杭州电子科技大学2016年《621基础英语》考研专业课真题试卷

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621英语水平测试-电子科技大学2015硕士入学考试真题

电子科技大学2015年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题电子科技大学2016年硕士研究生入学考试初试自命题科目及代码汇总•111单独考试政治理论•241法语(二外)•242德语(二外)•243日语(二外)•244英语(二外仅日语方向) •288单独考试英语•601数学分析•602高等数学•613分子生物学•615日语水平测试•616公共管理综合•621英语水平测试•622心理学综合•623新闻传播理论•625宪法学•688单独考试高等数学•689西方行政史•690中国近现代史•691政治学原理•692数学物理基础•694生物学综合•694生物学综合•695口腔综合•804行政法与行政诉讼法学•805新闻传播实务•806行政管理综合•808金融学基础•809管理学原理•811大学物理•812地理信息系统基础•813电磁场与电磁波•814电力电子技术•815电路分析基础•818固体物理•820计算机专业基础•821经济学基础•824理论力学•825密码学基础与网络安全•830数字图像处理•831通信与信号系统•832微电子器件•834物理化学•835线性代数•836信号与系统和数字电路•839自动控制原理•840物理光学•845英美文学基础知识及运用•846英语语言学基础知识及运用•847日语专业基础知识及应用•852近代物理基础•853细胞生物学•854国际政治学•855辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义•856测控通信原理•857概率论与数理统计•858信号与系统•859测控通信基础•860软件工程学科基础综合电子科技大学2015年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题考试科目:621英语水平测试注：无机读卡，所有答案必须写在答题纸上，写在试卷或草稿纸上无效。

Part I Reading Comprehension (40 points)Directions: In this part there are 5 passages, each with some questions or incomplete statements. Read them carefully and then choose from the four suggested answers marked A, B, C and D to answer the questions or complete the statements. Please write your answers on the Answer Sheet.Passage 1Oh no, not Anthony Weiner again.The older generation never gets it. Anthony Weiner, a candidate for mayor of New York, admitted this week to having sent more snaps of himself to a digital acquaintance. As any youngster could have told him, the way to find love is to send photos of your face.Consider Will, a 24-year-old up-and-coming film director in California. He meets potential dates via a smartphone app called Tinder. It finds potential matches who are nearby—your phone always knows where you are—and shows him photos from their Facebook profiles. Will can like or reject each photo. If a woman he likes also likes him, both are alerted and can start chatting.Tinder is quick (you can scroll through dozens of photos in minutes) and spares your blushes (you never know if someone rejects you). Will has already had three romantic encounters and hundreds of matches, he says. Justin Mateen, a co-founder of Tinder, says it has made 100m matches since its launch in September, and led to 50 marriage proposals. He adds: “The app has only really been going for nine months. There could be a baby popping out soon.”Americans are dating longer, which creates opportunities for matchmakers. Some are quite direct.Bang with Friends (BWF), another app, allows users to specify which of their Facebook friends they would like to spend the night with. If both parties feel the same way, BWF notifies them. If not, no one is any the wiser. BWF was booted from Apple’s app store, but that hasn’t stopped it from creating 200,000 pairings since its January launch. BWF’s boss, admits he came up with the concept while “a bit tipsy”.Such apps make it easier to find potential partners, but don’t seem to have turned America into a nation of bed-hoppers. Young women claim to have had a median of 3.6 male intimate friends while young men 6.1 female ones. These figures may be inaccurate—men may exaggerate; women may undercount—but they have not changed much in years.Parents fret that staring at screens all day has made youngsters socially inept face-to-face. A第1 页共12 页survey by two dating sites found that 36-38% of Americans aged 21-34 ask for dates by text message. But when they meet, they must still make their moves in person. Witty joking and a well-placed wink still have their uses.1. It can be summarized from the first three paragraphs that _________.A. we used to judge a potential match by his or her appearanceB. one can find love by sending his photos to a digital acquaintanceC. Anthony Weiner is trying to win more votes from digital friendsD. Tinder will probably replace traditional matchmakers worldwide2. The sixth paragraph is focused on _________.A. the huge success that BWF has achievedB. the serious consequence of digital datingC. the evolution of matchmaking in the U.S.D. the future developments of Facebook3. The last paragraph implies that _________.A. excessive use of apps leaves youngsters socially awkwardB. most young people find love through text messagesC. people in love often move their homes before marriageD. verbal or non-verbal language is still used during dates4. Potential matches found by Tinder are probably _________.A. young, single, and nearbyB. poor, married, but lonelyC. illiterate, retired, but divorcedD. far-away, busy, and happyPassage 2The human body contains enormous quantities of energy. In fact, the average adult has as much energy stored in fat as a one-ton battery. That energy fuels our everyday activities, but what if those actions could in turn run the electronic devices we rely on? Today, innovators around the world are banking on our potential to do just that.Movement produces kinetic energy, which can be converted into power. In the past, devices that turned human kinetic energy into electricity, such as hand-cranked radios, computers and flashlights, involved a person’s full participation. But a growing field is tapping into our energy without our even noticing it.Consider, for example, a health club. With every step you take on a treadmill and with every muscle curl, you turn surplus calories into motion that could drive a generator and produce electricity. The energy from one person’s workout may not be much, but 100 people could contribute significantly to a facility’s power needs.That’s the idea behind the Green Microgym in Portland, Oregon, where machines likes tationary bikes harvest energy during workouts. Pedaling turns a generator, producing electricity that helps to power the building. For now, body energy supplies only a small fraction of the gym’s needs, but the amount should increase as more machines are adapted. “By being extremely energy-efficient and combining human power, solar and someday wind, I believe we’ll be able to be net-zero for electricity sometime this year,” says the gym’s owner, Adam Boesel. His bikes, by the way, aren’t the flirts to put pedal power to work. In some parts of the world, cyclists have been powering safety第2 页共12 页lights for years with devices called bicycle dynamos, which use a generator to create alternating current with every turn of the wheels.Dance clubs are also getting in on the action. In the Netherlands, Rotterdam’s new Club WATT has a floor that harnesses the energy created by the dancers’ steps. For now, it’s just enough to power LED lights in the floor, but in the future, more output is expected from newer technology.5. Using human body energy as power supplies _________.A. requires us to be strongB. is a great new ideaC. proves to be difficultD. is increasingly popular6. It can be learned that the Green Microgym _________.A. is using human, solar and wind power to produce electricityB. is the first to use bikes to harvest human body energyC. will be able to satisfy its power needs by using green energyD. will introduce the technology to other parts of the world7. What is the author’s most likely comment on the application of body energy?A. It is unrealistic at present.B. It has a promising future.C. Its effect is still unknown.D. It depends on the energy cost.Passage 3The first of Laurence Smith’s two weddings was meant to take place in the midwinter snow not far south of the Arctic Circle. The second foresaw balmy blue skies in Palm Springs, California. As it turned out, the guests were greeted by rain and slush in the far north, then by a chill and more rain in the Californian desert.If the weather is capable of surprising him, why should anyone trust Mr. Smith’s forecast for 2050? Because the growing freakiness of weather is precisely his point. Climate change is one of four mega-trends, along with globalization, population growth and surging demand for natural resources, that he thinks will shape the world over the coming decades. The first part of his book The New North: The World in 2050 is a familiar tale of teeming cities, roaring trade, harder-to-get-at oil and rising sea levels.But Mr. Smith comes into his own when he explores the consequences of these trends (climate change especially) for the quarter of the Earth that lies at latitudes above 45°N. A geographer at the University of California, Los Angeles, he specializes in the frozen lands of Russia, Canada, Alaska and Iceland. The region is about to undergo a great transformation.The planet’s warming may be global, but climate-change models predict it will be amplified in the north. Permafrost will melt and settlement patterns will change. Inland, construction will become trickier and ice roads less dependable, so development will gravitate to the coasts. By mid-century the Arctic Ocean may be briefly free of sea ice in September, a boon to shipping. Crops will spread north as seal hunters become farmers.Interest in the region’s vast and increasingly accessible natural resources is already growing, along with the potential for conflict over the rights to these riches. Mr. Smith believes there is every chance that the development of the “new north” will be peaceful, thanks to habits of cooperation and第3 页共12 页an internationally accepted rule book for laying down rights to the seabed. He sees a leading role for the region’s indigenous peoples.By 2050 the answers to some very big questions should be clear: what happens to the north’s massive stocks of carbon in the soil as it defrosts; whether great schemes to channel freshwater from north to south are attempted; how populous, resource-hungry China works with Russia’s emptying, resource-rich Far East. Mr. Smith reckons an area about one and a half times the size of the United States will be habitable, albeit for much of the year still cold and dark. The development of the new north, he thinks, might resemble that of the American West, dotted with settlements formed for mining and trade.Obscuring the view of 2050, however, is a caveat that looms as large as an Arctic iceberg. Mr. Smith sets ground rules that allow him to extrapolate into the future without worrying about disruptions such as game-changing leaps in technology. This is an “informed thought-experiment”rather than a proper prediction. But for anyone curious about the new north—let alone thinking of investing in Arctic derivatives—it is an instructive exercise.8. The word “boon” in the fourth paragraph can be replaced by _________.A. prohibitionB. prosperityC. benefitD. catastrophe9. According to Laurence Smith, the following are all very likely to happen in the future decadesEXCEPT _________.A. The local people in the “new north” will benefit from the climate changeB. The development of the “new north” will be on a peaceful processC. The natural resources in the “new north” will be able to exploitedD. The large amounts of carbon in the “new north” soils will be safely controlled10. What can be inferred from the passage?A. The author takes a skeptical attitude towards Laurence Smith’s predictions of the Arctic.B. The author reckons Laurence Smith is somewhat optimistic in imagining the “new north”C. Laurence Smith did a lot of experiments in combining geographical predictions andeconomic development.D. Laurence Smith shares with the author that the future of the Article depends on ourawareness and actions.11. Which of the following titles is more appropriate for the passage?A. The Arctic: The de-icing ageB. Climate Change: Humankind’s futureC. A Day Dreamer: Laurence Smith’s new writing styleD. 2050: The end of the worldPassage 4The newspaper must provide for the reader the facts, unalloyed, unslanted, objectively selected facts. But in these days of complex news it must provide more; it must supply interpretation, the meaning of the facts. This is the most important assignment confronting American journalism—to make clear to the reader the problems of the day, to make international news as understandable as第4 页共12 页community news, to recognize that there is no longer any such thing (with the possible exception of such scribbling as society and club news) as “local”news, because any event in the international area has a local reaction in manpower draft, in economic strain, in terms, indeed, of our very way of life.There is in journalism a widespread view that when you embark on interpretation, you are entering choppy and dangerous waters, the swirling tides of opinion. This is nonsense.The opponents of interpretation insist that the writer and the editor shall confine himself to the “facts”. This insistence raises two questions: What are the facts? And: Are the bare facts enough?As to the first query. Consider how a so-called “factual” story cones about. The reporter collects, say, fifty facts; out of these fifty, his space allotment being necessarily restricted, he selects the ten, which he considers most important. This is Judgment Number One. Then he or his editor decides which of these ten facts shall constitute the lead of the piece. This is important decision because many readers do not proceed beyond the first paragraph. This is Judgment Number Two. Then the night editor determines whether the article shall be presented on page one, where it has a large impact, or on page twenty-four, where it has little. Judgment Number Three.Thus, in the presentation of a so-called “factual” or “objective” story, at least three judgments are involved. And they are judgments not at all unlike those involved in interpretation, in which reporter and editor, calling upon their general background, and their “news neutralism,” arrive at a conclusion as to the significance of the news.The two areas of judgment, presentation of the news and its interpretation, are both objective rather then subjective processes—as objective, that is, as any human being can be. (Note in passing: even though complete objectivity can never be achieved, nevertheless the ideal must always be the beacon on the murky news channels.) Of an editor is intent on slanting the news, he can do it in other ways and more effectively than by interpretation. He can do it by the selection of those facts that prop up his particular plea. Or he can do it by the pay he gives a story—promoting it to page one or demoting it to page thirty.12. The title that best expresses the ideas of this passage is _________.A. Interpreting the News.B. Choosing Facts.C. Subjective versus Objective Processes.D. Everything Counts.13. Why does the writer of an article select ten out of fifty available facts?A. His editor is prejudiced.B. Space is limited.C. The subject is not important.D. The newspaper is arbitrary.14. What is the least effective way of “slanting” news?A. Placement.B. Concentration.C. InterpretationD. His editor is prejudiced.15. Why should the lead sentence present the most important fact?A. It will influence the reader to continue.B. It will be the best way to write.C. Some readers do not read beyond the first paragraph.D. It will gratify the editor.第5 页共12 页Passage 5One of the most pivotal moments in American literature occurred near the end of the nineteenth century as authors such as a young man named Stephen Crane began to embrace a literary style forged in Europe a bit earlier and which would come to be known as naturalism. Crane was born to parents in the ministry and grew up in a household grounded in religious beliefs and context. Yet, before long, Crane had, for the most part, rejected religion and the idea of divine intervention in favor of a more hands-on approach to the world. As he began to develop as a writer, naturalist themes of man versus nature, the unrelenting power of nature, and an objective view of the world began to dominate his writing. Naturalists attempted to depict the most accurate view of life unadulterated and unobstructed by external commentary or spiritual intervention. Ultimately Crane’s masterful short story The Open Boat stands as one of the most complete and developed works of the naturalist genre.The first apparent element of naturalism in The Open Boat is its subject matter—a shipwreck. Being as true to life as possible is one of the most common goals of a naturalistic writer, and, in this short story, Crane is no exception. It did not come from Crane’s imagination. Rather, it stemmed from his personal experience. As a young war reporter, Crane was on his way from Florida to Cuba when his vesse1, the Commodore, encountered a violent tempest. Within hours, the ship had sunk, leaving a few lucky survivors on a tiny lifeboat to be subjected to the full of nature. Throughout the story Crane depicts scene after scene as if they were snapshots or a shorn film of what the men in the boat were up against. Through his prose, Crane is able to reveal the unadulterated brutal realism manifest in nature itself.As Crane continues with the theme of man versus nature in The Open Boat, the element of pessimism crucial to any naturalistic work, becomes quite apparent. The men are at the mercy of the storms and the seas and cannot do much to save themselves. In this sense, Crane reveals the indifference of nature and the universe in relation to the life or plight of human beings in general. It’s obvious to him that angels will not swoop down and save the unfortunate men. The situation of the shipwreck is ideal because ordinary, everyday people must face an extreme situation from which it is more than likely that they will perish. Crane continually creates a mood of impending doom and the punishing nature of the universe throughout the story. Along the way, he provides little commentary on the situation, forcing readers to place themselves immediately on the boat with the men while enforcing the dark tone of the story. But, even to Crane and most naturalist writers, all is not lost.While Crane’s work The Open Boat is a dark account of a chance situation that turns fatal for many, but not all, of the crew of the Commodore, it also sets forth the main elements of a naturalistic literary work at the turn of the twentieth century. Despite the fact that nature can be unrelenting and compassionless towards humans at any given moment, Crane ultimately shows how individuals still always have the capacity to strive together to overcome hardships and disaster. Furthermore, the accuracy and detail by Crane shun any possibility of a sugarcoated reality and reveals the true ferocity of nature as it is.16. Which of the following can be inferred from the first paragraph about Stephen Crane?第6 页共12 页A. He enjoyed the ministry and listening to preachers.B. He did not enjoy writing when he was young.C. He was rivaled by no other author of his time.D. He was not in tune with the beliefs of his parents.17. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the underlinedsentence in the first paragraph?A. Naturalists liked to place their own opinions on spirituality in their writing.B. Naturalists placed more emphasis on representing life as it appeared to them.C. Naturalists tried to embody the most precise view of life by looking to religion.D. Naturalists believed the life was obstructed by outside ambition and spirituality.18. According to the second paragraph, The Open Boat is important as a naturalist work because_________.A. it is true account taken from Crane’s own personal experienceB. the story is completely fabricated from Crane’s imaginationC. it is based on a series of events in a shipwreck that Crane heard ofD. it does not attempt to glorify Crane’s heroism against nature19. The author discusses nature in the third paragraph in order to _________.A. show how Crane believes divine power will save humanityB. note that nature itself is stronger than all of humankindC. indicate that nature does not care for strife among peopleD. reveal how it is pessimistic toward life on Earth20. According to the fourth paragraph, the men in the boat are significant because _________.A. they show that by banding together, human beings can surviveB. they represent the ultimate downfall of life according to CraneC. they allow fate to run its course and decide their own futureD. they discount nature and do not take it seriously until the endPart II Structure and Vocabulary (20 points)Directions: Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Please write your answers on the Answer Sheet.21. The general manager usually _________ a question before he gives his answer.A. pondersB. extractsC. imploresD. enlists22. His classmates dislike him for his _________ as he always boasts about his family.A. reclusionB. pomposityC. prideD. austerity23. The writer told several _________ about his colleagues and made everybody laugh.A. legendsB. mythsC. fablesD. anecdotes24. She must have been pretty _____ to fall for such an old trick.A. interestedB. gullibleC. enthusiasticD. shrewd25. This is the ______ piano on which the composer created some of his greatest works.A. trueB. originalC. realD. genuine第7 页共12 页26. A lack of appetite may be ________ of a major mental or physical disorder.A. inquisitiveB. initiativeC. indicativeD. informative27. The self-image controls a person’s attitudes or _________ of what happens to her.A. interpretationsB. approachesC. commitmentsD. simulations28. By the year 2040, Yale University will need over eight acres of land to _________ its library.A. manipulateB. accommodateC. illuminateD. obligate29. If you don’t know where you’ re going in life, you are _________ to wind up somewhere else.A. possibleB. inevitableC. optionalD. liable30. As far as marriage is concerned, it is mutual care and love that _________.A. mountsB. discountsC. countsD. calculates31. If the ten amendments that _________ the Bill of Rights of the US Constitution were a familyof ten children, you wouldn’t want to be the Third.A. includeB. embraceC. compriseD. involve32. The person in custody must, prior to interrogation, be clearly informed that he has the right toremain _________.A. silentB. taciturnC. speechlessD. consent33. The road wound rather _________ into a valley, in which the Pemberley House was situated.A. unprecedentedlyB. abruptlyC. promptlyD. irreversibly34. There is some reason for not giving up my career and _________ a different one.A. taking inB. bringing aboutC. arising fromD. embarking on35. Their house was in close _________ to ours, so we became intimate friends in time.A. vicinityB. contactC. relationD. community36. What all this _________ rhetoric obscured was the lack of hard evidence that violent mediaactually turns children into killers.A. multiculturalB. innovativeC. hyperbolicD. interactive37. A(n) _________ reading approach to reading is a combination of approaches—global, analyticand synthetic—used to suit the convenience of the reader.A. literalB. innovativeC. liberalD. eclectic38. _________ with languages gives you an edge in many jobs and professional opportunities, butis especially valuable in fields such as advertising, business, education and foreign affairs.A. ThresholdB. FacilityC. SpecializationD. Accommodation39. Rather than dictate how I think it ought to work, I would tell my employees to _________something that will work.A. get back toB. get out ofC. come along withD. come up with40. The visitors were impressed by the facilities planned and programmed ________ theirinterrelationships.A. in terms ofB. in aspects ofC. in units ofD. in case ofPart III Cloze (20 points)Directions: Fill in each blank with ONE appropriate word to complete the passage. Please write your answers on the Answer Sheet.第8 页共12 页Passage A:A new report published on November 4th takes a different approach.GlobalWebIndex (GWI), a market-research firm 41 local partners in 32 countries, surveys 170,000 consumers a year and recently began to ask detailed questions about internet use. It 42 China and India in the top three for Facebook users. SimilarWeb, 43 does IP-based analysis, does not even put China in the top ten.One reason for the 44 is that in many developing markets devices are widely shared. Conversely, more than three-quarters of respondents in the GWI report said they used more than one 45 . 46 factor is the spread of virtual private networks (VPNs) and proxy servers, which 47 it possible to surf the web through a foreign server.Once restricted to the tech-literate, these are now common and easy to use. Chinese citizens who want to vault the Great Firewall to use Facebook can do so with a couple of clicks. Foreign fans of the BBC can use the 48 trick to watch its programs via iPlayer, supposedly barred 49 Britain. Since VPNs and proxy servers are clustered in 50 with favorable rules, such as Sweden and the Netherlands, any count of visits to such sites will be skewed. 41. ____________42. ____________43. ____________44. ____________45. ____________46. ____________47. ____________48. ____________49. ____________50. ____________Passage B:Happy hours are not necessarily happy, 51 do they last for an hour, but they have become a part of the ritual of the office worker and businessman.52 weekdays in pubs and bars throughout America, there is the late afternoon happy hour. The time may 53 from place to place, but usually it is held from four to seven. 54 the workday is finished, office workers in large cities and small towns take a relaxing pause and do not go directly home. They head off 55 for the nearest bar or pub to be with friends, co-workers and colleagues. Within minutes the pub is filled to capacity 56 businessmen and secretaries, office clerks and stock executives. They gather 57 the bar like birds around a fountain or forest animals around a watering hole and chat about the trifles of office life or matters more personal. This is their desert garden, the place to relieve the day’s stress at the office.At these happy hours, social binding occurs 58 people who share the same workplace or similar professions. They may chat about each other or talk about a planned project that has 59 to meet a deadline. In this 60 , these places become extensions of the workplace and constitute a good portion of one’s social life. 51. ____________52. ____________53. ____________54. ____________55. ____________56. ____________57. ____________58. ____________59. ____________60. ____________第9 页共12 页Part IV Paraphrasing (20 points)Directions: Paraphrase the underlined parts. Please write your answers on the Answer Sheet.Consult any encyclopedia and you will find Charles Babbage credited with having conceived the first automatic digital computer. (61) Dig deeper, however, and it quickly becomes apparent that Babbage had a lot of help.Others before him had already tried to build calculating contraptions, notably Gottfried Leibniz, a German mathematician. (62) Babbage held regular salons and founded clubs where his ideas were sharpened. And there was also Ada Lovelace, his collaborator and the world’s first computer programmer.The argument against the great man theory of invention is not new. (63) But the main merit of Walter Isaacson’s new book The Innovators is to show that this is particularly true in information technology—despite the customary lionization of many of its pioneers, from Babbage and Alan Turing to Bill Gates and Linus Torvalds.All appear in Mr. Isaacson’s book, which explains its length. Whether their worlds revolved around the computer itself, the microchip, software, the PC, the internet or everything in between—these are all stories that show that invention always has many fathers (and mothers). (64) In fact, those who tried to go it alone tended to fail.(65) Mr. Isaacson thinks geniuses are important but they have to be seen in the context of times they lived in and the people they collaborated with. John von Neumann was a Hungarian-born polymath who worked on the ENIAC, one of the first programmable machines. His name is associated by many with early advances in programming and software architecture. (66) But it was a group of women who were at the forefront of programming, because back then it often involved plugging in wires and throwing switches. “If the ENIAC’s administrators had known how crucial programming would be…they might have been more hesitant to give such an important role to women,” he quotes one of them, Jean Jennings, as saying.(67) The ENIAC also shines a light on another issue: how innovation should best be commercialized. In 1945 von Neumann published a paper summarizing the project’s ideas—making it impossible for others on the team to patent them. The debate over whether innovation is better served by sharing intellectual property or by protecting it has been heated.(68) Mr. Isaacson clearly thinks that innovation is all about getting the mix right, though he doesn’t put it quite that way. If a brilliant leader is too self-involved, as was the case with William Shockley, an American physicist who helped invent the transistor radio, things fall apart. (69) Similarly, teams that lack a willful visionary often falter, as happened after Steve Jobs left Apple. Groups with a wide variety of specialities and experiences do much better than a bunch of left-brainers.The Innovators has not quite lived up to its own advice of getting the mix right. (70) Mr. Isaacson could have dedicated more pages to what he calls “lessons from the journey”, rather than retelling at length stories that other books have already laid out, even if he does give them credit. Then again, just like great technology, a good book doesn’t just emerge from nowhere.第10 页共12 页。

