戴炜栋语言学名词解释

合集下载

戴炜栋语言学名词解释（共2篇）

戴炜栋语言学名词解释(共2篇)戴炜栋语言学名词解释1、能指：语言符号的物质实体，能够指称某种意义的成分。

2、结构主义语言学：由索绪尔创立的语言学，它主要研究语言系统本身的内在规律。

我国语言学界常说的“结构语义语言学”“结构主义语法”等名词往往指美国结构主义描写语言学，它只是当代接结构主义语言学的一个流派，并不等于受索绪尔影响的整个结构主义语言学。

3、音位变体：音位是从社会功能角度划分出来的特定语言或方言中具有区别意义作用的最小语音单位，同属于一个音位的不同因素叫做“音位变体”，音位变体又可分为条件变体和自由变体。

例如汉语普通话/a/的音位变体【a】等。

4、元辅音分析法：就是一元辅音为基本分析单位的一种音节结构分析法，将音节结构分为V、C-V、V-C、C-V-C四种不同的结构类型。

5、定位语素：指在最小的合称结构（词结构或词组结构）中的位置总是固定的，或者总前置，或者总后置的语素。

例如现代汉语的“第”总是前置，“者”总是后置，它们都是定位语素。

6、变性成词：指语素转变词性而成为另一类词。

即某些成语素在语法功能上本来只是单一性的，但在形成词的时候，却同时形成了两种词性的词。

7、外围语法：又叫大语法，主要研究与语法有关的词语知识、语义知识和语音知识。

8、向心词组：指整个词组的功能相当于词组的中心语功能的词组，包括偏正结构的词组、动宾词组、动补词组和联合词组。

9、语义场：在词义上具有类属关系的词语集合在一起所形成的一个聚合体。

10、变元：变元又称“题元”“项”等，是与谓词有直接语义关系并受谓词支配的语义成分。

变元一般都是名词性的词语，在句子中经常充当主语或宾语。

如“他给我一支笔”中“我”和“一支笔”就是谓词“给”的变元；“小李走了”中“小李”就是谓词“走”的变元。

11、理性意义：也叫逻辑意义或称意义，是对主客观世界的认识。

在词语平面上，它是与概念相联系的那部分意义；在句子平面上，它是与判断和推理相联系的那部分意义。

戴炜栋语言学-Pragmatics语用学

戴炜栋语言学-Pragmatics语用学●Some basic notions●语用学定义Definition:A general definition is that it is a study of how speakers of alanguage use sentences to effect successful communication.语用学是研究某一语言的使用者如何利用句子而达到成功交际的。

●语用学和语义学Pragmatics and semantics●区别：是否考虑到语境whether in the study of meaning the context of use isconsidered.●语境Context●Definition:It's generally considered as constituted by the knowledge shared by thespeaker and the hearer(语境学被认为是说话人和听话人共有的知识构成的）●句子意义与话语意义Sentence meaning and utterance meaning●The meaning of the sentence is abstract, and decontextualized, that of an utterance isconcrete, and context-dependent. 一个句子的意义抽象，脱离语境，而一个话语的意义是具体的，依赖语境的。

●Study as Sentence: My bag is heavy ---the one-place predication (单位述谓结构）：BAG(BEING HEAVY)●The utterance meaning of the sentence varies with the context in which it is uttered.话语的意义随着语境的不同而改变。

上海师范大学学科教学(英语)戴炜栋《新编简明英语语言学教材》内部考研讲义和笔记

[C] Some important distinctions in linguistics ① Prescriptive vs. Descriptive 规定性与描写性 ② Synchronic vs. Diachronic 共时性与历时性（现代英语多研究共时性） The description of a language at some point in time; The description of a language as it changes through time.
上海师范大学学科教学（英语）戴炜栋《新编简明英语语言学教材》内部考研讲义和笔记。有意者请联系。QQ: 643233066
What is language? 什么是语言 [A] The definition of language Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. (语言是一个具有任意性、用于人类交流的语音符号系统。) a) System: combined together according to rules （根据规则组合在一起） b) Arbitrary: no intrinsic connection between a linguistic symbol and what the symbol stands for（语言符号和符号所代表的事物之间没有内在的必然的联系） c) Vocal: the primary medium is sound for all languages （所有语言的首要媒介都是声音） d) Human: language is human-specific （语言是人类所独有的） [B]Design features (unique properties): the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication （识别特征是指人类语言区别于任何动物交际系统的本质特征） ①Arbitrariness（任意性） There is no logical or natural connection between a linguistic form (either sound or word) and its meaning. While language is arbitrary by nature, it is not entirely arbitrary.（意义和语音之间没有什么逻辑的联系；虽然是任意性的，但并非完全任意） a) echo of the sounds of objects or activities: onomatopoeic words （拟声词） b) some compound words （某些复合词） ②Productivity（能产性，创造性）

