer spans will be governed by the limiting eccentricity and tensile stresses in the bottom fibre. However, it does not take a large increase in moment ，at which point compressive stresses will govern in the bottom fibre under maximum moment.Only when much longer spans are required, and the feasible region moves as far down as possible, does the structure become governed by compressive stresses in both fibres.3、Continuous beamsThe design of statically determinate beams is relatively straightforward; the engineer can work on the basis of the design of individual cross-sections, as outlined above. A number of complications arise when the structure is indeterminate which means that the designer has to consider, not only a critical section,but also the behaviour of the beam as a whole. These are due to the interaction of a number of factors, such as Creep, Temperature effects and Construction Sequence effects. It is the development of these ideas whichforms the core of this paper. The problems of continuity were addressed at a conference in London (Andrew and Witt 1951). The basic principles, and nomenclature, were already in use, but to modern eyes concentration on hand analysis techniques was unusual, and one of the principle concerns seems to have been the difficulty of estimating losses of prestressing force.3.1 Secondary MomentsA prestressing cable in a beam causes the structure to deflect. Unlike the statically determinate beam, where this motion is unrestrained, the movement causes a redistribution of the support reactions which in turn induces additional moments. These are often termed Secondary Moments, but they are not always small, or Parasitic Moments, but they are not always bad.Freyssinet’s bridge across the Marne at Luzancy, started in 1941 but not completed until 1946, is often thought of as a simply supported beam, but it was actually built as a two-hinged arch (Harris 1986), with support reactions adjusted by means of flat jacks and wedges which were later grouted-in (Fig.6). The same principles were applied in the later and larger beams built over the same river.Magnel built the first indeterminate beam bridge at Sclayn, in Belgium (Fig.7) in 1946. The cables are virtually straight, but he adjusted the deck profile so that the cables were close to the soffit near mid-span. Even with straight cables the sagging secondary momentsare large; about 50% of the hogging moment at the central support caused by dead and live load.The secondary moments cannot be found until the profile is known but the cablecannot be designed until the secondary moments are known. Guyon (1951b) introduced the concept of the concordant profile, which is a profile that causes no secondary moments; es and ep thus coincide. Any line of thrust is itself a concordant profile.The designer is then faced with a slightly simpler problem; a cable profile has to be chosen which not only satisfies the eccentricity limits (3) but is also concordant. That in itself is not a trivial operation, but is helped by the fact that the bending moment diagram that results from any load applied to a beam will itself be a concordant profile for a cable of constant force. Such loads are termed notional loads to distinguish them from the real loads on the structure. Superposition can be used to progressively build up a set of notional loads whose bending moment diagram gives the desired concordant profile.3.2 Temperature effectsTemperature variations apply to all structures but the effect on prestressed concrete beams can be more pronounced than in other structures. The temperature profile through the depth of a beam (Emerson 1973) can be split into three components for the purposes of calculation (Hambly 1991). The first causes a longitudinal expansion, which is normally released by the articulation of the structure; the second causes curvature which leads to deflection in all beams and reactant moments in continuous beams, while the third causes a set of self-equilibrating set of stresses across the cross-section.The reactant moments can