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外研版七年级上册词汇表(音标、打印)

外研新版七年级上册英语单词表StarterModule1hello [hə'ləʊ] 你好，喂class [klɑ:s] 同学，班级my [mai]我的name [neim]名字is [iz] 是（动词be的第三人称单数现在式）Miss [mis]小姐（对未婚女性的称呼），老师good [gʊd]好的morning ['mɔ:niŋ] 早晨，上午good morning 早上好afternoon [ɑ:ftə'nu:n]下午good afternoon 下午好goodbye [gʊd'bai]再见I [ai] 我am [æm; əm] 是（动词be的第三人称单数现在式）I’m=I am 我是Mr ['mistə(r)]先生what[wɒt]什么your [jɔ:; jə]你的，你们的please [pli:z]请sorry ['sɒri] 对不起，抱歉的can [kæn, kən] 能，能够you [ju:]你，你们spell [spel]拼写it [it]它yes [jes] 是，是的thank [θæŋk]谢谢how [haʊ]怎样，如何are [ɑ:] 是（动词be的复数和第二人称单数现在式）fine [fain]很好的，不错的thanks[θæŋks]谢谢Mrs ['misiz]夫人，太太too [tu:]也，还this [ðis]这，这个（指较近的人或事物）she [ʃi:]她teacher ['ti:tʃə]老师friend [frend]朋友her [hɜ:]她的his [hiz] 他的nice [nais]美好的，令人愉快的to [tu:](与原形动词一起构成动词不定式)meet [mi:t]遇见，结识time [taim] 时间go [gəʊ]走，去now [naʊ] 现在，目前bye [bai]再见see [si:]看见tomorrow [tə'mɒrəʊ]明天Module 2sit [sit]坐down [daʊn] 向下地，向下sit down 坐下open ['əʊpən] （打）开book [bʊk]书listen ['lisn]听，倾听draw [drɔ:]绘画，画put [pʊt] 放，置up [ʌp]向上地，朝上，向上hand [hænd]手stand [stænd]站立stand up 起立close [kləʊs] 合上，关闭new [nju:]新的student ['stju:d(ə)nt]学生here [hiə]这里，在这里in [in]在……里面one [wʌn]一two [tu:]二three[θri:] 三four [fɔ:] 四five [faiv]五six [siks] 六seven ['sevən] 七eight [eit] 八nine [nain] 九ten [ten] 十telephone ['telifəʊn] 电话number ['nʌmbə]号码old [əʊld]……年龄的，…..岁的how old 多大，几岁twelve [twelv]十二eleven [i'lev(ə)n]十一thirteen[,θɜ:'ti:n]十三fourteen [,fɔ:'ti:n]十四fifteen [,fifti:n] 十五sixteen [,siks'ti:n] 十六seventeen [,sevən'ti:n]十七eighteen [,ei'ti:n]十八nineteen [,nain'ti:n]十九twenty ['twenti]二十boy [bɔi]男孩girl [gɜ:l]女孩desk [desk] 桌子chair [tʃeə]椅子bag [bæg]包，书包Module 3in [in]使用（使用某种语言）English ['iŋgl iʃ]英语，来自英格兰的in English 用英语a [ə; ei]一（个，件……）write [rait]写on [ɒn]在…..上the [ðə; ði:]（指已经谈到或正在谈的事物）blackboard ['blæk,bɔ:d] 黑板OK [,əʊ'kei]行，好（用于表示同意，赞成或理解）pen [pen]笔，钢笔no [nəʊ] 不，不是，没有（用于表示否定的回答）pencil ['pens(ə)l; -sil]铅笔do [du:]（用于构成疑问句和否定句）bird [bɜ:d] 鸟cat [kæt]猫dog [ dɒg]狗flower ['flaʊə] 花help [help] 帮助me [mi:]（宾格）我of [ɒv; əv]…..的course [kɔ:s] 当然of course 是的，当然classroom ['klɑ:sru:m] 教室know [nəʊ] 知道，懂得say [sei] 说，讲that [ðæt]那，那个（指较远的人或事物）again [ə'gen; ə'gein] 再（次），又（一次）welcome ['welkəm]受欢迎的，欢迎（迎接某人到某地的时的用语）You’re welcome 不用谢，别客气black [blæk] 黑色的blue [blu:]蓝色的green [gri:n]绿色的yellow ['jeləʊ] 黄色的red [red] 红色的brown [braʊn] 棕色的orange ['ɒrin(d)ʒ] 橘黄色的，柑橘，橙colour ['kʌlə] 颜色and [ænd] 和，与Module 4day [dei]一天today [tə'dei]今天Monday ['mʌndei]星期一Tuesday ['tju:zdei; -di]星期二Wednesday ['wenzdei; -di] 星期三Thursday['θɜ:zdei; -di]星期四Friday ['fraidei; -di] 星期五Saturday ['sætədei; -di]星期六Sunday ['sʌndei; -di]星期天birthday ['bɜ:θde i]生日favourite ['feiv(ə)rit]最喜爱的spring [spriŋ] 春天summer ['sʌmə]夏天autumn ['ɔ:təm]秋天winter ['wintə]冬天warm [wɔ:m] 暖和的，温暖的hot [hɒt]热的cool[ku:l] 凉快的cold [kəʊld]冷的weather ['weðə]天气like [laik] 如同，像London ['lʌndən]伦敦basketball ['bɑ:skit,bɔ:l]篮球football ['fʊtbɔ:l]足球swimming ['swimiŋ]游泳table tennis ['teibl ,tenis]乒乓球sport [spɔ:t] 运动let [let] 让，使us [ʌs] (宾格)我们let’s = let us 让我们play [plei]参加（体育运动或球赛），玩耍after ['ɑ:ftə] 在…….后school [sku:l]学校idea [ai'diə]想法，主意Module 1Chinese [,tʃai'ni:z] n.中国人；汉语adj.中国的；中国人的from [frɒm; frəm]prep从……来，来自where [weə] adv 在哪里，去哪里year [jɜ:, jiə] n.年龄；年about [ə'baʊt] prep大约What about 怎么样Ms [miz] 女士America [ə'merikə]美国；美洲not [nɒt] 不，不是，没有England ['iŋglənd]英格兰hi [hai] 嘿、喂American [ə'merikən] n.美国人；美洲人adj.美国的；美国人的；美洲的our [aʊə] pron.我们的grade [greid] n.年级he [hi:] pron.他China ['tʃainə]中国everyone ['evriwʌn] pron. 大家；每人capital ['kæpit(ə)l] n.首都；省会but [bʌt; bət] conj.但是，然而very ['veri] adv.很；非常big [big] adj.大的city ['siti] n.城市small [smɔ:l] adj.小的first [fɜ:st] adj.第一（位）的，首要的adv.先；首先first name 名字last [lɑ:st] adj 最后的；最末的last name 姓all [ɔ:l] pron 每个；全体Module 2aunt [ɑ:nt, ænt] n. 姨母；伯母；婶母；舅母；姑母brother ['brʌðə]n兄弟cousin ['kʌzən]n.堂兄弟；表兄弟；堂姐妹；表姐妹daughter ['dɔ:tə] n.女儿family ['fæmili; -m(ə)l-] n.家，家庭father ['fɑ:ðə] n.父亲爸爸grandfather ['g rænd,fɑ:ðə]n.（外）祖父grandmother ['g rænd,mʌðə]n.（外）祖母grandparents ['g rænd,peərənt]n（外）祖父母mother ['mʌðə]n.母亲，妈妈parent ['peərənt]n.母亲，父亲sister ['sistə]n. 姐；妹son [sʌn] n.儿子uncle ['ʌŋkl] n.叔叔；伯伯；舅舅；姑父；姨夫photo ['fəʊtəʊ]n.照片；相片these [ði:z] pron. 这些they [ðei] pron. 他们，她们吗，它们mum [mʌm] n. 妈妈left [left] n左边左侧adj. 左边的；左侧的on the left 在左边，在左侧dad [dæd] n 爸爸right [rait]n 右边，右侧adj. 右边的，右侧的on the right 在右边；在右侧who [hu:; hʊ] pron. 谁woman ['wʊmən] (pl. women ['wimin])n. 成年女子；妇女next [nekst] adj. 紧挨着，紧靠着adv紧接下来地，下一步next to 在……旁边，紧挨着husband ['hʌzbənd] n 丈夫front [frʌnt]n 前面；正面in front of 在……前面those [ðəʊz] pron. 这些bus [bʌs] n 公共汽车station ['steiʃ(ə)n] n,站；车站hospital ['hɒspit(ə)l] n.医院hotel [həʊ'tel]n. 饭店；宾馆police [pə'li:s] n.警察theatre ['θiətə]n 剧院actor ['æktə] n.（男）演员driver ['draivə] n.司机，驾驶员manager ['mænidʒə]n.经理nurse [nɜ:s] n. 护士policeman [pə'li:smən]n.男警察we [wi:] pron. 我们an [æn; ən]art. 一个job [dʒɒb] n. 工作at [æt; ət] prep.在……；在……里same [seim]adj. 相同的，同一的doctor ['dɒktə] n. 医生farm [fɑ:m] n.农场worker ['wɜ:kə] n.工人man [mæn]n. 男人shop [ʃɒp] n.. 商店its [its] pron. 它的their [ðeə]pron. 他们的，她们的，它们的Module 3computer [kəm'pju:tə] n. 计算机；电脑furniture ['fɜ:nitʃə] n. 家具map [mæp]n. 地图picture ['piktʃə] n. 图片；相片television ['teliviʒ(ə)n] n.电视；电视机wall [wɔ:l]n.墙thirty ['θɜ:ti] num 三十forty ['fɔ:ti] num 四十fifty ['fifti]num 五十sixty ['siksti] num 六十seventy ['sev(ə)nti] num 七十eighty ['eiti]num 八十ninety ['nainti] numreally ['riəli] num九十many ['meni] adj. 许多，很多how many 多少there [ðeə; ðə] pron.(用于引导句子的主语)lot [lɒt] n.大量；许多a lot of 大量；许多oh [əʊ] int. 唉，嗷any ['eni]adj. 任何一个；一些world [wɜ:ld]n.世界tree [tri:] n. 树（木）building ['bildiŋ]n.建筑物hall [hɔ:l]n. 大厅；会堂dining hall n. 饭厅，饭堂gate [geit]n. 大门library ['laibrəri; -bri] n.图书馆office ['ɒfis] n. 办公室playground ['pleigraʊnd]n.操场science ['saiəns]n.科学；科学课lab [læb] n.实验室behind [bi'haind]prep 在……后面between [bi'twi:n]prep 在……之间middle ['mid(ə)l] n.中间；之间near [niə]prep 靠近；接近with [wið] prep.与……在一起；和；具有（品质、特征）for [fɔ:; fə] prep 为，为了room [ru:m; rʊm]n.房间；室；屋子Module 4food [fu:d]n.. 食物drink [driŋk] n. 饮料、饮品candy ['kændi] n. 糖果fruit [fru:t] n. 水果meat [mi:t] 肉vegetable ['vedʒtəbl]n. 蔬菜apple ['æpl]n. 苹果bean [bi:n] n. 豆beef [bi:f] n. 牛肉carrot ['kærət] n. 胡萝卜chicken ['tʃikin] n.. 鸡肉chocolate ['tʃɒk(ə)lət] n.巧克力coffee ['kɒfi]n. 咖啡cola ['kəʊlə]n. 可乐juice [dʒu:s] n. 果汁milk [milk] n. 牛奶potato [pə'teitəʊ]n.马铃薯，土豆tea [ti:] n.茶tomato [tə'mɑ:təʊ] n. 西红柿，番茄water ['wɔ:tə] n.水shop [ʃɒp]v. 逛商店；购物go shopping 去买东西，去购物have [hæv] v.aux（助动词）有；吃，喝get [get] v. 得到have got 有；拥有some [sʌm; s(ə)m] adj.若干，一些；少量的一些，某些much [mʌtʃ] adj.许多的，大量的too much 太多kind [kaind] n. 种类lots of 大量；许多so [səʊ] conj. 因此；所以how about （征求意见）……好么？……行吗？has [hæz] （have的第三人称单数现在式）bad [bæd] adj.坏的；不好的healthy ['helθi] adj.健康的delicious [di'liʃəs]adj.美味的bread [bred] n. 面包fish [fiʃ] n. 鱼肉；鱼hamburger ['hæmbɜ:gə] n. 汉堡包ice cream [,ais'kri:m] n. 冰激凌noodle ['nu:d(ə)l]n. 面条rice [rais] n. 米；米饭sugar ['ʃʊgə] n. 糖children ['tʃildrən] n.（14岁以下的）小孩，儿童be good for 对……有帮助sweet [swi:t]adj. 甜的be bad for 对……有害的right [rait] adj. 正确的，对的egg [eg]n. 蛋，鸡蛋eye [ai]n. 眼睛cheese [tʃi:z]n. 奶酪tooth [tu:θ]（pl. teeth[ti:θ]）n. 牙齿bit [bit] n.一点；少许a bit 稍微；有点儿tired [taiəd] adj. 劳累的soup [su:p] n. 汤important [im'pɔ:t(ə)nt] adj. 重要的remember [ri'membə]v. 记住；记起well [wel] adv. 好地stay [stei] v. 保持；停留fat [fæt] adj. 肥胖的get fat 发胖or [ɔ:] conj.或者breakfast ['brekfəst] n. 早饭lunch [lʌntʃ] n. 午饭home [həʊm] n. 家；家庭dinner ['dinə] n. 晚饭；正餐banana [bə'nɑ:nə]n. 香蕉buy [bai] v. 买Module 5half [hɑ:f] 一半past [pɑ:st]晚于，过（几点）o’clock [ə'klɒk] ……点钟to [ tu:] （距整点时间）差……art [ɑ:t] 美术；艺术geography [dʒi'ɒgrəfi]地理history ['hist(ə)ri] 历史IT [,ai'ti:]信息技术maths [mæθs]数学PE [,p i:'i:]体育；体育课lesson ['lesən]（一节课）then [ðen]接着，然后like [laik]喜欢；喜爱difficult['difik(ə)lt]困难的，难懂的love [lʌv]爱；热爱subject ['sʌbdʒikt]科目because [bi'kɒz]因为interesting ['intrəstiŋ]有趣的talk [tɔ:k] 谈话，说话begin [bi'gin] 开始when [wen] 什么时候，何时go to school 上学weekday ['wi:kdei]工作日get up 起床have breakfast 吃早餐house [haʊs]房子；住宅start [stɑ:t]开始work [wɜ:k]学习；工作学习工作break [breik]（课间）休息have lunch 吃饭；吃晚餐go home 回家evening ['i:v(ə)niŋ]晚上watch [wɒtʃ]看，观看have dinner 吃饭；吃晚餐do [du:] 做；干homework ['həʊmwɜ:k]家庭作业bed [bed]床go to bed 上床睡觉sleep [sli:p]n.睡觉v.睡觉go to sleep 开始睡觉；入睡park [pɑ:k]公园busy ['bizi] 忙的繁忙的wash [wɒʃ] 洗；洗涤face [feis] 脸minute ['minit] 分钟Revision module Agrandma ['ɡrændmɑ:] （外）祖母grandpa ['ɡrændpɑ:] （外）祖父him [him] (宾格)他want [wɒnt]想要；需要make [meik]做、制作kitchen ['kitʃin; -tʃən]厨房farmer ['fɑ:mə] 农民week [wi:k] 星期read [ri:d]阅读；看懂story ['stɔ:ri] 故事live [liv]生活；住Module6bear[beə]熊elephant ['elif(ə)nt] 大象giraffe [dʒi'rɑ:f] 长颈鹿lion ['laiən]狮子monkey ['mʌŋk i] 猴子panda ['pændə]熊猫tiger ['taigə] 老虎zebra ['zi:brə; 'zebrə]斑马zoo [zu:] 动物园guide [gaid] 导游animal ['æniml]动物such [sʌtʃ]这样的如此的as [æz] 像…一样such as 比如come [kʌm] 来come from 来自different ['difrənt]不同的country ['kʌntri] 国家other ['ʌðə] 其他的dangerous ['deindʒərəs] 危险的ugh [ʊg] 啊，哎呀also ['ɔ:lsəʊ]也、而且plant [plɑ:nt]植物look [lʊk] 看，瞧look at 看tall [tɔ:l] 高的leave [li:v] 叶子sure [ʃʊə] 的确、当然bamboo [bæm'bu:]竹子cute [kju:t] 可爱的shall [ʃæl; ʃel] ……好吗？要不要……?them [ðem; ðəm] (宾格)他们、她们、它们which [witʃ] 哪一个over ['əʊvə] 在……的上方there [ðeə; ðə] 在那里、往那里over there 在那边、在那里funny ['fʌni] 有趣的call [kɔ:l] ……叫做；称呼……为Africa ['æfrikə)] 非洲Asia ['eiʃə] 亚洲Europe ['jʊərəp] 欧洲little ['litl] 极少量的a little 少量only ['əʊnli] 仅仅、只about [ə'baʊt] 大约，大致kilo ['ki:ləʊ] 千克、公斤people ['pi:pl] 人、人们all over the world 全世界Africa ['æfrikən] 非洲的，非洲人as well as 并且,还grass [grɑ:s, græs] 草large [lɑ:dʒ]大的、巨大的usually ['ju:ʒuəli] 通常alone [ə'ləʊn] 独自地be good at 擅长strong [strɒŋ] 强壮的、强大的；强烈的catch [kætʃ] 抓住、接住many kinds of 许多种类even ['i:vən] 甚至Module7keyboard ['ki:,bɔ:d] 键盘mouse [maʊs] 鼠标；老鼠screen [skri:n] 屏幕connect [kə'nekt] 连接turn [tɜ:n]转动turn on 打开learn [lɜ:n]学；学习document ['dɒkjʊmənt] 文件click [klik]点击use [ju:z] 使用save [seiv] 保存；储存box [bɒks] 框；盒子finally ['fainəli]最后print [print] 打印paper ['peipə]纸share [ʃeə] 共用、分享Australia [ɒs'treiliə] 澳大利亚company ['kʌmpəni]公司；剧团often ['ɒfən] 经常customer ['kʌstəmə]顾客internet ['intənet] 因特网check [tʃek]检查、查看train [trein] 火车travel ['trævl]旅行plan [plæn]n计划v计划；打算ticket ['tikit]票music ['mju:zik] 音乐movie ['mu:vi] 电影night [nait]夜晚search [sɜ:tʃ]搜寻；搜索；查找information [infə'meiʃn] 信息email ['i:meil] 电子邮件send [send]发送game [geim] 游戏sometimes ['sʌmtaimz] 有时候；不时cinema ['sinimə] 电影院clothes [kləʊðz]衣服（总称）visit ['vizit]探望；参观holiday ['hɒlidei]假日；节日Module8card [kɑ:d]卡片party ['pɑ:ti]晚会；聚会present ['preznt]礼物would [wʊd]肯，会；愿意always ['ɔ:lweiz] 总是；一直great [greit]太好了；巨大的；超乎寻常的cake [keik]蛋糕never ['nevə]从不special ['speʃl]特别的，特殊的cut [kʌt]切；剪give [giv]给，送sing[siŋ]唱，唱歌happy['hæpi] 高兴的，幸福的secret ['si:krit]秘密ha ha [hɑ:'hɑ:] 哈哈（表笑声）CD [,s i:'di:]激光唱片；光盘concert ['kɒnsət] 音乐会magazine [,mægə'zi:n]杂志scarf [skɑ:f] 围巾silk [silk] 丝绸dress [dres]连衣裙；礼服T-shirt ['ti:,ʃɜ:t] 恤衫choose [tʃu:z]选择；挑选exercise ['eksə,saiz] 锻炼；练习wear [weə] 穿；戴expensive [ik'spensiv]昂贵的shoe [ʃu:]鞋，鞋子spend [spend] 花（钱）；花费money ['mʌni]钱；金钱film [film]电影song [sɒŋ]歌曲match [mætʃ]（尤指体育方面的）比赛、竞赛weekend [,wi:k'end] 周末at weekends 在周末dear [diə]（用于信开头某人的名字前）亲爱的hear [hiə]听见hear from 收到……的来信afraid [ə'freid]担心的害怕的I’m afraid 恐怕（用于礼貌地拒绝）can’t=cannot 不能Module９postcard ['pəʊstkɑ:d]明信片call [kɔ:l]（给……）打电话lie [lai]躺；平躺sun [sʌn]太阳line [lain]行、排、列take [teik]拿、，取；花费（时间）take photos 拍照wait [weit]等待，等候wait for 等待，等候walk [wɔ:k]行走，不行trip [trip]旅行few [fju:]一些、几个、很少（的）a few 一些、几个sale [seil]卖、出卖on sale 正在出售enjoy [in'dʒɔi]享受…的乐趣喜爱anyway ['eniwei]尽管如此；无论如何back [bæk]向后；回到；返回go back 回去drive [draiv]驾驶；驾车off [ɒf] prep下（飞机、火车、公共汽车等）get off 下（飞机、火车、公共汽车等）hot dog热狗（一种中间夹香肠的三明治）leave [li:v]离开restaurant ['resətrɒnt]饭店；餐馆moment ['məʊmənt] （某事发生的）的时刻，时候place [pleis]地点thing[θiŋ] 事情、东西most [məʊst] 大部分（的）；大多数（的）still [stil]仍然；依旧star [stɑ:] 明星；星；星状物run [rʌn] 跑，奔跑study ['stʌdi]学习；研究Module10lantern ['læntən] 灯笼dragon ['dræɡən]龙dance [dɑ:ns] ｎ舞蹈ｖ跳舞clean [kli:n] ｖ打扫adj.清洁的；干净的sweep [swi:p]打扫；清扫floor [flɔ:] 地板cook [kʊk] 烹调；煮；烧meal [mi:l] 一餐；一顿饭speak [spi:k]说话，讲话happen ['hæpən] 发生ready ['redi]有准备的；准备好的get ready for 为…做好准备festival ['festivl] 节日quite [kwait]十分；相当at the moment 此刻，目前beautiful ['bju:təfl]漂亮的，美丽的at work 在工作away [ə'wei] 在安全的地方；在通常存放的地方put away 收起；收拾好hard [hɑ:d] adv. 努力地adj.艰难的；困难的join [dʒɔin] 参加；加入hurry ['hʌri] 赶快；匆忙hurry up 赶快Christmas ['krisməs]圣诞节February ['febrʊəri]二月January ['dʒænjʊəri] 一月before [bi'fɔ:]在…之前sweep away 扫去luck [lʌk]运气table ['teib(ə)l]桌子celebrate ['seli,breit] 庆祝traditional [trə'diʃnəl] 传统的dumpling ['dʌmpliŋ] 饺子；团子programme ['prəʊgræm]节目sweater ['swetə] 厚运动衫；毛线衣coat [kəʊt] 外套mean [mi:n] 意思是；意味着lucky ['lʌki] 幸运的merry ['meri] 愉快的；高兴的Merry Christmas 圣诞快乐tell [tel]讲；告诉Revision module Bthink[θiŋk] 想，认为。