戴炜栋语言学-Language Acquisition

戴炜栋语言学-Language Acquisition●10.1 Introduction●语言习得(language acquisition）是指儿童习得母语的过程，即儿童是如何逐渐理解和说其社区语言的。

(Language acquisition refers to the child's acquisition of his mother tongue ,i. e. how the child comes to understand and speak thelanguage of his community.●10.2 Theories of child language acquisition儿童语言习得理论●10.2.1 A behaviourist view of languageacquisition 行为主义者眼中的语言习得观●传统的行为主义者把语言看作是一种行为，认为语言的学习只是一种模仿和习惯的养成。

(Traditional behaviorists view language as behavior and believethatlanguage learning is simply a matter of imitation and habit formation.●人物：B.F. Skinners●局限之处：The behaviorist theory of child language acquisition offers a reasonableaccount of how children acquire some of the regular and routine aspects of thelanguage, yet it fails to explain how they acquire more complex grammaticalstructures of the language.●10.2.2 An innatist view of language acquisition天赋主义者眼中的语言习得观●语言学家诺姆·乔姆斯基声称人天生具有语言能力，而且语言的发展与儿童的其他生物功能，如行走,是一样的。

文学导论戴炜栋文学术语

文学导论戴炜栋文学术语一、文学导论的定义与意义文学导论是对文学作品进行研究与分析的学科，它通过对文学作品的形式、结构、语言、风格等方面的探讨，揭示文学作品的内在规律与意义。

文学导论的研究可以帮助我们更好地理解文学作品，提升我们的文学鉴赏能力，同时也有助于培养我们的批判思维和审美能力。

二、文学作品的形式与结构文学作品的形式与结构是文学导论中的一个重要研究内容。

形式是指文学作品的表达方式和结构，包括小说、诗歌、戏剧等不同的文学体裁。

不同的文学体裁有着不同的结构特点和表达方式，通过对不同文学体裁的研究，我们可以更好地理解和欣赏各种类型的文学作品。

三、文学作品的语言与风格语言与风格是文学作品的重要组成部分，也是文学导论的研究内容之一。

语言是文学作品的表达工具，通过语言的运用，作家可以创造出独特的艺术效果。

风格则是作家个人的写作特点和风格倾向，不同的作家有着不同的风格，通过对作家的语言和风格的研究，可以更好地理解和解读文学作品。

四、文学创作的理论与方法文学导论还涉及到文学创作的理论与方法的研究。

文学创作是文学导论的核心内容之一，它探讨了作家创作的心理过程、创作的技巧与方法等方面的问题。

通过对文学创作的研究，可以帮助我们更好地理解和欣赏文学作品，同时也可以提升我们的写作能力。

五、文学导论的意义与价值文学导论的研究对我们的文学素养和人文修养有着重要的意义和价值。

通过对文学作品的研究和分析，我们可以更好地理解和欣赏文学作品，丰富我们的精神世界。

同时，文学导论的研究也有助于培养我们的批判思维和审美能力，提升我们的文学鉴赏能力。

六、结语通过对《文学导论》一书中戴炜栋所提出的文学术语的讨论，我们可以看到文学导论作为一门学科，涉及到了文学作品的形式与结构、语言与风格、创作的理论与方法等方面的问题。

文学导论的研究不仅可以帮助我们更好地理解和欣赏文学作品，还有助于培养我们的批判思维和审美能力，提升我们的文学鉴赏能力。

希望本文能够对读者对文学导论有所启发和帮助。

戴炜栋《新编简明英语语言学教程》笔记和课后习题(含考研真题)详解(形态学)【圣才】

I. Definition of morphology（形态学定义）【考点：名词解释】
Morphology studies the internal structure of words, and the rules by which
2 / 32
圣才电子书十万种考研考证电子书、题库视频学习平台Байду номын сангаас
圣才电子书十万种考研考证电子书、题库视频学习平台