be calculated and allowed-for, but it is the self- equilibrating stresses that cause the main problems for prestressed concrete beams. These beams normally have high thermal mass which means that daily temperature variations do not penetrate to the core of the structure. The result is a very non-uniform temperature distribution across the depth which in turn leads to significant self-equilibrating stresses. If the core of the structure is warm, while the surface is cool, such as at night, then quite large tensile stresses can be developed on the top and bottom surfaces. However, they only penetrate a very short distance into the concrete and the potential crack width is very small. It can be very expensive to overcome the tensile stress by changing the section or the prestress。
外文翻译--外包理念：外包贸易
外文文献翻译译文一、外文原文原文：Outstanding idea: Outsourcing tradeAlong with the modern science technology's progress and the productive forces rapid development, the global competition is day by day intense, the economic globalization tendency is irresistible, in addition politics and the culture bring huge transformation, “the value chain” the concept is precisely appears under this kind of environment. it first is manages Master famous by the US the Michael ·baud in a book proposed in "Competitive advantage". Afterward soon, the value chain as well as has introduced China based on the value chain's mode of administration, should be an aspect, for our country's reform, the opening, the development make the contribution, also has provided the theory basis for enterprise's competitive advantage. Value chain introduction financial inventory accounting the domain, utilized the value chain theory the finance and accountant the aspect carries on the research only then just to emerge soon, our country at the beginning of 2004, has started a research value chain accountant's high tide. But looking from author's research, the chain and the financial strategy union conducts the research not to have nearly.The research has its necessity based on the value chain's financial strategy. In economic globalization and knowledge economy swift development today, the people observed the economic dynamics the rationale and already had the huge change to the economic activity directive, the financial tube already had developed from the profit of enterprise maximization to the enterprise value maximization, regarding the financial strategy's research should take the value as the objective point, the strategic management, the tactical management, the value chain management and the information management carried on the organic synthesis, diverted the attention to the value and the activity, management lock-on target on value chain each link The application value chain's key link is the financial outsourcing. The borderoutsourcing buyer has three famous saying: ① We to reduce the cost; ② We remain down the reason is because you have the high grade service; ③ Our investment is for own transformation and the innovation. The financial outsourcing takes one kind of outsourcing pattern to receive more and more enterprise favors, the development is rapid. The whole world well-known Market research firm IDC issue newest memoir forecast: in 2008 the global finance outsourcing market size will amount to 47,600,000,000 US dollars. The IDC research also discovered that the financial outsourcing mainly concentrated in the transaction supervisory service, the high-level fund manager's handling of traffic service and business consultant serves and so on domains, cost cutting was still the financial outsourcing outsourcing primary cause, solved the strategic business problem demand also gradually to become an important impetus finance outsourcing reason.Silent and Orr compared to (Momme and Hvolby) through to the heavy industry department's case and the behavior research, proposed the outsourcing six basic steps: The enterprise competitive power analysis, outside the contractor appraisal and the determination, the consultation and signing, the project execution