同性恋英语

同性恋英语篇一：Homosexuality 有关同性恋话题的英语调查文章College Students’ Attitudes towards HomosexualityHave you ever heard about homosexuality If your answer is yes, what’s your attitude towards this phenomenon Are youconservative,uncomfortable,or bound to accept it as a natural human traitDifferent people may have different attitudes, thinking, and behaviors towards homosexuality. Since students entered college with varying levels of knowledge and diverse perspectives on this topic, this research mainly focuses on the attitudes of college students towards homosexuality.A questionnaire that contains 14 questions involving the topic has been sent to 35 individuals to finish. After collecting thesefinished questionnaires, statistic excel forms were made so as to make the result of investigation more clear and vivid. More details and findings are as follows.What exactly is homosexuality Homosexuality includes female homosexuality and male homosexuality with a sexual orientation to persons of the same sex. When referring to the way that people know or learn about homosexuality, most of people know the homosexual phenomenon mainly via TV, movie, broadcasting station, Internet and other media programs. However, few people get it from educational lessons from both school and parents. Besides, about 40 percent of the respondents feel uncomfortable when exposed to a topic about homosexual. Based on the research, more than 50 percent of studentsconsider it as a natural phenomenon among which females are more likely to in favor of it contrast to males.When it comes to the reason of homosexuality, nearly 65 percent hold the view that it’s closely related to their living environment which may have an effect on their sexual orientation psychologically. Others believe that stress from society, improper educational methods from parents also contribute a bit to homosexuality.Nowadays, homosexuality is still a controversial topic. Naturally, some of people may not accept such a controversial moral and social phenomenon. More than 80 percent think that the main cause of people’s not accepting thehomosexuality is the factor of traditional concept and the limited time to accept the homosexuality.What if one of your best friends is a homosexual There is no doubt that the answers to this questions vary from person to person. As indicated by the statistics, about 50 percent take it for grantedthat it will have no influence on their friendship and they will support him or her, regarding it as his or her privacy.Meanwhile,about 70 percent hope that homosexual should be accepted by most of people in the future to create an equal society without discrimination in spite of the fact that it still has a long time to go until marriage of homosexuality is legal in China.According to the result of the questionnaire, the homosexuality is increasingly being viewed as something neutral or even good. Most of college students who are surveyed believed that homosexuality may be caused by living environment as human nature, hoping that homosexuality can be accepted with respect,compassion and rational understanding.——Created by Group2, EIP 6, STU（2022.12）【附：此报告由汕头大学医学院2022级临床医学本硕6班英语第2小组编写】篇二：英语口语_关于同性恋的On NOV 20,2022 ,a special wedding was held in a bar ofChangzhou ,Jiangsu Province. The groom named Zangzhen was about 40 years old while the bridge named Yingzi was just about 20. Look at these picture, you can guess it was a gay wedding ceremony. YES,it’s really a gay wedding. They exchanged their rings and done just as normal weddings. After the wedding, the couple became focus in gay area most because this was the first public gay wedding in Jiangsu and we were moved by their courage and determination, including me. So here, my topic is homosexuality.Homosexuality is defined as :a person who are interested in the same genders psychologically and physically, no matter whether such interest are reflected by real action.There are two factors that influence our sexual orientation. Oneis gene and the other is the environment surround us. That is to say, a change of gene may change our sexual orientation, and also a change of surroundings or sufferings.In china, there are special calls for homosexuality .Male homosexuality are called gay、tongzhi、duanbei、boli, female homosexuality are called lala、LES、lesebian.In recent years, more and more special clubs、bars and websitesfor homosexuality emerged. According to an international survey,the proportion of homosexuality reaches 2% to 5% in the whole population. Based on this , there are about 26 million to 65 million same gender lovers in china.Here are some famous homosexers. (Leonardo da Vinci longyang ). In a TV series called xunqingji, longyangjun is a gay. And zhangguorong, perhaps he is the most famous gay in china. But of course he was talent and one of the most excellent singers.Now some famous movies involves homosexuality. In Chinese 《霸王别姬》1993年《蓝宇》2001年《断臂山》2006年So How to deal with homosexuality. Societalattitudes toward homosexuality vary greatly in different cultures and different historical periods. All cultures have their own values regarding appropriate and inappropriate sexuality; some sanction same-sex love, while others disapprove of such activities.The 2022 Pew Global Attitudes Project: Should homosexuality be accepted by societyPeople in Africa and the Middle East strongly object to societal acceptance of homosexuality. But there is far greater tolerance for homosexuality in major Latin American countries such as Mexico and Brazil. Majorities in every Western European nation surveyed say homosexuality should be accepted by society. Americans are divided –49% accept while 41% disagree.World homosexuality lawsIn 1989, Denmark became the first country where homosexuality was legal. Then some countries began to acknowledge same sex marriage。

HQL多表查询

6.4 HQL的多表查询对象之间总是有各种各样的关系，关联关系是类之间最常见的关系。

多表查询是H QL中的强大功能之一，包括内连接、左连接和右连接等。

多表查询的设置及运行都比较麻烦，在运行本节中的示例时，务必保证每一步都没有错误。

6.4.1 表之间的关联关系在数据库joblog中用到了3个表：student（学生表）、course（课程表）和sc （选课表）。

这些表的详细信息见6.1.1节“示例中用到的默认数据库表和数据”。

在现实模型中，一个学生可以选择多门课程，一个课程可以被多个学生选择，student和course是多对多的关联关系。

为了便于演示HQL的多表查询，本节中假设student和course之间是单向关联关系。

在多对多的关联关系中，一般来说有个中间表，这个表描述了多对多关系，这就是选课表sc，sc每一行数据代表一个学生的选课和成绩。

各个表的主键、外键设置如下。

student表的主键是id字段。

course表的主键是id字段。

sc表的主键是id字段。

sc表中的Sno字段是student表id字段的外键。

sc表中的Cno字段是course表id字段的外键。

图6-8是3个表之间关系的直观表示。

图6-8 3个表之间的关系在MySQL Query Browser中设置好上述关系。

如果此处设置不正确，可能会影响多表连接查询。

其中sc表的建表信息如下（其中包含了外键关系）。

CREATE TABLE 'joblog'. 'sc' ('id' int(10) unsigned NOT NULL auto_increment COMMENT 'id','Sno' int(10) unsigned NOT NULL default '0' COMMENT '学号','Cno' int(10) unsigned NOT NULL default '0' COMMENT '课程号','Grade' int(10) unsigned default NULL COMMENT '成绩',PRIMARY KEY ('id'),KEY 'FK_sc_1' ('Sno'),KEY 'FK_sc_2' ('Cno'),CONSTRAINT 'FK_sc_1' FOREIGN KEY ('Sno') REFERENCES 'student' ('id'), /* 外键信息 */ CONSTRAINT 'FK_sc_2' FOREIGN KEY ('Cno') REFERENCES 'course' ('id') /* 外键信息 */ ) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=gb2312;6.4.2 表中的数据这一节中用到了3个表的数据，student表和course表的数据如6.1节中图6-2和6-4所示，但是sc表的内容变为图6-9所示的数据，其中Sno和Cno存储的分别是student表和course表中对应的主键值。

（完整版）最新外研社三年级起点小学英语三至六年级单词表

（完整版）最新外研社三年级起点小学英语三至六年级单词表外研社小学英语三年级上册单词表(三起2012年版)MOUDLE 1I 我am(I'm=I am) 是(我是) aah啊hello（hi）你好ooh 嗬goodbye（bye-bye）再见are 是How are you? 你好么？你好good 好的morning 早晨,上午fine 健康的thank 谢谢you 你MODULE 2Ms 女士boy 男孩girl 女孩Whoops 哎哟and 那么、和too 也ha ha 哈哈what 什么is（what's=what is）是(是什么)your 你的name 名字please请afternoon 下午 Mr 先生MODULE 3Point 指 to 向……the 这(那)个，这(那)些door 门sit 坐down 向下stand 站up 向上window 窗户blackboard 黑板bird 鸟tweet (鸟)啾啾的叫声desk 桌子chair 椅子MODULE4it 它 it's=it is 它是red 红色的look 看wow 呀，哇yellow 黄色的blue 蓝色的a（an）一个，一chameleon 变色龙my 我的panda 熊猫now 现在green 绿色的black 黑色的dog 狗cat 猫cap 帽子MODULE 5how many多少two 二three 三four 四five 五six 六seven 七eight 八nine 九oh 噢，哦ten 十eleven十一twelve 十二MODULE6happy 快乐的birthday 生日here(here's=here is) 这里，(这是) present 礼物this 这个pencil铅笔pen钢笔cake 蛋糕old ……岁的how old 多大 yes 是的you're=you are你是MODULE 7teacher 教师pupil 小学生school 学校classroom 教室English 英语say 说again 再一次schoolbag 书包ball 球book 书MODULE 8monster 怪物New 新的kite 风筝or 或者don't=do not 不know 知道no 不not（isn't=is not）不，(不是)help 救命（呼救用语）where （where's=where is）哪里，(在哪里)in 在…….里面bag 包MODULE 9 mother 母亲father 父亲sister 姐妹brother 兄弟she(she 's=she is) 她(她是) grandpa 祖父，外祖父grandma 祖母，外祖母that's=that is 那是me 我（宾格）he（he's=he is ）他(他是) doctor 医生policeman 警察nurse 护士driver 司机farmer 农民MODULE 10his 他的leg 腿foot 脚on 在……上arm 胳膊hand 手her 她的nose 鼻子eye 眼睛mouth 嘴ear 耳朵外研社小学英语三年级下册单词表(三起2012年版) MODULE1Song 歌曲TV 电视台favourite 最喜欢的colour 颜色Here you are 给你MODULE2they 他（她/它）们they're=they are他（她/它）们是monkey 猴子baby 幼兽，幼畜all 每个全体zoo 动物园tiger 老虎lion 狮子elephant 大象fat 胖的man人, 男人short 矮的tall 高的thin 瘦的big 大的MODULE 3like 喜欢football 足球them他（她/它）们ouch 哎哟basketball 篮球table tennis 乒乓球morning exercises 早操ride 骑bike 自行车swimming 游泳skip 跳绳MODULE 4meat 肉pass 传，递rice 米饭mum 妈妈noodles (常复)面条fish 鱼肉;鱼but 但是milk 牛奶mm 呣does do的第三人称单数形式 orange 橙;柑;橘apple 苹果banana 香蕉pear 梨doesn't=does not 不 MODULE 5goes (go的第三人称单数形式) 去，到go to school 上学On 在…的时候，通过…，以…的方式 Monday 星期一play 参加（体育活动、比赛等）phone 电话；电话机on the phone 通电话with 与……在一起，同，跟，和friend 朋友at 在...at home 在家who 谁only 只，仅仅year 年龄，岁数work 工作地点go to work 上班Saturday 星期六shopping 购物go shopping 去购物dad 爸爸MODULE 6do 做Sunday 星期日swimming 游泳（运动）go swimming 去游泳eat 吃in 在……期间，在……时候sleep 睡觉watch 观看 TV 电视节目watch TV 看电视have 做；进行，从事class 课；班级today 今天Music 音乐has (ha ve的第三人称单数形式)做；进行，从事Chinese 语文，汉语maths 数学art 美术PE=physical education 体育science 科学MODULE 7we 我们fly 放（风筝）spring 春天summer 夏天season 季节nice 迷人的，令人愉快的warm 暖和的hot 热的autumn 秋天cool 凉爽的winter 冬天cold 寒冷的skating 滑冰go skating 去滑冰play 玩，玩耍snow 雪；下雪rain 雨;下雨sunny 晴朗的，阳光充足的windy 有风的，刮风的very 很，非常MODULE 8toy 玩具under 在……下面for 为，给，对bow 盒子behind 在……后面bedroom 卧室flies(fly的第三人称单数形式)放（风筝） park 公园lake 湖tree 树fishing 捕鱼，钓鱼go fishing 去钓鱼walk 步行MODULE 9have got有sweater 毛线衫bed 床line 线，绳，金属丝about 关于animal 动物sport运动haven't(got)=have not (got) 没有dress 连衣裙coat 外套T-shirt T恤衫has got 拥有（have got的第三人称单数形式）有 hasn't（got）=has not (got) 没有by 乘(交通工具)bus 公共汽车car 汽车，轿车MODULE 10hat 帽子come 来，来到back 回到，返回com back 回来clothes （常复）衣服open 打开let's=let us 让我们put on 穿上，戴上funny 滑稽的party 聚会OK 好的brown 褐色的，棕色的trousers （常复）裤子orange 橙色的，橘黄色的shirt 衬衫look at 看，朝……看 shoe 鞋子can't=can not 不能turn (多人依次轮流时)轮到的机会white 白色的photo照片skirt 女裙裙子ice [ais]冰，冰块also['?:ls??]也，还food[fu:d]食物 fast food 快餐make[meik] 制作tomato [t??mɑ:t?u]番茄，西红柿egg [eɡ]鸡蛋potato[p??teit??]马铃薯，土豆how much…?......多少钱？flower ['fla??(r)]花dumpling [?d?mpli?]水饺help[help]帮助，帮忙buy[bai]买外研社小学英语四年级上册单词表(带音标)(三起2013年版) Module 1straight[streit]直地，直线地go straight on 直着走left [left]左边；向左；左边的right [rait]右边；向右；右边的lost [l?st]迷路的live[liv] 居住No.(number的缩写)第……号street[strit] 大街，街道excuse me对不起，打扰一下turn left 向左转turn right 向右转next to(['nekst])紫靠……旁边, 贴近supermarket['sju:p?,mɑ:kit] 超市beside[bi?said]在……旁边，在……附近cinema[?sin?m?]电影院so much[s?? m?t?]十分，非常You`re welcome!不客气！station['stei??n] 车站train[trein] 火车hill[hil] 小山near[ni?] 接近，临近house[haus] 房屋Module 2 read[ri:d] 阅读 running [?r?ni?]跑步these [ei:z]这些picture['pikt??] 照片 take[teik]拍摄take pictures['pikt??z]照相children ['t?ildr?n] (child的复数) 孩子们 listen ['lisn]听listen to听talk[t?:k]说话，交谈talk to 和……交谈China['t?ain?] 中国Module 3kid[kid]小孩get on 上（车）can[k?n] 能够see[si:]看到lots of许多interesting['intristi?]有趣的thing[θi?]东西,物品，事情people['pi:pl] 人，人们row[r?u] 划（船）dragon['dr?ɡ?n]龙boat[b?ut] 船dragon boat龙舟men[men]（man的复数）男人；between[bi?twi:n]在……之间，在中间chess[t?es] 国际象棋play chess下国际象棋drink[dri?k]喝，饮soya milk[?s?i? milk]豆浆clock[kl?k]钟hungry['h??gri]饥饿的Me too我也一样draw[dr?:] 画jump[d??mp] 跳sing[si?]唱歌dance[dɑ:ns]跳舞Module 4want[w?nt]想要some[s?m] 一些juice[d?u:s]果汁Module 5run[r?n] 跑,奔跑fast[fɑ:st] 快,快速地sky [skai]天，天空high[hai] 高高地winner['win?] 获胜者far[fɑ:] 远afraid[??freid]恐怕strong[str??]健壮的star[stɑ:(r)]明星Module 6sweets [swits] (常复)糖果soup[su:p] 汤sorry['s?ri]抱歉，对不起bread[bred] 面包dark [dɑ?k]黒暗的well [wel]（语气词）唔，噢turn on [t?:n ?n]打开light[lait] 灯Halloween [?h?li:n]万圣节前夕trick or treat [trik ?: tri:t]不请吃就捣蛋give [ɡiv]给come in [k?m in] 请进of course [?v k?:s]当然Module 7there is [e?? iz]有，存在horse[h?:s]马there are[e??ɑ:] 有，存在have a look[h?v ? luk]看一看sheep[?ip] 羊，绵羊vegetable['ved?it?bl] 蔬菜climb[klaim]爬，攀爬face[feis]脸，面孔fruit[fru:t] 水果chicken['t?ikin]鸡bear[be?(r)]熊pig[piɡ]猪Module 8visit['vizit]参观，拜访tomorrow[t?'m?:r?u] 明天 plane [plen] 飞机get up [ɡet ?p] 起床o'clock [?'kl?k]……点钟from[fr?m] 从……来,来自sea[si:] 大海swimsuit[swimsu:t] 游泳衣sock [s?k]短袜fish [fi?]钓鱼hooray [hu'rei]（表示激动与高兴的呼喊声）好，好哇Module 9sports day [sp??ts dei]运动日win[win]胜利，取胜month[m?nθ]月hundred['h?ndr?d]一百（100）metre['mi:t?] 米(长度单位)every ['evri] 每个，每一day一天，一日luck[l?k] 运气good luck祝你好运come on ['k?mɑ：n ?：n] 加油high jump [hai d??mp]跳高long jump [l d??mp]跳远how about…? [ha??'ba?t]......怎么样？subject ['s?bd?ikt]学科，科目Module 10family['f?m?li家，家庭dinner['din?r]晚餐，正餐year[ji?(r)]年份New Year新年Chinese[t?ai'ni?z]中国的festival['festivl]节日the spring festival春节I see我明白了peanut['pi?n?t]花生merry['meri]愉快的Christmas['krism?s]圣诞节Merry Christmas!圣诞快乐！外研社小学英语四年级下册单词表(带音标)(三起2013年版)Module 1nice [nais] 友好的，亲切的,讨人喜欢的clever ['klev?(r)] 聪明的naughty [?n?ti] 淘气的shy [?ai] 害羞的answer ['ɑ:ns?(r)]接(电话)call [k?:l] 电话;(给...)打电话bad [b?d] 不好的,坏的cool [ku:l] 酷的aunt[ɑ:nt] 姨母;姑母;舅母;伯母;婶母uncle ['??kl]伯父;姑父;舅父;叔父;姨父big [biɡ] 年龄较大的little ['litl] 幼小的，年幼的cute[kju:t] 可爱的Module 2city [?siti]城市ship [?ip]船beautiful ['bju:tifl] 美丽的whose [hu:z]谁的queen [kwi:n]女王close [kl??s]近的,接近的old [??ld]年代久的,古老的famous ['feim?s] 著名的Module 3robot [?r?ub?t]机器人will [wil]将,将会everything ['evriθi?]所有事情one day(将来)有一天housework[?ha?sw?:k] 家务活learn [l?:n]学习our ['a??(r)]我们的homework [?h?umw?:k] 家庭作业won't=will not将不会Tuesday[?tju:zdei]星期二Wednesday[?wenzdei]星期三Thursday[?θ?:zdei]星期四Friday[?fraidei]星期五have [h?v]有,拥有next [nekst]下一个week [wik]星期,周holiday ['h?l?dei]假期Module 4take[teik]带，拿fly [flai]飞picnic ['piknik]野餐great [ɡreit]太好了,好极了why [wai]为什么why not? 为什么不呢?because [bi?k?z]因为so [s??] 所以cloudy[?kla?di]多云的weather ['wee?(r)] 天气Module 5was [w?z](be过去式)是then [een] 当时，那时grandparent [?ɡr?nd?p?r?nt]（外）祖父（母）were [w?:]（are的过去式）是young [j??]年轻的old [??ld]老的,年老的hair [he?(r)] 头发so [s??]这么,那么short[??:t]短的long [l??]长的wasn't=was not不是weren't=were not不是clean [kli:n]干净的dirty ['d?:ti]脏的Module 6yesterday['jest?dei]昨天out [a?t]不在家(的)，在外面(的)well [wel]健康的thanks [θ??ks]感谢( thank的第三人称单数) sun [s?n]太阳lesson['lesn]一节课,一堂课village ['vilid?]乡村，村子Module 7had[h?d] (have的过去式)度过phone [f??n](给……) 打电话cook [k?k] 烹调;煮;烧really[?rili]真的wash [wɑ?]洗What about…?......怎么样?did [did] ( do的过去式)助动词didn't=did not没有computer [k?m?pju:t?(r)] 计算机，电脑 love [l?v]爱;喜欢him [him] (he的宾格)他mrs[misiz]夫人,太太miss [mis] 小姐，Module 8sang[s??] ( sing的过去式 ) 唱歌beautifully ['bju:tifli] 优美地,动听地saw [s?:] ( see的过去式) 看见game[ɡeim] 游戏;比赛last [lɑ:st] 最近过去的fun [f?n] 有趣的事went [went] ( go的过去式 )去there [e??] 在哪里,往那里ate [et] （ eat的过去式）吃drank [dr??k] ( drink的过去式 ) 喝,饮drink[dri?k]喝饮料time [taim] 一段时间have a good time玩得开心busy ['bizi] 忙的, 忙碌的took [t?k] ( take的过去式 )拍摄tell[tel] 告诉,告知great [ɡreit] 非常好的,令人愉快的delicious[di?li??s] 美味的，可口的made [meid] (make的过去式和过去分词)做,制作poster['p??st?(r)] 海报,招贴画Module 9welcome ['welk?m] 欢迎postcard [?p??stkɑ?d]明信片cousin['k?zn] 表(堂)兄弟; 表(堂)姐妹dear [di?(r)] 亲爱的on holiday [?n ?h?l?di] 在休假,在度假travel[?tr?vl]旅行,游历came [keim] ( come的过去式 ) 来pop [p?p]流行音乐的concert ['k?ns?t]音乐会earth [?:θ]地球Module 10fall [f?:l]掉下,落下;摔倒fall off [f?:l ?f]f跌落fell [fel] (fall的过去式)掉下,落下;摔倒 fall down [f?:l daun]摔倒,跌倒;坍塌found [fa?nd] ( find的过去式) 发现,找到town[ta?n] 城镇,市镇happen['h?p?n] 发生ride [raid]骑车then然后thirsty ['θ?:sti] (口)渴的water['w?:t?(r)]水bought [b?:t] ( buy的过去式和过去分词) 买watermelon [?w?:t?mel?n] 西瓜carried['k?rid] ( c arry的过去式和过去分词 )拿,搬 bump[b?mp] 撞伤hospital['h?spitl] 医院had (have的过去式)吃;喝chocolate [?t??k?lit] 巧克力stomach ache[?st?m?k eik] 胃痛cold [k??ld] 感冒head ache[?hedeik]头痛fever['fi:v?(r)] 发烧外研社小学英语五年级上册单词表(带音标)(三起2013年版) Module 1met[met](meet过去式)碰上，遇见above[??b?v]在.....上方，在.....之上ground[gra?nd]地面those[e??z]那些ice cream[ais kri:m]冰激凌us[?s](宾格)我们finish['fini?]吃完wait[weit]等待，等候hurry['h?ri] 赶紧，匆忙hurry up[?h?ri ?p] 赶紧，赶快dropped[dr?pt](drop过去式）（无意中）使掉落email['i:meil]电子邮件ran[r?n] (run的过去式) 跑love[l?v]爱你的Module 2list[list]清单er[?:]哦，嗯，呃need[ni:d] 需要first[f?:st]首先，第一；最先的，第一（次）的 can[k?n]可以lost[l?st ]（的过去式）丢失how much[hau m?t?]多少（用于不可数名词） *cheese[t?i:z] 奶酪any['eni]一些，一点，若干use[ju:s]使用over there[??uv? e??]在那边bottle['b?tl]瓶子；一瓶的容量half[hɑ:f]一半kilo['ki:l??] 千克，公斤a lot of[? l?t ?v]许多的Module 3weekend[?wi:k'end]周末place[pleis]地方British[?briti?]英国的，英国人的，英国人museum[mju?zi:?m]博物馆how[ha?]如何，怎样best[best]最took[t?k]（take的过去式）搭乘，乘坐（交通工具）；需要花费（一定的时间） trip[trip]旅行，旅程along[??l??]沿着river['riv?]河，江hour['a??]小时twenty[?twenti]二十minute['minit]分钟of[?v]关于......的，表明......的wall[w?:l]墙，城墙arrive[?'raiv]到达for[f?r]达，计mountain['ma?nt?n]山with[wie] 拥有，具有plant[plɑ:nt]植物Module 4pair[p?r]一套，一双，一副shorts[??:ts]（常复）短裤*argue['ɑ:ɡju:]争论，争吵matter['m?t?]问题，麻烦What’s the matter?怎么啦？took[t?k]（take的过去式）拿（走），取（走）wear[we?] 穿That’s OK没关系sports[sp?:ts]体育运动的，体育运动用的hey[hei]嘿，喂Module 5nineteen[?nain?ti:n]十九crayon['krei?n]蜡笔fifteen[?fif?ti:n]十五begin[bi'ɡin]开始give out[ɡiv aut]分发all right[?:l rait]好，行thirteen[?θ?:'ti:n] 十三fourteen[?f?:?ti:n]十四sixteen[?siks?ti:n]十六seventeen[?sevn?ti:n]十七eighteen[?ei?ti:n]十八floor[fl?:]地面，地板forty['f?:ti]四十number[?n?mb?]数字thirty['θ?:ti]三十fifty['fifti]五十sixty['siksti]六十seventy[?sevnti]七十eighty['eiti]八十ninety['nainti]九十happily[?h?pili]幸福地，愉快地many['meni]许多，很多Module 6well[wel] 好,熟练地team[ti:m]运动队，球队really[?ri:?li]很，非常good at[ɡud ?t]擅长catch[k?t?]抓住，接住*goalkeeper[?g??lki:p?]守门员think[θi?k]想，认为fantastic[f?n?t?stik]极好的 fan[f?n]狂热仰慕者，迷past[pɑ:st]过去swan[sw?n]（swim的过去式）游泳slow[sl??]慢的healthy[?helθi]健康的Module 7a lot[? l?t]许多，大量useful[?ju:sfl]有用的show[]（电视或广播）节目*presenter[pri?zent?]（电视或广播节目的）主持人deaf[def]失聪的，聋的blind [blaind]失明的，瞎的hear[hi?]听到her[h?]（宾格）她fire['fai?]火灾，失火*firefighter[?fai?fait?]消防队员hot dog[h?t d?g]热狗*sausage[?s?sid?]香肠kind[kaind]友好的，善意的，体贴的Module 8time[taim]时刻，时候，时间school[sku:l]上课时间，上学时间start[stɑ:t]开始，发生past[pɑ:st]晚于，过（几点）late[leit]迟到的go to bed上床睡觉exercise['eks?saiz] 运动，锻炼playground['pleiɡra?nd] 操场before[bi?f?:] 在……之前join[d??in]加入，参加Skipping rope 跳绳coffee[?k?fi]咖啡tea[ti:]茶always['?:lweiz]总是，一直bell[bel]钟，铃rang[r??](ring过去式)鸣，响into['int?]进入......里面Module 9feel[fi:l] 感觉,觉得bored 厌烦的，厌倦的sad[s?d] 伤心的，难过的woof[wuf]（狗发出的）吠声miss[mis] 想念angry['??ɡri] 生气的，愤怒的ill[il]有病的，不健康的told[t??ld](tell的过去式)告诉better['bet?]痊愈的，恢复健康的farm[fɑ:m] 农场tired['tai?d] 累的,疲劳的won[w?n](win的过去式)赢，获胜ruler[?ru:l?]直尺smell[smel]闻出，嗅出Module 10kitchen['kit?in]厨房toilet['t?il?t]厕所，卫生间，room[ru:m]房间living room[?livi? ru:m]起居室，客厅*hide-and-seek[?haid n ?si:k]捉迷藏now[na?] 好，哦last[lɑ:st] 最后hide[haid] 躲，躲藏sofa['s??f?] 沙发shout[?a?t] 呼喊，大叫grass[ɡrɑ:s]草，草地baby['beibi]婴儿dangerous[?deind??r?s]危险的外研社小学英语五年级下册单词表(三起2013年版)Module 1drove （drive的过去式）驾驶flute 笛子player 演奏者office 办公室parent 父亲，母亲Module 2email 电子邮件sausage 香肠sandwich 三明治delicious 美味的Module 3return 归还borrow 借入，借来Module 4fine （身体）很好sent （send的过去式）寄 get 收到，接到chocolate 巧克力糖season 季节Module 5broken 损坏的，折断的 carry 提，背，抱back 背部shoulder 肩膀，肩部brown 棕色的，褐色的 hand 手Module 6 place 地方circle 圆，圆圈build 建造solve 解答，解释hope 希望amazing 令人惊讶的thought （think 的过去式）认为Module 7message 信息another 另一个click on 发出咔嚓声，点击busy 忙碌的Module 8of course 当然drew （draw的过去式）画piece 张，片，块paper 纸scissors 剪刀（复数）Module 9theatre 剧院men （man的复数形式）男人women （woman 的复数形式）女人 room 房间history 历史question 问题Module 10ticket 票toothbrush 牙刷leave 离开，动身building 建筑物2015版外研社小学英语六年级上册（三年级起点）单词表(带音标) Module 1more than[m?: e?n] 超过thousand['θauz?nd]一千kilometre['kil?mi:t?]千米，公里something[?s?mθi?]某事物，某种东西*million['milj?n]百万map[m?p]地图right[rait]正确的country[?k?ntri]国家Module 2dancing['d?nsi?]跳舞，舞蹈*Chinatown[?t?ain??ta?n]唐人街，中国城sometimes[?s?mtaimz]有时shop[??p]商店then[een]既然是这样，那么ah[ɑ:]啊strong[str??]坚固的Module 3collect[k?'lekt]收集stamp[st?mp]邮票hobby[?h?bi]业余爱好*doll [d?l]玩具娃娃Bicycle[?baisikl]自行车Module 4*Thanksgiving['θ??ks,givi?]感恩节Thanksgiving Day感恩节flag[fl?ɡ]旗；国旗Flag Day(美国)国旗制定纪念日fly [flai]（使）（旗帜）飘扬special['spe??l]特殊的，特别的meal[mi:l]餐sound[saund]听起来football [?futb?:l]（美式）橄榄球moon cake[mu:n keik]月饼the Mid-Autumn Festival中秋节the Dragon Boat Festival端午节race[reis]比赛，竞赛*lantern[?l?nt?n]灯笼the lantern Festival元宵节hang[h??]悬挂，吊Module 5pen friend[pen frend]笔友Pleased to meet you!很高兴见到你！ address[??dres]地址French[frent?] 法语age[eid?]年龄story[?st?:ri]故事candy[?k?ndi]糖果Module 6World[w?:(r)ld]世界often[??f?n]经常difficult[?difik?lt]困难的knife[naif]餐刀；刀子fork[f?:k]餐刀；叉chopsticks ['t??pstiks]（常复）筷子apanese[?d??p?'ni:z]日本的Module 7believe[bi'li:v] 相信snake[sneik]蛇*DVD数字化视频光盘，DVD光盘 together[t?'gee?]一起，共同lucky['l?ki] 幸运的bamboo[b?m'bu:]竹子its[its]它的body['b?di]身体come out of从……中出来*flute[flu:t]笛子get[get]变得，变成frightened['fraitnd]恐惧的，害怕的Module 8long ago很久以前I’d love to我很乐意not really不全是，事实上没有stop（使）停止clean[kli:n]打扫，（使）清洁camera['k?m(?)r?]照相机show[] 把……给（某人）看never['nev?]从不Module 9around[?'ra?nd] 在四周，到处all around到处,遍及member state成员国inside[in'said]向室内，向里面should[??d]应该Module 10line [lain] (等候的)长队，队列stand in line排队close[kl??s]关门，关闭librarian[lai'bre?ri?n]图书馆管理员rule[ru:l]规定，规章quiet['kwai?t]安静的problem['pr?bl?m] 麻烦，困难，问题No problem没问题cross[kr?s] 穿过（马路等）；渡过（河）2015外研版六年级下册英语单词表Module 1look看上去cashier收银员cola可乐dollar美元cent美分enjoy享用，享受careful小心的Be careful!小心!Module 2later后来，以后to go剩余duck鸭子pond水池，池塘cloud云dry干的like像......一样look like看来好像stay保持，维持Module 3shine（太阳）发光，照耀cry哭everyone人人，每人；大家fly away飞走just就，且请cow奶牛blow吹，刮rabbit兔子Module 4balloon气球stairs（常复）楼梯mess肮脏；凌乱Module 5play演奏third第三（个）time次，回bark（狗）吠，叫loudly大声地nothing没有东西，没有事情Module 6home回家got(get的过去式)得到，收到space太空interested感兴趣spaceship宇宙飞船finish结束，完成decide决定paper纸做的，纸质的brought(bring的过去式)拿来，带来 bring back带回model模型taikonaut（中国的）太空人，宇航员first最初（的），第一次（的） national国家的，民族的seed种子Module 7spent(spend的过去式)度过about大约flew(flow的过去式)飞，飞行October十月video录像proud感到自豪的，感到骄傲的 someday有朝一日born出生，诞生as作为became(become的过去式)变成 letter字母spell拼写，拼出herself她自己all over到处，遍处，处处live活着role model模范；榜样Module 8cup杯子planned(plan的过去式)计划baseball棒球more更强烈地smile微笑mistake错误make mistakes犯错误with与......有关said(say的过去式)说。