第 3 章形态学
3.1 复习笔记
本章要点： 1. Open class and closed class
开放词类与封闭词类 2. Morpheme
语素 3. Analyzing word structure
分析词语结构 4. Derivational and inflectional morphemes

words are formed, including inflection and word formation. 形态学研究词的内部结构以及构词规则，包括屈折变化和构词法两个领域。
II. Open class and closed class（开放类和封闭类） 1. Open class words: in English, nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs make up the largest part of the vocabulary. They are the content words of a language. 开放性词类：在英语中，名词、动词、形容词和副词占词汇的绝大部分。它们是一门语言中的实义词，经常有新词产生。 2. Closed class words: The other syntactic categories include “grammatical” or “functional” words. Conjunctions, prepositions, articles and pronouns consist of relatively few words and new words are not usually added to them. 封闭性词类：其他的句法范畴包括“语法性的”或者“功能性的”词。连词、介词、冠词和代词相对较少，通常不会增加新词。

戴炜栋英语语言学概论Chapter

戴炜栋英语语言学概论Chapter一、引言英语语言学是一门研究英语语言的学科，通过对英语语言中的语音、语法、词汇、语义以及社会文化背景等方面进行深入分析，以探寻语言的本质规律和使用方式。

本章将介绍戴炜栋英语语言学概论中的第一章，旨在为读者提供对英语语言学的整体概念和研究对象的基本了解。

二、语言学的定义及分支领域1. 语言学的定义语言学是研究语言的科学，关注语言的结构、发展、演变以及语言与思维的关系，旨在了解语言的规律和作用。

2. 语言学的分支领域- 语音学：研究语音的产生、传播和感知。

- 语法学：研究语言的句法结构和词法规则。

- 语义学：研究语言的意义和概念的表达方式。

- 语用学：研究语言的使用方式和交际功能。

- 语言变化学：研究语言的历史演变和变异现象。

- 社会语言学：研究语言与社会文化背景的关系。

三、基本语言单位1. 音素音素是语言中的最小发声单位，可以通过音标或符号进行表示。

2. 音节音节是由一个或多个音素组成的音序单位，每个音节至少包含一个核心音素。

3. 词汇词汇是语言的基本单位，是由一个或多个音节组成的，具有独立意义的单位。

4. 句子句子是语言中表达完整意义的单位，由一个或多个词汇组成，具有主谓宾结构。

四、语音学的基本概念1. 发音器官发音器官是人类用于发出语音的器官，包括呼吸器官（肺部、气管）、声带、腔道（口腔、鼻腔）等。

2. 语音语调语音语调是指人们在语音交流中所表达的语言节奏、音调和语气等。

不同语言的语音语调差异较大，是语言交流中的重要组成部分。

3. 音素分类音素可分为元音和辅音两大类，元音是声音发出时不产生任何阻塞的音，而辅音是声音发出时经过喉头或口腔等部位的阻塞或摩擦的音。

五、语法学的基本概念1. 词类和词汇词类是对词汇进行分类的方法，包括名词、动词、形容词、副词等。

每个词类都有相应的语法特征和功能。

2. 语法关系语法关系是指词汇之间在句子中的语义或句法关联关系，包括主谓关系、动宾关系、定状补关系等。

戴炜栋_新编简明语言学教程文档版介绍

Linguistics is a scientific study of language .语言学是对语言进行的科学研究。

General linguistics is the study of language as a whole.普通语言学是对语言从整体上进行的研究the major branches of linguistics:语言学内部主要分支Phonetics：the study of the sounds used in linguistic communication..(语音学)对语言交流中语音的研究Phonology the study of how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication. (音位学)如何组合在一起并在交流中形传达意义.Morphology:the study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words (词法学、形态学)如何排列以及组合起来构成词语Syntax:the study of those rules that govern the combination of words to form permissible sentences (句法学)如何在组成语法上可接受的句子Semantics(语义学) the study of meaning in abstraction语言是用来传达意义的。

Pragmatics(语用学) the study of meaning in context of use用来研究上下文的意义跨学科分支Sociolinguistics is the study of the relationship between language and society.社会语言学是语言和社会之间关系的研究Psycholinguistics is the study of the relationship between language and the mind.心理语言学是语言与心灵的关系的研究Applied linguistics is the study of the teaching of foreign and second languages.应用语言学是外国和第二语言教学的研究Some important distinctions in linguistic s语言学中一些基本区分1. Descriptive or PrescriptiveA linguistic study is descriptive if it describes and analyses facts observed; it is prescriptive if it tries to lay down rules for "correct" behavior.描述性是在描述和分析人们对语言的实际运用，规定性是在为语言“正确和规范的”使用确立规则。