and the transition, the relations manage and terminate the contract. Charles ·Gaye (Charles Gay) the research the outsourcing which mainly uses the enterprise divides into 4 patterns:①Active outsourcing;②Service outsourcing, active outsourcing and service outsourcing these two way biggest difference, if the enterprise organizes to plan to use “the service outsourcing”, itself must have the define clearly to the outsourcing demand and the goal;③Gathers package or the union outsourcing;④Interest relations outsourcing, this is one kind of long-term cooperation, both sides relates for this reason first carries on the investment, then rests on the agreement share benefit which draws up in advance.Parr and Jones (Klepper and Jones) according to the outsourcing contract nature difference, divides into three kinds the outsourcing relations:①The market outsourcing, refers to the outsourcing service is the general service which the massive outside contractors can provide;② The partner outsourcing, this figure of enterprise and the identical contractor repeatedly conclude and sign contract, and haveestablished the long-term mutually beneficial cooperation relations. In this kind of outsourcing relations, outsourcing both sides need to make in a big way, aim at this item of outsourcing relations specially the investment, the property special-purpose degree are very high.③The middle outsourcing, refers to is situated between the market and between the partner both's one kind of outsourcing relations. Three kind of relational management pattern which with the market, middle and the partner outsourcing relations correspond respectively is the market regulation pattern, the bureaucrat management pattern and the trust management pattern.The cost of financial outsourcing throughout outsourcing throughout the output. Outsourcing cost should be less than department cost cost, the department cost should be less than department create income, such outsourcing to make enterprise to create more value. For example Singapore the sea huang Oriental shipping company (hereinafter referred to as NOL) in 2003 for getting rid of the 2002 losses 3.3 billion dollars in shadow, NOL trying to save the company's cost and improve operational efficiency. In order to achieve the enterprise thin body, NOL around processing payables &receivables process basic consistent, documents of the process is not complex, it is mainly the related information through Internet relay to the regional finance, processed again teleport home so that financial outsourced will not affect the company's operations, but it can handle this part business by reduction of more than 300 employees and cost savings. Therefore NOL outsource the business to accenture, this enterprise thin body make NOL benefit, it's true purpose is to lower costs and concentrate on developing main business, raise advocate business income make oneself can have more energy to concentrate on transportation of the core business, ascension profitable space.Throughout the global Internet technology development, especially the collection, storage, retrieval, analysis, the application, the comprehensive evaluation software for enterprise financial outsourcing provides technical platform. Enterprise financial outsourcing, can use the network platform for financial information transfer. Information outsourcing program is enterprise will outsourcing bookkeeping, reimbursement, reconciliation and so on complex financial data through the networktransfer to contractors, contractors as a lot of data processing after back of enterprise general ledger system; Similarly, the bank instrument outsource all kinds of business, and also through Internet platform service providers, send to service providers to bank system processing again after. If no network technology, these data transfer only by artificially, in a long journey, information data transfer amount of frequent cases, appear low efficiency, cost is high, and existing data transmission error of risk. And outsourcing, professional organization