2016年考研英语真题及解析

2016年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)In Cambodia，the choice of a spouse is a complex one for the young male. It may involve not only his parents and his friends,１those of the young women, but also a matchmaker. A young man can 2 a likely spouse on his own and them ask his parents to 3 the marriage negotiations，or the young man’s parents may make the choice of a spouse, giving the child little to say in the selection. 4 , a girl may veto the spouse her parents have chosen. 5 a spouse has been selected, each family investigates the other to make sure its child is marrying 6 a good family.The traditional wedding is a long and colorful affair. Formerly it lasted three days， 7 by the 1980s it more commonly lasted a day and a half. Buddhist priests offer a short sermon and 8 prayers of blessing. Parts of the ceremony involve ritual hair cutting, 9 cotton threads soaked in holy water around the bride’s and groom’s wrists ,and 10 a candle around a circle of happily married and respected couples to bless the 11 .Newlyweds traditionally move in with the wife’s parents and may 12 with them up to a year, 13 they can build a flew house nearby.Divorce is legal and easy to 14 ,but not common .Divorced persons are 15 with some disapproval. Each spouse retains 16 property he or she 17 into the marriage, and jointly –acquired property is 18 equally. Divorced persons may remarry, but a gender prejudice 19 up .The divorced male doesn’t have a waiting period before he can remarry 20 the woman must wait the months.1. [A] by way of [B] as well as [C] on behalf of [D] with regard to2. [A] adapt to [B] provide for [C]compete with [D] decide on3. [A] close [B] renew [C]arrange [D] postpone4. [A] In theory [B] Above all [C] In time [D] For example5. [A] Although [B] Lest [C] After [D] Unless6. [A] into [B] within [C] from [D] through7. [A] sine [B] or [C] but [D] so8. [A] test [B]copy [C]recite [D] create9. [A] folding [B] piling [C] wrapping [D] tying10. [A] lighting [B] passing [C] hiding [D] serving11. [A] meeting [B] association [C] collection [D]union12. [A] grow [B] part [C] deal [D]live13. [A] whereas [B] until [C] for [D] if14. [A] obtain [B] follow [C] challenge [ D]avoid15. [A] isolated [B] persuaded [C] viewed [D] exposed16. [A]wherever [B] however [C] whenever [D]whatever17. [A] changed [B] brought [C] shaped [D] pushed18. [A] divided [B] invested [C] donated [D] withdrawn19. [A]clears [B] warms [C] shows [D] breaks20. [A]while [B] so what [C]once [D] in thatSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1France, which prides itself as the global innovator of fashion, has decided its fashion industry has lost an absolute right to define physical beauty for woman. Its lawmakers gave preliminary approval last week to a law that would make it a crime to employ ultra-thin models on runways.The parliament also agreed to ban websites that”incite excessive thinness” by promoting extreme dieting.Such measures have a couple of uplifting motives. They suggest beauty should not be defined by looks that end up with impinging on health. That’s a start. And the ban on ultra-thin models seems to go beyond protecting models from starring themselves to health –as some have done. It tells the fashion industry that it move take responsibility for the signal it sends women, especially teenage girls, about the social tape –measure they must use to determine their individual worth.The bans, if fully enforced ,would suggest to woman (and many men )that they should not let others be orbiters of their beauty .And perhaps faintly, they hint that people should look tointangible qualities like character and intellect rather than dieting their way to sine zero or wasp-waist physiques .The French measures, however, rely too much on severe punishment to change a culture that still regards beauty as skin-deep-and bone-showing. Under the law, using a fashion model that does not meet a government-defined index of body mess could result in a $85,000 fine and six months in prison.The fashion industry knows it has an inherent problem in focusing on material adornment and idealized body types. In Denmark, the United States, and a few other countries, it is trying to set voluntary standard for models and fashion images there rely more on pear pressure for enforcement.In contrast to France’s actions, Denmark’s fashion industry agreed last month on rules and sanctions regarding age, health, and other characteristics of models .The newly revised Danish Fashion Ethical charter clearly states, we are aware of and take responsibility for the impact the fashion industry has on body ideals, especially on young people. The charter’s main toll of enforcement is to deny access for designers and modeling agencies to Copenhagen. Fashion week, which is men by the Danish Fashion Institute .But in general it relies on a name-and –shame method of compliance.Relying on ethical persuasion rather than law to address the misuse of body ideals may be the best step. Even better would be to help elevate notions of beauty beyond the material standards of a particular industry.21. According to the first paragraph, what would happen in France?[A] Physical beauty would be redefined[B] New runways would be constructed[C] Websites about dieting would thrive[D] The fashion industry would decline22. The phrase “impinging on”(Line2 Para2) is closest in meaning to[A] heightening the value of[B] indicating the state of[C] losing faith in[D] doing harm to23. Which of the following is true of the fashion industry[A] The French measures have already failed[B] New standards are being set in Denmark[C] Models are no longer under peer pressure[D] Its inherent problems are getting worse24. A designer is most likely to be rejected by CFW for[A] setting perfect physical conditions[B] caring too much about models’ character[C] showing little concern for health factors[D] pursuing a high age threshold for models25. Which of the following maybe the best title of the text?[A] A challenge to the Fashion Industry’s Body Ideals[B] A Dilemma for the starving models in France[C] Just Another Round of struggle for beauty[D] The Great Threats to the Fashion IndustryText 2For the first time in the history more people live in towns than in the country. In Britain this has had a curious result. While polls show Britons rate “the countryside” alongside the royal family. Shakespeare and the National Health Service (NHS) as what make them proudest of their country, this has limited political support. A century ago Octavia Hill launched the National Trust not to rescue stylish houses but to save “the beauty of natural places for everyone forever”. It was specifically to provide city dwellers with spaces for leisure where they could experience “a refreshing air”. Hill’s pressure later led to the creation of national parks and green belts. They don’t make countryside any more, and every year concrete consumes more of it .It needs constant guardianship.At the next election none of the big parties seem likely to endorse this sentiment. The Conservatives’ planning reform explicitly gives rural development priority over conservation, even authorizing “off–plan” building where local people might object. The concept of sustainable development has been defined as profitable. Labour likewise wants to discontinue local planning where councils oppose development. The Liberal Democrats are silent only u sensing itschance, has sides with those pleading for a more considered approach to using green land. Its campaign to protect Rural England struck terror into many local conservative parties.The sensible place to build new houses factories and offices is where people are in cities and towns where infrastructure is in place. The London agents Stirling Ackroyed recently identified enough sites for half of million houses in the Landon area alone with no intrusion on green belts. What is true of London is even truer of the provinces. The idea that “housing crisis” equals “concreted meadows” is pure lobby talk. The issue is not the need for more houses but, as always, where to put them under lobby pressure, George Osborne favours rural new-build against urban renovation and renewal. He favours out-of-town shopping sites against high streets. This is not a free market but a biased one. Rural towns and villages have grown and will always grow. They do so best where building sticks to their edges and respects their character. We do not ruin urban conservation areas. Why ruin rural ones?Development should be planned, not let trip, After the Netherlands, Britain is Europe’s most crowed country. Half a century of town and country planning has enable it to retain an enviable rural coherence, while still permitting low-density urban living. There is no doubt of the alternative-the corrupted landscapes of southern Portugal, Spain or Ireland. Avoiding this rather than promoting it should unite the left and right of the political spectrum.26. Britain’s public sentiment about the countryside[A] is not well reflected in politics[B] is fully backed by the royal family[C] didn’t start fill the Shakespearean age[D] has brought much benefit to the NHS27. According to paragraph 2，the achievements of the National Trust are now being[A] largely overshadowed[B] properly protected[C] effectively reinforced[D] gradually destroyed28. Which of the following can be offered from paragraph 3[A] Labour is under attack for opposing development[B] The Conservatives may abandon “off-plan” building[C] Ukip may gain from its support for rural conservation[D] The Liberal Democrats are losing political influence29. The author holds that George Osbornes’s preference[A] shows his disregard for the character of rural area[B] stresses the necessity of easing the housing crisis[C] highlights his firm stand against lobby pressure[D] reveals a strong prejudice against urban areas30. In the last paragraph the author show his appreciation of[A] the size of population in Britain[B] the enviable urban lifestyle in Britain[C] the town-and-country planning in Britain[D] the political life in today’s BritainText 3“There is one and only one social responsibility of business” wrote Milton Friedman, a Nobel Prize-winning economist “That is, to use its resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profits.” But even if you accept Friedman’s premise and regard corporate social responsibility(CSR) policies as a waste of shareholders’s money, things may not be absolutely clear-act. New research suggests that CSR may create monetary value for companies at least when they are prosecuted for corruption.The largest firms in America and Britain together spend more than $15 billion a year on CSR, according to an estimate by EPG, a consulting firm. This could add value to their businesses in three ways. First, consumers may take CSR spending as a “signal” that a company’s products are of high quality. Second, customers may be willing to buy a company’s products as an indirect may to donate to the good causes it helps. And third, through a more diffuse “halo effect” whereby its good deeds earn it greater consideration from consumers and others.Previous studies on CSR have had trouble differentiating these effects because consumers can be affected by all three. A recent study attempts to separate them by looking at bribery prosecutions under American’s Foreign Corrupt Practices Act（FCPA）.It argues that since prosecutors do not consume a company’s products as part of their investigations，they could beinfluenced only by the halo effect.The study found that，among prosecuted firms，those with the most comprehensive CSR programmes tended to get more lenient penalties. Their analysis ruled out the possibility that it was firm’s political influence, rather than their CSR stand, that accounted for the leniency: Companies that contributed more to political campaigns did not receive lower fines.In all, the study concludes that whereas prosecutors should only evaluate a case based on its merits, they do seem to be influenced by a company’s record in CSR. “We estimate that either eliminating a substantial labour-rights concern, such as child labour, or increasing corporate giving by about20% result in fines that generally are 40% lower than the typical punishment for bribing foreign officials.” says one researcher.Researchers admit that their study does not answer the question at how much businesses ought to spend on CSR. Nor does it reveal how much companies are banking on the halo effect, rather than the other possible benefits, when they companies get into trouble with the law, evidence of good character can win them a less costly punishment.31. The author views Milton Friedman’s statement about CSR with[A]uncertainty[B]skepticism[C]approval[D]tolerance32. According to Paragraph 2, CSR helps a company by[A]guarding it against malpractices[B]protecting it from consumers[C]winning trust from consumers.[D]raising the quality of its products33. The expression “more lenient”(line 2,Para.4)is closest in meaning to[A]less controversial[B]more lasting[C]more effective[D]less severe34. When prosecutors evaluate a case, a company’s CSR record[A]comes across as reliable evidence[B]has an impact on their decision[C]increases the chance of being penalized[D]constitutes part of the investigation35. Which of the following is true of CSR according to the last paragraph?[A] The necessary amount of companies spending on it is unknown[B] Companies’ financial capacity for it has been overestimated[C] Its negative effects on businesses are often overlooked[D]It has brought much benefit to the banking industryText 4There will eventually come a day when The New York Times ceases to publish stories on newsprint. Exactly when that day will be is a matter of debate. ”Sometime in the future,” the paper’s publisher said back in 2010.Nostalgia for ink on paper and the rustle of pages aside, there’s plenty of incentive to ditch print. The infrastructure required to make a physical newspaper – printing presses, delivery trucks – isn’t just expensive; it’s excessive at a time when online – only competitors don’t have the same set of financial constraints. Readers are migrating away from print anyway. And though print ad sales still dwarf their online and mobile counterparts, revenue from print is still declining.Overhead may be high and circulation lower, but rushing to eliminate its print edition would be a mistake, says BuzzFeed CEO Jonah Peretti.Peretti says the Times shouldn’t waste time getting out of the print business, but only if they go about doing it the right way. “Figuring out a way to accelerate that transition would make sense for them,” he said, “but if you discontinue it, you’re going have your most loyal customers really upset with you.”Sometimes that’s worth making a change anyway. Peretti gives the example of Netflix discontinuing its DVD-mailing service to focus on streaming. “It was seen as blunder,” he said. The move turned out to be foresighted. And if Peretti were in charge atthe Times? ”I wouldn’t pick a year to end print,” he said “I would raise prices and make it into more of a legacy product.”The most loyal customers would still get the product they favor, the idea goes, and they’d feel like they were helping sustain the quality of something they believe in. “So if you’re overpaying for print, you could feel like you were helping,” Peretti said. “Then increase it at a higher rate each year and essentially try to generate additional revenue.”In other words, if you’re going to make a print product, make it for the people who are already obsessed with it. Which may be what the Times is doing already. Getting the print edition seven days a week costs nearly $500 a year – more than twice as much as a digital – only subscription.“It’s a really hard thing to do and it’s a tremendous luxury that BuzzFeed doesn’t have a legacy business,” Peretti remarked. “But we’re going to have questions like that where we have things we’re doing that don’t make sense when the market changes and the world changes. In those situations, it’s better to be more aggressive that less aggressive.”36. The New York Times is considering ending it’s print edition partly due to[A] the increasing online and sales[B] the pressure from its investors[C] the complaints from its readers[D] the high cost of operation37. Peretti suggests that in face of the present situation, The Times should[A] make strategic adjustments[B] end the print sedition for good[C] seek new sources of leadership[D] aim for efficient management38. It can be inferred from paragraphs 5and 6 that a ” legacy product”[A] helps restore the glory of former times[B] is meant for the most loyal customers[C] will have the cost of printing reduced[D] expands the popularity of the paper39. Peretti believes that in a changing world[A] traditional luxuries can stay unaffected[B] cautiousness facilitates problem-solving[C] aggressiveness better meets challenges[D] legacy businesses are becoming out dated40. which of the following would be the best title of the text?[A] shift to online newspapers all at once[B] Cherish the Newspapers still in Your Hand[C] keep Your Newspapers Forever in Fashion[D] Make Your print Newspapers a luxury GoodPart BDirections:Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading from the list A-G for each of the numbered paragraphs (41-45). There are two extra subheadings. Mark your answers on the ANSER SHEET. (10 point)[A] Create a new image of yourself[B] Decide if the time is right[C] Have confidence in yourself[D]Understand the context[E]Work with professionals[F]Make it efficient[G]Know your goalsNo matter how formal or informal the work environment, the way you present yourself has an impact. This is especially true in the first impressions. According to research from Princeton University , people assess your competence, trustworthiness, and likeability in just a tenth of a second, solely based on the way you look.The difference between today’s workplace and the “dress for success” era is that the range of options is so much broader. Norms have evolved and fragmented. In some settings, red sneakers or dress T-shirts can convey status; in other not so much. Plus, whatever image we present is magnified by social-media services like LinkedIn. Chances are, your headshots are seen much more often now than a decade or two ago. Millennials, it seems, face the paradox of being the least formal generation yet the most conscious of style and personal branding. It can be confusing.So how do we navigate this? How do we know when to invest in an upgrade? And what’s the best way to pull off one than enhances our goals? Here are some tips:41_________________________As an executive coach, I’ve seen image upgrades be particular helpful during transitions-when looking for a new job, stepping into a new or more public role, or changing work environments. If you’re in a period of change or just feeling stuck and in a rut, now may be a good time. If you’re not sure, ask for honest feedback from trusted friends, colleagues and professionals. Look for cues about how others perceive you. Maybe there’s no need for an upgrade and that’s OK42________________________Get clear on what impact you’re hoping to have. Are you looking to refresh your image or pivot it? For one person, the goal may be to be taken more seriously and enhance their professional image. For another, it may be to be perceived as more approachable, or more modern and stylish. For someone moving from finance to advertising, maybe they want to look more “SoHo.” (It’s OK to use characterizations like that )43 ________________________Look at your work environment like an anthropologist. What are the norms of your environment? What conveys status? Who are your most important audiences? How do the people you respect and look up to present themselves? The better you understand the cultural context, the more control you can have over your impact.44 _______________________Enlist the support of professionals and share with them your goals and context. Hire a personal stylist, or use the free styling service of a store like J. Crew. Try a hair stylist instead of a barber. Work with a professional photographer instead of your spouse or friend. It’s not as expensive as you might think.45 ________________________The point of a style upgrade isn’t to become more vain or to spend more time fussing over what to wear. Instead, use it as an opportunity to reduce decision fatigue. Pick a standard work uniform or a few go-to options. Buy all your clothes at once with a stylist instead of shopping alone, one article of clothing at a time.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) Mental health is our birthright. (46) we don’t have to learn how to be mentally healthy, it is built into us in the same way that our bodies know how to heal a cut or mend, a broken bone. Mental health can’t be learned, only reawakened. It is like immune system of the body, which under stress or through lack of nutrition or exercise can be weakened, but which never leaves us. When we don’t understand the value of mental health and we don’t know how to gain access to it, mental health will remain hidden from us. (47) Our mental health doesn’t go anywhere; like the sun behind a cloud, it can be temporarily hidden from view, but it is fully capable of being restored in an instant.Mental health is the seed that contains self-esteem –confidence in ourselves and an ability to trust in our common sense. It allows us to have perspective on our lives-the ability to not take ourselves too seriously, to laugh at ourselves, to see the bigger picture, and to see that things will work out. It’s a form of innate or unlearned optimism. (48) Mental health allows us to view others with sympathy if they are having troubles, with kindness if they are in pain, and with unconditional love no matter who they are. Mental health is the source of creativity for solving problems, resolving conflict, making our surroundings more beautiful, managing our home life, or coming up with a creative business idea or invention to make our lives easier. It gives us patience for ourselves. And toward others as well as patience while driving, catching a fish, working on our car, or raising a child.It allows us to see the beauty that surrounds us each moment in nature, in culture, in the flow of our daily lives. (49)Although mental health is the cure-all for living our lives, it is perfecting ordinary as you will see that it has been there to direct you through all your difficult decisions. It has been available even in the most mundane of life situations to show you right from wrong, good from bad, friend from foe. Mental health has commonly been called conscience, instinct, wisdom, common sense, or the inner voice, we think of it simply as a health and helpful flow of intelligent thought. (50) As you will come to see, knowing that mental health is always available and knowing to trust it allow us to slow down to the moment and live life happily.Section III WritingPart A51. Directions:Suppose you are a librarian in your university. Write a notice of about 100 words. Providing the newly-enrolled international students with relevant information about the library.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not sign your own name at the end of the notice. Use Li Ming instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following pictures In your essay, you should1) describe the pictures briefly2) interpret the meaning , and3) give your commentsYou should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.(20 points)Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use Li Ming instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)1、【答案】[B] as well as【解析】根据空格所在句子的内容可以判断，“择偶涉及男方的亲朋好友，_____女方的亲朋好友”显然前后是并列关系，选项中只有B选项as well as 表示并列关系。