戴炜栋语言学教程必背考点

《新编简明英语语言学教程》必背考点Chapter 1 IntroductionChapter 2 PhonologyChapter 3 MorphologyChapter 4 SyntaxChapter 5 SemanticsChapter 6 PragmaticsChapter 7 Language ChangeChapter 8 Language and SocietyChapter 9 Language and CultureChapter 10 Language AcquisitionChapter 11 Second Language AcquisitionChapter 12 Language And The Brain《新编简明英语语言学教程》Chapter 1 Introduction考点1 Distinguish beween prescriptive and descriptive study(1)Prescriptive（规定性）: The linguistic study aims to lay down rules for “correct and standard”behavior in using language, i.e. to tell people what they should say and what they should not say.(2)Descriptive (描写性）: The linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language peopleactually use.(3)Modern linguistics is mostly descriptive. It differs from earlier studies of language normallyknown as “grammar” in that the latter is based on “high” (religious, literary) written language.It aims to set models forlanguage users to follow. On the other hand, modern linguistics is supposed to be scientific and objective and its task is to describe the language people actually use, be it “correct” or not. Modern linguists believe that whatever occurs in the languagepeople use should be described and analyzed in their investigations.考点2 Is modern linguistics mainly synchronic or diachronic? Why?(1)Synchronic (共时性）——the description of a language at some point of time in history.(2)Diachronic (历时性）——the description of a language as it change through time. It is ahistorical study; it studies the historical development of language over a period of time.(3)In modern linguistics, a synchronic approach seems to enjoy priority over a diachronic one.Because it is believed that unless the various states of a language in different historical periods are successfully studied, it would be difficult to describe the changes that have taken place in its historical development. Synchronic descriptions are often thought of as being descriptions of a language in its current existence, and most linguistic studies are of this type.考点3 Why speech is prior to writing?Speech and writing are the two major media of communication. Modern linguistics regards the spoken language as the natural or the primary medium of human language.a. From the point of view of linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing. The writingsystem of any language is always “invented” by its users to record speech when the need arises. Even in today’s world, there are still many languages that can only be spoken but not written.b. In everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than wiring in terms of the amount of information conveyed.c. Speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongue, and writing is learned and taught later when he goes to school.d. For modern linguists, spoken language reveals more true features of human speech while written language is only the “revised” record of speech. Thus their data for investigation and analysis are mostly drawn from everyday speech, which they regard as authentic.考点4：How is Saussure's distinction between langue and parole similar to Chomsky's distinction between competence and performance?(1)Langue (语言) vs Parole (言语)The distinction between langue and parole was made by the Swiss linguist F. de Saussure (索绪尔) in the early 20th century.Langue is the abstract linguistic system shared by all members of the speech community. It is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to abide by.It is abstract and is not the language people actually use. It is relatively stable and systematic, does not change frequently.Parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use. It is the concrete use of the conventions and application of the rules. It is concrete and it refers to the naturally occurring language events. It varies from person to person, and from situation to situation.In Saussure's opinion,parole is simply a mass of linguistic facts, too varied and confusing for systematic investigation, and what linguists should do is to abstract langue from parole, i.e. to discover the regularities governing the actual use of language and make them the subjects of linguistic study.Saussure took a sociological view of language and his notion of langue is a matter of social conventions.(2)Competence (语言能力)VS Performance (语言运用)The distinction between competence and performance was proposed by American linguist N.Chomsky（乔姆斯基）in the late 1950sCompetence is the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language and it is a set of rules internalized in the brain. According to Chomsky, a speaker has internalized a set of rules about his language, which enables him to produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences and recognize sentences that are ungrammatical and ambiguous.Performance refers to the actual realization of his knowledge in linguistic communication. Despite one’s perfect knowledge of his own language, a speaker can still make mistakes in actual use, e.g. slips of the tongue and unnecessary pauses. This imperfect performance is caused by social and psychological factors such as stress, anxiety and embarrassment.Similar to Saussure, Chomsky thinks that linguists should study the ideal speaker's competence, not his performance, which is too haphazard to be studied. Although a speaker possesses an internalized set of rules and applies them in actual use, he cannot tell exactly what these rules are. So the task of the linguists is to discover and specify these rules.Chomsky looks at language from a psychological point of view and to him competence is a property of the mind of each individual.