数字随机表

世界中西医结合杂志2009年第4卷第11期　World Journal of Integrated Traditi onal and W estern Medicine 2009,Vol 14,No 111 ・临床研究・基金项目:山东省中医药科技发展计划项目(No .2007-058)作者单位:1.山东中医药大学附属医院,山东济南250011;2.山东中医药大学,山东济南250014通讯作者:连方,Email:f_lian@复方玄驹胶囊治疗肾阳虚型黄体功能不健的临床研究孙振高1　连方1　张建伟2　张宁2　李婷婷2　郭颖2【摘要】　目的　探讨复方玄驹胶囊治疗肾阳虚型黄体功能不健(LP D )的临床疗效及作用机理。

方法　按随机数字表法将入选患者分为观察组和对照组。

治疗组口服复方玄驹胶囊,对照组口服克罗米芬,排卵后应用多力玛,治疗两个月经周期观察两组患者临床症状、月经情况、内分泌指标、基础体温和子宫内膜组织学变化。

结果　复方玄驹胶囊改善肾阳虚临床证候治愈率达51.79%,有效率92.86%;对照组治愈率为18.64%,有效率为69.50%,两组比较有显著性差异(P <0.05)。

观察组HPS 评分、血清激素水平、子宫内膜组织学变化等方面与治疗组相当。

结论　复方玄驹胶囊能明显改善肾阳虚型LP D 的BBT 高温相,提高患者血清孕酮(P )水平,改善子宫内膜腺体分泌,而达到调经助孕的目的。

【关键词】　复方玄驹胶囊;黄体功能不健;肾阳虚C li n i ca l Research of Co m pound Xuan ju Capsules i n the Trea t m en t of L ute 2a l Pha seD ef i c i ency due to K i dney Yang D ef i c i encyS UN Zhen -gao 1,L I A N Fang 1,Z HANG J ian -wei 2,Z HANG N ing 2,L I Ting -ting 2,G UO Ying 2(1.Affiliated Hos p ital of Shandong University of Traditi onal Chinese Medicine,J inan Shandong 250011;2.Shandong University of Traditi onal Chinese Medicine,J inan Shandong 250014)【Abstract 】　O bjecti ve To exp l ore the clinical efficacy and acti on mechanis m of compound xuanju cap sules in the treat m ent of luteal phase deficiency (LP D )due t o kidney yang deficiency .M ethods Accord 2ing t o random nu mber table,the enlisted patients were divided int o observati on gr oup and contr ol gr 2pound xuanju cap sules were ad m inistered orally in observati on gr oup and cl om i phene was taken orally in con 2tr ol gr oup.After ovulati on,turinal was used .After treated f or t w o -month menstrual circles,clinical sy mp 2t om s,menstrual conditi on,endocrinal index,basic body temperature and endometrial hist ol ogical changes were observed in t w o gr oup s .Results The curative rate of clinical sy mp t om s of kidney yang deficiency was 51.79%treated with compound xuanju cap sules and the effective rate was 92.86%.I n contr ol gr oup,the cura 2tive rate was 18.64%and the effective rate was 69.60%.Significant difference p resented in comparis on of t w o gr oup s (P <0.05).Equal efficacy was achieved in HPS scoring,seru m hor mone level and endometrial hist ol ogical changes in observati on gr oup compared with treat m ent drug .Conclusi on Compound xuanju cap 2sules i m p r ove apparently BBT high -te mperature phase in LP D of kidney yang deficiency syndr ome,increase seru m p r ogester one level and enhance uterine endometrial secreti on s o as t o regulate menstruati on and benefit p regnancy .【Key words 】　Compound xuanju cap sules;Luteal phase deficiency;Kidney yang deficiency 黄体功能不健(LP D )是临床常见月经失调的类型之一,是由于月经黄体期卵巢黄体所产生的孕激素(P )不足或分泌持续时间过短造成黄体过早衰退,导致子宫内膜分泌功能的转换不全以及子宫内膜对P 反应性差而引起的一类疾病。

中法成绩对照表

中法课程名对照表/******Statement: this version of Course Name List of Chinese-French is organized by Kitty. Han during work period. It is free for the users. The users have the right to copy, extend, revise and spread this version. Organizer doesn’t have the legal responsibility for the consequence of use. It is welcomed to give organizer some suggestions to revise and improve the quality of this version.********//***************************************//****************************************/(选)美国文学Littérature américaine (cours à option)大连理工大学城市学院Faculté d’urbanisme de l’universitépolytechnique de Dalian中国防卫科技学院Institut de la science et de la technique de Chine pour la défense大连轻工业学院l’institut d’industrie légère de Dalian大连轻工业学院职业技术学院教务办公室(印鉴) Administration des études de la Facultéde Technique professionnelle de l’I nstitut d’industrie légère de Dalian (Sceau)大连理工大学城市学院教学管理部Administration d’enseignement de la Faculté d’urbanisme de l’université polytechnique de Dalian沈山线高山子车站南Au sud de la Gare de Gaoshanzi sur la ligne de train de Shenshan“三个代表”的重要思想Pensée-JIANG Zemin sur“trois représentatioins”法律特警Policier spécial judiciaire抚顺纺织工业职工中等专业学校Ecole professionnelle à niveau secondaire pour travailleurs d’industrie textile de la municipalité de Fushun沈阳化工学院材料科学与工程学院La Facultéde science et ingénierie de matériaux de l’Institut d’industrie chimique de Shenyang高等教育自学考试毕业证书Les examens pour les autodidactes d’enseignement supérieur Diplôme de fin d’études辽宁省高等教育自学考试委员会la Comitédes examens pour les autodidactes d’enseignement supérieur de la province du Liaoning 沈阳化工学院招生办公室L’Office d’admission d’élèves de l’Institut d’industrie chimique de Shenyang辽宁省教育厅中等职教证书用章Le Sceau àusage spécial pour diplômed’enseignement secondaire professionnel du Département d’Education de la province du Liaoning成人中等专业学校毕业证书Diplôme de fin d’études de l’Ecole professionnelle à niveau secondaire pour adultes2000年9月至2001年7月septembre 2000-juillet 20012001-2002年度第一学期1er semestre 2001-20022002-2003学年第一学期1er semester 2003-2003 année2002秋Automne de 20022003春Printemps de 2003大连医科大学Université de Médecine de Dalian大连医科大学学生成绩表Université de Médecine de Dalian20世纪美国小说史Histoire des romens américains du XXe siècle20世纪中国文学名著欣赏Appréciation aux chef-d’œuvres de littérature chinoise du XXe siècle20世纪中国音乐批评Critique àla 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de production des vêtements服装设计管理Gestion de conception des vêtements 采风Collection针织tricot服装设计学(基础Style des vêtements (Base中国防卫科技学院学生成绩表Bulletin des notes scolaires dan l’Institut de la science et de la technique de Chine pour la défense专业 :文物鉴定与修复Section : Appréciation et réparation de piece archéologique院系 : 文物系Département : piece archéologique 大连医科大学教务处université de Médecine de Dalian渤海大学英语系Faculté de langue anglaise de l’université薄膜技术与混合电路Technique des couches minces et circuit hybride补考成绩Résultat à l’examen supplémentaire补考合格 a repassé l’examen材料分析Analyse de matériaux材料化学Chimie des matériaux材料科学Science de matériaux材料科学基础Base de science de matériaux材料物理导论Introduction à physique de matériaux考古学导论Introduction à l’archéologie考古实践Pratique archéologique古文字学Paléographie材料物理与化学实验Expérience physique et chimique de matériaux材料系毕业论文Mémoire de fin d’études du département de matériaux材料与化学工程学院Facultéd’ingénierie matérielle et chimique材料与技法研究Recherche des matériaux et de tecnologie 财产管理Gestion de Propriété财金系Finances财经应用文写作Ecriture de sycle administratif pour finance et économie公文写作Ecriture de documents officiels现代管理大学Université de Gestion moderne财经英语Langue anglaise pour finance etéconomie财务分析Analyse financière财务报表分析Analyse de formulaire financier财务管理Gestion d’affaires financières财务管理Gestion financière财务管理概论Introduction à gestion financière财务会计Comptabilité financière财务会计（电算化）Comptabilité financière (par l’ordinateur) 财政学Finances财政学Science de Finances财政金融Finances et finance财政与金融Finances et monnaie彩色电视原理Principe de télévision en couleurs餐厅设计Projet de réfectoire餐饮管理Gestion de salle à manger操作系统Système d’exploitation操作系统Système d’opération操作系统（含java）Système d’exploitation (comprend Java) 测量实习Stage de mesurage策划学原理Principe de projet策划学原理Principe de projet层次Niveau拆装实习Stage de démontage et de montage拆装实习Stage de eléballage et de calage车辆保险与理赔Assurances et dédommagement d’auto成本会计Comptabilité du prix de revient成本会计学Comptabilité du coût成本管理Gestion de coût成功沟通艺术Art de communication à réussir成绩Notes成绩Résultats成绩表Bulletin des notes成绩单Bulletin成绩管理部门l’Administration des résultats成绩证明Attestation des notes承销与理赔案例Exemples de vente et dédommag城镇应届Diplômé frais émoulu du lycée, urbain程序设计Programmation程序设计基础Base de programme抽考代表Catégorie d’inscrire à l’examen : lettres 出生日期Date de naissance传播学Propagation传感器原理Principe de capteur传记文学概论Introduction à littrature biographique传统文化Culture traditionnelle创造心理学Psychologie créatrice创造心理学Psychologie de création大连海事大学Université maritime de Dalian大连民族学院毕业生分配专用章Le tampon àusage spécial pour affectation des diplômés de l’Institut des minorités nationales de Dalian (Tampon)大连民族学院大学生就业指导中心le tampon du centre de guide pour emploi d’étudiant de l’Institut des minorités nationales de Dalian (Tampon)大连民族学院教务处(印鉴) Administration des études de l’Institut des minorités nationales de Dalian大连医科大学教务处Administration des études de l’universitéde médecine de Dalian大连民族学院经济管理学院La Facultéde Gestion économique de l’Institut des minorités nationale s de Dalian (Tampon)大连民族学院学生历年学习成绩表Bulletin des notes depuis des années des étudiants à l’Institut des minorités nationales de Dalian大连轻工学院Institut d’industrie légère de Dalian大连尚立艺术高级中学Ecole secondaire du deuxième cycle d’Art de Shangli de Dalian大连市：à la ville de Dalian大连市第十五中学Ecole secondaire n° 15 de la municipalitéde Dalian大连市高等教育自学考试指导委员会办公室Office du comitéde conduite aux examens pour autodidactes d’enseignement supérieur de la municipalité de Dalian大连市计算机中等职业技术专业学校Ecole secondaire spécialisée pour technique professionnelle d’ordinateur de la municipalité de Dalian辽阳市第二中等职业技术专业学校Ecole secondaire spécialisée n o 2 de technique professionnelle de la municipalité de Liaoyang大连市教育局考试中心Centre des examens du Bureau d’Eucation de la municipalité de Dalian大连市教育局普通高中毕业证书专用章Le sceau d’acier à usage spécial pour diplôme de l’école secondaire générale du deuxième cycle du Bureau d’Education de la municipalité de Dalian瓦房店铁路职工弟子中学Ecole secondaire pour enfants d’employés du chemin de fer de Wangfangdian大连市教育委员会du Comité d’Education de la municipalité de Dalian大连市教育委员会高级中学学籍管理专用章Le tampon àusage special pour administration du statut des élèves de l’école secondaire du deuxième cyele du Comité d’Education de la municipalité de Dalian大连市开发区第一中学Ecole secondaire n°1 de la zone de développement économique et technique de Dalian大连市私立东方实验学校Ecole-pilote privée de la municipalitéde Dalian大连市中山区。