builds a financial software, you can build scores of even hundreds of sets of account, as long as hiring a small amount of the IT staff, can guarantee routine maintenance. Outsourcing professional orgnaization financial software and hardware can fully apply, they undertake the outsourcing, the more cost is lower. Through the network technology platform, not only eliminates financial outsourcing geographically separation, still can effectively guarantee the effectiveness of business decision-making, realize the win-win situation of outsourcing organizations and enterprises.But not all corporations are applicable to outsourcing. Cheung Steven will return for outsourcing applicable enterprise chrome. ①The new businesses. Build an enterprise all aspects are imperfect, especially the internal control system of accounting system establishment must from scratch, and the set up of this system to demand higher professional technology and higher costs, build an enterprise unbearable pressure, can pass these financial outsourcing will time pressure and financial burden. Put these multifarious work outsource to the professional service agencies, both cost saving, and save time, still can achieve higher quality service; ②Business less enterprise. Some enterprise similar to automobile design industry, the annual turnover is less, have the business finance department to compare when busy, no business mostly with nothing to do. Such enterprise that often occur without living phenomenon, the idle waste of human resource, material resource again wasted, financial outsourced is to cut costs in an effective way. Still another kind is a seasonal enterprise. Seasonal enterprise "refers to a season behavior.by many, while others season and almost no portfolio, from quarter to quarter compared disparity between portfolio differ enterprise. Will the financial outsource to reduce cost, also canachieve the purpose of saving resources; ③Branch huge enterprise. This kind of enterprises in finance department has a lot of little below branch, classify, cooperatively. All kinds of business handled separately, although effective to prevent the fraud and centralization, make each branch each other between contain, but has paid a high cost price. Because division is thinner, each branch of function is different, resource utilization degree is different, so had produced redundancy branches may. The redundant branch outsourced, not only can make full use of resources to optimize configuration, still can increase efficiency, reduce the cost burden.For today's corporations, the ground is shifting. Issues such as globalisation, business efficiency, increased specialisation and product innovation are percolating upwards in priority. And corporations are now focusing more intently than ever on profitability, working capital, cash flow, technology, risk management and investments. To manage these priorities successfully, organisations are moving away from a longstanding business model. We have to break in the technical information specially the conventional model and reduced enterprise entire operation flow cost expense.Looks like New York Service Outsourcing Research institute's execution to be in chargethe American Enterprise which Frank Casale estimated in 1996 on the outsourcing, has spent 100,000,000,000 US dollars, caused its cost reduction 10%-15%. The way to break in the information the conventional model, the modern network finance outsourcing is essential. After the modern network finance outsourcing is the networking popularizes, the traditional finance outsourcing development higher form, each item of outsourcing finance function forms the organic logical relation through the networking platform, this way may also realize the overall financial function outsourcing, moreover the efficiency is high.At present, many Group interior staff function presents “a highly building redundant project tree service unit, the overhead charge to stay at a high level”, in the group as a result of the parent company and the various subsidiary