考点5 What are the main features of human language that have been specified byC. Hockett to show that it is essentially different from animal communication system?Design features refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.(1) Arbitrariness 任意性:①there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds, that is, the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning②A good example is that different sounds in different languages are used to refer to the same object.e.g. “汽车” in Chinese, “der Wagen” in German and “car” in English;③The arbitrary nature of language is a sign of complexity, which makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions.④While language is arbitrary by nature, it is not entirely arbitrary. The first example isonomatopoeic words (拟声词) which imitate natural sound, such as rumble, crash, bang in English, putong(扑通）shasha(沙沙）in Chinese.The second example is compound words because the meaning of the compound words are determined by the combination of two words, such as type-writer, shoe-maker.⑤Non-arbitrary words account for only a small percentage of the vocabulary of a language. Therefore, it doesn’t negate the fact that language is arbitrary.（2）Productivity/Creativity创造性①Language is productive or creative in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. This explains why people can produce and understand an infinitely la rge number of sentences, including sentences they have never heard or used before.②Productivity is unique to human language. Most animal communication systems appear to be highly restricted with respect to the number of different signals that their users can send and receive. For example, bee dancing is used only to indicate food sources, which is the only kind of message that can be sent through the dancing.(3) Duality/ Double articulation 二重性①Language is a system, which consists of two sets of structures, or two levels.②At the lower level, there is a structure of sounds, which are meaningless themselves. e.g. the three separate sounds /k/ /æ/ /t/ are meaningless.③But the sounds of language can be grouped into a large number of units of meaning such as morphemes(词素) and words according to certain rules, which are found at the higher level of the system. Then the units at the higher level can be arranged and rearranged into an infinite number of sentences. e.g. The combination of the three sounds /k/ /æ/ /t/ can produce a meaningful words [kæt] (cat).④This duality of structure or double articulation(双重分节）of language enables its users to talk about anything within their knowledge. No animal communication system has duality or even comes near to possessing it.(4) Displacement 移位性①Language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in far away places. That is, Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.②This property provides speakers with an opportunity to talk about a wide range of things, free from barriers caused by separation in time or place. In contrast, no animal communication possesses this feature. For example, animal calls are mainly uttered in response to immediate changes of situation, i.e. in contact of food, in presence of danger, or in pain. Once the danger or pain is gone, calls stops.(5) Cultural transmission 文化传递性①While human capacity for language has a genetic basis, i.e. we are born with the ability to acquire language, the details of any language system are not genetically transmitted, but instead have to be taught and learned.②Language is culturally transmitted in that it is passed on from one generation to the next through teaching and learning, rather than by instinct like animal call system. In contrast, animal call systems are genetically transmitted, namely, animals are born with the capacity to produce the set of calls peculiar to their species.考点6 What are the major functions of language identified by Jakobson?Jakobson (雅克布逊)identified six elements of a speech event and relates each one of them to one specific language function.Addresser说话者---EmotiveThe addresser expresses his attitude to the topic or situation of communication, i.e. to express attitudes, feelings and requests. e.g. I hate those who are always lying.Addressee受话者---Conative 意动功能The addresser aims to influence the addressee’s course of action or ways of thinking, i.e. to persuade and influence others through commands and requestse.g. Why not go with us to have a picnic? Why not go and see another doctorContext语境---Referential 所指功能The addresser conveys a message or information 传达信息e.g. Currently, we live in an information age when the Internet plays a significant role.Message 信息----Poetic 诗学功能The addresser uses language for the sole purpose of displaying the beauty of language itself.e.g. poetryContact 接触--Phatic communication寒暄功能The addresser tries to establish or maintain good interpersonal relationships with theaddressee. e.g Hi, How are you this morning?Code 语码---Metalinguistic 元语言功能The addresser uses language to make clear the meaning of language itself.e.g. Let me tell you what the word “ EST” means.