2014年电子科技大学621英语水平测试考研真题

电子科技大学2014年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题考试科目：621 英语水平测试注:无机读卡，所有答案必须写在答题纸上，写在试卷或草稿纸上无效.Part I Reading Comprehension (40 points).Directions: In this part there are 5 passages, each with some questions or incomplete statements. Read them carefully and then choose from the four suggested answers marked A. B. C. and D to answer the questions or complete the statements. Please write your answers on the Answer Sheet.Passage 1First, the university will take on an even larger role in assisting pre-college education in preparing students for study and work. Success on college is greatly impacted by student preparation. Thus, the university will need to take more responsibility in guiding the process in college preparation.Partnerships with corporations and businesses will become a greater part of university involvement. The 21st century will see expansion of partnerships of this type particularly with research universities. These will take on different forms. They will involve collaboration for education of an older workforce, collaboration for organizational and process improvement in both types of organizations, agreements for special consideration in student recruitment and internships, and employment and funding between the partners. Each will need to undergo some modification of culture as these changes occur.The convener role involves bringing people to campus to address certain important issues. It means identifying experts around the world to join with those on campus to seek understanding and actions for change. This conference sponsored by Peking University is an example of the convener function. It also involves bringing people together to learn about modern approaches to the latest and important issues in many different fields. This role has been served for many years in agriculture, education and engineering. Others are emerging, and the future will have universities serving even broader roles as convener of experts in many different areas.The world role for universities is another that is evolving rapidly. It is being driven by increasing ease of communication worldwide, the connectivity of economies of countries around the world, the opening up of greater opportunities for trade, and the increasing prevalence of multinational corporations.第1页共12页1. In what way will the university play a larger role in the future?A. Helping students find jobs.B. Helping students prepare for study and work.C. Arranging the process of college preparation.D. Ensuring every student achieves success in study.2. Which of the following is NOT true of the research universities in the 21st century?A. They will offer education to an older workforce.B. They will make organization and process improvement.C. They will modify the culture they are in.D. They will collaborate with corporations and business in students’ employment and funding.3. The passage is organized by ________.A. making a list of the roles played by the university in the 21st centuryB. comparing and contrasting several roles played by the universityC. introducing a phenomenon first and then analyzing its reasonsD. preparing a problem first and then its solutionsPassage 2Each year in the never-ending cycle of death and regeneration, the rains sweep across southern Asia. Between June and October strange sea winds surge over the land, drenching the earth with torrential downpours. This is the monsoon—a familiar word often taken to mean a violent windstorm, but in fact referring to a tumultuous season of recurring rains.The monsoon is close to the very soul of the people it touches; it permeates the lives of the people and affects everything they do. India is especially dominated by it. For three months before the monsoon rains arrive, the heat is intense, unbearable: the earth itself is dead; farmers cannot work the stone-hard fields; bare subsistence is difficult. With the rains, everything suddenly changes—India bursts into life again; fields that seemed hopelessly barren turn green and grow wildly.The rich new season is one of beauty, but to the peasant it is a beauty shot through with possible disaster. Overflowing with the great rains, the Ganges River moves relentlessly to the sea, hiding beneath its shining but deceptive calm the horror of fields and homes overcome by flood. The horror of flood and cyclone rides always with the monsoon clouds when they come to redeem the land. The peasants have no resource but resignation.4. The monsoon is correctly described as a ________.A. torrential downpourB. violent windstormC. season of recurring rainsD. violent thunderstorm5. The monsoon is said to be “close to the very soul of the people it touches” because ________.A. it plays a significant role in Asian religionsB. it is destructiveC. the people are resigned to itD. it affects all aspects of their lives第2页共12页6. The peasant’s reaction to the monsoon is ________.A. resignationB. hope that the next year will be betterC. JoyD. relief7. Which of the following is implied but not stated?A. India is the only country affected by the monsoon.B. Monsoons seldom affect people in temperate climates.C. After the floods subside, the great heat will begin again.D. The monsoon completely permeates the lives of people.Passage 3A recent history of the Chicago meat-packing industry and its workers examines how the industry grew from its appearance in the 1830s through the early 1890s. Meat- packers, the author argues, had good wages, working conditions, and prospects for advancement within the packing-houses, and did not cooperate with labor agitators since labor relations were so harmonious. Because the history maintains that conditions were above standard for the era, the frequency of labor disputes, especially in the mid. 1880s, is not accounted for. The work ignores the fact that the 1880s were crucial years in American labor history, and that the packing-house workers’ efforts were part of the national movement for labor reform.In fact, other historical sources for the late-nineteenth century record deteriorating housing and high disease and infant mortality rates in the industrial community, due to low wages and unhealthy working conditions. Additional data from the University of Chicago suggest that the packing-houses were dangerous places to work. The government investigation commissioned by President Theodore Roosevelt which eventually led to the adoption of the 1906 Meat Inspection Act found the packing-houses unsanitary, while social workers observed that most of the workers were poorly paid and overworked.The history may be too optimistic because most of its data from the 1880s, at the latest, and the information provided from that decade, is insufficiently analyzed. Conditions actually declined in the 1880s and continued to decline after the 1880s, due to a reorganization of the packing process and a massive influx of unskilled workers. The deterioration in worker status, partly a result of the new availability of unskilled and hence cheap labor, is not discussed. Though a detailed account of work in the packing-houses is attempted, the author fails to distinguish between the wages and conditions for skilled workers and for those unskilled laborers who comprised the majority of the industry’s workers from the 1880s on While conditions for the former were arguably tolerable due to the strategic importance of skilled workers in the complicated slaughtering, cutting, and packing process (though worker complaints about the rate and conditions of work were frequent), pay and conditions for the latter were wretched. The author’s misinterpretation of the origins of the feelings the meat-packers had for their industrial neighborhood may account for the history’s faulty generalizations.The pride and contentment the author remarks upon were, arguably, less the products of the industrial world of the packers—the giant yards and the intricate plants—than of the unity and第3页共12页vibrancy(活跃) of the ethnic cultures that formed a viable community on Chicago’s South Side. Indeed, the strength of this community succeeded in generating a social movement that effectively confronted the problems of the industry that provided its livelihood8. The passage is primarily concerned with discussing ________.A. how historians ought to explain the origins of the conditions in the Chicago meat- packingindustryB. why it is difficult to determine the actual nature of the conditions in the Chicagomeat-packing industryC. why a particular account of the conditions in the Chicago meat-packing industry isinaccurateD. what ought to be included in any account of the Chicago meat-packers’ role in the nationallabor movement9. The author of the passage mentions the “social movement” (in the last paragraph) generated byChicago’s South Side community primarily in order to ________.A. inform the reader of events that occurred in the meat-packing industry after the period oftime covered by the historyB. introduce a new issue designed to elaborate on the good relationship between themeat-packers and Chicago’s ethnic communitiesC. salvage the history’s point of view by suggesting that there were positive developments inthe meat-packing industry due to worker unityD. suggest the history’s limitations by pointing out a situation that the history failed to explainadequately10. According to the passage, the working conditions of skilled workers in the meat-packingindustry during the 1880s were influenced by ________.A. the workers’ determined complaints about the rate and conditions of their workB. the workers’ ability to perform the industry’s complex tasksC. the efforts of social workers to improve sanitation in the packing-housesD. improvements in the industry’s packing process that occurred in the 1880s11. The author of the passage uses the second paragraph to ________.A. summarize the main point of the history discussed in the passageB. explain why the history discussed in the passage has been disparaged by criticsC. evaluate the findings of recent studies that undermine the premises of the history discussedin the passageD. present evidence that is intended to refute the argument of the history discussed in thepassagePassage 4I live in the land of Disney, Hollywood and year-round sun. You may think people in such a glamorous, fun-filled place are happier than others. If so, you have some mistaken ideas about the第4页共12页nature of happiness.Many intelligent people still equate happiness with fun. The truth is that fun and happiness have little or nothing in common. Fun is what we experience during an act. Happiness is what we experience after an act. It is a deeper, more abiding emotion.Going to an amusement park or ball game, watching a movie or television, are fun activities that help us relax, temporarily forget our problems and maybe even laugh. But they do not bring happiness, because their positive effects end when the fun ends.I have often thought that if Hollywood stars have a role to play, it is to teach us that happiness has nothing to do with fun. These rich, beautiful individuals have constant access to glamorous parties, fancy cars, expensive homes, everything that spells “happiness”. But in memoir after memoir, celebrities reveal the unhappiness hidden beneath all their fun: depression, alcoholism, drug addiction, broken marriages, troubled children and profound loneliness.Ask a bachelor why he resists marriage even though he finds dating to be less and less satisfying. If he’s honest, he will tell you that he is afraid of making a commitment. For commitment is in fact quite painful. The single life is filled with fun, adventure and excitement. Marriage has such moments, but they are not its most distinguishing features.Similarly, couples that choose not to have children are deciding in favor of painless fun over painful happiness. They can dine out whenever they want and sleep as late as they want. Couples with infant children are lucky to get a whole night’s sleep or a three-day vacation. I don’t know any parent who would choose the word fun to describe raising children.Understanding and accepting that true happiness has nothing to do with fun is one of the most liberating realizations we can ever come to. It liberates time: now we can devote more hours to activities that can genuinely increase our happiness. It liberates money: buying that new car or those fancy clothes that will do nothing to increase our happiness now seems pointless. And it liberates us from envy: we now understand that all those rich and glamorous people we were so sure are happy because they are always having so much fun actually may not be happy at all.12. Which of the following is true?A. Fun creates long-lasting satisfaction.B. Fun provides enjoyment while pain leads to happiness.C. Happiness is enduring whereas fun is short-lived.D. Fun that is long-standing may lead to happiness.13. To the author, Hollywood stars all have an important role to play that is to ________.A. tell the public that happiness has nothing to do with funB. write memoir after memoir about their happinessC. teach people how to enjoy their livesD. bring happiness to the public instead of going to glamorous parties14. Couples having infant children ________.A. are lucky since they can have a whole night’s sleepB. find fun in tucking them into bed at night第5页共12页C. find more time to play and joke with themD. derive happiness from their endeavor15. If one gets the meaning of the true sense of happiness, he will ________.A. stop playing games and joking with othersB. make the best use of his time increasing happinessC. give a free hand to moneyD. keep himself with his familyPassage 5Working out exactly what students and taxpayers get for the money they spend on universities is a tricky business. Now the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), a Paris-based think-tank for rich countries, is planning to make the task a bit easier, by producing the first international comparison of how successfully universities teach.“Rather than assuming that because a university spends more it must be better, or using other proxy measures for quality, we will look at learning outcomes,”explains Andreas Schleicher, the OECD’s head of education research. Just as the OECD assesses primary and secondary education by testing randomly chosen groups of youngsters from each country in reading and mathematics, it will sample university students to see what they have learned. Once enough universities are taking part, it may publish league tables showing where each country stands, just as it now does for compulsory education. That may produce a fairer assessment than the two established rankings, though the British one does try to broaden its inquiry by taking opinions from academics and employers.There is much to be said for the OECD’s approach. Of course a Nobel laureate’s view on where to study may be worth hearing, but dons may be so busy writing and researching that they spend little or no time teaching—a big weakness at America’s famous universities. And changes in methodology can bring startling shifts. The high-flying London School of Economics, for example, tumbled from 17th to 59th in the British rankings published last week, primarily because it got less credit than in previous years for the impressive number of foreign students it had managed to attract.The OECD plan awaits approval from an education ministers’meeting in January. The first rankings are planned by 2010. They will be of interest not just as a guide for shoppers in the global market, but also as indicators of performance in domestic markets. They will help academics wondering whether to stay put or switch jobs, students choosing where to spend their time and money, and ambitious university bosses wanting a sharper competitive edge for their institution.The task the OECD has set itself is formidable. In many subjects, such as literature and history, the syllabus varies hugely from one country, and even one campus, to another. But OECD researchers think that problem can be overcome by concentrating on the transferable skills that employers value, such as critical thinking and analysis, and testing subject knowledge only in fields like economics and engineering, with a big common core.Moreover, says Mr. Schleicher, it is a job worth doing. Today’s rankings, he believes, do not help governments assess whether they get a return on the money they give universities to teach their undergraduates. Students overlook second-rank institutions in favor of big names, even though the第6页共12页less grand may be better at teaching. Worst of all, ranking by reputation allows famous places to coast along, while making life hard for feisty upstarts. “We will not be reflecting a university’s history,” says Mr. Schleicher, “but asking: what is a global employer looking for?” A fair question, even if not every single student’s destiny is to work for a multinational firm.16. The project by OECD is aimed to ________.A. assess primary and secondary education of each school that subscribe to the serviceB. appraise the learning outcomes of university students as part of their academic performanceC. establish a new evaluation system for universitiesD. set up a new ranking for compulsory education17. The assessment method by OECD is different from the established rankings in ________.A. that its inquiry is broader as to include all the students and staffB. that its samples are chosen randomly based on statistical analysis of methodC. that it attaches more importance to the learning efficiencyD. that it takes opinions from the students to see what they have learnt18. The best universities in the Nobel laureate’s eye are ________.A. those ambitious universitiesB. those of high reputationC. the feisty upstartsD. those high-flying universities19. By the case of London School of Economic, the author wants to show that ________.A. the OECD’s approach is very fairB. the Nobel laureate’s opinion is not worth hearingC. the British rankings pays more attention to the foreign studentsD. different assessment methods may lead to different ranking results20. The OECD’s ranking system will probably be welcomed most by ________.A. those ambitious second-rank institutionsB. the famous collegesC. parents who pay for the children’s secondary educationD. shoppers in the global marketPart II Vocabulary and Structure (20 points)Directions: Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence. Please write your answer in the Answer Sheet.21. Another big issue ________ the new republic is the problem of the education of its citizens.A. conflictingB. confrontingC. confiningD. confirming22. Telling your doctor about all the medicines you take may help avoid serious drug ________.A. interventionsB. interruptionsC. institutionsD. interactions23. It was Mr. Biden’s first trip to China since taking office. He spoke ________ of his first visit toChina in 1979, when he was a senator.A. nostalgicallyB. melancholyC. calmlyD. skillfully第7页共12页24. His book is the cultural ________ of the year.A. incidentB. accidentC. eventD. affair25. The mountaintop provides a spectacular view of Innsbruck and its ________.A. environmentsB. vicinitiesC. circumstancesD. surroundings26. Finance during marriage ________ is a very big issue particularly with regards to the mortgageand household bills.A. separationB. divisionC. allocationD. detachment27. Ed’s already ________ health deteriorated after he left the hospital.A. invalidB. faintC. fragileD. crisp28. A complete investigation into the causes of the accident should lead to improved standards andshould ________ new operating procedures.A. result inB. match withC. subject toD. proceed with29. If a person talks about his weak points, his listener is expected to say something in the way of________.A. persuasionB. remedyC. encouragementD. compromise30. If we ________ our relations with that country, we’ll have to find another supplier of rawmaterials.A. diffuseB. diminishC. redistributeD. preclude31. During the races there were two accidents to motor-cyclists including one ________ accident.A. fatalB. killingC. deadlyD. deathly32. Business picked up in the stores during December, but ________ again after Christmas.A. dropped outB. dropped onC. dropped overD. dropped off33. His misbehavior and ________ dismissal from the firm was reported in the newspaper.A. improperB. inefficientC. subsequentD. frequent34. Every citizen has the sacred ________ to defend his country.A. rightB. objectiveC. authorityD. obligation35. We need an umbrella on the beach to give us some ________ at midday.A. shedB. shadeC. shadowD. dark36. ________ to the Revolutionary War, the United States was an English colony.A. PriorB. CloseC. EarlierD. Next37. If you are an electrician, you will know the difference between an alternating and a direct________.A. conductorB. circuitC. cableD. current38. The company has the ________ right to print Mr. Dare’s books.A. virtualB. exclusiveC. overallD. flexible39. Digging the foundation is the first ________ of our building project.A. solutionB. processionC. phaseD. achievement40. The curtains have ________ because of the strong sunlight.A. fadedB. dulledC. faintedD. weakened第8页共12页Part III Cloze (20 points)Directions: Fill in each blank with ONE appropriate word to complete the passage.Section A:When a 47-year-old manager at the headquarters of a large companyreturned from a two-week business 41 , he found another man seated in his office, 42 his job. The manager’s boss had been 43 with a new vice president, who had brought 44 his own people.45 six moths to find another job within the company, he went to work for one of the smaller departments. His new job was a demotion, and his pay would be frozen for three years.Learning to cope with career downturns is part of 46 the ladder to success. Virtually all 47 people have experienced major career setbacks. Here are some suggestions for bouncing back:Make the 48 of it. The former manager dug into this new job with the enthusiasm of a person who has been given a new and pleasant life, and within 18 months he was promoted. “I’m happier today as manager of a small, effective 49 than I was working at the headquarters,” he says. “There is 50 pressure, and I’m actually making a bigger contribution.”41. ________42. ________43. ________44. ________45. ________46. ________47. ________48. ________49. ________50. ________Section B:Ever 51 humans have lived on the earth, they have made use of various 52 of communication. Generally, this expression of thoughts and feelings has been in the form of oral speech. When there is a language barrier, communication is completed through sign language 53 which motions 54 for letters, words, and ideas. Tourists and the people 55 to hear or speak have had to turn to this form of expression. Many of these symbols of whole words are very lively and exact and can be used internationally; spelling, 56 , cannot.Body language sends ideas or thoughts by certain 57 , either meaningfully or not. A wink can be a way of showing that the party is only joking. A nod means agreement, while shaking the head indicates 58 .Other forms of nonlinguistic language can be found in Braille (a system of raised dots read with the fingertips), signal flags, Morse code, and smoke signals. Road maps and picture signs also guide and warn people. While language is the 59 common form of communication, other systems and techniques also 60 human thoughts and feelings. 51. ________52. ________53. ________54. ________55. ________56. ________57. ________58. ________59. ________60. ________第9页共12页Part IV Paraphrase (20 points)Directions: Paraphrase the underlined parts.(61) Any industrial manufacturer that has not awakened to the fact that it must become a service business is in serious peril today. Sadly, there are many such businesses—companies that still think of themselves as builders of things and that state their gross margins, operating profits, and other measures of success solely in terms of “the product.”(62) But even their more enlightened competitors, the ones who’ve begun to wrap valuable services around their products and, in some cases, profit directly from those services, are enjoying only a temporary advantage. (63) They may be improving their customer relationships by taking on various burdens such as maintenance and replenishment of supplies, but that will get them only so far. A select group of companies is already upping the ante. Soon, it will not be enough for a company to offer services; it will have to provide “smart services.”Smart services go beyond the kinds of upkeep and upgrades you may be bundling with your products, both in their value to customers and in their cost efficiency to you. (64) To provide them, you must build intelligence—that is, awareness and connectivity—into the products themselves. And you must be prepared to act on what the products then reveal about their use.Consider Heidelberger Druckmaschinen (commonly known as Heidelberg), a maker of high-end printing presses. Throughout its history, the company has offered repair services to its customers. Several years ago, (65) when it developed the ability to monitor its equipment remotely, Heidelberg found that it could provide maintenance much more cost-effectively. Now with its machines communicating continuously over the Internet, relaying information about their status between the print shops and Heidelberg’s regional and global technical support specialists, (66) the company has the access and insight to optimize printing performance in customers’ shops. The total product support that Heidelberg now offers—which extends even to removal and resale of the machines—represents a whole new level of value for buyers. (67) The network context has made the difference for Heidelberg and has allowed the firm to achieve true intimacy with its customers.The rewards of becoming a smart service provider are hard to deny. In our research, we’ve documented organic growth rates in double digits for many of the companies that are following this path. (68) The leaders are establishing the new performance benchmarks for their industries, deriving more than 50% of their revenues and 60% of their margin contributions from services as opposed to product sales. For most management teams in product-centric companies, numbers like these sound like nirvana.Joining the ranks of smart service organizations is not primarily a technical challenge. (69) The necessary technologies, while critical to the task, are well enough established by this point. Rather, in most companies, (70) the biggest challenge is getting senior management to adopt a new perspective on the nature of the business. The companies in the vanguard of smart services think differently about their purpose and how they make their profits–but they have come to that new heading by degrees.第10页共12页。