companies' independent operation, basically is a separate legal entity company arranges set of troops in the financial control organization establishment. And what is more, in some group interior illegal person unit like subsidiary company, the services departmentalso has the independence financial control organization. The pattern not only scattered the financial team, raises the group overall finance level with difficulty, causes the management resources repeatedly to invest, the scale benefit which manages forms with difficulty, between the mother and child company cannot realize the resources, the information, ability sharing, cannot cause the headquarters overall plan arrangement group the financial work, moreover increased the communication cost, intensified the internal contradictions and the conflict. Therefore, concentrates the relatively simple foundational financial function, looks like the financial outsourcing to be the same, the package processes for the internal company, the establishment “the service sharing center”, establishes, transparent, the marketability, the highly effective financial control system nimbly, this will become the modern enterprise to seek in the development to use the equally important finance plan which in the near future and the financial outsourcing coordinates, to make up mutually. The financial outsourcing the financial intension which will form from this with the idea initiation achieves the industrial production management pattern before the future financial control.In the whole process of outsourcing, only after repeated thorough analysis, can cause the outsourcing activities fundamentally meet enterprise development demand, realize the transformation from inferiority to advantage, achieve financial outsourcing of various advantage. The biggest challenge is how to maintain the normal operation business does not suffer too much influence the premise, make this outsourcing can smooth transition. To complete this transition, the enterprise must consider specially for this establishment a outsourcing project office, by the chief financial officer or other significant influence enterprise member initiated and lead the process. Also cannot ignore the important factor is, want a smooth transition of another link is adjusted other personnel's communication and collaboration. When enterprise of everyone know what you are doing, why do you want to do this, outsourcing partner who is, outsourcing terms is, and what the service on the play what effect, these to establish employee to this process and outsourcing decision faith and morale is vital.Source:Miller Chaz ,2009 “Outstanding idea: Outsourcing trade”. Trade American ,vol.13,issue.4,August,pp.95-96.二、翻译文章译文：外包理念：外包贸易随着现代科学技术的进步和生产力的迅猛发展，全球竞争日益激烈，经济全球化趋势不可阻挡，加上政治和文化带来的巨大变革，“价值链”概念正是在这种环境下出现的。
Scalable Person Re-identification A Benchmark 外文翻译
图1. Market-1501数据集的示例图像。
所有图像标准化到128x64. (上:) 具有独特外观的三个行人的示例图像。
(中:)我们展示了三个外观非常相似的行人的情况。
(下:) 提供了一些干扰图像样本(左侧)以及无用图像(右侧).作为一项次要贡献，受到最先进的图像搜索系统的启发，我们还提出了一种无监督的BoW 表示法。
在生成训练数据的码本之后，将每个行人图像表示为视觉词汇直方图。
在这一步中，整合了许多技术，例如根描述子[2]，负证据[14]，突发加权[16]，avgIDF [41]等。
此外，还采用了几个进一步的改进，如几何弱约束，高斯模板，多查询和重排序。
通过简单的点积作为相似性度量，我们证明了所提出的BoW表示在获得快速响应时间的同时可以产生有竞争力的识别精度。
2. 相关研究表1. Market-1501和现有的数据集[20,10,44,22,19,4]比较首先，尽管大多数现有数据集都使用手工裁剪的包围框，但Market-1501数据集采用了最先进的检测器，即可变形部件模型（DPM）[9]。
基于“完美的”手绘包围框，目前的方法并没有充分考虑行人图像的不对齐，这是基于DPM的包围框中一直存在的问题。
如图1所示，在检测到的图像中，未对齐和部分缺失是常见的。
图2. 干扰数据集的示例图片干扰数据集我们强调规模是行人重识别研究中的重要问题。
因此，我们进一步增加了Market-1501据集，增加了一个额外的干扰集。
该数据集包含超过500,000个包围框，包含背景虚假警报以及不属于1,501个标注行人的行人。
样本图像如图2所示。
在实验中，除了Market-1501度量之间差异的一个简单例子。
真实匹配和错误匹配分别为绿色和红色。
对于所有三个排序列表，Market-1501数据集，查询图像是手绘包围框。
每个行人有最多数据集，每个查询平均有14.8个跨摄像头的真实匹配。
因此，我们使）来评估整体表现。
对于每个查询，我们计算）。
20外文文献翻译原文及译文参考样式
20外⽂⽂献翻译原⽂及译⽂参考样式华北电⼒⼤学科技学院毕业设计（论⽂）附件外⽂⽂献翻译学号： 0819******** 姓名：宗鹏程所在系别：机械⼯程及⾃动化专业班级：机械08K1指导教师：张超原⽂标题：Development of a High-PerformanceMagnetic Gear年⽉⽇⾼性能磁齿轮的发展1摘要：本⽂提出了⼀个⾼性能永磁齿轮的计算和测量结果。
上述分析的永磁齿轮有5.5的传动⽐，并能够提供27 Nm的⼒矩。
分析表明，由于它的弹簧扭转常数很⼩，因此需要特别重视安装了这种⾼性能永磁齿轮的系统。
上述分析的齿轮也已经被应⽤在实际中，以验证、预测其效率。
经测量，由于较⼤端齿轮传动引起的磁⼒齿轮的扭矩只有16 Nm。