考点7 What are Halliday’s metafunctions?Halliday proposed a theory of metafunctions of language, that is, language has ideational, interpersonal and textual functions.①The ideational function (is to organize the speaker or writer’s experience of the real or imaginary world. It corresponds closely to the descriptive function, but it is broader because it also includes the expression of the speaker’s attitude, evaluation, feelings and emotions.②The interpersonal function is to indicate, establish or maintain social relationships between people. It expresses the speaker’s role in the speech situation, his personal commitment and assessment of the social relationship between the addressee and himself.③The textual function is to organize written or spoken texts in such a manner that they are coherent within themselves and fit the particular situation in which they are used.Chapter 2 Phonology 音系学考点1 What is phonetics?Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language; it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world’s languages.There are three branches of phonetics :①articulatory phonetics 发音语音学——It studies the sounds from the speaker's point ofview, i.e. how a speaker uses his speech organs to articulate the sounds.②auditory phonetics 听觉语音学——It looks at the sounds from the hearer's point ofview, i.e. how the sounds are perceived by the hearer.③acoustic phonetics 声学语音学——It studies the way sounds travel by looking at thesound waves, the physical means by which sounds transmitted through the air from one person to another. It tries to describe the physical properties of the stream of sounds which a speaker issues. To describe these properties, they record the sound waves on machines called spectrographs.考点2 Explain with examples how broad transcription and narrow transcription differ? Broad transcription宽式标音：The transcription with letter-symbols only is the broad transcription and it is used in dictionaries and teaching textbooks for general purposes.Narrow transcription严式标音：The transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics (变音符号) is the narrow transcription and it is needed and used by the phoneticians in their study of speech sounds.考点3 How are the English consonants classified?Manner of articulation:发音方式①stop闭塞音：[p] [b] [t] [d] [k] [g] 6When the obstruction created by the speech organs is total or complete, the speech sound produced with the obstruction suddenly released and the air passing out again is called a stop or plosive. （气流在声道中完全受阻，然后被突然释放, 受阻气流冲出而形成的音叫爆破音）②fricative 摩擦音：[f] [v] [θ] [ð] [s] [z] [ʃ] [ʒ] [h] 9When the obstruction is partial and the air is forced through a narrow passage in the mouth so as to cause definite local friction at the point, the speech sound thus produced is a fricative.（气流部分受阻，被迫在狭窄缝隙间通过，在某一点引起摩擦而形成的音被称为摩擦音）③affricate 破擦音： a stop+a fricative [tʃ] [dʒ] 2When the obstruction is complete at first and then is released slowly with the friction resultingfrom partial obstruction (as in fricatives), the sounds thus produced are affricates.(前半部分发音，气流完全受阻，与爆破音相似；后半部分发音，气流部分受阻，逐渐释放，产生摩擦，与发摩擦音相似)④liquids 流音: [l] [r] 2When the airflow is obstructed but is allowed to escape through the passage between part or parts of the tongue( the tip or the side) and the roof of the mouth, the sounds thus produced are called liquids.(气流在口腔中受阻，但还不至于引起摩擦，气流可以从舌尖、两侧或口腔上部逸出而形成的音，被成为流音)⑤nasals 鼻音: [m] [n] [ŋ] 3When the nasal passage is opened by lowering the soft palate at the back of the mouth and air is allowed to pass through it, the sounds thus produced are called nasals.(如果将软腭降低至口腔后部，完全阻塞口腔，从而使鼻腔通道张开让气流经过，这样发出的音称为鼻音)⑥glides 滑音: [j] [w] 2Sometimes are called ‘semi-vowels”. It is produced with a narrow passage between the lips or between the tongue and the hard palate to cause some slight noise from the local obstruction.(有时也称为半元音，双唇或舌与硬腭间对流形成的局部阻碍而引起一些轻微的噪音而形成)Place of articulation发音部位①bilabial 双唇音: [p] [b] [m] [w] 4the upper and lower lips are brought together to create obstruction. And then the obstruction is suddenly released and the airstream pass out again.（上下唇合拢形成完全阻碍，再突然打开，释放气流而形成的音）②labiodental 唇齿音：[f] [v] 2the lower lip is brought into contact with the upper teeth, thus creating the obstruction.（通过下唇和下齿的接触，迫使气流从唇齿间挤出而形成的音）③dental 齿音：[θ] [ð] 2the obstruction is created between the tip of the tongue and the upper teeth.（舌尖抵住上齿，气流被阻碍）④alveolar 齿龈音：[t] [d] [n] [s] [z] [l] [r] 7the obstruction is brought into contact with the upper teeth-ridge/ alveolus to create the obstruction. （舌尖抵住上齿龈，气流形成阻碍所发出的音）⑤palatal 腭音：[ʃ] [ʒ] [tʃ] [dʒ] [j] 5The obstruction is between the back of the tongue and the hard palate. （气流阻碍发生在舌后和硬腭之间）⑥velar软腭音:[k] [g] [ŋ] 3the back of the tongue is brought into contact with the soft palate. （舌后部向上抬起，接触软腭，形成气流）⑦glottal 声门音：[h] 1the vocal cords are brought momentarily together to create the obstruction.