2016考研英语二真题及答案解析【2】

2016考研英语二真题及答案解析【2】Section Ⅱ Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections：Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1It’s true that high-school coding classes aren’t essential for learning computer science in college. Students without experience can catch up after a few introductory courses, said Tom Cortina, the assistant dean at Carne gie Mellon’s School of Computer Science.However, Cortina said, early exposure is beneficial. When younger kids learn computer science, they learn that it’s not just a confusing, endless string of letters and numbers — but a tool to build apps, or create a rtwork, or test hypotheses. It’s not as hard for them to transform their thought processes as it is for older students. Breaking down problems into bite-sized chunks and using code to solve them becomes normal. Giving more children this training could increase the number of people interested in the field and help fill the jobs gap, Cortina said.Students also benefit from learning something about coding before they get to college, where introductory computer-science classes are packed to the brim, which can drive the less-experienced or-determined students away.The Flatiron School, where people pay to learn programming, started as one of the many coding bootcamps that’s become popular for adults looking for a career change. The high-schoolers get the same c urriculum, but “we try to gear lessonstoward things they’re interested in,” said Victoria Friedman, an instructor. For instance, one of the apps the students are developing suggests movies based on your mood.The students in the Flatiron class probably wo n’t drop out of high school and build the next Facebook. Programming languages have a quick turnover, so the “Ruby on Rails” language they learned may not even be relevant by the time they enter the job market. But the skills they learn — how to think logically through a problem andorganize the results — apply to any coding language, said Deborah Seehorn, an education consultant for the state of North Carolina.Indeed, the Flatiron students might not go into IT at all. But creating a future army of coders is not the sole purpose of the classes. These kids are going to be surrounded by computers —in their pockets, in their offices, in their homes — for the rest of their lives. The younger they learn how computers think, how to coax the machine into producing what they want — the earlier they learn that they have the power to do that — the better.21. Cortina holds that early exposure to computer science makes it easier to____.A. complete future job trainingB. remodel the way of thinkingC. formulate logical hypothesesD. perfect artwork production22. In delivering lessons for high-schoolers, Flatiron has considered their____.A. experienceB. academic backgroundsC. career prospectsD. interest23. Deborah Seehorn believes that the skills learned at Flatiron will____.A. help students learn other computer languagesB. have to be upgraded when new technologies comeC. need improving when students look for jobsD. enable students to make big quick money24. According to the last paragraph, Flatiron students are expected to____.A. compete with a future army of programmersB. stay longer in the information technology industryC. become better prepared for the digitalized worldD. bring forth innovative computer technologies25. The word “coax” (Line4, Par a.6) is closest in meaning to____.A. challengeB. persuadeC. frightenD. misguide答案：Text 121 答案 B remodel the way of thinking.解析：此题是文中人物观点题。

2016年硕士研究生考试专业学位英语二真题及答案word版

2016年硕士研究生入学统一考试专业学位英语二Section ⅠUse of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A., B, C. or D. on the ANSWER SHEET .(10 points) Happy people work differently. They ‟re more productive, more creative, and willing to take greater risks. And new research suggest that happiness might influence 1 firms work, too. Companies located in places with happier people invest more, according to a recent research paper 2 2 , , , firms firms firms in in in happy happy happy places places places spend spend spend more more more on on on R&D R&D R&D (research (research (research and and and development development development ). ). ). That That That‟‟s because happiness is linked to the kind of longer-term thinking 3 for making investments for the future. The The researchers researchers researchers wanted wanted wanted to to to know know know if if if the the the 4 4 4 and and and inclination inclination inclination for for for risk-taking risk-taking risk-taking that that that come come come with with happiness would 5 the way companies invested. So they compared U.S. cities ‟ average happiness 6 by Gallup polling with the investment activity of publicly traded firms in those areas. 7 7 enough, enough, enough, firms firms firms‟‟investment investment and and and R&D R&D R&D intensity intensity intensity were were were correlated correlated correlated with with with the the the happiness happiness happiness of of of the the area area in in in which which which they they they were were were 8 . 8 . But But is is is it it it really really really happiness happiness happiness that that that‟‟s s linked linked linked to to to investment, investment, investment, or or or could could something something else else else about about about happier happier happier cities cities cities 9 9 9 why why why firms firms firms there there there spend spend spend more more more on on on R&D? R&D? R&D? To To To find find find out, out, out, the the researchers researchers controlled controlled controlled for for for various various various 10 10 10 that that that might might might make make make firms firms firms more more more likely likely likely to to to invest invest invest ––like like size, size, industry, industry, and and and sales sales sales ––and and for for for indicators indicators indicators that that that a a a place place place was was was 11 11 11 to to to live live live in, in, in, like like like growth growth growth in in in wages wages wages or or population. population. The The The link link link between between between happiness happiness happiness and and and investment. investment. investment. Generally Generally 12 even even after after after accounting accounting for these things. The correlation between happiness and investment was particularly strong for younger firms, which which the the the authors authors authors 13 13 13 to to to “less “less “less codified codified codified decision decision decision making making making process”process”and and the the the possible possible possible presence presence presence of of “younger “younger and and and less less 14 14 managers managers managers who who who are are are more more more likely likely likely to to to be be be influenced influenced influenced by by by sentiment.” sentiment.” sentiment.” The The relationship was 15 stronger in places where happiness was spread more 16 . Firms seem to invest more more in in in places places places where where where most most most people people people are are are relatively relatively relatively happy, happy, happy, rather rather rather than than than in in in places places places with with with happiness happiness inequality. 17 this doesn ‟t prove that happiness causes firms to invest more or to take a longer-term view, the authors believe it at least 18 at that possibility. It ‟s not hard to imagine that local culture and sentiment sentiment would would would help help help 19 19 19 how how how executives executives executives think think think about about about the the the future. future. future. “It “It “It surely surely surely seems seems seems plausible plausible plausible that that happy people would be more forward-thinking and creative and 20 R&D more than the average,” said one researcher. 1 A. why B. where C. how D. when 2 A. In return B. In particular C. In contrast D. In conclusion 3 A. sufficient B. famous C. perfect D. necessary 4 A. individuation B. modernism C. optimism D. realism 5 A. echo B. miss C. spoil D. change 6 A. imagined B. measured C. invented D. assumed 7 A. SureB. OddC. UnfortunateD. Often8 A. advertisedB. dividedC. overtaxedD. headquartered9 A. explain B. overstateC. summarizeD. emphasize10 A. stages B. factors C. levels D. methods 11 A. desirable B. sociable C. reputable D. reliable 12 A. resumed B. held C. emerged D. broke 13 A. attribute B. assign C. transfer D. compare 14 A. serious B. civilized C. ambitious D. experienced 15 A. thus B. instead C. also D. never 16 A. rapidly B. regularly C. directly D. equally 17 A. After B. Until C. While D. Since 18 A. arrives B. jumps C. hints D. strikes 19 A. shapeB. rediscoverC. simplifyD. share 20 A. pray for B. lean towards C. give awayD. send out【参考答案】1. C. how 2. B. In particular 3. D. necessary 4. C. optimism 5. D. change 6. B. measured 7. A. Sure 8. D. headquartered 9. A. explain 10. B. factors 11. A. desirable 12. C. emerged 13. A. attribute 14. D. experienced 15. A. thus 16. D. equally 17. C. While 18. C. hints 19. A. shape 20. B. lean towards Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension Part A Direction: Read the following four texts, Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C, D. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points) Text 1 It It‟‟s s true true true that that that high-school high-school high-school coding coding coding classes classes classes aren aren aren‟‟t t essential essential essential for for for learning learning learning computer computer computer science science science in in college. college. Students Students Students without without without experience experience experience can can can catch catch catch up up up after after after a a a few few few introductory introductory introductory courses, courses, courses, said said said Tom Tom Cortina, the assistant dean at Carnegie Mellon ‟s School of Computer Science. However, However, Cortina Cortina Cortina said, said, said, early early early exposure exposure exposure is is is beneficial. beneficial. beneficial. When When When younger younger younger kids kids kids learn learn learn computer computer science, they learn that it ‟s s not just a confusing, endless string of letters and numbers not just a confusing, endless string of letters and numbers – but a tool to build apps, or create artwork, or test hypotheses. It ‟s not as hard for them to transform their thought processes as it is for older students. Breaking down problems into bite-sized chunks and using code to solve them becomes normal. Giving more children this training could increase the number of people interested in the field and help fill the jobs gap, Cortina said. Students also benefit from learning something about coding before they get to college, where introductory computer-science classes are packed to the brim, which can drive the less-experienced or-determined students away. The The Flatiron Flatiron Flatiron School, School, School, where where where people people people pay pay pay to to to learn learn learn programming, programming, programming, started started started as as as one one one of of of the the the many many coding boot camps that that‟‟s become popular for adults looking for a career change. The high-schoolers high-schoolers get get get the the the same same same curriculum, curriculum, curriculum, but but “we we try try try to to to gear gear gear lessons lessons lessons toward toward toward things things things they they they‟‟re interested in,” said Victoria Friedman, an instructor. For instance, one of the apps the students are developing suggests movies based on your mood. The students in the Flatiron class probably won‟t drop out of high school and build the next Facebook. Programming languages have a quick turnover, so the “Ruby on Rails ” language they learned may not even be relevant by the time they enter the job market. But the skills they learn – how how to to to think think think logically logically logically through through through a a a problem problem problem and and and organize organize organize the the the results results – apply apply to to to any any any coding coding language, said Deborah Seehorn, an education consultant for the state of North Carolina. Indeed, the Flatiron students might not go into IT at all. But creating a future army of coders is not the sole purpose of the classes. These kids are going to be surrounded by computers-in their pockets ,in their offices, in their homes –for the rest of their lives, The younger they learn how computers think, how to coax the machine into producing what they want –the earlier they learn that they have the power to do that –the better. 21. Cortina holds that early exposure to computer science makes it easier to _______ A. complete future job training B. remold the way of thinking C. formulate logical hypotheses D. perfect artwork production 【答案】B 22. In delivering lessons for high - schoolers , Flatiron has considered their________ A. experience B. interest C. career prospects D. academic backgrounds 【答案】B 23. Deborah Seehorn believes that the skills learned at Flatiron will ________ A. help students learn other computer languages B .have to be upgraded when new technologies come C .need improving when students look for jobs D. enable students to make big quick money 【答案】A 24. According to the last paragraph, Flatiron students are expected to ______ A. bring forth innovative computer technologies B. stay longer in the information technology industry C. become better prepared for the digitalized world D. compete with a future army of programmers 【答案】C 25. The word “coax ”(Line4,Para.6) is closest in meaning to ________ A. persuade B. Frighten C. Misguide D. challenge 【答案】A Text 2 Biologists estimate that as many as 2 million lesser prairie chickens---a kind of bird living on stretching grasslands —once lent red to the often grey landscape of the midwestern and southwestern United States. But just some 22,000 birds remain today, occupying about 16% of the species …historic range. The The crash crash crash was was was a a a major major major reason reason reason the the the U.S. U.S. U.S. Fish Fish Fish and and and Wildlife Wildlife Wildlife Service Service Service (USFWS) (USFWS) (USFWS) decided decided decided to to formally list the bird as threatened. “ The lesser prairie chicken is in a desperate situation ,” said USFWS USFWS Director Director Director Daniel Daniel Daniel Ashe. Ashe. Ashe. Some Some Some environmentalists, environmentalists, environmentalists, however, however, however, were were were disappointed. disappointed. disappointed. They They They had had pushed pushed the the the agency agency agency to to to designate designate designate the the the bird bird bird as as as ““endangered,endangered,”” a a status status status that that that gives gives gives federal federal federal officials officials greater greater regulatory regulatory regulatory power power power to to to crack crack crack down down down on on on threats threats threats .But .But .But Ashe Ashe Ashe and and and others others others argued argued argued that that that the the the”” threatened threatened”” tag gave the federal government flexibility to try out new, potentially less confrontational conservations approaches. In particular, they called for forging closer collaborations collaborations with with with western western western state state state governments, governments, governments, which which which are are are often often often uneasy uneasy uneasy with with with federal federal federal action. action. action. and and with the private landowners who control an estimated 95% of the prairie chicken ‟s habitat. Under the plan, for example, the agency said it would not prosecute landowner or businesses that that unintentionally unintentionally unintentionally kill, kill, kill, harm, harm, harm, or or or disturb disturb disturb the the the bird, bird, bird, as as as long long long as as as they they they had had had signed signed signed a a a range range —wide management plan to restore prairie chicken habitat. Negotiated by USFWS and the states, the plan requires individuals and businesses that damage habitat as part of their operations to pay into a fund to replace every acre destroyed with 2 new acres of suitable habitat .The fund will also be used used to to to compensate compensate compensate landowners landowners landowners who who who set set set aside aside aside habitat habitat habitat , , , USFWS USFWS USFWS also also also set set set an an an interim interim interim goal goal goal of of restoring restoring prairie prairie prairie chicken chicken chicken populations populations populations to to to an an an annual annual annual average average average of of of 67,000 67,000 67,000 birds birds birds over over over the the the next next next 10 10 years .And it gives the Western Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies (W AFWA), a coalition of state agencies, the job of monitoring progress. Overall, the idea is to let “states ” remain in the driver driver‟‟s seat for managing the species,” Ashe said. Not Not everyone everyone everyone buys buys buys the the the win-win win-win win-win rhetoric. rhetoric. rhetoric. Some Some Some Congress Congress Congress members members members are are are trying trying trying to to to block block block the the plan, plan, and and and at at at least least least a a a dozen dozen dozen industry industry industry groups, groups, groups, four four four states, states, states, and and and three three three environmental environmental environmental groups groups groups are are challenging it in federal court. Not surprisingly, doesn ‟t go far enough. “The federal government is is giving giving giving responsibility responsibility responsibility for for for managing managing managing the the the bird bird bird to to to the the the same same same industries industries industries that that that are are are pushing pushing pushing it it it to to extinction, ” says biologist Jay Lininger. 26. The major reason for listing the lesser prairie as threatened is____. A. its drastically decreased population B. the underestimate of the grassland acreage C. a desperate appeal from some biologists D. the insistence of private landowners 【答案】A 27. The “threatened threatened”” tag disappointed some environmentalists in that it_____. A. was a give-in to governmental pressure B. would involve fewer agencies in action C. granted less federal regulatory power D. went against conservation policies 【答案】D 28. 28. It It It can can can be be be learned learned learned from from from Paragraph3 Paragraph3 Paragraph3 that that that unintentional unintentional unintentional harm-doers harm-doers harm-doers will will will not not not be be be prosecuted prosecuted prosecuted if if they_____. A. agree to pay a sum for compensation B. volunteer to set up an equally big habitat C. offer to support the WAFWA monitoring job D. promise to raise funds for USFWS operations 【答案】A 29. According to Ashe, the leading role in managing the species is______. A. the federal government B. the wildlife agencies C. the landowners D. the states 【答案】D 30. Jay Lininger would most likely support_______. A. industry groups B. the win-win rhetoric C. environmental groups D. the plan under challenge 【答案】B ？A ？Text 3 That That everyone everyone everyone‟‟s s too too too busy busy busy these these these days days days is is is a a a clich clich é. . But But But one one one specific specific specific complaint complaint complaint is is is made made especially mournfully ： There There‟‟s never any time to read. What makes the problem thornier is that the usual time-management techniques don ‘t seem sufficient. The web ‟s full of articles offering tips on making time to read:” Give up TV ” or “Carry a book with you at all times.” But in my experience, using such methods to free up the odd 30 minutes minutes doesn doesn doesn‟‟t t work. work. work. Sit Sit Sit down down down to to to read read read and and and the the the flywheel flywheel flywheel of of of work-related work-related work-related thoughts thoughts thoughts keeps keeps spinning-or spinning-or else else else you you you‟‟re re so so so exhausted exhausted exhausted that that that a a a challenging challenging challenging book book book‟‟s s the the the last last last thing thing thing you you you need. need. need. The The modern modern mind, mind, mind, Tim Tim Tim Parks, Parks, Parks, a a a novelist novelist novelist and and and critic, critic, critic, writes, writes, writes, ““is is overwhelmingly overwhelmingly overwhelmingly inclined inclined inclined toward toward communication …It It is is is not not not simply simply simply that that that one one one is is is interrupted; interrupted; interrupted; it it it is is is that that that one one one is is is actually actually actually inclined inclined inclined to to interruption.interruption.”” Deep Deep reading reading reading requires requires requires not not not just just just time, time, time, but but but a a a special special special kind kind kind of of of time time time which which which can can can‟‟t t be be obtained merely by becoming more efficient. In fact, “becoming more efficient ” is part of the problem. Thinking of time as a resource to be be maximized maximized maximized means means means you you you approach approach approach it it it instrumentally, instrumentally, instrumentally, judging judging judging any any any given given given moment moment moment as as as well well well spent spent only in so far as it advances progress toward some goal. Immersive reading, by contrast, depends on being willing to risk inefficiency, godlessness, even time-wasting. Try to slot it as a to-do list item and you ‟ll manage only goal-focused reading-useful, sometimes, but not the most fulfilling kind. “The The future future future comes comes comes at at at us us us like like like empty empty empty bottles bottles bottles along along along an an an unstoppable unstoppable unstoppable and and and nearly nearly nearly infinite infinite conveyor belt,” writes Gary Eberle in his book Sacred Time, and “we feel a pressure to fill these different-sized bottles (days, hours, minutes) as they pass, for if they get by without being filled, we will have wasted them.” No mind-set could be worse for losing yourself in a book. So what does work? Perhaps surprisingly, scheduling regular times for reading. You‟d think this might fuel the efficiency mind-set, but in fact, Eberle notes, such ritualistic behavior helps us “step outside time ‟s flow ” into “soul time.” You could limit distractions by reading only physical books, books, or on or on single-purpose single-purpose e-readers. e-readers. e-readers. ““Carry Carry a a a book book book with with with you you you at at at all all all times times times”” can can actually actually actually work, work, too-providing you dip in often enough, so that reading becomes the default state from which you temporarily surface to take care of business, before dropping back down. On a really good day, it no no longer longer longer feels feels feels as as as if if if you you you‟‟re re ““making making time time time to to to read,read,read,”” but but just just just reading, reading, reading, and and and making making making time time time for for everything else. 31. The usual time-management techniques don ‟t work because . A. what they can offer does not ease the modern mind B. what challenging books demand is repetitive reading C. what people often forget is carrying a book with them D. what deep reading requires cannot be guaranteed 【答案】D 32. The “empty bottles ” metaphor illustrates that people feel a pressure to . A. update their to-do lists B. make passing time fulfilling C. carry their plans through D. pursue carefree reading 【答案】B 33. Eberle would agree that scheduling regular times for reading helps . A. encourage the efficiency mind-set B. develop online reading habits C. promote ritualistic reading D. achieve immersive reading 【答案】D 34. “Carry a book with you at all times ”can work if . A. reading becomes your primary business of the day B. all the daily business has been promptly dealt with C. you are able to drop back to business after reading D. time can be evenly split for reading and business 【答案】A 35. The best title for this text could be . A. How to Enjoy Easy Reading B. How to Find Time to Read C. How to Set Reading Goals D. How to Read Extensively 【答案】B Text 4 Against Against a a a backdrop backdrop backdrop of of of drastic drastic drastic changes changes changes in in in economy economy economy and and and population population population structure, structure, structure, younger younger Americans are drawing a new 21st-century road map to success, a latest poll has found. Across Across generational generational generational lines, lines, lines, Americans Americans Americans continue continue continue to to to prize prize prize many many many of of of the the the same same same traditional traditional milestones of a successful life, including getting married, having children, owning a home, and retiring in their sixties. But while young and old mostly agree on what constitutes the finish line of a fulfilling life, they offer strikingly different paths for reaching it. oung Y oung people people people who who who are are are still still still getting getting getting started started started in in in life life life were were were more more more likely likely likely than than than older older older adults adults adults to to prioritize prioritize personal personal personal fulfillment fulfillment fulfillment in in in their their their work, work, work, to to to believe believe believe they they they will will will advance advance advance their their their careers careers careers most most most by by regularly changing jobs, to favor communities with more public services and a faster pace of life, to agree that couples should be financially secure before getting married or having children, and to maintain that children are best served by two parents working outside the home, the survey found. From From career career career to to to community community community and and and family, family, family, these these these contrasts contrasts contrasts suggest suggest suggest that that that in in in the the the aftermath aftermath aftermath of of of the the searing Great Recession, those just starting out in life are defining priorities and expectations that will increasingly spread through virtually all aspects of American life, from consumer preferences to housing patterns to politics. Young and old converge on one key point: Overwhelming majorities of both groups said they believe it is harder for young people today to get started in life than it was for earlier generations. While While younger younger younger people people people are are are somewhat somewhat somewhat more more more optimistic optimistic optimistic than than than their their their elders elders elders about about about the the the prospects prospects prospects for for those starting out today, big majorities in both groups believe those “just getting started in life ” face face a a a tougher tougher tougher a a a good-paying good-paying good-paying job, job, job, starting starting starting a a a family, family, family, managing managing managing debt, debt, debt, and and and finding finding finding affordable affordable housing. Pete Schneider considers the climb tougher today. Schneider, a 27-yaear-old auto technician from the Chicago suburbs says he struggled to find a job after graduating from college. Even now that he is working steadily, he said.” I can‟t afford to pay ma monthly mortgage payments on my own, so I have to rent rooms out to people to mark that happen.” Looking back, he is struck that his parents could provide a comfortable life for their children even though neither had completed college college when when when he he he was was was young.young.“I I still still still grew grew grew up up up in in in an an an upper upper upper middle-class middle-class middle-class home home home with with with parents parents parents who who didn didn‟‟t have college degrees,”Schneider said.” I don ‟t think people are capable of that anymore.”36、One cross-generation mark of a successful life is . A. trying out different lifestyles B. having a family with children C. working beyond retirement age D. setting up a profitable business 【答案】B 37、It can be learned from Paragraph 3 that young people tend to . A. favor a slower life pace B. hold an occupation longer C. attach importance to pre-marital finance D. give priority to childcare outside the home 【答案】C 38、The priorities and expectations defined by the young will . A. become increasingly clear B. focus on materialistic issues C. depend largely on political preferences D. reach almost all aspects of American life 【答案】D 39、Both young and old agree that . A. good-paying jobs are less available B. the old made more life achievements C. housing loans today are easy to obtain D. getting established is harder for the young 【答案】D 40、Which of the following is true about Schneider? A. He found a dream job after graduating from college B. His parents believe working steadily is a must for success C. His parents‟ good life has little to do with a college degree D. He thinks his job as a technician quite challenging 【答案】C Part B Directions ：Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading from the list A-G for each numbered paragraphs (41-45). There are two extra subheadings which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET . (10 points) A. Be silly B. Have fun C. Ask for help D. Express your emotions. E. Don‟t overthink it F. Be easily pleased G. Notice things Act Your Shoe Size, Not Your Age. (1) As adults, it seems that we‟re constantly pursuing happiness, often with mixed results. Yet children appear to have it down to an art-and for the most part they don ‟t need self-help books or therapy. Instead, they look after their wellbeing instinctively and usually more effectively than we do as grownups. Perhaps it ‟s time to learn a few lessons from them. 41_____________________. (2) (2) What What What does does does a a a child child child do do do when when when he he he‟‟s s sad? sad? sad? He He He cries. cries. cries. When When When he he he‟‟s s angry? angry? angry? He He He shouts. shouts. shouts. Scared? Scared? Probably a bit of both. As we grow up, we learn to control our emotions so they are manageable and don ‟t dictate our behaviors, which is in many ways a good thing. But too often we take this process process too too too far far far and and and end end end up up up suppressing suppressing suppressing emotions, emotions, emotions, especially especially especially negative negative negative ones. ones. ones. That That That‟‟s s about about about as as effective as brushing dirt under a carpet and can even make us ill. What we feel appropriately and then-again, like children-move on. 。