⼀项关于磁齿轮效率损失的系统研究也展⽰了为什么实际⼯作效率只有81％。
⼀⼤部分磁损耗起源于轴承，因为机械故障的存在，此轴承的备⽤轴承在此时是必要的。
如果没有源于轴的少量磁泄漏，我们估计能得到⾼达96％的效率。
与传统的机械齿轮的⽐较表明，磁性齿轮具有更好的效率和单位体积较⼤扭矩。
最后，可以得出结论，本⽂的研究结果可能有助于促进传统机械齿轮向磁性齿轮发展。
关键词：有限元分析（FEA）、变速箱，⾼转矩密度，磁性齿轮。
⼀、导⾔由于永久磁铁能产⽣磁通和磁⼒，虽然⼏个世纪过去了，许多⼈仍然着迷于永久磁铁。
，在过去20年的复兴阶段，正是这些优点已经使得永久磁铁在很多实际中⼴泛的应⽤，包括在起重机，扬声器，接头领域，尤其是在永久磁铁电机⽅⾯。
其中对永磁铁的复兴最常见于效率和转矩密度由于永磁铁的应⽤显著提⾼的⼩型机器的领域。
在永久磁铁没有获取⾼度重视的⼀个领域是传动装置的领域，也就是说，磁⼒联轴器不被⼴泛⽤于传动装置。
磁性联轴器基本上可以被视为以传动⽐为1：1磁⼒齿轮。
相⽐标准电⽓机器有约10kN m/m的扭矩，装有⾼能量永久磁铁的磁耦有⾮常⾼的单位体积密度的扭矩，变化范围⼤约300–400 kN 。
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外文文献翻译译稿1论企业广告文化摘要：随着科技的普及和市场竞争的激烈，企业间竞争在产品和促销领域的差距日益缩小，而逐渐转移为企业文化与企业形象的竞争。
现代企业广告文化作为企业文化的重要内容，在宣传企业文化、塑造企业形象的同时，为市场经济条件下企业竞争创造了有利的武器，也为思想政治教育工作面向社会提供了更为直接有效的方法和途径。
本文正是从文化角度人手，对大众传媒广告进行的探讨。
文化作为企业广告的真正魅力所在，曾一度被忽视，企业形象系统(CIS)与企业广告文化的整合，作为一领域，至今仍没有专门的理论进行论述。
本文就是在此方面所做的尝试，目的是对企业文化理论与现代广告学的对接做出有益的补充并为现代企业的广告文化运作及思想政治工作提供一些新的思路。
本文对企业广告文化的涵义、内容、特征、功能进行了系统的阐述和分析，通过对东西方企业广告文化差异的比较，分析了中国企业广告文化的现状及隐优，提出了解决企业广告策划与运作中存在问题的方法.同时提出企业借鉴学习广告文化先进国家的实践经验时，要结合中国的国情和企业实际，形成有中国企业特色的广告文化.着重阐述了在中国当代企业，如何策划和运作广告文化：首先，要以CI为灵魂指导企业广告文化的推进；其次要实现企业广告文化的整体运作，在广告创作的不同方面实现CI化，最后对企业广告文化及思想政治教育在广告中的具体体现形式企业形象广告进行了进一步阐述。
文化与广告的关系是众所周知的，二者不可分割。
然而，以往人们较多的把广告只作为一种宣传产品的方式提出，使两者的联系仅停留在文化对于广告的影响上，而二者整合传播的思路却往往被忽略。
在本文中把二者作为一个整体提出，即广告文化。
把文化融人到广告中，包容于企业广告策略中，把广告文化对思想政治教育工作的潜在作用作为一项内容提出来，使企业的广告具有一种以企业广告文化为底蕴，以社会责任为已任的全新运作方式.企业广告文化作为企业思想政治工作与社会精神文明传播的载体，是企业经过长期广告运作，受一定的社会文化、民族文化、习俗文化、意识形态影响而形成的广告创作的文化观念，是企业在进行广告运作过程中体现出的一种文化风格。
文化以其诱人的魅力导引着人类走向更加健康的理想之境。
社会生活的方方面面无一不处在文化这张无形的巨网笼罩之中。
作为人类社会生活现象之一的广告，同样也无法摆脱与文化本身的粘着关系，广告作为一种现代社会的文化现象，作为一种特殊的时代文明，必将以文化为核心向外传播。
本文基于广告的文化性，从思想政治教育工作的重要载体- 企业文化在广告宣传中的重要作用人手，针对企业广告文化缺乏内涵、无系统性的问题，研究广告及其文化发展的历史与现状，从企业广告文化与企业形象系统(CIS)宏观和微观双重角度考虑，在企业广告策划中提出利用企业形象系统(CIS)来整合企业广告的现状，提高企业广告的文化含量，使企业广告坚持正确的文化导向，符合社会价值观及正确人生观的需要，与国际广告业接轨，向CI型、文化型广告发展.企业广告文化以企业文化为根本，是企业文化的延伸和外在表现，是在企业文化基础上的发展和升华.目前，企业广告文化在欧美各国发展的较为迅速，在我国由于长期被人们所忽视，正面临着变革的选择.市场经济条件下思想政治工作面临新情况，针对企业广告文化需要进一步深化变革，思想政治工作需要新的途径及方法的要求，本文试图提出一些解决问题的新思路，希望能对企业广告文化及思想政治工作者有所裨益。
企业广告文化理论与企业形象系统对接，广告运作CI化方法的提出是一个崭新的尝试，其理论建设和实际操作还都处于不断完善和丰富阶段，还需要在实践中不断的探索。
弗朗西斯科．里诺在线发表：2008年4月22日斯普林格科学和商业媒体,LLC2008外文文献翻译原文1On the corporate advertising cultureAbstract:With the popularization of science and technology and fierce competition in the market, competition among enterprises in the areas of product and promotion gap shrinking, and gradually shifted to the corporate culture and corporate image of the competition. Modern corporate advertising culture as an important part of corporate culture, in promoting the corporate culture, shaping the corporate image at the same time, under the conditions of a market economy created a favorable competitive weapon, but also for ideological and political education for the community to provide a more direct and effective ways and means.This article is from a cultural point of view of manpower, the study of mass media advertising. Culture as the real charm of advertising, once ignored, corporate identity system (CIS) and the integration of corporate advertising culture, as a field so far, no specific discussion of the theory. This article is the attempt made in this regard, the purpose is the theory of corporate culture and the modern science of advertising to make a useful addition to docking and the operation of modern business culture and the ideological and political advertising provide some new ideas. In this paper, the meaning of corporate advertising culture, content, features, functions carried out a systematic description and analysis, corporate advertising through the East-West cultural differences of comparison, analysis of the advertising culture of the status quo of Chinese enterprises and hidden advantages, corporate advertising plan proposed to solve problems with the operation of the method. At the same time that enterprises learn from advertising and cultural experience of advanced countries, in conjunction with China's national conditions and business practice, with Chinese characteristics of corporate advertising culture. Focusing on the contemporary enterprises in China, how to