（声带暂时性闭合，形成气流阻碍）考点4 Classification of English vowels①the position of the tongue in the mouth(舌位）：front, central and back 前元音中元音后元音②the openness of the mouth（开口程度）：close vowels, semi-close vowels, semi-open vowels, and open vowels闭元音半闭元音半开元音开元音③the shape of the lips（唇形）rounded 圆唇：all the back vowels, with the exception of [a:], are roundedunrounded 非圆唇：all front vowels+the central vowels④the length of the vowels（元音的长度）：long and short vowels长元音短元音⑤The tenseness of the sound: tense and lax vowels 紧元音松元音⑥monophthongs 单元音diphthongs 双元音：Sounds are produced by moving one vowel position to another through intervening positions. [eɪ] [aɪ] [ɔɪ] [aʊ] [əʊ][ɪə] [eə] [ʊə]考点5 phonology and phoneticsphonology aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.phonetics is of a general nature; it is interested in all the speech sounds used in all human languages: how they are produced, how they differ form each other, what phonetic features theypossess, how they can be classfied.For example:①The [l] sound in the two English word leap and peel is pronounced differently. The first is what we call a clear [l] and the second one a dark [ɫ].②The difference between the two sounds, is what the phoneticians are interested in.③But phonologically these sounds are regarded to be two versions of the same basic entity. These two sounds are fundamentally the same, since they have one and the same function in communication---in distinguishing between words and meanings despite their difference in pronunciation. If someone should pronounce the dark [ɫ] in the word peel incorrectly as a clear [l], an English speaker would not for this reason fail to understand him, he would only find his pronunciation a little bit strange.考点6 phone, phoneme, and allophone(1)phone音素is a phonetic unit or segment. The speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication are all phones. Phones are to be written with square brackets [ ].e.g [t] [d] [f] [v][i:] [i] [e] [t h]But a phone does not necessarily distinguish meaning; some do, some don't. For example, [s] and [t] do, as [si:m] and [ti:m] are two words with totally different meanings. [t h] and [t] don’t as [stɒp] and [st hɒp] mean the same to a speaker of English.(2)phoneme音位is a phonological unit; it is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, written in slashes / /. It is not any particular sound, but rather it is represented or realized by a certain phone in a certain phonetic context.For example, when we pronounce the two words peak and we are aware that the sound [p] is pronounced differently. In the word peak, the [p] sound is pronounced with a strong puff of air stream; but the same stop sound is pronounced slightly differently in the word speak, the puff of air being withheld a little. The [p] sound in peak is called an aspirated [ p ], and the [p] sound in speak is an unaspirated [p]. The relation between aspirated [p ] and unaspirated [p] corresponds to that between clear [l ] and dark [l ]: there is a slight difference in the way they are pronounced, but such a difference does not give rise to difference in meaning. So /p/ is a phoneme in the Englishsound system, and it can be realized differently as aspirated or unaspirated in different contexts.(3)allophones音位变体: The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the allophones. Allophones are to be written with square brackets [ ].But the choice of an allophone is not random or haphazard; it is rule-governed.e.g. the phoneme /l/ in English can be realized as a dark [ɫ] 模糊舌边音in tell and a clear [l]清晰舌边音in lead, which are allophones of the phoneme /l/.考点7 Phonemic contrast ,complementary distribution, and minimal pair(1)Phonemic contrast音位对立: If they are two distinctive phonemes, they are said to form aphonemic contrast, e.g. /p/ and /b/ in [pit] and [bit].(2)Complementary distribution互补分布: If they are allophones of the same phoneme, thenthey do not distinguish meaning, but complement each other in distribution, i.e. they occur in different phonetic environments. Allophones are said to be in complementary distribution.e.g. the clear [l] always occurs before a vowel while the dark [ɫ] always occurs between a vowel and a consonan or at the end ofa word, so they are in complementary distribution.(3)Minimal pairs 最小对立对: When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same position in the strings, the two sound combinations are said to form a minimal pair. e.g. pill and bill bet and batSignificance: Minimal pairs make it easy to know what the English phonemes are. A basic way to determine the phonemes of a language is to see if substituting one sound for another result in a change of meaning. If it does, the two sounds then represent different phonemes. An easy way to do this is to find the minimal pairs. Accordingly, it is of great importance to find the minimal pairs when a phonologist is dealing with the sound system of an unknown language.minimal set 最小对立对集：Under the same condition, when a minimal pair is extended to two, three or even more, then all these sound combinations constitute a minimal set.e.g. “pill and bill”“pill and till”“till and dill”“till and kill”“kill and gill”考点8 Phonological rules 音系学规则①Sequential rules 序列规则——There are rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language. These rules are called sequential rules.rule 1: If a word begins with a [l] or a [r], then the next sound must be a vowel. This explains why [lbik] is impossible combinations in English. Because it has violated the restrictions on the sequencing of phonemes.rule 2: if three consonants should cluster together at the beginning of a word, the combination should