电子科技大学研究生历年学位英语考试试题及答案汇编 (12)

2003年6月研究生英语学位课统考真题讲解第二部分词汇Section A21. (C)该句意为：重视盈利使这些系统过于庞大，因此更容易遭受恐怖袭击。

render: v. 致使declare: v. 宣布verify: v. 证明indicate: v. 表明22. (B)该句意为：在逃生系统方面，8.5吨的神州3号已有大幅度改进。

substantially: adv. 相当大地；实质地technologically: adv. 技术上considerably: adv. 极大地structurally: adv. 结构上internally: adv. 内部地23. (A)该句意为：根据美国司法体系，12人组成一个陪审团。

constitute: v. 构成，组成compose: v. 组成overthrow: v. 推翻surpass: v. 超越24. (D)该句意为：要处理的琐事太多，他很难静心为考试而读书。

attend to: v. 照料，接待，处理participate in: v. 参加cater to: v. 迎合……要求indulge in: v. 沉迷于see to: v. 留心，处理25. (C)该句意为：衣着体面的儿子和看起来很寒酸的父亲形成鲜明的对比。

striking: adj. 鲜明的，明显的，引人注目的astonishing: adj. 惊人的humiliating: adj. 侮辱性的，令人难看的noticeable: adj. 明显的fleeting: adj. 瞬间的26. (B)该句意为：目前，防“非典”具有新的意义并引起广泛关注。

assume: v. 假设，假定；具有carry on: v. 继续take on: v. 呈现；具有；雇佣work on: v. 从事embark on: v. 从事，承担，开始27. (B)该句意为：在这次经济论坛中，每位贵宾的发言都要同声传译。