plan and operation of the advertising culture: First, the CI for the soul of the advertising culture of promoting corporate guidance; Second, to achieve the enterprise's overall operation of the advertising culture, different aspects of the advertising creative implementation of CI, the last of corporate advertising culture and the ideological and political education embodied in the form of advertising in the corporate image advertising for a further elaboration.The relationship between culture and advertising is well known, the two are inseparable. However, the more people in the past only as a promotional advertising products made in such manner so that the two remain in contact only for the impact of advertising on culture, communication and integration between the two ideas are often overlooked. In this article, the two taken as a whole, the advertising culture. Integrated into the culture, advertising, inclusion in the corporate advertising strategy, the advertising culture of ideological and political education as an element in the potential role of raised, so that their ads have a kind of corporate advertising culture heritage, social responsibility to have any new mode of operation. Corporate advertising culture as ideological and political work and social spiritual communication carrier, is advertising business after a long operation, subject to certain socio-cultural, ethnic culture, customs, culture, ideology, influence the formation of the advertising creative cultural values, is the enterprise in course of their advertisements reflect a cultural style.Culture, with its seductive charm guided toward healthier human ideal environment. Social and cultural aspects of life are all in the shadow of this giant invisible among thenetwork. The phenomenon of human social life as one of the ads, the same can not get rid of the sticky relationship with the culture itself, advertising as a cultural phenomenon in modern society, as a special era of civilization, bound to the core culture to spread. Based on the advertising of cultural, ideological and political education from an important carrier - corporate culture important role in advertising, staffing, lack of content for corporate advertising culture, no systemic problems, and cultural development of advertising history and current status , from corporate culture and corporate image advertising system (CIS) point of view of macro-and micro-double, made in the use of corporate advertising corporate image planning in line System (CIS) to integrate the status quo of corporate advertising, and improving the cultural content of advertising, so that the culture of corporate advertising adhere to the correct orientation, in line with social values and the correct outlook on life needs, with the international advertising industry standards, the CI-based, culture-based advertising development.Corporate advertising culture in corporate culture as the foundation, is an extension of the corporate culture and external performance, corporate culture is based on the development and sublimation. Currently, corporate advertising culture in the United States and Europe more rapid development in China due to the long overlooked by people, is facing a change of choice. Market economy is facing a new ideological and political work under the conditions required for the further deepening of corporate advertising culture change, ideological and political work require new ways and methods, this paper attempts to propose some new ideas to solve the problem, hoping to corporate advertising culture and ideology political workers have been helpful. Cultural theory of corporate advertising and corporate image docking system, the operation of CI method of advertising is a new attempt to put forward their theory building and practice also are in a stage of continuous improvement and wealth, but also in practice, continue to explore.Francisco LinanPublished online: 22 April 2008Springer Science + Business Media, LLC 2008外文文献翻译译稿2企业文化构建与企业形象塑造的初步研究我们发现我国经济落后首先不是技术的落后，而是管理的落后。