表格多中国人写的

Materials Science and Engineering A402(2005)193–202Surface compositional inhomogeneity and subsurface microstructures in a thin-walled AZ91D plate formed by hot-chamber die castingC.Y.Cho a,J.Y.Uan a,∗,H.J.Lin ba Department of Materials Engineering,National Chung Hsing University,250Kuo-Kuang Rd.,Taichung402,Taiwan,ROCb Department of Materials Science andEngineering,National UnitedUniversity,1Lien Da Rd.,Miao-Li360,Taiwan,ROCReceived in revised form5April2005;accepted18April2005AbstractThe accumulation of alloying elements and iron impurities in thin-wall AZ91D plate(300mm×240mm×1.4mm)formed by hot-chamber die casting were investigated.Moldﬁlling and temperature variation during casting were computationally simulated.The concentrations of alloy elements were examined using a glow discharge optical emission spectrometer(GD-OES).Glancing angle X-ray diffraction(GAXRD)and scanning electron microscopy(SEM)were employed to elucidate the microstructures of the samples.The results reveal that the concentrations of each alloying element and iron impurities in the die cast plate increased in the direction ofﬁlling of the melt—from the gate of the running system to theﬁnal position of the melt.Al,Zn,Mn and Fe accumulated in theﬁnal position where the melt had the lowest temperature and the solid fraction was highest.The chemical compositions at the surface of the die cast had higher concentrations than those in the interior.The subsurface as-cast microstructure and the[0002]preferred orientation differed substantially among the positions on the die casting plate.In a position with a high concentration of alloying elements,the microstructures contain the equiaxed␣-Mg grains and interdendritic Mg17Al12␤phase,and have a weakly preferred orientation.Near the gating system,where the concentration of alloying elements was low,the as-cast microstructure adjacent to the surface comprised columnar grains,exhibiting a relatively strongly preferred orientation.The simulation and experiments reveal that the concentrations of the alloying elements varied along theﬁlling passage in the mold cavity.The size of the passage evidently affects the accumulation of the alloying elements.©2005Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.Keywords:AZ91D;Hot-chamber;Chemical composition;Numerical simulation;Microstructure1.IntroductionMagnesium alloys have a high strength to weight ratio because magnesium has a low density,which is two thirds that of aluminium and one quarter that of iron.They are light and stiff.Therefore,they are used in a wide range of appli-cations,in which lightness is advantageous,particularly in automotive,aerospace and portable microelectronics appli-cations[1–5].Most magnesium alloys are formed using die casting technology,which is the most broadly accepted pro-cess for forming cast components of high quality at low cost.The main commercial cast magnesium alloys are based on the Mg–Al–Zn series,especially AZ91D(Mg–9wt.%∗Corresponding author.Tel.:+886422854913;fax:+886422857017.E-mail address:jyuan@.tw(J.Y.Uan).Al–1wt.%Zn),because they have high castability,satisfac-tory corrosion resistance and favorable mechanical charac-teristics[6–8].The alloying element in AZ91D magnesium alloy strongly affects its castability[9–11],its mechanical characteristics [12–14]and its corrosion resistance[15,16].Aluminum,for instance,improves castability,strength and corrosion resis-tance.Zinc also increases the alloy’s corrosion resistance [17–19].Iron and nickel are impurities in magnesium alloys, but they must be maintained at the ppm level to optimize corrosion performance[20,21].Manganese increases the salt-water resistance of the Mg–Al–Zn alloy by removing iron from the intermetallic compounds,some of which separate out during melting[22].The chemical elements and their con-centration decisively determine the performance of magne-sium alloy.Magnesium alloy has commonly been used under0921-5093/$–see front matter©2005Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.msea.2005.04.043194 C.Y.Cho et al./Materials Science andEngineering A402(2005)193–202as-cast conditions[23],so the compositional heterogeneity of the die cast parts must be determined.Investigations[24,25] have established that the compositional heterogeneity of the solidiﬁed alloy is associated with the freezing range of the molten alloy.The AZ91D magnesium alloy has a wide range of freezing temperatures of∼130◦C[26].Scheil[27],using an analytical expression for inverse segregation in nonferrous metals,indicated that the chemical concentration is maximal at the chill surface.The chill skin is adjacent to the surface of the AZ91D die cast[28,29].However,research on the varia-tion of concentration with the thickness of the die cast AZ91D plate is limited.Also,works on the concentration proﬁle along the molten metalﬁlling direction from the gate to the area far from the gate at the end of theﬁlling process are few.During die casting,the mold,which is clamped together by the hydraulic force,isﬁlled rapidly(5–100ms)by forcing the molten metal through a narrow gate[30].The distinctive characteristic of this process is the structural heterogeneity of the metal,caused by the formation of a chilled skin on the surface of die castings.The properties of the surface layers of magnesium alloys are some of the factors that most strongly determine their use[31–33].For example,the yield stress of a nominally1mm thick magnesium die casting falls from186 to160MPa when0.125mm is removed from both surfaces [33].The skin surface of a die cast product corrodesﬁrstly when the product is exposed to a corroding environment,so the microstructure and alloy concentrations,including those of the impurities in the chill skin layer,must be investigated for a thin-walled die cast.This study addresses the redistribution of alloying ele-ments and subsurface microstructures with theﬁlling of the mold during hot-chamber die casting.The numerical simula-tion method was used to predict the molten metalﬂow pattern and thermal proﬁle.The concentration proﬁles of the alloy-ing elements and impurities,as well as the microstructures, were measured and compared with the simulated results. 2.Experimental procedures2.1.MaterialsAZ91D die cast panels were produced on a hot-chamber die casting machine(with a locking force of250tonnes) with the following casting parameters—casting temperature T cast=620–630◦C;die temperature T die=220◦C and injec-tion rate V in=57.7m/s.Table1presents the compositions of the molten magnesium alloy.Fig.1shows the dimensions of the notebook panel(with an area of300mm×240mm anda thickness of1.4mm)and the runner system.2.2.Numerical simulation of the die casting processA commercial package software(JSCAST),consisting of aﬁlling and solidiﬁcation simulation system,was employed to conduct a numerical analysis.This software is based on Table1The chemical compositions of the molten AZ91D alloy(in wt.%)Al8.87Zn0.70Mn0.21Si0.02Fe0.005Cu0.002Ni0.001Mg Bal.theﬁnite difference method(FDM),which couples the widely applied Navier–Stokes and Fourier equations.It is,therefore, known to be highly accurate for simulating moldﬁlling and solidiﬁcation[34,35].Table2explicates the physical proper-ties and initial conditions for the simulation.SKD61die steel was employed as a mold material at an initial temperature of 220◦C.The wall boundary condition was the no-slip con-dition,following the Hagen–Poiseuille laminarﬂow model [36],which means that the velocity of the molten metal must change from whatever its value is far away from the wall to a value of zero at the wall.The optimum number of meshes used in the simulation was about7.5million.2.3.Measuring concentrations of alloying elements and impuritiesFig.2schematically depicts the die cast panel,divided into19samples.The chemical composition of each sample,of Fig.1.The die cast thin-walled AZ91D magnesium alloys of notebook panel (1.4mm in thickness).The gating system,overﬂow and vents are indicated.C.Y.Cho et al./Materials Science andEngineering A 402(2005)193–202195Table 2Physical properties and initial conditions for the simulation Material Solidus T s (◦C)Liquidus T L (◦C)Density (kg/m 3)C p (J/kg K)Latent heat (J/kg)Temperature (◦C)AZ91D Casting 470600 1.81×103794.9637.4×104630pouring temperature SKD61Mold––7.80×103543.92–220moldtemperatureFig.2.The schematic illustration of die cast panel.Sampling was made by dividing the panel into speciﬁc positions.The arrow on the right represents the overall ﬁlling direction of molten metal in the cavity.both the surface and the interior of the die cast,was examined by glow discharge optical emission spectrometry (GD-OES)[37].Several authors have detailed the scientiﬁc and technical fundamentals of the GD-OES technique and have establishedits accuracy to be comparable to other methods for a wide range of alloys [38–41].Each sample for the GD-OES test has a clean and ﬂat surface to reduce measurement errors.GD-OES analysis was performed at 8–10points on each sample.Fig.3a plots the surface,which has nine discharged spots.Fig.3b presents the cross-sectional view following GD-OES discharge,used to analyze the composition.These works yield compositional data on the sub-surfacial layer.A depth of about 0.5mm of each sample was removed by grinding on SiC paper,and then GD-OES analysis was performed to determine the interior chemical composition of the die cast.Three die cast panels were analyzed.Accordingly,the chem-ical compositions at each location were the means of 24–30measurements.2.4.X-ray analysis andmicrostructureGlancing angle X-ray diffraction (GAXRD)with Cu K ␣radiation was used to examine the preferred orientation of the die chill subsurface structure.A glancing angle of 2◦and an X-ray scanning speed of 0.5◦/min were used in the experiment.Specimens were polished using 0.05␮m alu-mina powder and chemically etched in an acetic–picralsolu-Fig.3.(a)Macro-morphology after GD-OES analysis.The GD-OES analytical size is about 5mm in diameter;(b)Microstructure of transverse section after GD-OES analysis,about 0.1mm in depth.196 C.Y.Cho et al./Materials Science andEngineering A402(2005)193–202tion to elucidate the microstructure(10ml acetic acid,4.2g picric acid,10ml H2O and70ml ethanol).The results of these experiments are compared to those of the moldﬂow simulation.3.Results3.1.Concentrations of the alloying elements inparticular locationsFig.4a–d plot the concentrations of the Al,Zn and Mn alloying elements and the Fe impurity in the outer skin layer and the interior region.Hereafter,the terms“OS”and“IR”refer to“Outer Skin(i.e.,die skin)”and“Interior Region”, respectively.Solid and dotted lines represent the mean con-tents of elements associated with OS or IR,respectively.Each lateral axis in Fig.4represents the positions in Fig.2.Al,Zn, Mn and the Fe impurity are typically more concentrated in the outer skin than in the interior region.Fig.4a presents an example in which the mean Al content in the outer skin is 8.68wt.%,which exceeds that in the interior by0.4wt.%. The thickness of the die cast is only1.4mm,so the differ-ence between these two concentrations of the Al element is relatively large.The average Al content in the interior is lower than the minimum Al limit of the ASTM B94standard (8.3wt.%),although the original compositions of the molten metal before casting meet the standard.Alloying elements are redistributed over the die cast panel duringﬁlling,lead-ing to compositional heterogeneity between the outer skin layer and the interior region.3.2.Numerical simulation andconcentration proﬁle intheﬁlling directionFig.5a–d plot the metalﬂow and temperature distribu-tions.At the coordinates in Fig.5,the molten magnesium alloy was injected into the mold on the X–Y plane,moving forward roughly in the−Y direction.When theﬁlling was completed at0.0135s(Fig.5d),the temperature was as high as approximately620◦C near the gate,declining to about 580◦C at the end of the panel.The panel in Fig.5d was divided into four parts–A,B,C and D–according to the range of temperatures.All local positions in part A are at sim-ilar temperatures.Parts B–D are similarly deﬁned.Fig.6a–d represent the solid fractions at speciﬁc periods.The color gra-dation represents the volume fraction of the solid phase.For Fig.4.The alloying elements and impurity contents by GD-OES analysis referred to each position in Fig.2(a)Al;(b)Zn;(c)Mn;(d)Fe.The data examined directly from die cast surface designated as“OS”and“IR”means the data from the interior of the die cast sample(i.e.,without die skin on surface).C.Y.Cho et al./Materials Science andEngineering A402(2005)193–202197Fig.5.The numerical simulation of temperature distribution for different time interval:(a)0.0045s;(b)0.0070s;(c)0.0094s;(d)0.0135s,the mold cavity just ﬁlled completely by molten metal.In general,the regions A–D were deﬁned because the on-set solidiﬁcation temperature within each single region is similar.Fig.6.The numerical simulation analysis of solid fraction for different time interval:(a)0.0045s;(b)0.0070s;(c)0.0094s;(d)0.0135s,the panel divided into A–D regions following Fig.5.The dotted lines further conﬁne each region.Sampling from the real panels for each region came after the divisions in Fig.6d.198 C.Y.Cho et al./Materials Science andEngineering A 402(2005)193–202Fig.7.The ﬂuctuation of alloying elements from region A to D across the panel (see Fig.6d):(a)Al;(b)Zn;(c)Mn;(d)Fe.The data examined directly from die cast surface.example,after the mold had been ﬁlled 0.0094s (Fig.6c),an approximately 2%solid phase fraction already formed near the gate,and the fraction is about 8%at the metal front.After ﬁlling had been performed for 0.0135s,the solid fractions vary among parts A–D within the die cast panel,as shown in Fig.6d.The solid phase constitutes ∼5%in part A,but up to 25%in part D (Fig.6d).Figs.5and 6also reveal that the metal front typically advances in the direction from part A to part D.Based on the above simulation results,ﬂat sample pieces were cut from each region of the real panels,following the direction in which the metal front advanced in Fig.6d.The surface compositions of each sample were examined by GD-OES.Fig.7plots the Al,Zn,Mn and Fe contents as functions of the divisions from part A to D of the die cast panels.At least 20data points were collected for each region.The con-centrations of all elements in the outer skin layer increased slightly from part A to D.3.3.Microstructural observations andX-ray analysis Fig.8presents SEM micrographs of cross-sectional microstructures near the outer skin.Fig.8a shows the typ-ical microstructure of part A;Fig.8b–d are of parts B–D,respectively.(See Fig.6d for the regions on the panel.)The electrical conductivities of the ␣-Mg and ␤(Mg 17Al 12)phases differed,so SEM revealed a distinct phase contrast.The ␣-Mg grains with high conductivity were observed as a dark phase,while the intermetallic precipitates of the ␤phase (Mg 17Al 12)with lower conductivity cause a gather-ing of electrons,resulting in a bright color.Some colum-nar grains near the surface were present in the specimens obtained from parts A and B,as depicted in Fig.8a and b.The ␤phase is not continuous at the grain boundaries of the ␣grains.Following the sequence of ﬁlling,the subsur-face microstructures of parts C and D have few columnar grains,as shown in Fig.8c and d.Additionally,as indicated in Fig.8d,most ␣grains are equiaxial,with an interdendritic ␤phase.Fig.9presents the glancing X-ray data collected by emit-ting Cu K ␣radiation on the die cast surface.The plot also shows the relative intensity I (0002)/I (10¯11)obtained from the JCPD card,which presents the results of diffraction from a randomly orientated powder.The data demonstrate that the relative intensity I (0002)/I (10¯11)exceeded the JCPD,but to an extent that depended on the positions in regions A,C.Y.Cho et al./Materials Science andEngineering A 402(2005)193–202199Fig.8.SEM micrographs of cross-section near to surface:(a)region A;(b)region B;(c)region C;(d)region D.See Fig.6d for A–D divisions.B,C or D on the panel.The specimen from part A exhib-ited the strongest [0002]preferred orientation.The relative intensity declines from part A to D.Therefore,the microstruc-tural heterogeneity near the subsurface of parts A–D isconﬁrmed.Fig.9.Relative intensity ratio of (0002)plane to (10¯11)plane regarding to the different region from A to D (i.e.,along the molten metal ﬁlling direction from the gate to the area far from the gate at the end of the ﬁlling process).4.Discussion4.1.Effect of thermal non-uniformity on α-Mg grain structure at subsurfaceThe simulation results reveal the temperature and solid fraction of liquid metal in various positions in the mold cav-ity.For the four speciﬁc areas,A–D (Figs.5and 6),each displayed similar color patterns,where A was close to the gating system but D was near the overﬂow (opposite the gate).Immediately after the mold cavity was completely ﬁlled,the molten metal in region A was at about 620◦C whereas that in region D was at about 580◦C.At that time,region D had a solid fraction of as high as 25%(Fig.6d).Microscopy and X-ray diffraction indicated that the subsurface microstructure of region D consisted of equiaxed grains with a weakly [0002]preferred orientation (Fig.9).Thus,the experimental results agree with the simulated results.The subsurface microstruc-ture close to the gate (region A)had columnar grains (Fig.8a).X-ray diffraction (Fig.9)showed a strongly [0002]pre-ferred orientation in this region.The simulation indicated that region A,before solidiﬁcation,was full of high-temperature molten metal with a low solid fraction.The preceding works have shown that high-temperature liquid metal favors the formation of columnar grains during solidiﬁcation [42,43].According to Flemings [44],a narrow freezing range alloy200 C.Y.Cho et al./Materials Science andEngineering A 402(2005)193–202Fig.10.The ﬂuctuation of alloying elements from region A (the region near gating system)to D (the region at the end of the die cast)across the large panel:(a)Al;(b)Zn;(c)Mn;(d)Fe.The data of Fig.7from the small panel were also plotted in these ﬁgures for comparisons.commonly has columnar grains in the cast structure,whereas the alloy with the wide freezing range has equiaxed grains.Based on the reported data [45]for the freezing range of Mg–(3–9wt.%)Al–1wt.%Zn,the Mg–Al–Zn alloy with a lower Al content has a narrower freezing range.Region A had the lowest Al content at the subsurface (Fig.7),so region A was suggested to have narrower freezing range than region D,causing columnar grains to be present at the subsurface of region A.It has been proposed that the causes that lead to equiaxed dendrites are the wide freezing rage,turbulent ﬁll-ing pattern,easy nucleation,die temperature,etc.[46].The last two ones were unlikely,since the surface roughness of mold cavity and the mold temperature are similar across the mold cavity.Accordingly,the wide freezing range in region D and the turbulent ﬁlling (see the simulation ﬁlling pattern near overﬂow region in Fig.5c)cause equiaxed grains in region D.4.2.Effect of solidfraction on the enrichment of alloying elements at the surfaceThe solid fractions in the molten metal in the mold cavity vary from 5vol.%in region A to 25vol.%in region D.Exam-ining the chemical composition of the die cast subsurface by GD-OES revealed increasing concentrations of alloying ele-ments from region A to D.These ﬁndings may reﬂect the fact that the solid fraction promotes enrichment.Thixomold-ing is a process in which semisolid slurry is injected into a die cavity to produce a cast product.Nakatsugawa et al.[47]investigated the corrosion behavior of a thixomolded thin-wall AZ91D.Their compositional data indicated that the cast surface is enriched with Al (high up to 11–15wt.%)[47].Nakatsugawa et al.[48]also compared the corrosion characteristics of thixomolded AZ91D to those of die cast AZ91D.They presented the following compositional data:the Al concentration at the subsurface of the thixomolded product was 10.3wt.%whereas that of die cast AZ91D was 9.4wt.%.Earlier research and this work seem to reveal a positive correlation between the solid fraction and Al enrich-ment at the surface of the cast,indicating that a liquid melt with a high fraction of primary solid will cause the accumu-lation of aluminum (Zn,Mn and Fe)at the surface following solidiﬁcation.However,how the solid fraction can affect the surface chemical compositions of a die cast plate is still unclear.C.Y.Cho et al./Materials Science andEngineering A402(2005)193–202201The lack of uniformity of the solid fraction in the molten metal in a mold cavity was responsible for the composi-tional heterogeneity,and a higher alloying concentration was detected on the opposite side of the gating system(which is near the overﬂow).The difference between the concentrations of the gate and the overﬂow may increase with the size of the ﬁlled die cast panel.An AZ91D die cast panel with large size, was employed to detect the surfacial chemical composition in theﬁlling direction,to verify this idea.The dimensions of the panel are270mm long by330mm wide.Moreover, part of the overﬂow was reserved for surfacial composition examinations.Therefore,the total length from region A to the overﬂow was about320,80mm longer than that of the small panel in Fig.1.Although the gating system of the large panel differs from that in Fig.1,the liquid melt treatment and die casting temperature are the same.Again,Fig.10presents that the Al,Zn,Mn and Fe contents increase from region A to the overﬂow position.The compositional change from region A toward region D is substantial—1.44wt.%for Al,0.13wt.% for Zn,0.05wt.%for Mn and25ppm for Fe.The data in Fig.7 were also plotted in Fig.10for comparisons.These variations in concentration from the large panel are almost double those in the small panel(Fig.10),verifying that the chemical com-positions vary among the locations from the gating system to the overﬂow position,revealing an increasing concentration.5.ConclusionsThe preceding results and discussion support the following conclusions.1.Alloying elements and impurities accumulate in the sub-surface region of a thin-walled AZ91D die casting plate, yielding relatively high concentrations of Al,Zn,Mn and Fe,which enrich the subsurface.For instance,the die cast panel with a thickness of1.4mm exhibits a discrepancy between the aluminum of the subsurface with that of the interior of approximately0.4wt.%.2.Numerical simulation reveals that the molten metal tem-perature near the gating area substantially exceeds that in theﬁnal position near the overﬂow(the end of the melt ﬂow).The fraction of primary solid in the melt is in rela-tion to the area of the die cast.Given the mold cavity size(300mm×240mm×1.4mm)used herein,the tem-perature near the gating area is approximately)620◦C (with a5%solid fraction),falling to580◦C at the end of the die cast panel(with a25%solid fraction).Thermal non-uniformity affects the solidiﬁed structure of the die skin layer.The subsurface microstructures near the gating area consist of columnar␣-Mg grains,which contribute to the[0002]preferred orientation perpendicular to the die cast surface.Near overﬂow,high fraction of solid in the low-temperature melt is responsible for an equiaxed grain structure with an interdendritic network of the Mg17Al12 phase.3.The concentrations of the alloying elements in the diecast panel increase according to the meltﬁlling sequence.The concentration of each alloying element in the subsur-face region is higher near the overﬂow than in the gating area.Theﬁnal concentration in the subsurface region is expected to relate to the solid fraction in the molten metal before solidiﬁcation.The chemical concentration near the overﬂow in the die cast panel exceeds that at the gate:the difference increases with the distance between the gate and the overﬂow.AcknowledgmentsThe authors thank Trysyntec Tech.Co.Ltd.,Taoyuan, Taiwan for providing the die cast panels used in this study. This work wasﬁnancially supported by the National Science Council of Taiwan for which we are grateful(Contract No. NSC91-2216-E-005-016).References[1]B.L.Mordike,T.Ebert,Mater.Sci.Eng.A302(2001)37–45.[2]R.L.Edger,in:K.U.Kainer(Ed.),Magnesium Alloys and TheirApplications,Werkstoff-Informationsgesellschaft mbH,Frankfurt, Germany,2000,pp.1–8.[3]H.Furuya,N.Kogiso,S.Matunaga,K.Senda,Mater.Sci.Forum350(2000)341–348.[4]F.H.Fores,D.Eliezer,E.Aghion,J.Metals50(1998)30–34.[5]M.¨O.Pekg¨u lery¨u z,M.M.Avedesian,Light Met.42(1992)679–686.[6]F.H.Fores,Mater.Sci.Forum437(2003)7–22.[7]K.Pettersen,P.Bakke,D.Albright,in:H.I.Kaplan(Ed.),Magne-sium Technology,TMS,Seattle,2002,pp.241–246.[8]T.Abbott,M.Easton,Mater.Forum25(2001)181–201.[9]H.Takuda,H.Fujimoto,N.Hatta,J.Mater.Process.Technol.80(1998)513–516.[10]L.Shepeleva,E.Manov,M.Bamberger,in:J.N.Hryn(Ed.),Mag-nesium Technology,TMS,New Orleans,2001,pp.189–194. [11]J.Koike,Y.Kawamura,K.Hayashi,M.Suzuki,K.Maruyama,A.Inoue,Mater.Sci.Forum350(2000)105–110.[12]F.Czerwinski,A.Zielinska-Lipiec,P.J.Pinet,J.Overbeeke,ActaMater.49(2001)1225–1235.[13]Z.Liu,H.Zhao,Z.Shen,Y.Wang,L.Chen,Metallurgica54(2000)510–513.[14]Z.Zhang,A.Couture,Scripta Mater.39(1998)45–53.[15]G.Song,A.L.Bowles,D.H.StJohn,Mater.Sci.Eng.A366(2004)74–86.[16]T.Beldjoudi,C.Fiaud,L.Robbiola,Corrosion49(1993)738–745.[17]G.Song,A.Atrens,Adv.Eng.Mater.1(1999)11–33.[18]O.Lunder,T.Kr.Aune,K.Nisancioglu,Corrosion43(1987)291–295.[19]G.L.Makar,J.Kruger,Int.Mater.Rev.38(1993)138–153.[20]O.Lunder,J.E.Lein,T.Kr.Aune,K.Nisancioglu,Corrosion45(1989)741–748.[21]J.E.Hills,Light Met.Age41(1983)25–29.[22]O.Holta,H.Westengen,J.Røen,Proceedings of the Third Interna-tional Magnesium Conference,The Institute of Materials,London, 1996,pp.75–87.[23]F.Klein,International Conference on Magnesium Alloys and TheirApplications DGM’98,Wolfburg,1998,pp.53–60.[24]S.Chang,D.M.Stefanescu,Acta Mater.44(1996)2227–2235.202 C.Y.Cho et al./Materials Science andEngineering A402(2005)193–202[25]I.L.Ferreira,C.A.Siqueira,C.A.Santos,A.Garcia,Scripta Mater.49(2003)339–344.[26]ASM Handbook Committee,Properties of Magnesium Alloys,ninthed.,ASM International,Materials Park,OH,1979.[27]E.Scheil,Metallforschung2(1947)69–75.[28]G.L.Dunlop,W.P.Sequeira,M.S.Dargusch,G.Song,A.Atrens,T.Kittel,D.St John,A.K.Dahle,M.Murray,55th Annual World Magnesium Conference,IMA,Cornado,1998,pp.68–73.[29]M.M.Avedesian,H.Baker(Eds.),ASM Specialty Handbook:Mag-nesium and Magnesium Alloys,ASM International,Materials Park, OH,1999,pp.66–77.[30]S.Sannes,H.Westengen,in:B.L.Mordike,K.U.Kainer(Eds.),Magnesium Alloys and Their Applications,Werkstoff-Informations-gesellschaft mbH,Frankfurt,Germany,1998,pp.223–228.[31]R.Galun,A.Weisheit,B.L.Mordike,Corros.Rev.16(1998)53–73.[32]N.A.El-Mahallawy,M.A.Taha,E.Pokora,F.Klein,J.Mater.Pro-cess.Technol.73(1998)125–138.[33]W.P.Sequeira,G.L.Dunlop,M.T.Murray,Proceedings of the ThirdInternational Magnesium Conference,The Institute of Materials, London,1996,pp.63–73.[34]I.Ohnaka,Y.Nagasaka,T.Murakami,Sokeizai37(1996)1–8.[35]N.Hisashi,H.Takakuni,A.Jun,T.Kenji,S.Hideaki,S.Daihachiro,A.Ahmad,O.Toshimitsu,U.Takateru,Int.J.Cast Met.Res.11(1999)339–343.[36]S.Kou,Transport Phenomena and Materials Processing,John Wiley&Sons Inc.,New York,1996,pp.64–67.[37]R.K.Marcus,Glow Discharge Spectroscopies,Plenum Press,NewYork,1993,pp.113–174.[38]H.W.Rudmacher,M.C.de Swardt,Spectrochim.Acta30B(1975)353.[39]M.E.Waitlevertch,J.K.Hurwitz,Appl.Spectrosc.30(1976)510.[40]J.Durr,B.Vandorpe,Spectrochim.Acta36B(1981)139.[41]P.Bakke,C.D.Fuerst,H.Westengen,in:H.I.Kaplan,J.N.Hryn,B.B.Clow(Eds.),Magnesium Technology,TMS,Nashville,2000,pp.412–422.[42]S.Engler,K.Goeckmann,Metallurgica29(1975)252–263.[43]J.Y.Uan,T.S.Lui,Cast Met.6(1994)210–216.[44]M.C.Flemings,Solidiﬁcation Processing,McGraw-Hill Press,NewYork,1974,pp.160–167.[45]R.S.Busk,Magnesium Products Design,Marcel Dekker Press,NY,1987,pp.161.[46]A.Ohno,Solidiﬁcation:The Separation Theory and Its PracticalApplications,translated by J.Wakabayashi,Springer-Verlag,Berlin, 1987,pp.17–82.[47]I.Nakatsugawa,H.Takayasu,K.Saito,in:K.U.Kainer(Ed.),Magnesium Alloys and Their Applications,Werkstoff-Informations-gesellschaft mbH,Frankfurt,Germany,2000,pp.445–450. [48]I.Nakatsugawa,F.Yamada,H.Takayasu,T.Tsukeda,K.Saito,Pro-ceedings of the International Symposium on Environmental Degra-dation of Materials and Corrosion Control in Metals,Que.,Canada, 1999,pp.113–123.。

生活事件量表(LES)

生活事件量表（LES）2003-10-19 13:07:26生活事件量表(Life Events Scale,LES)，由量表协作研究组张明园等编制于1987年，该量表参考了国外Holmes和Dorenwend及国内郑延平和杨德森等编制的量表和调查表，对10个省市的1364名正常人进行测试，取得了正常人群及不同年龄组的常模，已在国内临床和研究中应用。