2016考研英语二完整版真题及答案解析

2016考研公共课英语二完整版真题及答案解析下载Section 1 Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) Happy people work differently. They’re more productive, more creative, and willing to take greater risks. And new research suggests that happiness might influence__1__firm’s work, too.Companies located in places with happier people invest more, according to a recent research paper.__2__, firms in happy places spend more on R&D (research and development). That’s because happiness is linked to the kind of longer-term thinking__3__for making investments for the future.The researchers wanted to know if the__4__and inclination for risk-taking that come with happiness would__5__the way companies invested. So they compared U.S. cities’ average happiness__6__by Gallup polling with the investment activity of publicly traded firms in those areas.__7__enough, firms’ investment and R&D intensity were correlated with the happiness of the area in which they were__8__.But is it really happiness that’s linked to investment, or could something else about happier cities__9__why firms there spend more on R&D? To find out, the researchers controlled for various__10__that might make firms more likely to invest – like size, industry, and sales – and for indicators that a place was__11__to live in, like growth in wages or population. The link between happiness and investment generally__12__even after accounting for these things.The correlation between happiness and investment was particularly strong for younger firms, which the authors__13__to “less codified decision making process” and the possible presence of “younger and less__14__managers who are more likelyto be influenced by sentiment.” The relationship was__15__stronger in places where happiness was spread more__16__.Firms seem to invest more in places where most people are relatively happy, rather than in places with happiness inequality.__17__ this doesn’t prove that happiness causes firms to invest more or to take a longer-term view, the authors believe it at least__18__at that possibility. It’s not hard to imagine that local culture and sentiment would help__19__how executives think about the future. “It surely seems plausible that happy people would be more forward-thinking and creative and__20__R&D more than the average,” said one researcher.1. [A] why [B] where [C] how [D] when2. [A] In return [B] In particular [C] In contrast [D] In conclusion3. [A] sufficient [B] famous [C] perfect [D] necessary4. [A] individualism [B] modernism [C] optimism [D] realism5. [A] echo [B] miss [C] spoil [D] change6. [A] imagined [B] measured [C] invented [D] assumed7. [A] Sure [B] Odd [C] Unfortunate [D] Often8. [A] advertised [B] divided [C] overtaxed [D] headquartered9. [A] explain [B] overstate [C] summarize [D] emphasize10. [A] stages [B] factors [C] levels [D] methods11. [A] desirable [B] sociable [C] reputable [D] reliable12. [A] resumed [B] held [C]emerged [D] broke13. [A] attribute [B] assign [C] transfer [D]compare14. [A] serious [B] civilized [C] ambitious [D]experienced15. [A] thus [B] instead [C] also [D] never16. [A] rapidly [B] regularly [C] directly [D] equally17. [A] After [B] Until [C] While [D] Since18. [A] arrives [B] jumps [C] hints [D] strikes19. [A] shape [B] rediscover [C] simplify [D] share20. [A] pray for [B] lean towards [C] give away [D] send outSection ⅡReading ComprehensionPart ADirections：Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points) Text 1It’s true that high-school coding classes aren’t essential for learning computer science in college. Students without experience can catch up after a few introductory courses, said Tom Cortina, the assistant dean at Carnegie Mellon’s School of Computer Science.However, Cortina said, early exposure is beneficial. When younger kids learn computer science, they learn that it’s not just a confusing, endless string of letters and numbers — but a tool to build apps, or create artwork, or test hypotheses. It’s not as hard for them to transform their thought processes as it is for older students. Breaking down problems into bite-sized chunks and using code to solve them becomes normal. Giving more children this training could increase the number of people interested in the field and help fill the jobs gap, Cortina said.Students also benefit from learning something about coding before they get to college, where introductory computer-science classes are packed to the brim, whichcan drive the less-experienced or-determined students away.The Flatiron School, where people pay to learn programming, started as one of the many coding bootcamps that’s become popular for adults looking for a career change. The high-schoolers get the same curriculum, but “we try to gear lessons toward things they’re interested in,” said Victoria Friedman, an instructor. For instance, one of the apps the students are developing suggests movies based on your mood.The students in the Flatiron class probably won’t drop out of high school and build the next Facebook. Programming languages have a quick turnover, so the “Ruby on Rails” language they learned may not even be relevant by the time they enter the job market. But the skills they learn — how to think logically through a problem and organize the results — apply to any coding language, said Deborah Seehorn, an education consultant for the state of North Carolina.Indeed, the Flatiron students might not go into IT at all. But creating a future army of coders is not the sole purpose of the classes. These kids are going to be surrounded by computers — in their pockets, in their offices, in their homes — for the rest of their lives. The younger they learn how computers think, how to coax the machine into producing what they want — the earlier they learn that they have the power to do that — the better.21. Cortina holds that early exposure to computer science makes it easier to____.A. complete future job trainingB. remodel the way of thinkingC. formulate logical hypothesesD. perfect artwork production22. In delivering lessons for high-schoolers, Flatiron has considered their____.A. experienceB. academic backgroundsC. career prospectsD. interest23. Deborah Seehorn believes that the skills learned at Flatiron will____.A. help students learn other computer languagesB. have to be upgraded when new technologies comeC. need improving when students look for jobsD. enable students to make big quick money24. According to the last paragraph, Flatiron students are expected to____.A. compete with a future army of programmersB. stay longer in the information technology industryC. become better prepared for the digitalized worldD. bring forth innovative computer technologies25. The word “coax” (Line4, Para.6) is closest in meaning to____.A. challengeB. persuadeC. frightenD. misguideText 2Biologists estimate that as many as 2 million lesser prairie chickens---a kind of bird living on stretching grasslands—once lent red to the often gray landscape of the midwestern and southwestern United States. But just some 22,000 birds remain today, occupying about 16% of the species’ historic range.The crash was a major reason the U.S Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS)decided to formally list the bird as threatened. “The lesser prairie chicken is in a desperate situation,” said USFWS Director Daniel Ashe. Some environmentalists, however, were disappointed. They had pushed the agency to designate the bird as “endangered,” a status that gives federal officials greater regulatory power to crack down on threats. But Ashe and others argued that the“threatened” tag gave the federal government flexibility to try out new, potentially less confrontational conservations approaches. In particular, they called for forging closer collaborations with western state governments, which are often uneasy with federal action and with the private landowners who control an estimated 95% of the prairie chicken’s habitat.Under the plan, for example, the agency said it would not prosecute landowner or businesses that unintentionally kill, harm, or disturb the bird, as long as they had signed a range—wide management plan to restore prairie chicken habitat. Negotiated by USFWS and the states, the plan requires individuals and businesses that damage habitat as part of their operations to pay into a fund to replace every acre destroyed with 2 new acres of suitable habitat. The fund will also be used to compensate landowners who set aside habitat, USFWS also set an interim goal of restoring prairie chicken populations to an annual average of 67,000 birds over the next 10 years. And it gives the Western Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies (WAFWA), a coalition of state agencies, the job of monitoring progress. Overall, the idea is to let “states” remain in the driver’s seat for managing the species,” Ashe said.Not everyone buys the win-win rhetoric Some Congress members are trying to block the plan, and at least a dozen industry groups, four states, and three environmental groups are challenging it in federal court Not surprisingly, doesn’t gofar enough “The federal government is giving responsibility for managing the bird to the same industries that are pushing it to extinction,” says biologist Jay Lininger.26. The major reason for listing the lesser prairie as threatened is____[A]its drastically decreased population[B]the underestimate of the grassland acreage[C]a desperate appeal from some biologists[D]the insistence of private landowners27.The “threatened” tag disappointed some environmentalists in that it_____[A]was a give-in to governmental pressure[B]would involve fewer agencies in action[C]granted less federal regulatory power[D]went against conservation policies28.It can be learned from Paragraph3 that unintentional harm-doers will not be prosecuted if they_____[A]agree to pay a sum for compensation[B]volunteer to set up an equally big habitat[C]offer to support the WAFWA monitoring job[D]promise to raise funds for USFWS operations29.According to Ashe，the leading role in managing the species in______[A]the federal government[B]the wildlife agencies[C]the landowners[D]the states30.Jay Lininger would most likely support_______[A]industry groups[B]the win-win rhetoric[C]environmental groups[D]the plan under challengeText 3That everyone’s too busy these days is a cliché. But one specific complaint is made especially mournfully：There’s never any time to read.What makes the problem thornier is that the usual time-management techniques don’t seem sufficient. The web’s full of articles offering tips on making time to read: “Give up TV” or “Carry a book with you at all times” But in my experience, using such methods to free up the odd 30 minutes doesn’t work. Sit down to read and the flywheel of work-related thoughts keeps spinning-or else you’re so exhausted that a challenging book’s the last thing you need. The modern mind, Tim Parks, a novelist and critic, writes, “is overwhelmingly inclined toward communication…It is not simply that one is interrupted; it is that one is actually inclined to interruption”. Deep reading requires not just time, but a special kind of time which can’t be obtained merely by becoming more efficient.In fact, “becoming more efficient” is part of the problem. Thinking of time as a resource to be maximised means you approach it instrumentally, judging any given moment as well spent only in so far as it advances progress toward some goal immersive reading, by contrast, depends on being willing to risk inefficiency, goallessness, even time-wasting. Try to slot it as a to-do list item and you’ll manageonly goal-focused reading-useful, sometimes, but not the most fulfilling kind. “The future comes at us like empty bottles along an unstoppable and nearly infinite conveyor belt,” writes Gary Eberle in his book Sacred Time, and “we feel a pressure to fill these different-sized bottles (days, hours, minutes)as they pass, for if they get by without being filled, we will have wasted them”. No mind-set could be worse for losing yourself in a book.So what does work? Perhaps surprisingly, scheduling regular times for reading. You’d think this might fuel the efficiency mind-set, but in fact, Eberle notes, such ritualistic behaviour helps us “step outside time’s flow” into “soul time”. You could limit distractions by reading only physical books, or on single-purpose e-readers. “Carry a book with you at all times” can actually work, too-providing you dip in often enough, so that reading becomes the default state from which you temporarily surface to take care of business, before dropping back down. On a really good day, it no longer feels as if you’re “making time to read,” but just reading, and making time for everything else.31. The usual time-management techniques don’t work because[A] what they can offer does not ease the modern mind[B] what challenging books demand is repetitive reading[C] what people often forget is carrying a book with them[D] what deep reading requires cannot be guaranteed32. The “empty bottles” metaphor illustrates that people feel a pressure to[A] update their to-do lists[B] make passing time fulfilling[C] carry their plans through[D] pursue carefree reading33. Eberle would agree that scheduling regular times for reading helps[A] encourage the efficiency mind-set[B] develop online reading habits[C] promote ritualistic reading[D] achieve immersive reading34. “Carry a book with you at all times” can work if[A] reading becomes your primary business of the day[B] all the daily business has been promptly dealt with[C] you are able to drop back to business after reading[D] time can be evenly split for reading and business35. The best title for this text could be[A] How to Enjoy Easy Reading[B] How to Find Time to Read[C] How to Set Reading Goals[D] How to Read ExtensivelyText 4Against a backdrop of drastic changes in economy and population structure, younger Americans are drawing a new 21st-century road map to success, a latest poll has found.Across generational lines, Americans continue to prize many of the same traditional milestones of a successful life, including getting married, having children, owning a home, and retiring in their sixties. But while young and old mostly agree onwhat constitutes the finish line of a fulfilling life, they offer strikingly different paths for reaching it.Young people who are still getting started in life were more likely than older adults to prioritize personal fulfillment in their work, to believe they will advance their careers most by regularly changing jobs, to favor communities with more public services and a faster pace of life, to agree that couples should be financially secure before getting married or having children, and to maintain that children are best served by two parents working outside the home, the survey found.From career to community and family, these contrasts suggest that in the aftermath of the searing Great Recession, those just starting out in life are defining priorities and expectations that will increasingly spread through virtually all aspects of American life, from consumer preferences to housing patterns to politics.Young and old converge on one key point: Overwhelming majorities of both groups said they believe it is harder for young people today to get started in life than it was for earlier generations. While younger people are somewhat more optimistic than their elders about the prospects for those starting out today, big majorities in both groups believe those “just getting started in life” face a tougher a good-paying job, starting a family, managing debt, and finding affordable housing.Pete Schneider considers the climb tougher today. Schneider, a 27-yaear-old auto technician from the Chicago suburbs says he struggled to find a job after graduating from college. Even now that he is working steadily, he said.” I can’t afford to pay ma monthly mortgage payments on my own, so I have to rent rooms out to people to mark that happen.” Looking back, he is struck that his parents could provide a comfortable life for their children even though neither had completed college when he was young. “I still grew up in an upper middle-class home with parents who didn’t have college degrees,” Schneider said. “I don’t think people are capable of that anymore.”36. One cross-generation mark of a successful life is_____.[A] trying out different lifestyles[B] having a family with children[C] working beyond retirement age[D] setting up a profitable business37. It can be learned from Paragraph 3 that young people tend to ____.[A] favor a slower life pace[B] hold an occupation longer[C] attach importance to pre-marital finance[D] give priority to childcare outside the home38. The priorities and expectations defined by the young will ____.[A] become increasingly clear[B] focus on materialistic issues[C] depend largely on political preferences[D] reach almost all aspects of American life39. Both young and old agree that ____.[A] good-paying jobs are less available[B] the old made more life achievements[C] housing loans today are easy to obtain[D] getting established is harder for the young40. Which of the following is true about Schneider?[A] He found a dream job after graduating from college.[B] His parents believe working steadily is a must for success.[C] His parents’ good life has little to do with a college degree.[D] He thinks his job as a technician quite challenging.Part BDirections:Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading from the list A-G for each of the numbered paragraphs(41-45).There are two extra subheadings which you do not need to use.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.[A]Be silly[B]Have fun[C]Express your emotions[D]Don't overthink it[E]Be easily pleased[F]Notice things[G]Ask for helpAs adults,it seems that we are constantly pursuing happiness,often with mixed results.Yet children appear to have it down to an art-and for the most part they don't need self-help books or therapy.Instead,they look after their wellbeing instinctively,and usually more effectively than we do as grownups.Perhaps it's time to learn a few lessons from them.What does a child do when he's sad? He cries.When he's angry?He shouts.Scared?Probably a bit of both.As we grow up,we learn to control our emotions so they are manageable and don't dictate our behaviours,which is in many ways a good thing.But too often we take this process too far and end up suppressing emotions,especially negative ones.That’s about as effective as brushing dirt under a carpet and can even make us ill.What we need to do is find a way to acknowledge and express what we feel appropriately, and then-again like children-move.A couple of Christmases ago, my youngest stepdaughter, who was nine years old at the time, got a Superman T-shirt for Christmas. It cost less than a fiver but she was overjoyed, and couldn't stop talking about it.Too often we believe that a new job,bigger house or better car will be the magic silver bullet that will allow us to finally be content,but the reality is these things have very little lasting impact on our happiness levels. Instead, being grateful for small things every day is a much better way to improve wellbeing.Have you ever noticed how much children laugh? If we adults could indulge in a bit of silliness and giggling, we would reduce the stress hormones in our bodies, increase good hormones like endorphins, improve blood flow to our hearts and even have a greater chance of fighting off enfection. All of which, of course, have a positive effect on happiness levels.The problem with being a grown up is that there's an awful lot of serious stuff to deal with---work,mortgage payments,figuring out what to cook for dinner. But as adults we also have the luxury of being able to control our own diaries and it's important that we schedule in time to enjoy the things we love.Those things might be social,sporting,creative or completely random(dancing around the livingroom,anyone?)--it doesn't matter,so long as they're enjoyable, and not likely to have negative side effects,such as drinking too much alcohol or going on a wild spending spree if you're on a tight budget.Having said all of the above, it's important to add that we shouldn't try too hard to be happy.Scientists tell us this can backfire and actually have a negative impact on our wellbeing. As the Chinese philosopher Chuang Tzu is reported to have said:"Happiness is the absence of striving for happiness."And in that,once more,we need to look to the example of our children,to whom happiness is not a goal but a natural byproduct of the way they live.Section III Translation46. Directions:Translate the following text into Chinese. Your translation should be written on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)The supermarket is designed to lure customers into spending as much time as possible within its doors. The reason for this is simple:The longer you stay in the store, the more stuff you'll see, and the more stuff you see, the more you'll buy. And supermarkets contain a lot of stuff. The average supermarket, according to the Food Marketing Institute, carries some 44, 00 different items, and many carry tens of thousands more. The sheer volume of available choice is enough to send shoppers into a state of information overload. According to brain-scan experiments, the demands of so much decision-making quickly become too much for us. After about 40 minutes of shopping, most people stop struggling to be rationally selective, and instead begin shopping emotionally - which is the point at which we accumulate the 50 percent of stuff in our cart that we never intended buying.Section IV Writing47.Part ASuppose you won a translation contest and your friend Jack wrote an email to congratulate you, and ask advice on translation. Write him a reply to1)thank him;2)give your advice.You should write neatly on the ANWSER SHEET. Do not sign you own name at the end of the letter, use “Li Ming ” instead. Do not write the address.(10 point)【参考答案】1. [标准答案] [C]how[考点分析] 连词辨析[选项分析] 根据语境，“新发现说明：快乐可能会影响工作__的稳定。

2016年电子科技大学英语翻译基础真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)

2016年电子科技大学英语翻译基础真题试卷(题后含答案及解析) 题型有：1. 词语翻译 2. 英汉互译词语翻译英译汉1．CPPCC正确答案：(Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference)中国人民政治协商会议2．ASEAN正确答案：(Association of Southeast Asian Nations)东南亚国家联盟(东盟)3．UESTC正确答案：(University of Electronic Science and Technology of China)电子科技大学4．IOC正确答案：(International Olympic Committee)国际奥委会5．functional equivalence正确答案：功能对等6．e.g.正确答案：举例来说，例如7．TPP正确答案：(Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement)跨太平洋伙伴关系协定8．FOB正确答案：(Free On Board)离岸价格9．International Monetary Foundation正确答案：国际货币基金组织10．DCE正确答案：(Data Communications Equipment)数码通信设备11．MOOCs正确答案：(Massive Open Online Course)慕课；大规模开放的在线课程12．Made in China 2025 strategy正确答案：中国制造2025国家战略13．Internet Plus Action Plan正确答案：“互联网+”行动计划14．Power is not to be used arbitrarily.正确答案：有权不可任性。

15．telepresence正确答案：远程监控；远程呈现；网真汉译英16．“一带一路”正确答案：the Belt and Road Initiatives17．孔子学院正确答案：Confucius Institute18．线上线下一体正确答案：O2O(Online to Offline)19．数字数据网正确答案：digital data network20．引渡条约正确答案：extradition treaty21．万人迷正确答案：Mack Daddy22．土豪正确答案：Tuhao; rich rednecks23．经济实用男正确答案：budget husband24．通识教育正确答案：general education; liberal education25．自主创新能力正确答案：capability of independent innovation26．真人秀正确答案：reality show27．和而不同正确答案：harmony in diversity; harmony without uniformity28．绿色国民经济正确答案：green national economy29．风险投资正确答案：venture capital30．知足常乐正确答案：Content is happiness; A man who is contented will be happy.英汉互译英译汉31．The Beautiful Peach The peach tree stands wayside, With blossoms glowing pink. I wish the pretty bride, Affluence in food and drink. The peach tree stands wayside, With fruits banging rife. I wish the pretty bride, Abundant wealth in life. The peach tree stands wayside, With leaves thick and dense. I wish the pretty bride, A pleasant home e’ er hence.正确答案：桃夭桃之夭夭，灼灼其华。

2016考研英语二真题答案解析（文字完整版）【2】

2016考研英语二真题答案解析（文字完整版）【2】Section II Reading ComprehensionPart AText 121、【答案】[B]remodel the way of thinking【解析】观点题。

根据题干Cortina holds回文定位在第二段。

第二段指出Cortina认为过早的接触电脑是有益的，紧接着指出当小孩子学习电脑科学，他们就学习了如何去开发手机应用程序，或者创作艺术，或者验证假设。

对于他们来说与大孩子相比，改变思维并不难。

综上所述，[B]remodel the way of thinking是对原文“transform their thought”的同义置换。

22、【答案】[B] interest【解析】事实细节题。

根据题干关键信息“in delivering lessons for high-schoolers”、“Flatiron has considered”，定位到第三段。

整个第三段在叙述Flatiron School。

其中，第三行The high-schoolers get the same curriculum, but “we try to gear lessons toward things they’re interested in”(高中生们上同样的课程，但是“我们力图以他们的兴趣来调整课程”)，表明了该校开设课程的依据是“学生的兴趣”，故选[B] interest。

23、【答案】[A] help students learn other computer languages【解析】细节题。

根据Deborah Seehorn 定位到文章第五段最后一句。

Deborah说他们学习的技能(如何思考问题具有逻辑性并组织结果)可以应用到编码语言中去。

选项[A]帮助学生学习另外的电脑语言是对这句话的概括。

24、【答案】[C] become better prepared for the digitalized world【解析】推理题。

电子科技大学2016年《621英语水平测试》考研专业课真题试卷

2016考研英语二真题及答案解析

2016研究生入学统一考试试题及答案解析(英语二) Section1Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark[A],[B],[C]or[D]on ANSWER SHEET1.(10points)Happy people work differently.They’re more productive,more creative,and willing to take greater risks.And new research suggests that happiness might influence__1__firm’s work,too.Companies located in places with happier people invest more,according to a recent research paper.__2__,firms in happy places spend more on R&D(research and development).That’s because happiness is linked to the kind of longer-term thinking__3__for making investments for the future.The researchers wanted to know if the__4__and inclination for risk-taking that come with happiness would__5__the way companies invested.So they compared U.S.cities’average happiness__6__by Gallup polling with the investment activity of publicly traded firms in those areas.__7__enough,firms’investment and R&D intensity were correlated with the happiness of the area in which they were__8__.But is it really happiness that’s linked to investment,or could something else about happier cities__9__why firms there spend more on R&D?To find out,the researchers controlled for various__10__that might make firms more likely to invest–like size, industry,and sales–and for indicators that a place was__11__to live in,like growth in wages or population.The link between happiness and investment generally__12__even after accounting for these things.The correlation between happiness and investment was particularly strong for younger firms, which the authors__13__to“less codified decision making process”and the possible presence of “younger and less__14__managers who are more likely to be influenced by sentiment.”The relationship was__15__stronger in places where happiness was spread more__16__.Firms seem to invest more in places where most people are relatively happy,rather than in places with happiness inequality.__17__this doesn’t prove that happiness causes firms to invest more or to take a longer-term view,the authors believe it at least__18__at that possibility.It’s not hard to imagine that local culture and sentiment would help__19__how executives think about the future.“It surely seems plausible that happy people would be more forward-thinking and creative and__20__R&D more than the average,”said one researcher.1.[A]why[B]where[C]how[D]when2.[A]In return[B]In particular[C]In contrast[D]In conclusion3.[A]sufficient[B]famous[C]perfect[D]necessary4.[A]individualism[B]modernism[C]optimism[D]realism5.[A]echo[B]miss[C]spoil[D]change6.[A]imagined[B]measured[C]invented[D]assumed7.[A]Sure[B]Odd[C]Unfortunate[D]Often8.[A]advertised[B]divided[C]overtaxed[D]headquartered9.[A]explain[B]overstate[C]summarize[D]emphasize10.[A]stages[B]factors[C]levels[D]methods11.[A]desirable[B]sociable[C]reputable[D]reliable12.[A]resumed[B]held[C]emerged[D]broke13.[A]attribute[B]assign[C]transfer[D]compare14.[A]serious[B]civilized[C]ambitious[D]experienced15.[A]thus[B]instead[C]also[D]never16.[A]rapidly[B]regularly[C]directly[D]equally17.[A]After[B]Until[C]While[D]Since18.[A]arrives[B]jumps[C]hints[D]strikes19.[A]shape[B]rediscover[C]simplify[D]share20.[A]pray for[B]lean towards[C]give away[D]send outSectionⅡReading ComprehensionPart ADirections：Read the following four texts.Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B,C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(40points)Text1It’s true that high-school coding classes aren’t essential for learning computer science in college.Students without experience can catch up after a few introductory courses,said Tom Cortina,the assistant dean at Carnegie Mellon’s School of Computer Science.However,Cortina said,early exposure is beneficial.When younger kids learn computer science,they learn that it’s not just a confusing,endless string of letters and numbers—but a tool to build apps,or create artwork,or test hypotheses.It’s not as hard for them to transform their thought processes as it is for older students.Breaking down problems into bite-sized chunks and using code to solve them becomes normal.Giving more children this training could increase the number of people interested in the field and help fill the jobs gap,Cortina said.Students also benefit from learning something about coding before they get to college,where introductory computer-science classes are packed to the brim,which can drive the less-experienced or-determined students away.The Flatiron School,where people pay to learn programming,started as one of the many coding bootcamps that’s become popular for adults looking for a career change.The high-schoolers get the same curriculum,but“we try to gear lessons toward things they’re interested in,”said Victoria Friedman,an instructor.For instance,one of the apps the students are developing suggests movies based on your mood.The students in the Flatiron class probably won’t drop out of high school and build the next Facebook.Programming languages have a quick turnover,so the“Ruby on Rails”language they learned may not even be relevant by the time they enter the job market.But the skills they learn —how to think logically through a problem andorganize the results—apply to any coding language,said Deborah Seehorn,an education consultant for the state of North Carolina.Indeed,the Flatiron students might not go into IT at all.But creating a future army of coders is not the sole purpose of the classes.These kids are going to be surrounded by computers—in their pockets,in their offices,in their homes—for the rest of their lives.The younger they learn how computers think,how to coax the machine into producing what they want—the earlier they learn that they have the power to do that—the better.21.Cortina holds that early exposure to computer science makes it easier to____.plete future job trainingB.remodel the way of thinkingC.formulate logical hypothesesD.perfect artwork production22.In delivering lessons for high-schoolers,Flatiron has considered their____.A.experienceB.academic backgroundsC.career prospectsD.interest23.Deborah Seehorn believes that the skills learned at Flatiron will____.A.help students learn other computer languagesB.have to be upgraded when new technologies comeC.need improving when students look for jobsD.enable students to make big quick money24.According to the last paragraph,Flatiron students are expected to____.pete with a future army of programmersB.stay longer in the information technology industryC.become better prepared for the digitalized worldD.bring forth innovative computer technologies25.The word“coax”(Line4,Para.6)is closest in meaning to____.A.challengeB.persuadeC.frightenD.misguideText2Biologists estimate that as many as2million lesser prairie chickens---a kind of bird living on stretching grasslands—once lent red to the often gray landscape of the midwestern and southwestern United States.But just some22,000birds remain today,occupying about16%of the species’historic range.The crash was a major reason the U.S Fish and Wildlife Service(USFWS)decided to formally list the bird as threatened.“The lesser prairie chicken is in a desperate situation,”said USFWS Director Daniel Ashe.Some environmentalists,however,were disappointed.They had pushed the agency to designate the bird as“endangered,”a status that gives federal officials greater regulatory power to crack down on threats.But Ashe and others argued that the “threatened”tag gave the federal government flexibility to try out new,potentially less confrontational conservations approaches.In particular,they called for forging closer collaborations with western state governments,which are often uneasy with federal action and with the private landowners who control an estimated95%of the prairie chicken’s habitat.Under the plan,for example,the agency said it would not prosecute landowner or businesses that unintentionally kill,harm,or disturb the bird,as long as they had signed a range—wide management plan to restore prairie chicken habitat.Negotiated by USFWS and the states,the plan requires individuals and businesses that damage habitat as part of their operations to pay into a fund to replace every acre destroyed with2new acres of suitable habitat.The fund will also be used to compensate landowners who set aside habitat,USFWS also set an interim goal of restoringprairie chicken populations to an annual average of67,000birds over the next10years.And it gives the Western Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies(WAFWA),a coalition of state agencies,the job of monitoring progress.Overall,the idea is to let“states”remain in the driver’s seat for managing the species，”Ashe said.Not everyone buys the win-win rhetoric Some Congress members are trying to block the plan, and at least a dozen industry groups,four states,and three environmental groups are challenging it in federal court Not surprisingly,doesn’t go far enough“The federal government is giving responsibility for managing the bird to the same industries that are pushing it to extinction,”says biologist Jay Lininger.26.The major reason for listing the lesser prairie as threatened is____[A]its drastically decreased population[B]the underestimate of the grassland acreage[C]a desperate appeal from some biologists[D]the insistence of private landowners27.The“threatened”tag disappointed some environmentalists in that it_____[A]was a give-in to governmental pressure[B]would involve fewer agencies in action[C]granted less federal regulatory power[D]went against conservation policies28.It can be learned from Paragraph3that unintentional harm-doers will not be prosecuted if they_____[A]agree to pay a sum for compensation[B]volunteer to set up an equally big habitat[C]offer to support the WAFWA monitoring job[D]promise to raise funds for USFWS operations29.According to Ashe，the leading role in managing the species in______[A]the federal government[B]the wildlife agencies[C]the landowners[D]the states30.Jay Lininger would most likely support_______[A]industry groups[B]the win-win rhetoric[C]environmental groups[D]the plan under challengeText3That everyone’s too busy these days is a cliché.But one specific complaint is made especially mournfully：There’s never any time to read.What makes the problem thornier is that the usual time-management techniques don’t seem sufficient.The web’s full of articles offering tips on making time to read:“Give up TV”or “Carry a book with you at all times”But in my experience,using such methods to free up the odd30minutes doesn’t work.Sit down to read and the flywheel of work-related thoughts keeps spinning-or else you’re so exhausted that a challenging book’s the last thing you need.Themodern mind,Tim Parks,a novelist and critic,writes,“is overwhelmingly inclined toward communication…It is not simply that one is interrupted;it is that one is actually inclined to interruption”.Deep reading requires not just time,but a special kind of time which can’t be obtained merely by becoming more efficient.In fact,“becoming more efficient”is part of the problem.Thinking of time as a resource to be maximised means you approach it instrumentally,judging any given moment as well spent only in so far as it advances progress toward some goal immersive reading,by contrast,depends on being willing to risk inefficiency,goallessness,even time-wasting.Try to slot it as a to-do list item and you’ll manage only goal-focused reading-useful,sometimes,but not the most fulfilling kind.“The future comes at us like empty bottles along an unstoppable and nearly infinite conveyor belt,”writes Gary Eberle in his book Sacred Time,and“we feel a pressure to fill these different-sized bottles(days,hours,minutes)as they pass,for if they get by without being filled, we will have wasted them”.No mind-set could be worse for losing yourself in a book.So what does work?Perhaps surprisingly,scheduling regular times for reading.You’d think this might fuel the efficiency mind-set,but in fact,Eberle notes,such ritualistic behaviour helps us “step outside time’s flow”into“soul time”.You could limit distractions by reading only physical books,or on single-purpose e-readers.“Carry a book with you at all times”can actually work,too-providing you dip in often enough,so that reading becomes the default state from which you temporarily surface to take care of business,before dropping back down.On a really good day, it no longer feels as if you’re“making time to read,”but just reading,and making time for everything else.31.The usual time-management techniques don’t work because[A]what they can offer does not ease the modern mind[B]what challenging books demand is repetitive reading[C]what people often forget is carrying a book with them[D]what deep reading requires cannot be guaranteed32.The“empty bottles”metaphor illustrates that people feel a pressure to[A]update their to-do lists[B]make passing time fulfilling[C]carry their plans through[D]pursue carefree reading33.Eberle would agree that scheduling regular times for reading helps[A]encourage the efficiency mind-set[B]develop online reading habits[C]promote ritualistic reading[D]achieve immersive reading34.“Carry a book with you at all times”can work if[A]reading becomes your primary business of the day[B]all the daily business has been promptly dealt with[C]you are able to drop back to business after reading[D]time can be evenly split for reading and business35.The best title for this text could be[A]How to Enjoy Easy Reading[B]How to Find Time to Read[C]How to Set Reading Goals[D]How to Read ExtensivelyText4Against a backdrop of drastic changes in economy and population structure,younger Americans are drawing a new21st-century road map to success,a latest poll has found.Across generational lines,Americans continue to prize many of the same traditional milestones of a successful life,including getting married,having children,owning a home,and retiring in their sixties.But while young and old mostly agree on what constitutes the finish line of a fulfilling life,they offer strikingly different paths for reaching it.Young people who are still getting started in life were more likely than older adults to prioritize personal fulfillment in their work,to believe they will advance their careers most by regularly changing jobs,to favor communities with more public services and a faster pace of life, to agree that couples should be financially secure before getting married or having children,and to maintain that children are best served by two parents working outside the home,the survey found.From career to community and family,these contrasts suggest that in the aftermath of the searing Great Recession,those just starting out in life are defining priorities and expectations that will increasingly spread through virtually all aspects of American life,from consumer preferences to housing patterns to politics.Young and old converge on one key point:Overwhelming majorities of both groups said they believe it is harder for young people today to get started in life than it was for earlier generations. While younger people are somewhat more optimistic than their elders about the prospects for those starting out today,big majorities in both groups believe those“just getting started in life”face a tougher a good-paying job,starting a family,managing debt,and finding affordable housing.Pete Schneider considers the climb tougher today.Schneider,a27-yaear-old auto technician from the Chicago suburbs says he struggled to find a job after graduating from college.Even now that he is working steadily,he said.”I can’t afford to pay ma monthly mortgage payments on my own,so I have to rent rooms out to people to mark that happen.”Looking back,he is struck that his parents could provide a comfortable life for their children even though neither had completed college when he was young.“I still grew up in an upper middle-class home with parents who didn’t have college degrees,”Schneider said.“I don’t think people are capable of that anymore.”36.One cross-generation mark of a successful life is_____.[A]trying out different lifestyles[B]having a family with children[C]working beyond retirement age[D]setting up a profitable business37.It can be learned from Paragraph3that young people tend to____.[A]favor a slower life pace[B]hold an occupation longer[C]attach importance to pre-marital finance[D]give priority to childcare outside the home38.The priorities and expectations defined by the young will____.[A]become increasingly clear[B]focus on materialistic issues[C]depend largely on political preferences[D]reach almost all aspects of American life39.Both young and old agree that____.[A]good-paying jobs are less available[B]the old made more life achievements[C]housing loans today are easy to obtain[D]getting established is harder for the young40.Which of the following is true about Schneider?[A]He found a dream job after graduating from college.[B]His parents believe working steadily is a must for success.[C]His parents’good life has little to do with a college degree.[D]He thinks his job as a technician quite challenging.Part BDirections:Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading from the list A-G for each of the numbered paragraphs(41-45).There are two extra subheadings which you do not need to use.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.[A]Be silly[B]Have fun[C]Express your emotions[D]Don't overthink it[E]Be easily pleased[F]Notice things[G]Ask for helpAs adults,it seems that we are constantly pursuing happiness,often with mixed results.Yet children appear to have it down to an art-and for the most part they don't need self-help books or therapy.instead,they look after their wellbeing instinctively,and usually more effectively than we do as grownups.Perhaps it's time to learn a few lessons from them.41.______________What does a child do when he's sad?He cries.When he's angry?He shouts.Scared?Probably a bit of both.As we grow up,we learn to control our emotions so they are manageable and don't dictate our behaviours,which is in many ways a good thing.But too often we take this process too far and end up suppressing emotions,especially negative ones.that's about as effective as brushing dirt under a carpet and can even make us ill.What we need to do is find a way to acknowledge and express what we feel appropriately,and then-again like children-move.42.____________A couple of Christmases ago,my youngest stepdaughter,who was nine years old at the time, got a Superman T-shirt for Christmas.It cost less than a fiver but she was overjoyed,and couldn't stop talking about it.Too often we believe that a new job,bigger house or better car will be the magic silver bullet that will allow us to finally be content,but the reality is these things have very little lasting impact on our happiness levels.Instead,being grateful for small things every day is amuch better way to improve wellbeing.43.______________________Have you ever noticed how much children laugh?If we adults could indulge in a bit of silliness and giggling,we would reduce the stress hormones in our bodies,increase good hormones like endorphins,improve blood flow to our hearts and even have a greater chance of fighting off enfection.All of which,of course,have a positive effect on happiness levels.44.__________________The problem with being a grown up is that there's an awful lot of serious stuff to deal with---work,mortgage payments,figuring out what to cook for dinner.But as adults we also have the luxury of being able to control our own diaries and it's important that we schedule in time to enjoy the things we love.Those things might be social,sporting,creative or completely random(dancing aroud the living room,anyone?)--it doesn't matter,so long as they're enjoyable, and not likely to have negative side effects,such as drinking too much alcohol or going on a wild spending spree if you're on a tight budget.45.___________________Having said all of the above,it's important to add that we shouldn't try too hard to be happy.Scientists tell us this can backfire and actually have a negative impact on our wellbeing.As the Chinese philosopher Chuang Tzu is reported to have said:"Happiness is the absence of striving for happiness."And in that,once more,we need to look to the example of our children,to whom happiness is not a goal but a natural by product of the way they live.Section III TranslationDirections:Translate the following text from English into Chinese.Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET2.(15points)46.Directions:Translate the following text into Chinese.Your translation should be written on the ANSWER SHEET.(15points)The supermarket is designed to lure customers into spending as much time as possible within its doors.The reason for this is simple:The longer you stay in the store,the more stuff you'll see, and the more stuff you see,the more you'll buy.And supermarkets contain a lot of stuff.The average supermarket,according to the Food Marketing Institute,carries some44,00different items,and many carry tens of thousands more.The sheer volume of available choice is enough to send shoppers into a state of information overload.According to brain-scan experiments,the demands of so much decision-making quickly become too much for us.After about40minutes of shopping,most people stop struggling to be rationally selective,and instead begin shopping emotionally-which is the point at which we accumulate the50percent of stuff in our cart that we never intended buying.Section IV WritingPart ASuppose you won a translation contest and your friend Jack wrote an email to congratulate you,and ask advice on translation.Write him a reply to1)thank him;2)give your advice.You should write neatly on the ANWSER SHEET.Do not sign you own name at the end of the letter,use“Li Ming”instead.Do not write the address.(10point)Part B48.Directions:Write an essay based on the following chart.you should1)interpret the chart and2)give your comments.You should write about150words on the ANSWER SHEET.(15points).2016年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语(二)答案详解Section I Use of English1、[答案]C how[解析]根据空格所在句子可以看出，空格处应该是一个引导宾语从句的从属连词，做influence的宾语。

2016考研英语二真题附答案解析（文字完整版）

2016考研英语二真题附答案解析（文字完整版）考研网为你收集整理带来：2016考研英语二真题附答案解析（文字完整版）。

2016年英语考研二已经圆满结束了，考生们可以看一看答案，对比一下自己的哦，预估下自己的考试成绩吧。

详情如下。

2016年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(二)试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)Happy people work differently. They’re more productive, more creative, and willing to take greater risks. And new research suggests that happiness might influence1 firms work, too.Companies located in place with happier people invest more, according to a recent research paper. 2 , firms in happy places spend more on R&D(research and development).That’s because happiness is linked to the kind of longer-term thinking 3 for making investment for the future.The researchers wanted to know if the 4 and inclination for risk-taking that come with happiness would 5 the way companies invested. So they compared U.S. cities’ average happiness6 by Gallup polling with the investment activity of publicly traded firms in those areas.7 enough, firms’ investment and R&D intensity were correlated with the happiness of the area in which they were8. But it is really happiness that’s linked to investment, o r could something else about happier cities 9 why firms there spend more on R&D? To find out, the researches controlled for various 10 that might make firms more likely to invest like size, industry ,and sales-and-and for indicators that a place was11 to live in, like growth in wages or population. They link between happiness and investment generally 12 even after accounting for these things.The correlation between happiness and investment was particularly strong for younger firms, which the authors 13 to “less confined decision making process” and the possible presence of younger and less 14 managers who are more likely to be influenced by sentiment.’’ The relationship was15stronger in places where happiness was spread more16. Firms seem to invest more in places.17 this doesn’t prove that happiness causes firms to invest more or to take a longer-term view, the authors believe it at least 18at that possibility. It’s not hard to imagine that local culture and sentiment would help 19how executives think about the future. It surely seems plausible that happy people would be more forward –thinking and creative and 20R&D more than the average,” said one researcher.1. [A] why [B] where [C] how [D] when2. [A] In return [B] In particular [C] In contrast [D] In conclusion3. [A] sufficient [B] famous [C] perfect [D] necessary4. [A] individualism [B] modernism [C] optimism [D] realism5. [A] echo [B] miss [C] spoil [D] change6. [A] imagined [B] measured [C] invented [D] assumed7. [A] sure [B] odd [C] unfortunate [D] often8. [A] advertised [B] divided [C] overtaxed [D] headquartered9. [A] explain [B] overstate [C] summarize [D] emphasize10. [A] stages [B] factors [C] levels [D] methods11. [A] desirable [B] sociable [C] reputable [D] reliable12. [A] resumed [B] held [C] emerged [D] broke13. [A] attribute [B] assign [C] transfer [D] compare14. [A] serious [B] civilized [C] ambitious [D] experienced15. [A] thus [B] instead [C] also [D] never16. [A] rapidly [B] regularly [C] directly [D] equally17. [A] After [B] Until [C] While [D] Since18. [A] arrives [B] jumps [C] hints [D] strikes19. [A] shape [B] rediscover [C] simplify [D] share20. [A] pray for [B] lean towards [C] give away [D] send act。

电子科技大学研究生历年学位英语考试试题及答案汇编 (9)