【项目和评定标准】LES共65个项目，包括职业、学习、婚姻和恋爱、家庭和子女、经济、司法、人际关系等方面常见的生活事件。

每项的评分以我国正常人(常模)的调查均值计，详见附表。

鉴于年龄是影响生活事件的估价和反应的最重要因素，因此常模分成若干年龄阶段：青年(18～29岁)，中年(30～49岁)，更年(50～59岁)和老年(60岁以上)。

根据受检者的年龄组别，取相应的生活事件单位(Life Event Unit，LEU)。

【评定注意事项】1.注意受检者年龄，以取相应的生活事件单位（LEU）。

2．注意调查的时间范围，只计研究所规定的时限内发生的生活事件。

在指导语中，加以说明，如过去3月、或半年、或一年内，即某年某月某日至某年某月某日间，曾否发生下列事件。

为了保证该生活事件确在评定要求的时限内，对每项作肯定回答（即曾发生）的事件，还要让受检者说明具体的发生时间，以便核查。

这样做的另一优点在于还可将一次收集的资料（例如一年内），作多种时限的处理（如3月内、6月内和一年内）。

但调查时间不宜过长，以免因记忆不可靠影响资料的准确性。

一般应向受检者本人进行调查，如果从知情者那里获得资料，应说明资料来源、知情者和受检者的关系。

评定中应取询问法，如果是让受检者自行填写，亦在备注中说明。

LES只包括急性生活事件，持续的刺激并不包括在内。

如受检者所述为表中未能列出的事件，依次填入66～68项，具体写明，并参照表中严重程度相近的项目，给予评分。

评定表中的序号，按常模表中的顺序以便于查表找出相应的LEU值。

小学1-6年级英语单词表（带音标）

小学1-6年级英语单词表（带音标）pen [pen] 钢笔 pencil ['pensəl] 铅笔 pencil-case铅笔盒['pens əlkeis]ruler ['ru:lə]尺子 eraser 橡皮[i'reizə] crayon 蜡笔['kreiən]book 书[buk] bag 书包[[bæɡ] sharpener 卷笔刀['ʃɑ:pənə]school 学校[sku:l] head 头[hed] face 脸 [feis]nose鼻子[nəuz] mouth 嘴[mauθ] eye 眼睛[ai]ear 耳朵[iə] rm胳膊[ɑ:m] finger 手指['fiŋɡə]leg 腿[leɡ] foot 脚[fut] body 身体['bɔdi]red 红色的[red] yellow 黄色的['jeləu] green 绿色的[ɡri:n]blue 蓝色的[blu:] purple 紫色的['pə:pl] white 白色的[hwait]black 黑色的[blæk] orange 橙色的['ɔrindʒ] pink 粉色的[piŋk] brown 棕色的[braun] cat 猫[kæt] dog 狗[[dɔɡ]monkey 猴子['mʌŋki] panda 熊猫['pændə] rabbit 兔子['ræbit] duck 鸭子[dʌk] pig 猪[piɡ] bird 鸟[bə:d]bear 熊[bεə] elephant 大象['elifənt] mouse 老鼠[maus]squirrel 松鼠['skwə:rəl] cake 蛋糕[keik] bread 面包[bred]hot dog 热狗 hamburger汉堡包['hæmbə:ɡə] chicken 鸡肉['tʃikin]French fries 榨薯条 Coke 可乐[kəuk] juice 果汁[dʒu:s]milk 牛奶[milk] water 水['wɔ:tə] tea 茶[ti:]coffee 咖啡['kɔfi] one一[wʌn] two 二[tu:]three 三[θri:] four 四[fɔ:] five 五[faiv]six 六[siks] seven 七['sevən] eight 八[eit]nine 九[nain] ten 十[ten] doll 玩具娃娃[dɔl]boat 小船[bəut] ball 球[bɔ:l] kite 风筝[kait]balloon 气球[bə'lu:n] car 小汽车[kɑ:] plane 飞机[plein]第二册词汇I am (我)是[æm] you 你[ju: ] are (你)是[ɑ: ]come in. 进来[kʌm] name 名字[neim] class 班[klɑ:s ]good 好的[ɡud] good morning! 早上好！ new新的[nju: ]from 从[frɔm] from beijing 从北京来的 we 我们[wi: ]chair 椅子[tʃεə] wall 墙[wɔ:l] ball 球[bɔ:l]box 盒子[bɔks] floor 地板[flɔ:]at 在[æt] zoo 动物园[zu:] at the zoo 在动物园里park 公园[pɑ:k] classroom 教室['klɑ:srum] factory工厂['fæktəri]square 广场[skwεə] capital首都['kæpitəl] China 中国['tʃainə] the capital of China 中国的首都 love 爱[lʌv]motherland 祖国['mʌðəlænd] has有[hæz] star 星[stɑ:]our我们的['auə] national国家的['næʃənəl] cap 帽子[kæp]national flag国旗[flæɡ] coat上衣[kəut] have有[hæv]long长的[lɔ:ŋ] short短的，矮的[ʃɔ:t] big大的[biɡ]small小的[smɔ:l] or或, 还是[ɔ: ] guess 猜[ɡes]hey 嗨[hei] tall高的[tɔ:l] old年老的[əuld]young年轻的[jʌŋ] Chinese 中国的；汉语；中国人['tʃai'ni:z]English英国的；英语；英国人['iŋgliʃ] over 越(过) ['əuvə]there 那儿[ðεə] over there 在那边American美国的,美国人[ə'merikən]other另外的['ʌðə] an一(个) [æn] apple苹果['æpl]orange桔子['ɔrindʒ] hand手[hænd] egg蛋[eɡ]umbrella 伞[ʌm'brelə] school is over. 放学了 home家[həum] go home 回家 rain 雨；下雨[rein] it's raining. 正在下雨can't 不能 now 现在[nau] much许多[mʌtʃ]how much 多少 eleven 十一[i'levən] twelve十二[twelv]minus 减['mainəs] here这儿[hiə] here you are. 给你money 钱['mʌni] they 他(她，它)们 twenty 二十['twenti]these 这些[ði:z] those 那些[ðəuz] door 门[dɔ:]window窗['windəu] picture图画['piktʃə] talk说话，谈论[tɔ:k]about 关于[ə'baut] flower花['flauə] some 一些[sʌm]boat 船[bəut] lake 湖[leik] skirt 裙子[skə:t]clean 清洁的[kli:n] shirt (男式)衬衫[ʃə:t] dirty脏的['də:ti]cup 杯子[kʌp] glass玻璃杯[ɡlɑ:s] picture-book 图画书have a look 看一看 sure 当然，一定[ʃuə] and和[ænd]grade 年级[ɡreid] maths数学[mæθs] your 你们的[jɔ: ]their 他(她，它)们的[ðεə] pioneer 先锋[,paiə'niə]young pioneer 少年先锋队员 scarf 领巾[skɑ:f] red scarf 红领巾both 两[bəuθ] all全部，都[ɔ:l] peasant农民['pezənt]soldier士兵['səuldʒə] doctor医生[dɔktə] class is over下课了play 玩[plei] there are 有 do做du: ]what are they doing? 她们在做什么？pingpong 乒乓 right对的[rait]join 参加[dʒɔin] them 他(她，它)们(宾格) [ðem]第三册词汇Paper 纸['peipə] piece片[pi:s] a piece of 一片，一张ink墨水[iŋk] bottle瓶['bɔtl] a bottle of 一瓶water水['wɔ:tə] bread面包[bred] give给[ɡiv]me我(宾格) [mi: ] please请[pli:z] thank谢谢[θæŋk]want要[wɔ:nt] write写[rait] letter信['letə]any任何['eni] have you any paper? 你有纸吗？ Thanks谢谢go去[ɡəu] go to the door 到门那儿去 open开 ['əupən]close关[kləuz] blackboard黑板['blækbɔ:d]clean把…弄干净[kli:n] football足球 ['fut,bɔ:l]match比赛[mætʃ] this afternoon今天下午 [,ɑ:ftə:'nu:n]between .在(两者)之间[bi'twi:n] time时候[taim] what time? 什么时候？at three 在三时 but但是[bʌt] jacket外衣，夹克['dʒækit]basketball篮球['bɑ:skitbɔ:l] TV电视 radio 收音机['reidiəu]bat球拍[bæt] maybe也许，可能['meibi] of course 当然[kɔ:s]some一些[sʌm] knife小刀[naif] sorry对不起，抱歉for为[ fɔ: ] can能够[kæn] make做，制作[meik]right now立刻 there is有，存在 picture图画 ['piktʃə]near 靠近[niə] playground操场['pleiɡraund] model模型['mɔdəl]model plane模型飞机 model ship 模型轮船 sky天空 [skai]lake湖[leik] bright明亮的[brait] above 在…上方[ə'bʌv]slogan标语，口号['sləuɡən] world世界[wə:ld] many许多['meni]lesson功课 ['lesən] have lessons上课 like喜欢[laik]table桌子['teibl] let让[let] us 我们(宾格) [ʌs]have a look 看一看 toy玩具[tɔi] fly飞[flai]house房子[haus] tree 树[tri:] river河流 ['rivə]dog狗[[dɔɡ] front前面，前部[frʌnt] in front of 在…前面cat猫[kæt] then那么，然后[ðen] cow母牛[kau]behind在..后面[bi'haind] goose鹅[ɡu:s] geese鹅(复数) [ɡi:s] moon月亮[mu:n] air 空气[εə] mountain山['mauntin]think想，认为[θiŋk] so这样，这么，所以['səu]animal动物['æniməl] life 生命，生活[laif] which 哪一个 [hwitʃ] nineteen十九[,nain'ti:n] twenty二十['twenti] thirty 三十['θə:ti] twenty-one二十一['twenti'wʌn] thirty-three三十三['θə:ti'θri:] miss 女士,小姐[mis] people 人，人民['pi:pl] family家，家庭['fæmili]day白天[dei] week周，星期[wi:k] today今天[tə'dei]baby婴儿，幼畜['beibi] see看见[si:] zebra斑马['zi:brə]monkey猴子['mʌŋki] run跑[rʌn] jump跳[dʒʌmp]all the time 一直 count数[kaunt] lion狮子['laiən]tiger 老虎['taiɡə] sit坐[sit] exercise练习['eksəsaiz]exercise-book 练习本 out出，在外[aut] out of 向(在)…外面listen听['lisən] read读[ri:d] after在…后面 ['ɑ:ftə]stop停止[stɔp] wait 等待[weit] evening傍晚，晚上['i:vniŋ]cinema电影院['sinəmə] crossing 十字路口['krɔ:siŋ] light 灯，光['lait]must必须，应该[mʌst] yet还(没有)…还(不)…[jet] o'clock 点钟[ə'klɔk]morning早晨，上午['mɔ:niŋ] get得到[ɡet] up向上[ʌp]get up起床 half半[hɑ:f, hæf] past过[pɑ:st, pæst]morning exercises早操breakfast早餐['brekfəst] eye-exercises 眼保操have a lesson上课 draw画[drɔ:] clock钟[klɔk]tell 告诉[tel] her 她(宾格) [hə: ] stand站，站立[stænd]ask 问，提问[ɑ:sk] question问题['kwestʃən] other别的['ʌðə] answer 回答['ɑ:nsə] talk in English 用英语交谈 help 帮助[help] quarter四分之一；一刻['kwɔ:tə] game游戏[ɡeim] study学习，研究['stʌdi]supper晚饭['sʌpə] watch观看 [wɔ:tʃ] homework家庭作业['həumwə:k]Mr.先生(mister的缩写) ['mistə] son儿子[sʌn] daughter女儿['d ɔ:tə]newspaper报纸['nju:s,peipə] by 在…旁，靠近 story故事['stɔ:ri] story-book故事书 with和…用…[wið] play with 玩…sweep扫[swi:p] floor地板，地面[flɔ:] mop擦，抹，拖[mɔp] ready准备好了['redi] still 还，仍旧[stil] lunch午餐[lʌntʃ]room房间[ru:m] look for 寻找 hurry匆忙，赶紧 ['hʌri]hurry up! 快点！ fox狐狸[fɔks] news消息，新闻[nju:z]down向下[daun] very很，非常['veri] way路[wei]come this way 往这边来 well健康的[wel] away离[ə'wei]run away 跑掉 why (表吃惊，满意等)哎呀！为什么？[hwai]第四册board 写字板 [bɔ:d] computer 计算机teacher’s desk 讲台fan扇子，电扇[fæn] classmate同学['klɑ:smeit] good i dea好主意[ai'diə]all right好吧，好的 seat座位[si:t] good job 干的好[dʒɔb]what什么[hwɔt] look at 看…… Chinese book 语文书English book 英语书 notebook 笔记本['nəutbuk] too many 太多了fat胖的[fæt] heavy重的；沉重的['hevi] may可以[mei]long hair 长头发[hεə] short hair 短头发 thin 瘦的[θin]strong 健壮的[strɔŋ quiet 安静的['kwaiət] his 他的[hiz]photo 照片['fəutəu] teacher 教师['ti:tʃə] student 学生['stju:dənt]music音乐['mju:zik] science科学['saiəns] sports 体育运动[sp ɔ:ts]computer game 电脑游戏 painting 绘画['peintiŋ] boy 男孩[bɔi]girl女孩[ɡə:l] bathroom 卫生间['bɑ:θrum] bedroom 卧室['bedrum]kitchen 厨房['kitʃin] fridge 冰箱[fridʒ] key钥匙[ki:]desk 课桌；书桌[desk] rice米饭[rais] noodle(s) 面条['nu:dl]beef 牛肉[bi:f] vegetable 蔬菜['vedʒitəbl] soup 汤[su:p]hungry饥饿的['hʌŋɡri] chopsticks 筷子（复数）['tʃɔpstiks] spoon 勺子[spu:n] plate 盘子[pleit] fork 叉子[fɔ:k]pass 传递[pɑ:s] try试一下[trai] help yourself 随便吃show 展示[ʃəu] food 食物[fu:d] parents 父母['pєərənts]uncle 叔叔；舅舅['ʌŋkl] aunt 姑姑；婶；姨[ɑ:nt] member 成员['membə]only 只有；仅仅['əunli] puppy 小狗['pʌpi] sister 姐妹['sistə] brother 兄弟['brʌðə] father 父亲；爸爸['fɑ:ðə] driver 司机[draivə]farmer 农民['fɑ:mə] nurse 护士[nə:s] it 它 [it]class 课程[klɑ:s] dress 连衣裙[dres] T-shirt T恤衫no 不；不是[nəu] not 不；不是的[nɔt] warm 暖和的[wɔ:m]cold 寒冷的[kəuld] cool 凉爽的[ku:l] today 今天[tə'dei]jean 牛仔裤[dʒein] pant 长裤[pænt] socks 袜子[sɔks]shoes 鞋子[ʃu:s] snowy 下雪的['snəui] sunny 晴朗的['sʌni]banana 香蕉[bə'nɑ:nə] pear梨[pεə] watermelon 西瓜['wɔ:təmelənthey她们[ðei] horse 马[hɔ:s] Monday 星期一['mʌndi]Tuesday星期二['tju:zdi ]Wednesday星期三['wenzdei ]Thursday ] 星期四['θə:zdi]Friday星期五 ['fraidi] Saturday星期六['sætədi] Sunday星期天['sʌndi]第五册robot 机器人['rɔbət] good 好的[gʊd] friend朋友[frend]hear 听，听见[hiə] work工作[wə:k] walk 走路，步行[wɔ:k]excuse me. 对不起！请原谅！[iks'kju:z] take 拿，乘[teik] number 号，号码['nʌmbə]take a no.7 bus 乘七路公共汽车 trolley-bus 无轨电车['trɔlibʌs] underground. 地下火车，地铁['ʌndəgraundby underground 乘地铁 bus stop 公共汽车站[stɔp] catch 赶上；抓住[kætʃ]fish 鱼[fiʃ] bird鸟[bə:d fly飞[flai] swim 游泳[swim]so这样，这么，所以sing 唱，唱歌[siŋ] dance跳舞，舞蹈['dɑ:ns]speak 说[spi:k] little少许，一点点['litl] a little 少许，一点点owl 猫头鹰[əul] each每个各自的[i:tʃ] each other 互相['ʌðə]begin 开始[bi'gin] much 许多；很，非常[mʌtʃ] like像[laik]so much like 很像 dark 黑暗[dɑ:k] say说sei]after all 究竟，到底 sometimes 有时候['sʌmtaimz] go to bed 去睡觉after school 放学后 often 经常，常常'ɔ:ftən] child小孩[tʃaild] children 小孩(复数) ['tʃildrən] palace宫殿['pælis] a lot of 许多…fun乐趣，娱乐[fʌn] every每个的['evri] early早,早的['ə:li]wash洗[wɔʃ] brush刷(子) [brʌʃ] tooth 牙[tu:θ]teeth牙(复数) [ti:θ] about 关于；大约['əbaut] far远[fɑ:]usually通常['ju:ʒʊəli] want想要，需要[wɔnt] summer夏天['sʌmə]winter冬季，冬天['wintə] skate 滑冰[skeit ] buy买[bai]size 大小，尺寸，号码[saiz] try试[trai] try on 试穿will将[wil] hare野兔[hєə] tortoise乌龟['tɔ:təs]race比赛[reis] have a race 赛一赛 get到达[get]get there 到那里 got (动词get的过去式) [gɔt]first第一，首先[fə:st] win赢，获胜[win] rest休息[rest]sleep 睡觉[sli:p] fast 快[fɑ:st] Russian俄语,俄国人['rʌʃən]volleyball排球['vɔlibɔ:l] Mr. and Mrs. white 怀特先生和夫人England英国['inglənd] America美国；美洲[ə'merikə]welcome欢迎；受欢迎的['welkəm] how do you do? (初次见面)您好！forty四十['fɔ:ti] forty-two四十二 very much 非常only仅仅唯一的['əunli] bell铃,铃声[bel] it's time for 是…的时候了back后面[bæk] at the back 在后面 when什么时候[(h)wen]begin classes 开始上课 time次，次数[taim] month月[mʌnθ] once一次[wʌns] once a week 每周一次 group 组[gru:p]pool 池[pu:l] swimming-pool 游泳池 man男子[mæn]him他(宾格) [him] woman妇女['wumən] her 她(宾格) [hə ]bring带来，拿来[briŋ] us 我们(宾格) call 叫[kɔ:l]dad 爸爸[dæd] cabbage卷心菜['kæbidʒ] pair 一双[pєə]a pair of 一双… shoe 鞋[ʃu:] yours你的，你们的[juəz]mine我的[main] whose 谁的[hu:z] trousers 裤子，长裤['traʊzəz]a pair of trousers 一条裤子 ours 我们的['auəz] other另外的['ʌðə]theirs他(她，它)们的[ðєəz] wear 穿戴[wεə] blouse (女式)衬衫[blauz]hers 她的[hə:z] ground地面[graʊnd] pick 采，摘[pik]pick up 拾起 empty 空的['empti] basin 盆，脸盆['beisən]put 放into 到…里 really 真地['riəli] may i have a try? 我可以试试吗？第六册do morning exercises 晨练['mɔ:niŋ] ['eksəsaiz] eat breakfast 吃早饭[i:t] ['brekfəst]have English class上英语课[hæv ] ['iŋgliʃ] [klɑ:s] play sport s 进行体育运动[plei] [spɔ:ts]eat dinner 吃晚饭['dinə] when 什么时候[(h)wen] evening 夜晚；晚上['i:vniŋ]get up 起床[get] [ʌp] usually 通常；一般['ju:ʒʊəli] noon 中午[nu:n]climb mountains 爬山[klaim] ['mauntins] go shopping 购物；买东西[gəu] ['ʃɔpiŋ]play the piano弹钢琴[plei] [pi'ɑ:nəu ]visit grandparents看望祖父母['vizit] ['græn,pєərənts]go hiking 去远足['haikiŋ] weekend 周末['wi:kend] often 经常['ɔ:ftən]sometimes 有时候['sʌmtaimz] spring 春天[spriŋ] summer 夏天['sʌmə]fall 秋天[fɔ:l]winter 冬天['wintə]season 季节['si:zn]which 哪一个[(h)witʃ]best 最；极[best]swim 游泳[swim]fly kites 放风筝[flai] [kait] skate 滑冰（鞋）[skeit]make a snowman 堆雪人['snəʊmæn]plant trees 种树[plɑ:nt] [tri:s]because 因为[bi'kɔz]sleep 睡觉[sli:p]birthday 生日['bə:θdei]date 日期[deit] draw pictures 画画[drɔ:] ['piktʃəz]cook dinner做饭[kuk] ['dinə] read a book 看书[rid] answer the phone 接电话['ɑ:nsə] [fəun]listen to music听音乐['lisn] ['mju:zik]clean the room打扫房间[kli:n][rum]write a letter写信[rait] ['letə]write an e-mail 写电子邮件grandpa 爷爷；外公['grændpɑ:]study 书房['stʌdi]kangaroo 袋鼠[,kæŋgə'ru:] sleep 睡觉[sli:p] climb 往上爬[klaim]fight 打架[fait]swing 荡；荡秋千[swiŋ]drink water 喝水[driŋk] ['wɔ:tə] take pictures 照相[teik] ['pikt ʃəz]watch insects 观察昆虫[wɔtʃ] ['insekt] pick up leaves 采摘树叶[pik] [ʌp] [li:vz]do an experiment [du:] [æn] [iks'perimənt] 做实验catch butterfly 捉蝴蝶[kætʃ] ['bʌtəflai]honey蜂蜜['hʌni]count insects 数昆虫[kaʊnt] ['insekt]collect leaves 收集树叶[kə'lekt]write a report写报告[rait][ri'pɔ:t] play chess下棋[plei][tʃes]have a picnic 举行野餐['piknik]第七册traffic 交通['træfik] traffic light 交通灯[lait] traffic rule交通规则ru:l]stop 停，停车站[stɔp] wait 等待[weit] get to 到达[get] [tu]library 图书馆['laibrəri]post office 邮局[pəʊst] ['ɔfis]hospital 医院['hɔspitl]cinema电影院['sinimə]bookstore 书店['bukstɔ:]where 在哪里，到哪里[(h)wєə]please 请[pli:z]next to 与……相邻[nekst] turn 转弯tə:n]right 右边[rait]left 左边[left]straight 成直线地[streit]then 然后[ðen]next week 下周[wi:k]this morning 今天上午[ðis] ['mɔ:niŋ]this afternoon 今天下午[ðis] ['ɑ:ftə'nu:n]this evening今天晚上[ðis] ['i:vniŋ]comic book 漫画书['kɔmik] [buk] comic连环图画，喜剧的['kɔmik]post card 明信片[pəʊst] [kɑ:d]hobby 爱好['hɔbi]ride a bike→rid ing a bike 骑自行车[raid]dive→diving 跳水[daiv]play the violin→playing the violin 拉小提琴['pleiiŋ] [,vaiə'lin] go→goes 去[gəʊz]make kites→making kites 制作风筝[meik] [kait] live→lives 居住[liv ] [laivz]teach→teaches 教[ti:tʃ]collect stamps→collecting stamps 集邮[kə'lekt] [stæmps]watch→watches看[wɔtʃ]read→reads 读，看[rid]doesn’t=does not [dʌz ]singer 歌唱家，歌手['sindʒə]writer 作家['raitə]actor 男演员['æktə]actress女演员['æktris]artist 画家['ɑ:tist]TV reporter 电视台记者[ri'pɔ:tə]engineer工程师[,endʒi'niə]accountant会计[ə'kauntənt] policeman 男警察[pə'li:smən]salesperson销售员['seilz,pə:sən] cleaner清洁工['kli:nə] work 工作[wə:k]cloud 云[klaud]sun 太阳[sʌn] stream 河，溪[stri:m]come from 来自kʌm] [frɔm ]seed 种子[si:d]soil 土壤[sɔil]sprout 苗，芽[spraut]plant 植物，种植[plɑ:nt]should 应该[ʃud ]then 然后[ðen]第八册tall → taller更高的[tɔ:l] short → shorter 更矮的[ʃɔ:t] strong → stronger 更强壮的[strɔŋ]old → older 年龄更大的[əuld] young → younger 更年轻的[jʌŋ] big → bigger 更大的[big]heavy → heavier 更重的['hi:vi] long → longer 更长的[lɔŋ] thin → thinner 更瘦的[θin]small → smaller 体型更小的[smɔ:l] have a fever 发烧[hæv] ['fi:v ə]have a sore throat 喉咙疼[ sɔ, sɔə] [θrəut] have a cold 感冒[k əuldhave a toothache 牙疼['tu:θeik]have a headache 头疼['hedeik]matter 事情，麻烦'mætə]sore 疼的[ sɔ ]hurt 疼痛[hə:t]tired 疲劳的，累的['taiəd]excited 兴奋的[ik'saitid] angry 生气的['æŋgri]happy 高兴的['hæpi]bored 无聊的，烦人的[bɔ:d] sad 忧伤的，悲伤的[sæd]watch → watched 看[wɔtʃwash → washed 洗[wɔʃt]clean → cleaned 打扫[kli:n]play → played 玩[plei]visit → visited 看望['vizit]do → did last weekend 上一个周末go → went 去[gəu] [went] go to a park → went to a park 去公园[pɑ:k]go swimming→went swimmin去游泳['swimiŋ] go fishing →went fishing 去钓鱼['fiʃiŋ]hiking徒步旅行['haikiŋ] go hiking →went hiking 去郊游['haikiŋ]learn Chinese → learned Chinese 学汉语[lə:n] ['tʃai'ni:z] ['lə:nid]sing and dance → sang and danced 唱歌和跳舞[siŋ] ['dɑ:ns] sæŋ]eat good food → ate good food 吃好吃的食物[i:t] [gʊd] [fu:d] [et]take pictures → took pictures 照相[teik] [tuk]climb → climbed 爬klaim]had buy presents → bought presents 买礼物[hæd] [bai] [pri'zent] [ bɔ:t]row划,划船,责骂[rau] row a boat → rowed a boat 划船[rau] [b əut]see e lephant → saw elephant 看大象[si:] ['elifənt] [sɔ:]ski滑雪,雪橇[ski go skiing → went skiing 去滑雪[ 'ski:iŋ] skat e 溜冰,滑冰[skeit, skit]go ice-skating → went ice-skating 去滑冰[ais] how 怎么，如何[hau]get → got 到达[get] [gɔt]last 上一个的，仅余的，留在最后的[lɑ:st]。

中华人民共和国签证申请表_6045

中华人民共和国签证申请表Formulaire de demande de visa pour la République Populaire de Chine申请人必须如实、完整地填写本表格。

请逐项在空白处用中文或英文大写字母打印填写，或在□打×选择。

如有更多需要声明事项，请附另纸说明。

Le demandeur de visa doit remplir ce formulaire dans son intégralité en fournissant des informations véridiques. Veuillez compléter en majuscules toutes les rubriques ou cocher la case correspondante à votre situation. Si vous ne disposez pas assez d’espace pour répondre, veuillez déclarer sur papier libre.如申请到中国工作、留学，或与护照偕行人同行，或不在国籍国申请签证，你还需填写签证申请表附表(Form V.2011B)。