2002年6月研究生英语学位课统考真题：Part II. Vocabulary ( 10 minutes, 10 points ) Section A (0.5 point each)16. Many women prefer to use cosmetics to enhance their beauty and make them look younger.A revealB underlineC improveD integrate17. What players and coaches fear most is the partiality on the part of referees in a game.A justiceB biasC participationD regionalism18. The sale has been on for a long time because the price is reckoned to be too high.A consideredB stipulatedC raisedD stimulated19. Smugglers try every means to lay hands on unearthed relics for their personal gains.A set foot onB lost their heart toC set their mind onD get hold of20. There must have been round about a thousand people participating in the forum.A approximatelyB exactlyC less thanD more than21. These old and shabby houses will be demolished for the construction of residential buildings.A pulled outB pulled inC pulled downD pulled up22. Readers are required to comply with the rules of the library and mind their manners.A observeB memorizeC commentD request23. Artificial intelligence deals partly with the analogy between the computer and the human brain.A likenessB relationC contradictionD difference24. It is often the case that some superficially unrelated events turn out to be linked in some aspects.A practicallyB wonderfullyC beneficiallyD seemingly25. The alleged all-power master of chi kong was arrested on a charge of fraud.A so-calledB well-knownC esteemedD undoubted26. It is hoped that pork can be made leaner by introducing a cow gene into the pig’s genetic ____A reservoirB warehouseC poolD storehouse27. The chairman said that he was prepared to ____the younger people in the decision making.A put up withB make way forC shed light onD take charge of28. Tom is angry at Linda because she ____ him ____ all the time.A sets..upB puts…downC runs…outD drops…in29. The ability to focus attention on important things is a _____characteristic of intelligence.A definingB decliningC defeatingD deceiving30. Our picnic having been ____ by the thunderstorm, we had to wait in the pavilion until it cleared up.A destroyedB underminedC spoiltD contaminated31. I was disappointed to see that those people I had sort of ____ were pretty ordinary.A despisedB resentedC worshippedD ridiculed.32. One of the main purposes of using slang is to consolidate one’s ____ with a group.A specificationB unificationC notificationD identification33. The ____ from underdeveloped countries may well increase in response to the soaring demand for high-tech professionals in developed nations.A brain damageB brain trustC brain feverD brain drain34. This matter settled, we decided to ___ to the next item on the agenda.A succeedB exceedC proceedD precede35. Listening is as important as talking. If you are a good listener, people often ___you for being a good conversationalist.A complementB complimentC compelD complainPart III. Cloze Test (10 minutes, 15 points, 1 point each)Most American magazines and newspapers reserve 60 percent of their pages for ads. The New York Times Sunday edition 36 may contain 350 pages of advertisements. Some radio stationsdevote 40 minutes of every hour to 37 .Then there is television. According to one estimate, American youngsters sit 38 three hours of television commercials each week. By the time they graduate from high school, they will have been 39 360,000 TV ads. Televisions advertise in airport, hospital waiting rooms, and schools.Major sporting 40 are now major advertising events. Racing cars serve as high-speed 41 . some athletes receive most of their money from advertisers. One 42 basketball player earned $ 3.9 million by playing ball. Advertisers paid him nine times that much to 43 their products. There is no escape. Commercial ads are displayed on walls, buses and trucks. They decorate the inside of taxis and subways ----even the doors of public toilets. 44 messages call to us in supermarkets, stores, elevators -----and 45 we are on hold on the telephone. In some countries so much advertising comes through the mail that many recipients proceed directly from the mailbox to the nearest wastebasket to 46 the junk mail. 47 Insider’s Report, published by McCann-Erickson, a global advertising agency, the estimated 48 of money spent on advertising worldwide in 1990 was $ 275.5 billion. Since then, the figures have 49 to $ 411.6 billion for 1997 and a projected $ 434.4 billion for 1998. Big money.What is the effect of all of this ? One analyst 50 it this way: “Advertising is one of the most powerful socializing forces in the culture. Ads sell more than products. They sell images, values, goals , concepts of who we are and who we should be. They shape our attitudes and our attitudes shape our behaviour.36. A lonely B alone C singly D individually37. A commerce B consumers C commercials D commodities38. A through B up C in D about39. A taken to B spent in C expected of D exposed to40. A incidents B affairs C events D programs41. A flashes B billboards C attractions D messages .42. A top-heavy B top-talented C top-secret D top-ranking43. A improve B promote C urge D update44. A Audio B Studio C Oral D Video45. A since B while C even D if46. A toss out B lay down C blow out D break down47. A It is said that B Apart from C According to D Including in48. A digit B amount C account D budget49. A raised B elevated C roared D soared50. A said B recorded C told D putPassage One For decades, arms-control talks centered on nuclear weapons. This is hardly surprising, since a single nuclear bomb can destroy an entire city. Yet, unlike smaller arms, these immensely powerful weapons have not been used in war in over 50 years.Historian John Keegan writes, “Nuclear weapons have, since August 9, 1945, killed no one. The 50,000,000 who have died in war since that date have for the most part, been killed by cheap, mass-produced weapons and small ammunitions, costing little more than the transistor radios which have flooded the world in the same period. Because small weapons have disrupted life very little in the advanced world, outside the restricted localities where drug-dealing and political terrorism flourish, the populations of the rich states have been slow to recognize the horror that this pollution has brought in its train.”Why have small arms become the weapons of choice in recent wars? Part of the reason lies in the relationship between conflict and poverty. Most of the wars fought during the 1990s took place in countries that are poor----too poor to buy sophisticated weapon systems. Small arms and light weapons are a bargain.For example, 50 million dollars, which is approximately the cost of a singlemodern jet fighter, can equip an army with 200,000 assault rifles.Another reason why small weapons are so popular is that they are lethal. A single rapid-fire assault rifle can fire hundreds of rounds a minute. They are also easy to use and maintain. A child of ten can be taught to strip and reassemble a typical assault rifle. A child can also quickly learn to aim and fire that rifle into a crowd of people.The global traffic in guns is complex. The illegal trade of small arms is big. In some African wars, paramilitary groups have bought billions o f dollars’ worth of small arms and light weapons, not with money, but with diamonds seized from diamond-mining areas.Weapons are also linked to the illegal trade in drugs. It is not unusual for criminal organizations to use the same routes to smuggle drugs in one direction and to smuggle guns in the other.51. It is implied in the passage that __________A small arms-control is more important than nuclear arms-control.B the nuclear arms-control talks can never reach an agreement.C the power of nuclear weapons to kill people has been diminished.D nuclear weapons were the topic of arms-control talks 50 years ago.52. The advanced world neglect the problems of small arms because ____A They have to deal with drug-dealing and political terrorism.B They have no such problems as are caused by small weapons.C They have not recognized the seriousness of the problems in time.D They face other more important problems such as pollution.53. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as the reason for the prevalence of small arms?A Small arms are cheap.B Small arms are powerful .C Small arms are easier to use.D Small arms are easier to get54. We can conclude from the passage that ____A small arms are not expensive in the black-market.B it is unfair to exchange small arms for diamond.C Criminals use the same passage to smuggle drugs and small arms.D where there are drugs, there are small arms.55. The best title for this passage is ____A Small Arms Talks, Not Nuclear Arms Talks.B Neglect of Small Arms ControlC Global Traffic in Small ArmsD Small Arms, Big Problems.Passage Two In order to combat sickness, many doctors rely heavily on prescribing medicines that are developed and aggressively advertised by pharmaceutical companies. Significantly, the world market for such drugs has skyrocketed in recent decades, from just a few billion dollars a year to hundreds of billions of dollars annually. What had been a consequence?Medically prescribed drugs have helped many people. Yet, the health of some who take drugs has either remained unchanged or become worse. So, recently some have turned to using other methods of medical treatment.In places where modern, conventional medicine has been the standard of care, many are now turning to what have been called alternative, or complementary, therapies. “The Berlin Wall that has long divided alternative therapies from mainstream medicine appears to be crumbling,” said Consumer Reports of May 2000.The Journal of the American Medical Association(JAMA) observed, “Alternative medical therapies such as the use of herbs, functionally defined as interventions neither taught widely in medical schools nor generally available in U. S. hospitals, have attracted increased national at tention from the media, the medical community, governmental agencies, and the public.”In the past, conventional medical practitioners have been skeptical about alternative medical practices, but 75 medical schools in the United States currently offer elective course work on alternative medicine, including Harvard, Stanford, University of Arizona, and Yale.JAMA noted, “ Now an estimated 3 in 5 individual seeing a medical doctor for a principal condition also used an alternative therapy.And outside the United States, alternative medicine is popular throughout the industrialized world.”The trend toward integrating alternative therapies with conventional ones has long been a general practice in many countries. As JAMA concluded, “There are no longer t wo types of medicine, conventional and complementary. There is only good medicine and bad medicine.”56. This passage suggests that pharmaceutical companies ____A pay doctors for prescribing their drugs.B have raised the prices of their products sharply in recent years.C spend more money on their advertisements than on their products.D have produced some ineffective drugs.57. The sentence “The Berlin Wall …. Appears to be crumbling” in the third paragraph implies that _____A the restrictions on the practice of alternative therapies will be abolished.B there are still strict restrictions on the practice of alternative drugs.C conventional medicine and alternative therapies are incomparable.D conventional medicine and alternative therapies are completely different remedies.58. According to the passage, alternative therapies _____A are widely taught in the U.S. medical schools now.B have been approved by U. S. government.C have been used by many American patients.D are as popular as conventional medicine.59. JAMA seems to suggest that ____________A U. S. government should meet the increasing demands for alternative therapies.B a medicine is good after it proves to be beneficial to the patients.C pharmaceutical companies should cover the cost of alternative therapies.D conventional medicine and alternative medicine should join hands.60. It is implied in the passage that ._____________A we should take as little western medicine as possible.B the prices of the prescribed medicine should be reduced.C herbal medicine will be accepted by more Americans.D without the help of alternative medicine, good health can not be guaranteed.Passage Three Our Milky Way galaxy could contain up to 1 billion Earth-like planets capable of supporting life, scientists announced last week.The theoretical abundance of habitable worlds among the estimated 200 billion stars of our home galaxy suggests that more powerful telescopes might glimpse the faint signature of far-off planet, proving that, in size and temperature at least, we are not alone in the universe.Solar systems such as Earth’s, in which planets orbit a star, have been discovered. Astronomers have identified almost 100 planets in orbit around other suns. All are enormous, and of the same gaseous make-up as Jupiter.Barrie Jones of the Open University in UK and his colleague Nick Sleep have worked out how to predict which of the newly discovered solar systems is likely to harbor Earth-like planets.Using a computer, they have created mathematical models of planetary systems and seeded them with hypothetical Earths in “Goldilocks zone” orbits, where it is neither too hot too cold to support life.The computer simulates which of these model Earths is likely to be kicked out of its temperature orbit by gravitational effects of the monster planets, and which is likely to survive.The solar system most like ours discovered so far is 51 light years away, at the star 47 Ursae Majoris, near the group of stars known as the Great Bear.Astronomers have discovered two planets orbiting 47 Ursae Majoris----One is two and half times the size of Jupiter, the other slightly smaller. Both planets are relatively close to the Goldilocks zone, which is further out than ours because 47 Ursae Majoris is older, hotter and brighter than the sun. “It’s certainly a system worth exploring for an Earth-like planet and for life,” said Jones. The requirement for a life-supporting zone in any solar system is that water should be able to exist in a liquid state.NASA and its European counterpart, ESA, plan to launch instruments in the next 10 years which could produce pictures of Earth-sized planets.61. It is suggested in this passage that _______________A scientists have found evidence to prove there are many Earth-like planets in our galaxy.B Theoretically there are a great number of Earth-like planets capable of supporting life.C our Earth is the only planet in our galaxy that can support life.D with more powerful telescope, scientists will be able to find more galaxies in the universe62. The “Godilocks zone” mentioned in the 5th paragraph most probably means _________A a certain fixed distance between a planet and sun.B a range in the universe in which th e planets’ temperature is suitable for life.C a range in the universe in which the planets can receive enough sunlight.D a mathematical model to measure the size of the planetary system.63. Barrie Jones and Nick Sleep have found ____________A 100 planets orbiting around other stars like our sun.B many planets’ atmosphere has the same composition as Jupiter.C the ways to tell which solar system may have Earth-like planets.D a mathematical model to measure the distance of newly found solar-systems.64. So far, the solar system most like ours that has been discovered is _______A in the group of stars known as Great Bear.B 2.5 times as big as Jupiter.C smaller than our system.D impossible for us to reach at present time.65. The most important requirement to have a life-supporting zone in any solar system is that it must have _____A enough water and proper temperature.B enough oxygen and hydrogen.C enough air and sunlight.D enough water in any state.Passage Four Having abandoned his call for higher gasoline prices, Vie President Al Gore has another idea to get people out of their cars: Spend billions on mass transit ----$ 25 billion to be exact. Last week, Gore unveiled his “Keep America Moving” initiative, which will spend $25 billion on upgrading and improving mass-transit systems nationwide. According to Gore’s self-proclaimed “new way of thinking”, all that’s necessary to reduce traffic congestion is to “give people a choice.”The federal government has been tryin g to “give people a choice” for decades to little effect. Portions of the federal gasoline tax have already been used to support urban bus and rail systems. Despite years of subsidies, few urban-transit systems run in the black. They don’t do much to reduce congestion either. No matter how much the tax-payers paid for the planned transit systems.Americans prefer the autonomy offered by their automobiles.The vice president praised the Portland light-rail system as an example of how good mass transit can be. Yet Portland’s experience is more cautionary tale than exemplary model. Research by the Cascade Policy Institute demonstrates that Portland’s Metro has been a multi-million-dollar mistake. According to Metro’s own figures, the light-rail system is doing little to reduce congestion, as most of its riders used to ride the bus. Those riders that do come off the roads, come at an incredible price: $ 62 per round trip. Road improvements and expansion would do far more to reduce congestion at a fraction of t he cost, but they wouldn’t attract the same volume of federal funds.66. According to the author, the mass-transit systems____A are characterized by low consumption of gasoline.B have contributed little to the improvement of the traffic.C aim at monitoring the public traffic.D are financially profitable.67. What does the author say about the federal government?A It has recently begun to address the problem of traffic congestion.B It fails to provide enough funds to help reduce traffic congestion.C Its attempt to reduce traffic congestion is successful but costly.D It has not done much to reduce congestion by improving roads.68. What is said about Americans’ attitude toward the transit systems?A They are reluctant to pay taxes to support the transit systems.B They think driving their own cars is more convenient.C They prefer the policies of improving and expanding roads.D They think there should be more choices in transportation.69 In the third paragraph, the underlined expression “cautionary tale” most probably means ____A an incredible storyB an untrue storyC a story giving a warningD a story teaching a moral lesson70. Which of the following statements would the author probably agree to ?A In spite of federal funds, most urban-transit systems have financial problems.B The American public should become more aware of the need to reduce traffic congestion.C The attempt to expand roads would be as costly as the one to build a light-rail system.D The federal gasoline tax should be raised to support urban-transit system.Passage Five In all of the industrial countries and many less developed countries, a debate along the lines of government vs. business prevails. This struggle has gone on for so long and is so pervasive, that many who participate in it have come to think of these two social institutions as natural and permanent enemies, each striving to oppose the other.Viewing the struggle in that format diminishes the chance of attaining more harmonious relations between government and business. Moreover, if these two are seen as natural and deadly enemies, then business has no long-range future. It is self-evident that government, as the only social instrument that can legally enforce its will by physical control, must win any struggle that is reduced to naked power.A more realistic, and most constructive, approach to the conflict between business and government starts by noticing the many ways in which they are dependent on each other. Business cannot exist without social order. Business can and does generate its own order, its own regularities of procedure and behaviour; but at bottom these rest upon more fundamental patterns of order which can be maintained and evolved by the political state.The dependence of government on business is less absolute. Governments can absorb direct responsibility for organizing economic functions. In many cases, ancient and modern, government-run economic activities seem to have operated at a level of efficiency not markedlyinferior to comparable work organized by business. If society’s sole purpose is to achieve a bare survival for its members, there can be no substantial objection to governmental absorption of economic arrangements.71. Many people think go vernment and business are “enemies” because ____A the struggle between the two parties has always existed.B they based their belief on the experience of the industrial countries.C they believe that government can do better than business in economic activities.D the struggle between the two parties is so fierce that neither will survive in the end.72. The third paragraph mainly discusses___________A how government and business depend on each other.B why social order is important to business activities.C Why it is necessary for business to rely on government.D how business can develop and maintain order.73. What does the passage say about economic activities organized by government?A They mostly aim at helping people to survive.B They can be conducted as well as those by business.C They are the ones that business can’t do well.D They are comparatively modern phenomena.74. We can conclude from the passage that ____A it is difficult for government and business to have good relations.B it is difficult to study the relations between government and business.C government should dominate economic activities.D government and business should not oppose each other .Passage Six Standing up for what you believe in can be tough. Sometimes it’s got to be done, but the price can be high.Biochemist Jeffrey Wigand found this out the hard way when he took on his former employer, tobacco giant Brown & Williamson, over its claim that cigarettes were not addictive.So too did climate modeler Ben Santer when he put his name to a UN report which argued that it is people who are warming the planet. Both men found themselves under sustained attacks, Wigand from Brown & Williamson, Santer from the combined might of the oil and car industries.The two men got into their dreadful predicaments by totally different routes. But they had one thing in common---they fought powerful vested interests （既得利益者）with scientific data that those interests wished would go away.Commercial companies are not, of course, the only vested interests in town. Governments have a habit of backing the idea of whoever pays the most tax. Academia also has its version: scientific theories often come with fragile egos and reputations still attached, and supporters of those theories can be overly resistant to new ideas.For example, Alfred Wegener’s idea that the continents drift across the surface of the planet was laughed at when he proposed it in 1915. this idea was only accepted finally in the 1960s, when plate tectonics came of age. More recently, in 1982, Stanley Prusiner was labeled crazy for his controversial suggestion that infectious diseases such as BSE（疯牛病）were caused by a protein that self-replicated. A decade later, the notion had gained ground. Finally , in 1997, he received a Nobel Prize for his idea.Western science has always thrived on individualism---- one person’s ambition to topple a theory. So independence of thought is crucial.But this applies not only for scientists, but also their institutions.With governments and commercial sponsors increasingly pulling the strings of university research---- perhaps it’s time to spend some lottery money, say, on truly independent research.Overcoming scientists’ inertia will be much more dif ficult.Yet we can’t afford to be slow to hear new ideas and adapt to them. Back in the 1950s, if governments had taken seriously the findings of epidemiologist Richard Doll about the link between smoking and lung cancer, millions of people would have been spared disability and premature death.75. One of the ideas that are highlighted in the passage is that __________A individuals have greater chance of success in scientific research than collectives.B personality plays a crucial role in the advance of science.C originality of thinking is the key to the advance of science.D the intelligence of scientists is of vital importance to scientific achievements.76. Jeffrey Wigand’s idea about the nature of cigarette__________A was similar to that of the tobacco company.B sounded ridiculous to the general public .C was reached purely out of personal interestsD should be regarded as scientifically true.77. Jeffrey Wigand was attacked by the tobacco giant because _____A his idea could lead to a financial loss for the company.B he had been eager to defeat his company.C his idea was scientifically invalid.D he had long been an enemy of the company.78. The underlined phrase “place tectonics” in the 5th paragraph probably refers to ____A the study of the structure of the earthB scientific study of the climate of the earth.C the theory that the earth’s surface consists of plates in constant motion.D the theory that the earth’s surface was originally a plate-shaped heavenly body.79. One of the conclusions that we can reach from this passage is that ____A governmental interests always seem to clash with those of the private companies.B scientific findings are often obtained at the sacrifice of personal interests.C scientific truths are often rejected before they are widely accepted.D scientists are sometimes doubtful about their beliefs.80. The author seems to be suggesting that _______A the vested interests are sometimes on obstacle to the progress of science.B governments are the one to blame for the deterioration of the environment.C a timely response to people’s demand is appreciated by the academia.D the interference by the government resulted in the tragedy of the 1950s.Part V Translation (40 minutes, 20 points )The nations meeting here in Shanghai understand what is at stake. If we don’t stand against terrorism now, every civilized nation will at some point be its target. We will defeat the terrorists by destroying their network, wherever it is found. We will also defeat the terrorists by building an enduring prosperity that promises more opportunity and better lives for all the world’s people.The countries of the Pacific Rim made the decision to open themselves up to the world, and the result is one of the great development success stories of our time. The peoples of this region are more prosperous, healthier, and better educated than they were only two decades ago. And this progress has proved what openness can accomplish.Section B ( 20 minutes, 10 points )也许你觉得自己那些静卧于抽屉中的家书措辞不够优美，气息也不够现代，其实这正是我们所需要的，/毕竟时代的烙印和真挚的情怀是挥之不去，那亘古不变的魔力足以超出我们的想象。

2016年电子科技大学英语翻译基础真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)

2016考研英语一真题及答案详解（阅读部分）

2016年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)阅读部分Section II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections;Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40 points)Text lFrance,which prides itself as the global innovator of fashion, has decided its fashion industry has lost an absolute right to define physical beauty for woman. Its lawmakers gave preliminary approval last week toalaw that would make it a crime to employ ultra-thin models on runways.The parliament also agreed to ban websites that”incite excessive thinness”by promoting extreme dieting.Such measures have a couple of uplifting motives. They suggest beauty should not be defined by looks that end up with impinging on health. That's a start.And the ban on ultra-thin models seems to go beyond protecting models from starring themselves to health-as some have done.It tells the fashion industry that it move take responsibility for the signal it sends women, especially teenage girls,about the social tape -measure they must use to determine their individual worth.The bans,if fully enforced,would suggest to woman(and many men )that they should not let others be orbiters of their beauty.And perhaps faintly, they hint that people should look to intangible qualities like character and intellect rather than dieting their way to sine zero or wasp-waist physiques.The French measures,however,rely too much on severe punishment to change a culture that still regards beauty as skin-deep-and bone-showing. Under the law, using a fashion model that does not meet a government-defined index of body mess could result in a $85,000 fine and six months in prison.The fashion industry knows it has an inherent problem in focusing on material adornment and idealized body types.In Denmark,the United States,and a fewother countries,it is trying to set voluntary standard for models and fashion images there rely more on pear pressure for enforcement.In contrast to France's actions,Denmark's fashion industry agreed last month on rules and sanctions regarding age,health,and other characteristics of models.The newly revised Danish Fashion Ethical charter clearly states, we are aware of and take responsibility for the impact the fashion industry has on body ideals, especially on young people. The charter's main toll of enforcement is to deny access for designers and modeling agencies to Copenhagen. Fashion week,which is men by the Danish Fashion Institute.But in general it relies on a name-and -shame method of compliance.Relying on ethical persuasion rather than law to address the misuse of body ideals may be the best step.Even better would be to helpelevate notions of beauty beyond the material standards of a particular industry.21. According to the first paragraph,what would happen in France?[A] Physical beauty would be redefined[B] New runways would be constructed[C] Websites about dieting would thrive[D] The fashion industry would decline【答案】A【解析】推断题。

2016年考研初试英语（二）真题2016考研真题初试

2016年考研初试英语（二）真题2016考研真题初试Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text。

Choose the best word（s）for each numbered blank and mark A， B， C or D on the ANSWER SHEET。

（10 points）Happy people work differently。

They’re more productive，more creative，and willing to take greater risks。

And new research suggests that happiness might influence 1 firms work，too。

Companies located in place with happier people invest more，according to a recent research paper。

2 ， firms in happy places spend more on R&D（research and development）。

That’s because happiness is linked to the kind of longer-term thinking 3 for making investment for the future。

The researchers wanted to know if the 4 and inclination for risk-taking that come with happiness would 5 the way companies invested。

So they compared U.S。

cities’ average happiness 6 by Gallup polling with the investment activity of publicly traded firms in those areas。

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