Si vous faites une demande de visa de travail ou de visa d’études pour la Chine, si quelqu’un d’autre vous accompagne pendant le voyage sur le même passeport que vous, ou encore si vous faites une demande de visa dans un pays ou territoire autre que le pays dont vous êtes ressortissant, vous devez alors remplir le formulaire de demande de visa complémentaire (Formulaire V.2011B).七、他人代填申请表时填写以下内容Section 7 : Si le formulaire est rempli par une autre personne que le。

r980t-manual-chinese说明书

1. Connecting the speakers1. Conexión de los parlantesConecte el parlante activo y el pasivo con el cable de conexión proporcionado. A continuación, conecte los cables de colores a las1. Lautsprecher anschließenVerbinden Sie die aktiven und passiven Lautsprecher mit dem mitgelieferten Lautsprecherkabel. Bitte verbinden Sie das farbigmarkierte Kabel mit der rechten Kabelklemme (das red Kabel mit der roten Klemme und das schwarz mit der schwarzen1. Connessione degli altoparlantiCollegare l'altoparlante attivo e quello passivo con il cavo di connessione incluso (cavo resso al morsetto cavo rosso e cavo14Español1. Bass-Einstellung2. Master Lautstärkeregler3. Line-in-Eingang4. EIN/AUS Schalter5. Netzanschlußkabel6. Kabelklemme1. Bassi2. Controllo volume master3. Segnale ingresso4. Interruttore dell'alimentazione5. Cavo di alimentazione6. Morsetto del cavo1. Bass adjustment2. Master volume control3. Line-in4. Power switch5. Power cord6. Wire clip1. Reguladore de grave2. Control de volumen maestro3. Entrada de línea4. Interruptor de encendido5. Cable de alimentación6. Abrazadera para cable2English8Français1. Trimmer de basses2. Contróle de volume principal3. Entrée ligne4. Interrupteur d'alimentation5. Cordon d’alimentation6. Attaches des câbles1. Connecter les haut-parleursConnecter les haut-parleurs actif et passif avec les câbles de connexion haut-parleur fournis ;connecter les câbles aux attaches selon leur couleur (le câble roug à l’attache rouge et le câble noir à l’attache noire).20Deutsch26Italiano R LR LR LR LR LPleasevisitourwebsiteat:,oremailEDIFIERSupportforfurtherassistanceat:****************,Please visit our website at: or email EDIFIER Support for further assistance at:*******************,Pleasevisitourwebsiteat:www.edifier.caoremailEDIFIERSupportat:******************If you prefer, you may contact us by phone, Toll Free: 1-877-EDIFIER (334-3437) in Canada,Veuillez consulter notre site Internet sur: , ou adresser un email au Support EDIFIER pour plusd’assistanceà:****************,Veuillez consulter notre site Internet sur: , ou adresser un email au SupportEDIFIERpourplusd’assistanceà:*******************,Veuillez consulter notre site Internet sur: www.edifier.ca ou adresser un email au Support EDIFIER à:******************Besuchen Sie unsere Webseite unter: , oder schreiben Sie eine E-Mail an den EDIFIER SupportfürweitereInformationenunter:****************,Besuchen Sie unsere Webseite unter: oder schreiben Sie eine E-Mail an denEDIFIERSupportfürweitereInformationenunter:*******************,Besuchen Sie unsere Webseite unter: www.edifier.ca oder schreiben Sie uns eine E-Mail an den EDIFIERSupportunter:******************Visita il nostro sito web: , o invia un e-mail al Supporto EDIFIER per ulteriore assistenza a:****************,Visita il nostro sito web: o invia un e-mail al Supporto EDIFIER per ulterioreassistenzaa:*******************,Visitailnostrositoweba:www.edifier.caoscriviun’e-mailalSupportoEDIFIERa:******************Se preferisci, puoi contattarci telefonicamente, Numero Verde: 1-877-EDIFIER (334-3437) in Canada,。

（word完整版）人教精通版小学英语3-6年级单词词汇表

（word完整版）人教精通版小学英语3-6年级单词词汇表三年级上册单词Unit1Cat [k?t]猫monkey['m??ki]猴子dog[d?g]狗duck [d?k] 鸭子panda['p?nd?] 熊猫bear[be?]熊pig[pig]猪rabbit['r?bit]兔子bird[b??d]鸟mouse[ma?s]老鼠Unit2book[b?k]书bag[b?g]书包pen[pen]钢笔pencil['pens(?)l; -sil]铅笔pencil-box['penslb?ks]铅笔盒ruler['ru?l?]尺eraser[i'reiz?]橡皮sharpener['?ɑ?p?n?]卷笔刀glue[glu?]胶marker['mɑ?k?]马克笔Unit3nose[n??z]鼻子eye[ai]眼睛face[feis]脸mouth[ma?θ]口，嘴head[hed]头ear[i?]耳朵neck[nek]脖子arm[ɑ?m]手臂hand[h?nd]手leg[leg]腿knee[ni?]膝盖foot[f?t]脚Unit4doll[d?l]洋娃娃ball[b??l]球kite[kait]风筝balloon[b?'lu?n]气球car[kɑ?]汽车bus[b?s]公共汽车bike[baik]自行车taxi['t?ksi]出租汽车train[trein]火车ship[?ip]船plane[plein]飞机boat[b??t]小船Unit5red[red]红色的blue[blu?]蓝色的yellow['jel??]黄色的green[gri?n]绿色的purple['p??p(?)l]紫色的brown[bra?n]棕色的white[wait]白色的black[bl?k]黑色的pink[pi?k]粉红的orange['?rin(d)?]橙色的grey[grei]灰色的Unit6hamburger['h?mb??g?]汉堡包hot dog[h?t][d?g]热狗Coke[k??k]可乐cake[keik]蛋糕egg[eg]蛋orange['?rin(d)?]橙；桔子pear[pe?]梨子apple['?p(?)l]苹果banana[b?'nɑ?n?]香蕉milk[milk]牛奶juice[d?u?s]果汁water['w??t?]水rice[rais]米饭noodles['nu:dlz]面条chicken['t?ik?n]鸡肉人教精通版小学英语三年级下册unit1共10个单词chair[t?er]n.椅子Chinese book[,t?a?'ni:z b?k]语文书classroom['klɑ:sru:m]n.教室crayon['kre??n]n.蜡笔；蜡笔画desk[desk]n.书桌，写字台English book['??gl??b?k]英语书marker['mɑ:k?r]n.书签；记分员；标识物；作school[sku:l]n.学校storybook['st?:ribuk]n.故事书；小说water bottle['w?:t?(r)'b?tl]水瓶，水壶unit2共12个单词eight[e?t]num.八eleven[?'lev?n]num.十一five[fa?v]num.五four[f?:]num.四nine[na?n]num.九one[w?n]pron.一seven['sev?n]num.七six[s?ks]num.六ten[ten]num.十three[θri: ]num.三twelve[twelv]num.十二two[tu:]num.二unit3共10个单词aunt[ɑ:nt]n.伯母；舅母；婶；姑；姨brother['br?e?]n.兄；弟daughter['d?:t?]n.女儿father['fɑ:e?]n.父亲grandfather['ɡr?nd,fɑ:e?]n.爷爷；外公grandmother['ɡr?n,m?e?]n.奶奶；外婆mother['m?e?]n.母亲sister['s?st?]n.姐；妹son[s?n]n.儿子；后代uncle['??k?l]n.叔；伯；舅；姑夫；姨父unit4共10个单词bread[bred]n.面包candy['k?ndi]n.糖果coffee['k?fi]n.咖啡doughnut['d?un?t]n.[计]圆环图；油炸圈饼fruit[fru:t]n.水果；果实grapes[greips]n.葡萄（grape的复数）honey['h?n?]n.蜂蜜ice cream['ais'kri:m]n.冰淇淋jam[d??m]n.果酱；阻塞mango['m??ɡ?u]n.芒果unit5共10个单词elephant['el?f?nt]n.象kangaroo[,k??g?'ru:]n.袋鼠，大袋鼠lion['la??n]n.狮子mosquito[m?s'ki:t?u]n.蚊子，蚊虫nest[nest]n.巢；窝owl[aul]n.[动]猫头鹰；枭；惯于晚parrot['p?r?t]n.鹦鹉quail[kweil]vi.感到恐惧；畏缩，胆怯rooster['ru:st?]n.公鸡tiger['ta?ɡ?]n.老虎unit6共11个单词box[b?ks]n.盒子，箱子coat[k??t]n.外套skirt[sk?:t]n.女裙sweater['swet?]n.厚运动衫，毛衣T-shirt['ti:??:t]n.T恤衫；短袖无领汗衫uniform['ju:nif?:m]n.制服vest[vest]n.背心，内衣watch[w?t?]vt.观看，注视；当心，注意yacht[j?t]vi.乘游艇，驾游艇zebra['zi:br?]n.斑马zip[zip]n.拉链四年级上课本英语单词Unit11、China['t?a?n?]中国2、America[?'merik?]美国3、England['i?ɡl?nd]英国4、Singapore[,si?ɡ?'p?:]新加坡5、Canada['k?n?d?]加拿大6、good[g?d]好的7、friend[frend]朋友8、brother['br?e?]兄弟9、sister['s?st?]姐妹10、boy[b??]男孩11、girl[g??l]女孩12、teacher['ti?t??]教师13、farmer['fɑ?m?]农民14、postman['p??s(t)m?n]邮递员15、doctor['d?kt?]医生16、nurse[n??s]护士17、driver['dra?v?]司机，驾驶员Unit21、class[klɑ?s]班级2、grade[gre?d]年级3、one[w?n]一4、two[tu?]二5、three[θri?]三6、four[f??]四7、thirteen[θ??'ti?n;'θ??ti?n]十三8、fourteen[f??'ti?n;'f??ti?n]十四9、five[fa?v]五10、six[s?ks]六11、fifteen[f?f'ti?n;'f?fti?n]十五12、sixteen[s?ks'ti?n;'s?ksti?n]十六13、seven['sev(?)n]七14、eight[e?t]八15、seventeen[sev(?)n'ti?n]十七16、eighteen[e?'ti?n;'e?ti?n]十八17、nine[na?n]九18、ten[ten]十19、nineteen[na?n'ti?n;'na?nti?n]十九20、twenty['twent?]二十Unit31、pineapple['pa?n?p(?)l]菠萝2、lemon['lem?n]柠檬3、apple['?p(?)l]苹果4、pear[pe?]梨5、watermelon西瓜6、kiwi fruit['ki?wi?; -w?][fru?t]猕猴桃7、orange['?r?n(d)?]橙子，橘子8、banana[b?'nɑ?n?]香蕉9、potato[p?'te?t??]土豆，马铃薯10、tomato[t?'mɑ?t??]西红柿11、carrot['k?r?t]胡萝卜12、cucumber['kju?k?mb?]黄瓜13、eggplant['egplɑ?nt]茄子14、green pepper[gri?n]['pep?]青椒Unit41、fine[fa?n]（天气）晴朗的2、nice[na?s]好的，令人愉快的3、warm[w??m]温暖的4、cool[ku?l]凉爽的5、hot[h?t]炎热的6、cold[k??ld]寒冷的7、sunny['s?n?]晴朗的8、cloudy['kla?d?]多云的，阴天的9、windy['w?nd?]有风的，多风的10、rainy['re?n?]下雨的，多雨的11、snowy['sn]下雪的，多雪的Unit51、cap[k?p](无边的)帽子2、hat[h?t]（有边的）帽子3、T-shirt[ti?][t]T恤衫4、dress[dres]女服，连衣裙5、blouse['bla?z]女衬衫6、jacket['d??k?t]短上衣，夹克衫7、raincoat['re?nk??t]雨衣8、sweater['swet?]毛线衫，毛衣9、skirt[sk??t]短裙10、shirt[t]衬衫11、shorts[ts]短裤12、jeans[d?inz]牛仔裤13、socks[s?ks]短袜14、shoes[?u?z]鞋子Unit61、big[b?g]大的2、small[sm??l]小的3、long[l??]长的4、tall[t??l]高的5、short[t]短的，矮的6、fat[f?t]胖的，肥的7、strong[str??]强壮的8、thin[θ?n]瘦的9、new[nju?]新的10、old[??ld]旧的，老的11、happy['h?p?]幸福的，快乐的四年级下英语单词第一单元home[h??m]家bedroom['bedru?m]卧室bed[bed]床desk[desk]客桌chair[t?e?]椅子living room['l?v??ru:m]起居室TV['ti:'vi:]电视sofa['s??f?]沙发armchair[ɑ?m't?e?]单人沙发；扶手椅ball[b??l]球kite[ka?t]风筝kitchen['k?t??n]厨房fridge[fr?d?]冰箱table['te?bl]桌子study['st?d?]书房computer[k?m'pju?t?]电脑picture['p?kt??]图片；照片bathroom['bɑ?θru?m]浴室DVD player DVD['ple??]播放器clock[kl?k]时钟第二单元twenty-one['twenti'w?n]二十一twenty-two['twenti'tu:]二十二twenty-three['twenti'θri:]二十三twenty-four[,tw?nti'f?r]二十四twenty-five[,tw?nt?'fa?v]二十五twenty-six[[,tw?nt?'s?ks]二十六twenty-seven[,tw?nt?'sev(?)n]二十七twenty-eight[,tw?nt?'e?t]二十八twenty-nine[,tw?nt?'na?n]二十九eleven[?'lev(?)n]十一tweleve[twelv]十二thirty['θ??t?]三十forty['f??t?]四十boy[b??]男孩girl[g??l]女孩fifty['f?ft?]五十sixty['s?kst?]六十teacher['ti?t??]教师school[sku?l]学校seventy['sev(?)nt?]七十eighty['e?t?]八十bag[b?g]书包book[b?k]书ninety['na?nt?]九十one hundred[w?n'h?ndr?d]一百pen[pen]钢笔pencil['pens(?)l]铅笔第三单元maths[m?θs]数学PE[?pi?i:]体育Chinese[,t?ai'ni:z]中文English['??ɡl??]英语music['mju?z?k]音乐art[ɑ?t]美术subject['s?bd?ekt]科目；学科science['sa??ns]科学lesson['les(?)n]课drama['drɑ?m?]戏剧listen['l?s(?)n]听do[du?]做speak[spi?k]说listen and do['l?s(?)n?nd du?]听听做做play and act[ple??nd?kt]说说唱唱sing[s??]唱歌play[ple?]玩act[?kt]表演第四单元day[de?]天week[wi?k]周Sunday['s?nde?]星期日Monday['m?nde?]星期一Tuesday['tju?zde?]星期二Wednesday['wenzde?]星期三Thursday['θ??zde?]星期四Friday['fraidi]星期五Saturday['s?t?d?]星期六today[t?'de?]今天weekend[wi?k'end]周末park[pɑ?k]公园theme park[θi?m pɑ?k]主题公园；游乐园第五单元picnic['p?kn?k]野餐sausage['s?s?d?]香肠bread[bred]面包cake[ke?k]蛋糕lunch[l?n(t)?]午餐pork[p??k]猪肉beef[bi?f]牛肉rice[ra?s]米饭chicken['t??k?n鸡肉sing[s??]唱歌dance[dɑ?ns]跳舞paint[pe?nt]（用颜料）绘画draw[dr??]画画read[ri?d]读watch[w?t?]看play[ple?]玩read a book[ri?d?b?k]看书watch TV[w?t?]看电视play computer games[ple?k?m'pju?t?'ɡe?mz]玩电脑游戏game[ge?m]游戏do[du?]做go[g??]去shop[??p]购物go shopping[g??'??p??]去购物swim[sw?m]游泳go swimming[g??'sw?m??]去游泳fish[f??]鱼；钓鱼go fishing[g??'f]去钓鱼第六单元zoo[zu?]动物园farm[fɑ?m]农场giraffe[d??'rɑ:f]长颈鹿camel['k?m(?)l]骆驼monkey['m??k?]猴子panda['p?nd?]熊猫bear[be?]熊seal[si?l]海豹dolphin['d?lf?n]海豚hippo['h?p??]河马tiger['ta?g?]老虎cat[k?t]猫dog[d?g]狗horse[h??s]马cow[ka?]母牛；奶牛sheep[?i?p]绵羊goat[g??t]山羊duck[d?k]鸭pig[p?g]猪五年级英语(精通版)上册单词表Unit1Britain英国Australia澳大利亚New Zealand新西兰hello喂，嗨hi喂，嗨I我am是I’m=I amFrance法国Germany德国Russia俄罗斯where哪里are是you你，你们from从city城市road道路street街道what 什么is是your你的你们的name名字what’s=what isUnit2Clever聪明的quiet安静的pretty漂亮的，美丽的her她的his他的eye眼睛nose鼻子hair头发smart聪明的cute可爱的lovely可爱的active活泼的，好动的how old多大年龄he他she她beautiful漂亮的；美丽的that那，那个handsome英俊的man男人；男士woman女人；女士Unit3Write作业singer歌手歌唱家dancer舞蹈者，舞蹈演员this这，这个family家庭，家族father父亲mother母亲Love爱worker工人actor演员actress女演员a一个an一个parent（s）父母亲policeman警察policewoman 女警察reporter记者who谁uncle叔（伯舅姑姨）夫police警察；警方aunt婶（伯舅姑姨）母Unit4Cinema电影院bank银行hotel宾馆work工作study学习CCTV中国中央电视台hospital医院shopping mall购物中心in在...里面On在...上面at在shop商店restaurant饭馆company公司library图书馆grandfather（grandpa）（外）祖父grandmother（grandma）（外）祖母driver司机Unit5Schoolbag书包activity book活动手册dictionary词典put放置ruler尺子crayon蜡笔yes是的fish鱼hen母鸡goose鹅animal动物cow奶牛horse马elephant大象no不not不，不是isn’t=is not sun cap太阳帽camera照相机it它time时间whose谁的umbrella雨伞fan扇子Unit6Coconut椰子grapefruit西柚葡萄柚hami melon哈密瓜fruit 水果juice果汁milk牛奶water水watermelon西瓜cherry樱桃strawberry草莓star fruit杨桃peach桃food食品noodle（s）面条longan龙眼lychee荔枝these这些those那些they他们thank谢谢they’re=they are英语复习资料五年级上：Unit1单词：国家单词：Britain英国Australia澳大利亚New Zealand新西兰France法国Germany德国Russia俄罗斯China中国Canada加拿大America 美国Singapore新加坡四会句子：三会句子：I’m Bob.I’m eleven.I come from Britain.Where are you from?Where do you come from?I’m from China.I come from New Zealand.What’s yo ur name?Where do you live?My name is Carl.I live on Shanghai Street.Unit2描述人的形容词：clever聪明的quiet安静的pretty漂亮的smart聪明的cute可爱的lovely可爱的active活泼的beautiful漂亮的handsome英俊的身体部位单词：Eye眼睛nose鼻子hair头发ear耳朵arm胳膊foot脚face脸mouth嘴leg腿hand手四会句子：三会句子：What’s his name?He’s clever.His name is Peter.She’s pretty.What’s her name?How old is he?Her name is ZhouPei.He is eleven.He’s smart.How old are you?How old is she?I’m ten.She is twelve.She is cute.She’s beautiful.Who’s that man?He is my uncle.He is handsome.Who’s that woman?She is my aunt.Unit3职业单词：Writer作家singer歌手dancer舞蹈家worker工人actor演员actress女演员policeman警察policewoman女警察reporter 记者police警察driver司机家庭成员单词：Father爸爸mother妈妈uncle叔叔aunt阿姨sister姐妹brother兄弟grandfather爷爷grandmother奶奶cousin表兄弟、姐妹四会句子：三会句子：This is my father.He is a writer.This is my mother.She is a dancer.He is an actor.What does your father do?She is a worker.What does your mother do?Who’s he?What’s his job?He’s my uncle.He’s a policeman.Who’s she?What’s her job?She’s my aunt.She’s a policewoman.Unit4地点介词：In在...里on在...上at在地点词语：Cinema电影院bank银行hotel宾馆hospital医院shopping mall购物中心restaurant饭馆company公司library图书馆四会句子：三会句子：Where do you work?Where do you study?I work in a cinema.I study at Sunny School.He works in Beijing Hospital.Where does your father work?She works at CCTV.Where does your mother work?My grandfather is a taxi driver.My mother is a teacher in a school.My father is a manager in a big company. Unit5动物单词：Fish鱼hen母鸡goose鹅cow母牛horse马elephant大象学习用品单词：Schoolbag书包ruler尺子crayon蜡笔dictionary字典activity book活动手册生活用品单词：Sun cap太阳帽camera照相机umbrella雨伞fan扇子四会句子：三会句子：Is this your schoolbag?Is this your ruler?Yes,it is.No,it isn’t.Is that your elephant?Is that your fish?No,it isn’t.Yes,it isn’t.Whose umbrella is this?It’s Peter’s umbrella.Unit6水果单词：Coconut椰子grapefruit西柚hami melon哈密瓜watermelon 西瓜cherry樱桃strawberry草莓star fruit杨桃peach桃子longan 龙眼、桂圆grape葡萄饮料：Milk牛奶water水juice果汁orange橙汁食物：Noodle面条Hamburger汉堡bread面包chicken鸡肉hot dog 热狗rice米饭四会句子：三会句子：What’s this?It’s a pear.Can I have one?What’s that?It’s a watermelon.Yes,I’ll buy one for you.Is this a cherry?Yes,it is.Is that a peach?No,it isn’t.What are these?They are grapes.What are those?They are apples.五年级下:Unit1学校功能室：Meeting room会议室science lab科学实验室language lab语言试验室art club美术俱乐部music club音乐俱乐部学科单词：Science lesson科学课English lesson英语课music音乐课art 美术PE体育math数学Chinese语文动词短语：Borrow book借书have a meeting开会paint a picture绘画play the piano弹钢琴四会句子：Welcome to our school.欢迎来我们学校。

此表中右边的一栏由签证处填写

此表中右边的一栏由签证处填写=*=======================================Les rubriques assorties d'un * ne doivent pas être remplies par lesmembres de la famille de ressortissants UE ou EEE (conjoint, enfant ou ascendant dépendant). Les membres de la famille de ressortissants UE ou EEE doivent présenter les documents qui prouvent ce lien de parenté.The questions marked with * do not have to be answered by family membersof EU or EEA citizens (spouse, child or dependent ascendant). Family members of EU or EEA citizens have to present documents to prove this relationship.欧盟或欧洲经济空间或员国公民的家属（配偶，子女或有赡养关系的直系系属）不必填写带有 * 的项。

欧盟或欧洲经济空间或员国公民的家属必须提供属关系证明材料。

========================================= 返回页首=1=Nom(s) nom(s) de familleSurname(s) familly name(s)姓========================================= 返回页首=2=Nom(s) de naissance (nom(s) de famille antérieu(s))Surname(s) at birth (earlier family name(s))出生时的姓========================================= 返回页首=3=Prénom(s)First name(s) (given names)名========================================= 返回页首=4=Date de naissanceDate of birth (year-month-day)出生日期========================================= 返回页首=5=Numéro de carte d'identité (facultatif)ID-number (optional)身分号（非必填项）========================================= 返回页首=6=Lieu et pays de naissancePlace and country of birth 出生地及出生国========================================= 返回页首 =7=Nationalité(s) actuelle(s)Current nationality/ies 现有国籍========================================= 返回页首 =8=Nationality d'origine (à la naissance)Original nationality (nationality at birth) 原国籍（出生时）========================================= 返回页首 =9=SexeSex 性别========================================= 返回页首 =10=Situation familiale:Marital status: 婚姻状况========================================= 返回页首 =11=Nom et prénoms du pèreFather's name 父亲的姓名========================================= 返回页首 =12=Masculin FémininMale Female男女CélibataireMarié(e) Séparé(e)Single Married Separated单身未婚已婚分居Divorcé(e) Veuf (veuve) Autre:Divorced Widow(er) Other:离异丧偶其它Nom et prénoms de la mèreMother's name母亲的姓名========================================= 返回页首=13=Type de passeport:Type of passport:护照类型======= ================================== 返回页首=14=Numéro de passeportNumber of passport护照号码========================================= 返回页首=15=Au torité ayant délivré le passeportPasseport nationalNational passport私人普通护照Passeport diplomatiqueDiplomatic passport外交护照Passeport de serviceService passport公务护照Document de voyage (Convention de 1951)Travel document (1951 Convention)旅行证明（1951年公约）Passeport pour étrangersAlien's passport外国人护照Passeport de marinSeaman's passport海员证Autre document de voyage (préciser):Other travel document (please specify):其它旅行证明（请注明）：Issued by护照颁发机构========================================= 返回页首=16=Date de délivranceDate of issue颁发日期========================================= 返回页首=17=Date d'expiration de la validitéValid until护照有效期至========================================= 返回页首=18=Si vous résidez dans un pays autre que votre pays d'origine, êtes-vous autorisé(e) à retourner dans ce pays?If you reside in a country other than your country of origin, haveyou permission to return to that country?如果您长期居住在国外，您还能被允许返回国内吗？========================================= 返回页首=19=ProfessionCurrent occupation职业========================================= 返回页首=20=Adresse et numéro de téléphone de l'employeur. Pour les étudiants, nom et adresse de l'établissement d'enseignement.Employer and employer's address and telephone number. For students,name and address of school.工作单位的地址和电话号码。

七上仁爱版英语单词表

七上仁爱版英语单词表**一、Unit 1 Making New Friends**1. **good** [gʊd] adj. 好的；令人愉快的2. **morning** ['mɔ:niŋ] n. 早晨；上午3. **welcome** ['welkəm] interj. & v. 欢迎- **welcome to...** 欢迎到……4. **to** [tu:, tə] prep. 到；对；向；在……之前（动词不定式符号，无词义）5. **China** ['tʃaɪnə] n. 中国6. **thank** [θæŋk] v. 谢谢；感谢- **thank you = thanks** 谢谢你7. **you** [ju:, ju] pron. 你；你们8. **hello** [hə'ləʊ] interj. 喂；你好9. **I** [aɪ] pron. 我10. **am** [æm, əm] v. 是11. **I'm = I am** 我是12. **are** [ɑ:(r)] v. 是13. **yes** [jes] adv. 是；是的14. **no** [nəʊ] adv. 不；不是；没有15. **not** [nɒt] adv. 不；没有16. **oh** [əʊ] interj. 哦；啊17. **nice** [naɪs] adj. 令人愉快的；好的- **nice to meet you** 很高兴见到你18. **meet** [mi:t] v. 遇见；相逢；结识19. **too** [tu:] adv. 也；又；太20. **his** [hɪz] pron. 他的21. **her** [hɜ:(r)] pron. 她的22. **question** ['kwestʃən] n. 问题；难题23. **answer** ['ɑ:nsə(r)] n. & v. 回答；答案；答复24. **look** [lʊk] v. 看；瞧；看起来- **look at** 看25. **first** [fɜ:st] num. 第一- **first name** 名字26. **last** [lɑ:st] adj. 最后的；末尾的- **last name** 姓氏27. **boy** [bɔɪ] n. 男孩28. **girl** [gɜ:l] n. 女孩29. **zero** ['zɪərəʊ] num. 零30. **one** [wʌn] num. 一31. **two** [tu:] num. 二32. **three** [θri:] num. 三33. **four** [fɔ:(r)] num. 四34. **five** [faɪv] num. 五35. **six** [sɪks] num. 六36. **seven** ['sevən] num. 七37. **eight** [eɪt] num. 八38. **nine** [naɪn] num. 九39. **telephone** ['telɪfəʊn] n. 电话；电话机- **telephone number** 电话号码40. **number** ['nʌmbə(r)] n. 数；数字；号码41. **phone** [fəʊn] n. 电话；电话机- **phone number** 电话号码42. **it** [ɪt] pron. 它**二、Unit 2 Looking Different**1. **give** [gɪv] v. 给；递给；付出；给予2. **letter** ['letə(r)] n. 信；字母3. **sorry** ['sɒri] adj. 对不起；抱歉；难过的4. **like** [laɪk] v. 喜欢；喜爱- **like...very much** 非常喜欢……5. **very much** 很；非常6. **look like** 看起来像7. **tall** [tɔ:l] adj. 高的8. **short** [ʃɔ:t] adj. 短的；矮的9. **big** [bɪg] adj. 大的10. **small** [smɔ:l] adj. 小的11. **long** [lɒŋ] adj. 长的12. **round** [raʊnd] adj. 圆的13. **face** [feɪs] n. 脸；面孔14. **eye** [aɪ] n. 眼睛15. **nose** [nəʊz] n. 鼻子16. **mouth** [maʊθ] n. 嘴17. **head** [hed] n. 头18. **hair** [heə(r)] n. 头发19. **ear** [ɪə(r)] n. 耳朵20. **neck** [nek] n. 脖子21. **arm** [ɑ:m] n. 手臂；胳膊22. **hand** [hænd] n. 手23. **finger** ['fɪŋgə(r)] n. 手指24. **leg** [leg] n. 腿25. **foot** [fʊt] n. 脚（复数feet）26. **color** ['kʌlə(r)] n. 颜色- **what color** 什么颜色27. **black** [blæk] n. & adj. 黑色（的）28. **white** [waɪt] n. & adj. 白色（的）29. **red** [red] n. & adj. 红色（的）30. **green** [gri:n] n. & adj. 绿色（的）31. **blue** [blu:] n. & adj. 蓝色（的）32. **yellow** [jeləʊ] n. & adj. 黄色（的）33. **brown** [braʊn] n. & adj. 棕色（的）34. **gray / grey** [greɪ] n. & adj. 灰色（的）**三、Unit 3 Getting Together**1. **family** ['fæməli] n. 家；家庭；家人2. **father** ['fɑ:ðə(r)] n. 父亲；爸爸3. **mother** ['mʌðə(r)] n. 母亲；妈妈4. **parent** ['peərənt] n. 父（母）亲5. **grandfather** ['grændfɑ:ðə(r)] n. （外）祖父；爷爷；外公6. **grandmother** ['grændmʌðə(r)] n. （外）祖母；奶奶；外婆7. **grandparent** ['grændpeərənt] n. （外）祖父母；爷爷奶奶；外公外婆8. **brother** ['brʌðə(r)] n. 兄弟9. **sister** ['sɪstə(r)] n. 姐妹10. **cousin** ['kʌzn] n. 堂（表）兄弟；堂（表）姐妹11. **son** ['sɒn] n. 儿子12. **daughter** ['dɔ:tə(r)] n. 女儿13. **uncle** ['ʌŋkl] n. 叔；伯；舅；姑父；姨父14. **aunt** [ɑ:nt] n. 婶；伯母；舅母；姑母；姨母15. **photo** ['fəʊtəʊ] n. 照片；相片- **a photo of...** 一张……的照片16. **these** [ði:z] pron. 这些17. **those** [ðəʊz] pron. 那些18. **they** [ðeɪ] pron. 他（她、它）们19. **who** [hu:] pron. 谁；什么人20. **oh** [əʊ] interj. 哦；啊21. **have** [hæv] v. 有22. **day** [deɪ] n. 日；天；白天23. **have a good day** 过得愉快24. **here** [hɪə(r)] adv. 这里；在这里；向这里25. **come** [kʌm] v. 来；来到- **come from** 来自26. **from** [frəm] prep. 从；从……起；距；来自27. **Canada** ['kænədə] n. 加拿大28. **England** ['ɪŋglənd] n. 英国29. **the United States** 美国- **the U.S.A. = the United States of America** 美利坚合众国30. **Cuba** ['kju:bə] n. 古巴31. **Japan** [dʒə'pæn] n. 日本32. **we** [wi:] pron. 我们33. **Chinese** ['tʃaɪ'ni:z] n. 中国人；汉语；中文- **adj. 中国的；中国人的；汉语的**34. **they're = they are** 他们是35. **aren't = are not** 不是36. **where** [weə(r)] pron. 在哪里；到哪里37. **map** [mæp] n. 地图38. **box** [bɒx] n. 盒子；箱子39. **pencil** ['pensl] n. 铅笔40. **pen** [pen] n. 钢笔41. **ruler** ['ru:lə(r)] n. 尺子42. **book** [bʊk] n. 书43. **eraser** [ɪ'reɪzə(r)] n. 橡皮擦44. **desk** [desk] n. 书桌；办公桌45. **chair** [tʃeɪr] n. 椅子46. **bed** [bed] n. 床47. **room** [ru:m] n. 房间48. **door** [dɔ:(r)] n. 门49. **window** ['wɪndəʊ] n. 窗户50. **TV = television** ['telɪvɪʒn] n. 电视；电视机**四、Unit 4 Having Fun**1. **some** [sʌm] adj. 一些；若干；有些；某一2. **banana** [bə'nɑ:nə] n. 香蕉3. **apple** ['æpl] n. 苹果4. **orange** ['ɒrɪndʒ] n. 橙子；橘子；橙色- **adj. 橙色的**5. **watermelon** ['wɔ:təmelən] n. 西瓜6. **strawberry** ['strɔ:bəri] n. 草莓7. **grape** [greɪp] n. 葡萄8. **like** [laɪk] v. 喜欢；喜爱9. **fruit** [fru:t] n. 水果10. **cake** [keɪk] n. 蛋糕11. **bread** [bred] n. 面包12. **ice - cream** ['aɪskri:m] n. 冰淇淋13. **hamburger** ['hæmbɜ:gə(r)] n. 汉堡包14. **hot dog** ['hɒt dɒg] n. 热狗15. **rice** [raɪs] n. 米饭；大米16. **chicken** ['tʃɪkɪn] n. 鸡肉；小鸡17. **fish** [fɪʃ] n. 鱼；鱼肉18. **drink** [drɪŋk] n. & v. 饮料；喝19. **juice** ['dʒu:s] n. 果汁20. **milk** [mɪlk] n. 牛奶21. **water** ['wɔ:tə(r)] n. 水22. **coffee** ['kɒfi] n. 咖啡23. **tea** [ti:] n. 茶24. **eat** [i:t] v. 吃25. **out** [aʊt] adv. 在外；向外；出26. **go out** 出去27. **dinner** ['dɪnə(r)] n. 正餐；晚餐28. **lunch** [lʌntʃ] n. 午餐29. **breakfast** ['brekfəst] n. 早餐30. **for** [fɔ:(r)] prep. 对；给；为了31. **dear** [dɪə(r)] adj. 亲爱的；昂贵的32. **me** [mi:] pron. 我（宾格）33. **very much** 很；非常34. **find** [faɪnd] v. 找到；发现35. **so** [səʊ] adv. 那么；如此；所以36. **much** [mʌtʃ] adj. 许多的；大量的 - **n. 许多；大量；非常**37. **very** ['verɪ] adv. 很；非常38. **list** [lɪst] n. 清单；列表- **shopping list** 购物清单39. **thing** [θɪŋ] n. 东西；物；事情40. **need** [ni:d] v. 需要；必须41. **flavor** ['fleɪvə(r)] n. 味道；滋味42. **sweet** [swi:t] adj. 甜的43. **sour** ['saʊr] adj. 酸的44. **salty** ['sɔ:ltɪ] adj. 咸的45. **bitter** ['bɪtə(r)] adj. 苦的46. **tasty** ['teɪsti] adj. 美味的；可口的47. **healthy** ['helθɪ] adj. 健康的48. **food** [fɔ:d] n. 食物49. **drink** [drɪŋk] n. 饮料；喝50. **a lot of = lots of** 许多；大量**五、Unit 5 Our School Life**1. **subject** ['sʌbdʒekt] n. 学科；科目；主题2. **Chinese** ['tʃaɪ'ni:z] n. 语文；汉语；中国人 - **adj. 中国的；中国人的；汉语的**3. **English** ['ɪŋglɪʃ] n. 英语；英国人- **adj. 英国的；英国人的；英语的**4. **math** [mæθ] n. 数学5. **history** ['hɪstəri] n. 历史6. **geography** [dʒɪ'ɒgrəfi] n. 地理7. **biology** [baɪ'ɒlədʒi] n. 生物学8. **politics** ['pɒlɪtɪks] n. 政治9. **art** [ɑ:t] n. 艺术；美术；艺术品10. **music** ['mju:zɪk] n. 音乐11. **P.E. = physical education** 体育12. **science** ['saɪəns] n. 科学13. **lesson** ['lesn] n. 课；功课；教训14. **have** [hæv] v. 有；吃；喝；进行15. **class** [klɑ:s] n. 班级；课；上课；（一节）课16. **grade** [greɪd] n. 年级；等级；成绩17. **on** [ɒn] prep. 在……上；关于；在……时候18. **Monday** ['mʌndeɪ] n. 星期一19. **Tuesday** ['tju:zdeɪ] n. 星期二20. **Wednesday** ['wenzdeɪ] n. 星期三21. **Thursday** ['θɜ:zdeɪ] n. 星期三22. **Friday** ['fraɪdeɪ] n. 星期五23. **Saturday** ['sætədeɪ] n. 星期六24. **Sunday** ['sʌndeɪ] n. 星期日25. **why** [waɪ] adv. 为什么26. **because** [bɪ'kɔ:z] conj. 因为27. **favorite** ['feɪvərɪt] adj. 最喜爱的 - **n。

Which Android App Store Can Be Trusted in China_

Which Android App Store Can be Trusted in China?Yi Ying Ng1,Hucheng Zhou2,Zhiyuan Ji3,Huan Luo1,Yuan Dong11Department of Computer Science and Technology,Tsinghua University2Microsoft Research,3High Technology Research and Development Center,Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology yiying.ng@,huzho@,jzy@,luohuan07@,dongyuan@Abstract—China has the world’s largest Android population with270million active users.However,Google Play is only accessible by about30%of them,and third-party app stores are thus used by70%of them for daily Android apps(appli-cations)discovery.The trustworthiness of Android app stores in China is still an open question.In this paper,we present a comprehensive study on the trustworthy level of top popular Android app stores in China,by discovering the identicalness and content differences between the APKﬁles hosted in the app stores and the corresponding ofﬁcial APKﬁles.First,we have selected25top apps that have the highest installations in China and have the corresponding ofﬁcial ones downloaded from their ofﬁcial websites as oracle;and have collected total 506APKﬁles across21top popular app stores(20top third-party stores as well as Google Play).Afterwards,APK identical checking and APK difference analysis are conducted against the corresponding ofﬁcial versions.Next,assessment is applied to rank the severity of APKﬁles.All the apps are classiﬁed into3severity levels,ranging from safe(identical and higher level),warning(lower version or modiﬁcations on resource-relatedﬁles)to critical(modiﬁcations on permissionﬁle and/or application codes).Finally,the severity levels contribute to theﬁnal trustworthy ranking score of the21stores.The study indicates that about only26.09%of level APKﬁles are safe,37.74%of them are at warning level,and36.17%of them are surprisingly at critical level.We have also found out that10 (about2%)APKﬁles are modiﬁed and re-signed by unknown third-parties.In addition,the average trustworthy ranking score(47.37over100)has also highlighted that the trustworthy level of the Android app stores in China is relatively low. In conclusion,we suggest Android users to download APK ﬁles from its corresponding ofﬁcial websites or use the highest ranked third-party app stores;and we appeal app stores to ensure all hosting APKﬁles are trustworthy enough to provide a“safe-to-download”environment.Keywords-Android,app store,APK,trustworthy,severity rankingI.I NTRODUCTIONSmart phone is gaining its popularity with no sign of slowing down.Android[1],an open source mobile operating systemﬁrst contributed by Google,is evolved as the top shipped smartphone operating system with about79%of market share in2013[2].In fact,the number of Android apps had exceeded one million with total of1,019,909in1st Jan,2014[3].However,Google still provides the Android developers with theﬂexibility of having open distribution options[4],which means that the Android developers are free to distribute their developed apps in any intended approaches,including publishing into third-party app stores. This freedom raises the growing trend of third-party app stores that supports the demand of personalized and localized apps discovery and recommendations.Especially in China where more than70%of270million of daily active Android smart phones are estimated to be lack of Google services[5] and they are thus replaced by third-party alternatives,such freedom then opened up a big skeptical for the trustwor-thiness of various APK(Android Package)ﬁles that are distributed across third-party Android app stores in China. Android developers have incentives to distribute their APKﬁles via almost all of the popular app stores,in order to promote their apps and to reach for potential users as much as possible.The more app stores they chosed,the higher the potential returns would be.However,more update efforts are requires accordingly,which could be painful.Consider that one developer has already submitted one app to10third-party app stores.An update even with minor change should be uploaded to all of the app stores one by one that at certain time windows the app is not updated in some app stores. There would be some app stores without receiving the update accidentally.As a result,users would get the outdated apps, which is acceptable that if the update is a bugﬁx.Even all third-party app stores are not overlooked and are up-to-date, it is still worth questioning whether or not the app store would secretly modify the app or others would upload the app with the same name.According to the report[6],the distribution volume of mobile applications in China had exceeded18billion since 3rd quarter,2013,and the distribution volume via app stores are covering more than80%.Since third-party app stores are gaining popularity among mobile users,the trustworthiness of the APKﬁles from these top popular third-party app stores do be worthy of further examination.Our studies try to answer the questions:all of the downloadable APK ﬁles from the popular Android app stores,are they the same and trustworthy?Is it safe to download from these Android app stores?Is there any side-effect to download from these Android app stores?The answers are meaningful to disclose the actual situation or risk that Android mobile users in China are facing.We present our study to rank the trustworthy level of 202014 IEEE 38th Annual International Computers, Software and Applications Conferencepopular Android app stores in China,as well as Google Play[7]-the ofﬁcial centralized Android apps store.We select25apps with highest downloading rates in China as our sample targets.We have downloaded the identiﬁed25 APKﬁles from the selected21Android app stores;only one APKﬁle is selected if an app store has more than one apps with the same name,and it is possible that some apps are missed in certain app stores.There are506APK ﬁles in total.We also downloaded the corresponding ofﬁcial versions from the ofﬁcial websites,which are considered to be the oracle for our study.For instance,Facebook app can be installed through Google Play directly,while it is also downloadable from Facebook ofﬁcial website with manual installation.All the APKﬁles for the study are collected between14th-15Jan,2014.To support our study,we develop a tool,TrasRank,to perform APK identical checking against the corre-sponding ofﬁcial version once a APKﬁle is downloaded. TrasRank compares the APK package name,version code and SHA256checksum between the APKﬁles.After-wards,TrasRank conducts APK difference analysis to identify the differences with the ofﬁcial version.followed by trustworthy alignment to assess the severity level for trustworthy ranking.All the apps are classiﬁed into3severity levels,ranging from safe,warning to critical.It is safe only if it is identical,higher version or zero-modiﬁcation(SHA256-mismatched APKﬁles may turn out have the same content);it is at warning level if it has lower version or some resource-relatedﬁles are modiﬁed but does not affect the functionality;while it is critical if modiﬁcations on the permissionﬁle and/or application codes are changed.The study indicates that about only26.09%of level APK ﬁles are safe,37.74%of them are at warning level,and 36.17%of them are surprisingly at critical level.In fact, 5.46%of critical labelled APKﬁles are due to difference in signature and94.54%of critical labelled APKﬁles are due to modiﬁcation on application codes(classes.dex),libraryﬁles (.so)and/or permissionﬁle(AndroidManifest.xml).We have also found out that10(about2%)APKﬁles are modiﬁed and re-signed by unknown third-parties.In addition,the average trustworthy ranking score(47.37over100)has also highlighted that the trustworthy level of the Android app stores in China is relatively low.These facts have tremendously signalled the risk of downloading APKﬁles from third-party app stores without proper attention.The rest of this paper is organized as follows:Weﬁrst present the methodology of TrasRank in Section II,followed by detailed analysis in Section III.Finally we discuss related works(Section IV),draw conclusions and discuss future work(Section V).Table IS ELECTED20P OPULAR A NDROID A PP S TORES IN C HINAGroup App StorePre-installed HiMarket[16]Android Device Manufacturer Samsung Apps[17],LeStore[18] Mobile Operator Mobile Market[19],WoStore[20],TianYi[21]Search Engine Company Baidu[22],Sogou[23]E-commerce provider Taobao[24]Pure Store91[25],360[26],Wandoujia[27],YingYongBao[28],Anzhi[29],Gfan[30],Appchina[31],Mumayi[32],DangLe[33],UC[34],CNMO[35]II.T RANS R ANK E VALUATION M ETHOD AND D ESIGN A.Evaluation SetupFirst,we have identiﬁed the25top ranking apps from the “Hot Download”section in Baidu[8],which is the dominant search company in China,which owns1.3billion of daily active users[5].According to Statista[9],25is the average number of installed apps per smartphone.The displayed total downloads for these identiﬁed inﬂuential apps are ranging from10million to500million.In term of Android app stores selection,we have included Google Play and the top most inﬂuential representatives from6different groups(Table I),including default pre-installed third-party app stores and those which are main-tained by Android mobile device manufacturer,mobile op-erator,search engine pioneer,B2C pioneer and popular app stores in China which claimed[10],[11],[12],[13],[14], [15]to be fulﬁlling at least1of the following criteria:•High Registered User:Ranging from15million to1.14 billion of registered users.•High Visit Rates:Ranging from2million to20million for daily visit.•High Download Rates:Ranging from100million to 500million of monthly downloads.Ranging from1.5 billion to20billion of accumulated downloads.•High Total App Collections:1million of app collec-tions.To ensure the validity of our study results,we emphasize on accuracy throughout our data collection processes.To enhance accuracy,we are using the app names as the keywords to search across21Android app stores since it is similar to how typical users perform their searches in app stores.Whenever there are multiple similar returned results for the keywords,we chose by prioritizing ofﬁcial label (claim to be the apps which corresponding to its ofﬁcial copy),followed by similarity of the apps name and the keywords used,last updated date and number of downloads. In the following sections,we discuss on the design and implementations of TrasRank which is written with Java programming language.The main features of TrasRank areconsist of APK Identical Check,APK Difference Check and Trustworthy Alignment which were conducted sequentially to analyse the collected506APKﬁles from21sampled Android app stores.APK Identical Check is designed to determine if2APKﬁles are identical or not while APK Difference Check seeks to identify the content differences between2comparing APKﬁles.At the end,Trustworthy Alignment is carried out to align these APKﬁles to their corresponding severity label.B.APK Identical CheckAPK Identical Check is designed with the aim to un-cover the identical level,version variation level(updated or outdated)and false-returned level(returning invalid or inaccurate apps by using app name as search keywords) of APKﬁles which are hosting on different app stores compared to the ofﬁcial APKﬁles.This identicalness check is done by comparing the package name,version code and SHA256-checksum values as SHA256is one of the strongest hash functions[36];and can be used to check for the identicalness ofﬁle.In result,all the APKﬁles will be assigned with a label accordingly based on the comparison result,including I(identical),M(SHA256-mismatched), V(lower version),W(higher version),N(package name mismatched due to false-returned)and E(corruptedﬁle). To complete the functionality of APK Identical Check, we have utilized2tools,which are:•Android Asset Packaging Tool(aapt)for package infor-mation retrieval,including package name and package version•Java MessageDigest class for APKﬁle SHA256-checksum value retrievalFor version checking,we are checking upon the package version code because the version name of the APKﬁle is not ﬁrm enough to determine the actual version of the APKﬁles; it is just a string that represents the release version of the application code but the system does not use this value for any internal purpose[37].Version code of the APKﬁles on the other hand is used by applications to check for upgrade or downgrade relationship.C.APK Difference CheckAPK Difference Check is designed with the aim to identify the differences in content of2comparing APK ﬁles.To achieve this goal,we rely on the information which stores inside the APK manifestﬁle.Since APKﬁle is a JAR ﬁle by nature,there will be a default manifestﬁle storing under META-INF/MANIFEST.MF;which is automatically generated whenever a JARﬁle is created.This manifest ﬁle stores information about all the otherﬁles that are packaged in the archive(the APKﬁle)[38].Besides,APK Difference Check is designed to compare on the digital signature of APKﬁles.For any difference in digital signature simply means that it was changed by unknown third-party.Similarly,we labelled the APK content differences into6 categories,including:•C:Modiﬁed content on non-resources related content, such as AndroidManifest.xml,classes.dex and content under/lib folder.We consider this difference category is relatively severe compared to the rest as it may affect how the app is behaving•D:File removed•F:Unable to locate MANIFEST.MFﬁle•R:Modiﬁed content on resources-relatedﬁles,such as images,videos and content which stores under the folder of res/,assets/and resources.arscﬁle•S:Signature changed•X:Newly added contentWe used the same way as reading a JARﬁle to retrieve the content of manifestﬁle(META-INF/MANIFEST.MF).In order to read the APK certiﬁcate(META-INF/CERT.RSA), we used X509Certiﬁcate class in Java.The outcome of APK Difference Check is capable to uncover what are the differences in term of contents between2APKﬁles.And, if there is a modiﬁcation,it is managed to tell which are the ﬁles.D.Trustworthy Alignment and Trustworthy Ranking Trustworthy Alignment is designed to align the collected APKﬁles from the21sampled Android app stores in China into corresponding severity label to support theﬁnal gener-ation of Trustworthy Ranking based on the analysis results from APK Identical Check and APK Difference Check.We propose3severity levels with9labels by considering their potential threat level to user devices,which are arranged in an ascending order as follow:1)Safe:•Identical:These APKﬁles are same as the ofﬁcial APK ﬁles and therefore are perfectly safe to install.•Higher version:Some developers prefer to update their apps in the third-party app stores before their ofﬁcial websites.Since these APKﬁles are signed by the same developer,they are safe to install too.•Zero-modiﬁcation APKﬁles:These APKﬁles were ﬁrst labelled as SHA256-mismatched.However,there is no modiﬁcation was found in term of content af-ter applying APK Difference Check;ﬁnally mapped as zero-modiﬁcation as they do not have any visible modiﬁcations which carry impact to the current apps.Hence,they are safe to install too.2)Warning:•Corrupted:These APKﬁles are corrupted may either due to poor server communication or they are corrupted by nature.Since corrupted APKﬁle cannot even being installed into user device,its threat is the least within this category.•Modiﬁcations on resource-related content:For APK ﬁles which contain modiﬁcations on resource-relatedcontent,it is risky in the sense that it may be used to convey different message after replacing the dataﬁles and graphics in the APKﬁle.•Lower version:For lower version labelled APKﬁles which signed by the same developer may potentially contain bugﬁxes in the later version.Hence,it is still risky to install outdated APKﬁles.•False-returned:For false-returned APKﬁles,it is due to improper management in handling user search queries, apps and package information.In fact,it is fairly unacceptable because these downloaded APKﬁles are different from what users are expecting.3)Critical:•Modiﬁcations on criticalﬁles:Modiﬁcations on per-missionﬁle,application codes and libraryﬁles are doubtlessly a risk as changes in theseﬁles may totally change how the app works.•Signature changed:The most risky APKﬁles are those which are labelled with signature change.Deﬁnitely, these APKﬁles are not the app which users are searching and they are mostly camouﬂaged APKﬁles. If the APKﬁle falls under multiple severity labels,they are labelled to their highest severity label which further determine theirﬁnal severity level(safe,warning or critical). Based on these results,we apply a simple calculation to obtain the Trustworthy Ranking Score for the selected21 Android app stores in China.The Ranking Score(R(s))for app store s is calculated through(1),where Positive Score(P(s))is calculated through(2)while Negative Score(Ne(s))is calculated through(3).R(s)=P(s)−Ne(s)+minmax+min×100(1)where min=100,max=100.It means for the best case where all the APKﬁles are all perfectly safe to be installed in app store s,the highest R(s)will be100.On the other hand, for the worst case where all the APKﬁles have their digital signature changed(re-signed by unknown third-party),the lowest R(s)will be-100.P(s)=I(s)+W(s)+Z(s)T(s)×100(2)where I(s)is the total number of APKﬁles which are identical(I)labelled for app store s;W(s)is the total number of APKﬁles which are higher version(W)labelled for app store s;Z(s)is the total number of APKﬁles which are zero-modiﬁcation(Z)labelled for app store s;T(s)is the total number of downloaded APKﬁles for app store s.Ne(s)=W a(s)+Cr(s)(3) where W a(s)is the total negative score from Warning severity level for app store s which is calculated through (4);Cr(s)is the total negative score from Critical severity level for app store s through(5).W a(s)=E(s)×j+Re(s)×k+(V(s)+N(s))×lT(s)(4) where E(s)is the total number of APKﬁles which are corrupted(E);Re(s)is the total number of APKﬁles which are labelled with modiﬁcations on resource-relatedﬁles; V(s)is the total number of APKﬁles which are lower version(V)labelled;N(s)is the total number of APKﬁles which are package name mismatched(N)labelled due to false-returned;T(s)is the total number of downloaded APK ﬁles for app store s.As different severity label owns different signiﬁcance,we assign different values to different severity labels where j=10,k=20,l=30.Cr(s)=C(s)×m+S(s)×nT(s)(5) where C(s)is the total number of APKﬁles which contain modiﬁcations on criticalﬁles(permissionﬁle,application code and libraryﬁles);S(s)is the total number of APK ﬁles which are labelled with signature changed(S);T(s) is the total number of downloaded APKﬁles for app store s.We assign different values to different severity labels to represent its signiﬁcance where m=60,n=100.III.A NALYSIS A ND D ISCUSSIONSUnder this section,we present our evaluation results based on TrasRank analysis outcomes after applying APK Identical Check and APK Difference Check to our sampled APKﬁles. In details,the selected21Android app store in China are Google Play[7],HiMarket[16],Samsung[17],Lenovo[18], Mobile Market[19],WoStore[20],TianYi[21],Baidu[22], Sogou[23],Taobao[24],91[25],360[26],Wandoujia[27], YingYongBao[28],Anzhi[29],Gfan[30],Appchina[31], Mumayi[32],DangLe[33],UC[34]and CNMO[35].The 531APKﬁles are collected between14th-15th Jan,2014 and the distribution of collected APKﬁles across21Android app stores in China is listed in Table II.A.APK Identical Check AnalysisFrom the APK Identical Check result,we are managed to conclude that the average identicalness of APKﬁles across 21Android app stores in China is really low(6.92%).And, the occurrence of having identical APKﬁles comparing to the ofﬁcial APKﬁles is only80.95%which implies that there are app stores contain not even a single identical APKﬁle.APK Identical Check evaluates identicalness by checking through APK package name(N),version(W: higher;V:low)and SHA256-checksum of the APKﬁle (M).So,if the comparing APKﬁle yielded the exact same value for the above criteria and it is not corrupted(E);it is then considered as identical(I)to the ofﬁcial APKﬁle.The overall statistics for the APK Identical Check is presentedTable IID ISTRIBUTION OF C OLLECTED APK F ILES ACROSS20A NDROID A PPS TORE IN C HINA AND G OOGLE P LAYApp Store ID Total App Store ID Total 36036025919125 Anzhi anzhi24Appchina appchina25 Baidu baidu24CNMO cnmo25 DangLe dcn24TianYi dianxin25 GFan gfan25Google Play google23 HiMarket hiapk25LeStore lenovo24 WoStore liantong24Mumayi mumayi25 YingYongBao qq25Samsung samsung19 Sogou sogou23TaoBao taobao25 UR uc25Wandoujia wandoujia25 Mobile Mar-ketyidong21in Table III and we have come out with the followings conclusions:•Version(V):The analysis data shows that there is13.04%of the collected APKﬁles are not the latestversion.As users may not be aware of the exact version of the APKﬁles,downloading an outdated APKﬁle is very risky as there are possibilities where identiﬁed bugs are onlyﬁxed in the later version.•Version(W):It is interesting for us toﬁnd out that there is15.02%of the APKﬁles are higher version compared to their ofﬁcial APKﬁle.Since the analysis data has shown that the percentage of having at least1 higher version of APKﬁles is100%,it simply means the app update behaviour in China is less consistent and reliable.The apps which fall under this category are including cn.kuwo.player[39],com.sina.weibo[40], com.youkuphone[41],tv.pps.mobile[42].In short,it has drawn a fact that version management across all types of app stores,including the ofﬁcial hosting APK ﬁles are under a messy untraceable condition.•Package Name(N):APKﬁles are labelled under this category is due to a false-returned,which is referring to the APKﬁles which have a different package name compared to the ofﬁcial ones.We found that there is an average1.58%of APKﬁles fell under this category.Anyhow,we have performed a close check for the8 false-returned apps and realize that it is fortunately enough to see5of the APKﬁles were being labelled so is because of the limitation of using keyword search.For instance,we used“UC Browser”as our keywords to search for the app but it happened that there are several variations of UC Browser apps and we have chosen another app instead of the intended one.Besides,it may also due to that the Android de-veloper prefers to create different package name for the same app for different app stores.For instance,iQiYi ofﬁcial package name is com.qiyi.video but in Google Play its package name is com.qiyi.video.market while in Samsung app store its package name is com.qiyi.video.Samsung.The details can be viewed in Table IV.However,the remaining3APKﬁles are camouﬂagedﬁles and are signed by unknown third-party!This has proved that it is rather risky to download from third-party app stores without proper knowledge to detect the package information.•Corrupted(E):It may due to download failure which caused by network failure or broken APKﬁles.3.75% of APKﬁles are labelled under this category.•SHA256-Mismatched(M):Among these evaluation cri-teria,majority(59.68%)does not pass while comparing the SHA256-checksum.This has indicated that these APKﬁles own the same package name and version but they are not the same as the ofﬁcial APKﬁles which may contain modiﬁcations.In order to answer to the doubt of where are the differences between these APK ﬁles and the ofﬁcial APKﬁles,therefore we have APK Difference Check and the analysis data is discussed in the following section.Table IIIAPK I DENTICAL C HECK A NALYSIS R ESULTLabel Percentage(%)Occurrence Percentage(%) Identical(I) 6.9280.95 SHA256(M)59.68100 Lower(V)13.0461.9 Higher(W)15.02100 Name(N) 1.5823.81 Error(E) 3.7514.29 Occurrence Percentage(%)refers to the occurrence of the correspond-ing label across21sampled Android app stores.B.APK Difference Check AnalysisTrasRank APK Difference Check labelled the content difference with6labels,which are unable to locate manifest ﬁle(F),newly addedﬁle(X),ﬁle removed(D),modi-ﬁcations on resources-relatedﬁles(R),modiﬁcations on criticalﬁles(C)and changed of signature(S).From APK Difference Check analysed result,there is only280APK ﬁles contain differences in content as opposed to the labelled 302SHA256-mismatched(M)APKﬁles in APK Identical Check.For the22zero-modiﬁcations,they own the same number ofﬁles and eachﬁle is having the same SHA-1 digest in their manifestﬁle compared to the ofﬁcial APK ﬁles.This has proved that SHA256-checksum is notﬁrm enough to determine the dissimilarity between APKﬁles. After conductedﬁle compare(fc command in Windows) command,we noticed the differences between these zero-modiﬁcation APKﬁles and the ofﬁcial APKﬁles are due to encoding issue as the comparison results yielded unknownTable IVC AUSE A NALYSIS FOR P ACKAGE N AME M ISMATCHED IN APKI DENTICAL C HECKOfﬁcial Pack-age Name AppStoreDownloadedPackage NameCausecom.qiyi.video google com.qiyi.video.market Different package name for different app storescom.qiyi.video samsung com.qiyi.video.Samsung Different package name for different app storescom.qzone taobao com.qzonele Camouﬂaged app, improper signature CN=Unknown, OU=Unknown,O=Unknown,L=Unknown,ST=U...com.taobao .taobao dianxin cn.zhui.client546668Camouﬂaged app,improper signatureCN=,OU=Byban Ltd.,O=Byban Ltd.,L=Shangha...com.UCMobile samsung com.UCMobile.intl Limitation of app name searchcom.UCMobile taobao com.UCMobile.ac Limitation of app name searchcom.youdao.dict yidong com.xing.you.dao Camouﬂaged app, improper signature CN=huangfaxing, OU=huangfaxing, O=huangfaxing,L=z...com.youku .phone samsung com.youku.phone.samsung.marketDifferent packagename for differentapp storescharacters and symbols.The affected apps are included Sogou Input Method(com.sohu.inputmethod.sogou)and WeChat(com.tencent.mm)which both are heavily dealing with texts.Since these zero-modiﬁcation APKﬁles do not contain any visible modiﬁcation which brings any impact to the apps,they are then further mapped back to zero-modiﬁcation label.In fact,we applied APK Difference Check onto all the APKﬁles from the Android app stores to check on their digital signatures.However,in term of content differences, we focus on the APKﬁles which are labelled with SHA256-mismatched in APK Identical Check because it is making more sense to compare the contents if2APKﬁles are having the same package name and version.To summarize from Ta-ble V,the majority fall under resources-related modiﬁcations (82.14%),which are referring to the changes are made under the folder of assets/,res/and resources.arsc.These folders are used to store resourceﬁles,such as graphic,video and data(i.e.JSON,XML)in general cases.Even though these resources may not have direct inﬂuence to the application code level,it is still worth attention to.It is because if images are replaced in the apps,it may be conveying different messages,including violence.Second majority of difference group for SHA256-mismatched APKﬁles is on criticalﬁles (non-resource related modiﬁcations)and these changes are including AndroidManifest.xml(which stores the permission details),.soﬁles(libraryﬁles)and classes.dex(applica-tion code);and it is covering63.93%of total SHA256-mismatched labelled APKﬁstly,there is20%of the APKﬁles are having new content in the comparing APK ﬁles.For the APKﬁles which fell under the above mentioned difference groups,they are potentially outdated apps,if they are signed by the same authorized developer.Table VAPK D IFFERENCE C HECK(SHA256-M ISMATCHED A NALYSIS)Label Total Apps Percentage(%)Critical(C)17963.93Removed(D)4215Resource(R)23082.14Signature(S)6 2.14New(X)5620No APKﬁle was unable to locate its MANIFEST.MFﬁle(F).Table VIAPK F ILES WITH S IGNATURE C HANGEDPackage Name App Store Label(APK Identical Check) com.baidu.appsearch mumayi[32]SHA256-mismatched(M) com.chinamworld.main mumayi[32]SHA256-mismatched(M) com.moji.mjweather mumayi[32]SHA256-mismatched(M) com.qiyi.video mumayi[32]SHA256-mismatched(M) com.tencent.mm mumayi[32]SHA256-mismatched(M) com.UCMobile mumayi[32]SHA256-mismatched(M) com.sina.weibo mumayi[32]Higher version(W)However,it is especially risky to have APKﬁles which are signed by unknown third parties.After applying APK Differ-ence Check on the sampled APKﬁles from app stores,un-fortunately,we notice that apart from the previous mentioned 3camouﬂaging apps(Table IV),there are another7APK ﬁles containing different certiﬁcate public key.The details have shown that they are signed by unknown third-party with the signature of’EMAILADDRESS=android@, CN=Android,OU=A..’.The affected APKﬁles are being listed in Table VI.Up to this point,the evidence isﬁrm enough to conclude to the statement that there is almost no Android app store in China is risk-free for APKﬁle download and the users are suffering from downloading outdated apps,non-targeting apps(due to false-returned),buggy apps and altered cam-ouﬂaging apps.From the developer perspectives,apart from inﬂuencing his reputation due to outdated,buggy or altered。

外研版七年级上册单词表

Module 1 My classmates1、* Chinese [,tʃai'ni:z] n. 中文，汉语；中国人。

adj. 中国的，中国人的；中国话的2、* from [强frɔm, 弱frəm] prep. 来自，从…..来3、* where [hwεə] adv. 在哪里4、* year [ jiə] n. 年；年龄5、* about [ə'baut] prep. 关于；大约6、what about ……？….怎么样？7、* Ms [miz] n.女士8、* America [ə'merikə] n. 美国；美洲（包括北美和南美洲）9、* not [nɒt] adv. 不（用于否定句），不是，没有10、* England ['iŋɡlənd] n. 英格兰；英国11、* hi [hai] int. 嗨！喂12、* American [ə'merikən] n. 美国人，美洲人； adj. 美国的，美国人的，美洲的13、* our ['auə] pron. 我们的14、* grade [ɡreid] n. 年级；等级 15、* he [hi:,hi] pron. 他16、* China ['tʃaɪnə] n. 中国17、* everyone ['evriwʌn] pron. 每个人；大家18、* capital ['kæpitəl] n. 首都，省会19、* but [bʌt] conj. 但是；然而20、* very ['veri] adv. 非常，很21、* big [biɡ] adj. 大的；重要的22、* city ['siti] n. 城市，都市23、* small [smɔ:l] adj. 少的，小的24、* first [fə:st] adj. 第一的；首要的；adv. 先；首先；25、first name 名字26、* last [lɑ:st] adj. 最后的；最末的。

les量表的基本概念和特点

LES量表的基本概念和特点LES（Life Events Scale）量表是一种常用于评估个体生活事件对心理健康产生影响程度的工具。

它可以帮助研究者了解个体所经历的生活事件对其心理状态和适应能力的影响，同时也可以在临床实践中用于辅助诊断和干预。

本文将介绍LES 量表的基本概念、构成要素以及其特点。

1.LES量表的基本概念LES量表是由Thomas Holmes和Richard Rahe于1967年开发的，旨在测量个体所经历的生活事件对其心理健康的影响程度。

该量表主要基于一个核心观点：生活事件会对个体的身心健康产生压力和负面影响。

通过对个体所经历的生活事件进行评分，可以得出一个综合指标，反映个体的应激水平和适应能力。

2.LES量表的构成要素LES量表的构成要素主要包括以下几个方面：(1)生活事件清单LES量表提供了一份包含多种生活事件的清单，这些事件涵盖了个人生活的不同领域，如家庭、工作、健康等。

每个事件都被赋予了一个权重分数，用于评估该事件对个体心理健康的影响程度。

(2)生活事件评分个体根据自己在一段时间内所经历的生活事件，选择相应的事件，并为每个事件进行评分。

评分通常是根据事件的重要性和影响程度来进行的，一般采用5或10分制。

(3)生活事件总分计算通过将个体所选事件的评分累加起来，可以计算出LES量表的总分，该总分反映了个体所经历的生活事件对其心理健康的总体影响程度。

一般来说，总分越高，表示个体承受的生活压力越大。

3.LES量表的特点(1)简单易用LES量表的使用非常简单，个体只需根据自己所经历的生活事件，在清单中选择并评分即可。

这使得该量表适用于不同年龄段和教育水平的个体，且操作便捷。

(2)多维度评估LES量表提供了多个领域的生活事件供个体选择，并且每个事件都有相应的权重分数。

这使得量表能够综合评估个体在不同领域所经历的生活事件对其心理健康的影响。

(3)对应应激水平和适应能力通过LES量表的总分，可以初步了解个体的应激水平和适应能力。

多表查询的方法

多表查询的方法
多表查询是指在查询中同时涉及多张表，有时候需要将多张表之间的数据进行关联，以便获取更全面准确的数据结果。

实现多表查询的方法如下：
1.使用JOIN操作符：通过JOIN操作符可以将多张表中的数据连接起来，根据关联字段进行匹配。

JOIN操作符分为多种类型，包括INNER JOIN、LEFT JOIN、RIGHT JOIN、FULL JOIN等。

2.使用子查询：可以在FROM子句中使用子查询，将子查询的结
果作为主查询的一个表参与查询，实现多表查询的效果。

3.使用UNION操作符：如果需要在多张表中查询相同的数据结构，可以使用UNION操作符将多个SELECT语句的结果合并成一个结果集。

4.使用视图：可以将多张表的数据通过视图进行整合，并且在查询时只需要调用视图即可，不需要直接操作多张表，实现了更好的数据隔离。

以上是实现多表查询的主要方法，需要根据实际情况选择合适的方法，以便获取更准确全面的数据结果。

- 1 -。

e4a数据库查询语法

e4a数据库查询语法E4A数据库使用SQLite作为其默认的数据库引擎。

下面是一些常用的SQLite数据库查询语法：1. SELECT语句- 查询单个列的所有记录：```SELECT column_name FROM table_name;```- 查询多个列的所有记录：```SELECT column_name1, column_name2 FROM table_name; ```- 查询所有列的所有记录：```SELECT * FROM table_name;```2. WHERE子句- 根据条件查询记录：```SELECT column_name FROM table_name WHERE condition; ```- 支持的操作符：=，<>, !=，>, <, >=, <=, LIKE，AND，OR 等。

3. ORDER BY子句- 对查询结果进行排序：```SELECT column_name FROM table_name ORDER BY column_name [ASC|DESC];```4. LIMIT子句- 限制查询结果的数量：```SELECT column_name FROM table_name LIMIT number; ```- 限制查询结果的偏移量和数量：```SELECT column_name FROM table_name LIMIT offset, number;```5. GROUP BY子句- 对查询结果进行分组：```SELECT column_name1, column_name2 FROM table_name GROUP BY column_name1, column_name2;```6. HAVING子句- 根据条件筛选分组后的结果：```SELECT column_name FROM table_name GROUP BY column_name HAVING condition;```7. JOIN语句- 将多个表连接起来查询：```SELECT column_name FROM table1 JOIN table2 ON condition;```以上仅为简单的语法示例，实际查询语句的编写需要根据具体的数据表结构和查询需求进行调整。

外研版七年级上册单词表

Module1My classmates1、 *Chinese[,t? ai'ni:z]n.中文，；中国人。

adj.中国的，中国人的；中国的2、*from[ fr ?m,弱 fr ? m]prep.来自，从⋯ .. 来3、*where [hwε? ] adv. 在哪里4、*year[ji?]n.年；年5、*about[ ? 'baut]prep.对于；大6、what about⋯⋯⋯. 怎么7、*Ms[miz]n. 女士8、*America[ ?'merik? ]n.美国；美洲（包含北美和南美洲）9、*not[n ?t]adv.不（用于否认句），不是，没有10、*England['i? ɡl? nd]n.英格；英国11、*hi[hai]int.！喂12 、 * American[ ?'merik?n]n.美国人，美洲人；adj.美国的，美国人的，美洲的13、*our['au?]pron.我的14、* grade[ɡ reid]n.年；等15、*he[hi:,hi]pron.他16、*China['t?a?n? ]n.中国17、*everyone['evriw?n]pron.每一个人；大家18、*capital['k? pit?l]n.国都，省会19、*but[b ?t]conj.可是；但是20、*very['veri]adv.特别，很21、*big[biɡ]adj.大的；重要的22、*city['siti]n.城市，都市23、*small[sm?:l]adj.少的，小的24、 *first[f ? :st]adj.第一的；首要的； adv.先；第一；25、first name名字26、*last[l ɑ:st]adj.最后的；最末的。

adv.最后；最末27、last name 姓28、*all[ ? :l]pron. 全体，每个Module2My family1、 *aunt[ ɑ:nt]n.阿姨；姑；伯母；舅2、 *brother['br? e? ]n.兄弟3、 *cousin['k?z? n]n.表兄弟姊妹；表兄弟姊妹4、 *daughter['d? :t? ]n.女儿5、 *family['f?mili]n.家庭；家族6、 *father['fɑ:e ?]n.父，爸爸7、 *grandfather[' ɡr? nd,f ɑ:e ? ]n.（外）祖父8、 *grandmother [' ɡr? nd,m? e ? ]n.（外）祖母9、 grandparent[' ɡr? nd,p ε? r? nt]n.（外）祖父亲母亲10、*mother ['m ? e ? ] n. 母，11、*parent['p ε? r ? nt]n.父（或母）；父亲母亲12、*sister['sist? ]n.姐妹；修女；士13、son [s ? n]n.儿子；孩子14、*uncle[' ? ? kl]n.叔叔；伯父；伯伯；舅舅；姨丈；姑父15、*photo['f ? ut ? u] n. 照片，相片16、*photograph['f?ut ?ɡrɑ:f]n. 照片，相片17、*these[ e i:z]pron.些18、*they[ e ei]pron.他；它；她19、*mum[m? m]n.（口）；20、*left[left]n.左；左。

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外连接语法
• •
使用外连接可以查询不满足连接条件的数据。外连接的符号是 (+)。
SELECT table1.column, table2.column FROM table1, table2 WHERE table1.column(+) = table2.column; SELECT table1.column, table2.column FROM table1, table2 WHERE table1.column = table2.column(+);
4-19 Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rights reserved.
自连接
SELECT st_name || ' works for ' || st_name FROM employees worker, employees manager WHERE worker.manager_id = manager.employee_id ;
…
4-20
Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rights reserved.
使用SQL: 1999 语法连接
使用连接从多个表中查询数据：
SELECT table1.column, table2.column FROM table1 [CROSS JOIN table2] | [NATURAL JOIN table2] | [JOIN table2 USING (column_name)] | [JOIN table2 ON(table1.column_name = table2.column_name)] | [LEFT|RIGHT|FULL OUTER JOIN table2 ON (table1.column_name = table2.column_name)];
非等值连接
EMPLOYEES JOB_GRADES
…
EMPLOYEES表中的列工资应在JOB_GRADES表中的最高工资与最低工资之间
4-14
Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rights reserved.
非等值连接
SELECT st_name, e.salary, j.grade_level FROM employees e, job_grades j WHERE e.salary BETWEEN j.lowest_sal AND j.highest_sal;
…
4-28
Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rights reserved.
使用ON 子句创建多表连接
SELECT FROM JOIN ON JOIN ON employee_id, city, department_name employees e departments d d.department_id = e.department_id locations l d.location_id = l.location_id;
从多个表中获取数据
EMPLOYEES DEPARTMENTS
…
…
4-3
Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rights reserved.
笛卡尔集
•
笛卡尔集会在下面条件下产生:
– – 省略连接条件连接条件无效
–
所有表中的所有行互相连接
•
为了避免笛卡尔集，可以在 WHERE 加入有效的连接条件。
…
4-26
Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rights reserved.
使用ON 子句创建连接
• 自然连接中是以具有相同名字的列为连接条件的。 • 可以使用 ON 子句指定额外的连接条件。 • 这个连接条件是与其它条件分开的。 • ON 子句使语句具有更高的易读性。
4-24
Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rights reserved.
使用 USING 子句创建连接
•
在NATURAL JOIN 子句创建等值连接时，可以使用 USING 子句指定等值连接中需要用到的列。
• 使用 USING 可以在有多个列满足条件时进行选择。 • 不要给选中的列中加上表名前缀或别名。 • NATURAL JOIN 和 USING 子句经常同时使用。
• •
在 WHERE 字句中写入连接条件。在表中有相同列时，在列名之前加上表名前缀。
4-7
Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rights reserved.
等值连接
EMPLOYEES
DEPARTMENTS
…
…
外键
4-8
主键
Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rights reserved.
4-4
Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rights reserved.
笛卡尔集
EMPLOYEES (20行) DEPARTMENTS (8行)
…
笛卡尔集: 20x8=160行
…
4-5
Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rights reserved.
• Arbitrary join conditions
4-6
Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rights reserved.
Oracle 连接
使用连接在多个表中查询数据。
SELECT FROM WHERE table1.column, table2.column table1, table2 table1.column1 = table2.column2;
连接的类型
Oracle 提供的连接 (8i 或更早): 适用于SQL: 1999的连接:
• • • •
Equijoin
Non-equijoin
Outer join Self join
• • • •
Cross joins Natural joins Using clause Full or two sided outer joins for outer joins
…
4-18
Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rights reserved.
自连接
EMPLOYEES (WORKER)
EMPLOYEES (MANAGER)
…
…
WORKER 表中的MANAGER_ID 和 MANAGER 表中的 MANAGER_ID相等
4-21
Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rights reserved.
叉集
• •
使用CROSS JOIN 子句使连接的表产生叉集。叉集和笛卡尔集是相同的。
SELECT last_name, department_name FROM employees CROSS JOIN departments ;
等值连接
SELECT employees.employee_id, st_name, employees.department_id, departments.department_id, departments.location_id FROM employees, departments WHERE employees.department_id = departments.department_id;
…
4-15
Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rights reserved.
外连接
DEPARTMENTS
EMPLOYEES
…
190号部门没有员工
4-16
Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rights reserved.
SELECT e.employee_id, st_name, e.department_id, d.department_id, d.location_id FROM employees e , departments d WHERE e.department_id = d.department_id;
4-17
Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rights reserved.
外连接
SELECT st_name, e.department_id, d.department_name FROM employees e, departments d WHERE e.department_id(+) = d.department_id ;
4-27
Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rights reserved.
ON 子句
SELECT e.employee_id, st_name, e.department_id, d.department_id, d.location_id FROM employees e JOIN departments d ON (e.department_id = d.department_id);

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