obey the following three rules：The first phoneme must be /s/;(it shows that/s/ is the most easiest sound for human being to pronounce; linguistics should serve people, which means it is descriptive)The second phoneme must be /p,t,k/ ---stops(爆破音）(Why not /b,d,g/: because they are not easy for human to pronounce)The third phoneme must be /l,r, w/---/1//r/ 流音，/w/ 滑音eg: spring[sprɪŋ], scream[skri:m], square [skwer], splendid [ˈsplendɪd] , strict[strɪkt]②Assimilation rule 同化规则A.Definition: The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying” a feature of asequential phoneme, thus making the two phones similar. One sound will affect the neighbouring sound so that sounds become sounds around them. This process is called assimilation. The rules which will be followed during the assimilation is called assimilation rules.B.Reason: Assimilation of neighbouring sounds is, for the most part, caused by articulatory orphysiological processes. When we speak, we tend to increase the ease of articulation. This “sloppy” tendency may become regularized as rules of language. This is primarily due to the our desire for convenience and efficiency.C.ClassificationRegressive assimilation 逆同化: If a preceding sound is influenced by a following sound, making the two sounds similar, it is called regressive assimilation.a.Nasalization 鼻音化in the case of “can” [kæn], the preceding sound [æ] is nasalized dueto the influence of the following nasal sound [n].b.Dentalization 齿音化：in the case of [n] in the word “tenth”[tenθ], the preceding sound[e]is dentalized due to the influence of the following dental fricative sound [θ].c.Velarization软腭化: in the case ‘sink’ [sɪŋk], the preceding sound[ŋ] is velarized due to the influence of the following velar sound [k].Progressive assimilation 顺同化: It is the converse process of regressive assimilation, in which a following sound is influenced by a preceding sound, making the two sounds similar.e.g. in the case of ‘map”[mæp], the following sound [æ] is nasalized because of the influence of the preceding nasal consonant [p].③Deletion rule 省略规则Another phonological rule is the deletion rule. It tells us when a sound is to be deleted although it is orthographically represented.e.g. The letter“g”is sometimes pronounced and sometimes mute(不发音的).The rule: delete a [g] when it occurs before a final nasal consonantsign[saɪn] ----signature [ˈsɪgnətʃə(r)] 签名; 署名;考点9 What are suprasegmental features? How do the major suprasegmental features of English function in conveying meaning?The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called suprasegmental features. The main suprasegmental features include stress, intonation, and tone.(1) Stress 重音: The location of stress in English distinguishes meaning. For example, a shift of stress may change the part of speech of a word from a noun to a verb although its spelling remains unchanged. The noun has the stress on the first syllable and the corresponding verb has the stress on the second syllable. e.g.重音在前是名词n 'progress 重音在后是动词v pro'gress(2)Tone 声调: Tones are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords. Pitch variations can distinguish meaning just like phonemes; therefore, the tone is a suprasegmental feature. The meaning-distinctive function of the tone is especially important in what we call tone languages.Our mother tongue Chinese is a typical tone language.E.g.mã 妈má 麻mǎ 马mà 骂(3)Intonation 语调When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation. Intonation plays an important role in the conveyance of meaning in almost every language, especially in a language like English.Four tones：①The falling tone— what is said is a straight-forward, matter-of-fact statement②The rising tone—make a question of what is said③The fall-rise tone—there is an implied message in what is said④The rise-fall tonee.g.1.' That’s 'not the 'book he `wants.---Spoken in the falling tone, it simply states a fact, i.e. the book in question is not the one he wants.2.' That’s 'not the 'book he ̗wants.---Spoken in the rising tone, it indicates uncertainty on the part of the speaker: he is asking the question: It that not the book he wants?3.' That’s ˌnot the ˌbook he ̗wants.---Spoken in the fall-rise tone, it indicates that apart from what it said literally, there is an implied message, i.e. besides telling the listener that the book in question is not the one he wants, the speaker implies that there is some other book he wants.Chapter 3 Morphology考点1 Open class and closed classOpen class words开放类词: They are the content words of a language, which are sometimes called open class words, since new words can be added to these classes regularly.Closed class words封闭类词: Conjunctions, prepositions, articles and pronouns consist of the “grammatical” or “ functional” words. The number of such words is small and stable since new words are added.考点2 Morphemes词素(1)Morpheme is the smallest unit of language that carries information about meaning or function.It is important to note that a morpheme is neither a meaning nor a stretch of sound, but a meaning and a stretch of sound joined together.Also morphemes are usually arbitrary: there is no natural connection between their sound and their meaning.e.g. reader consists of two morphemes: read and –er (to form nouns which refer to a person, animal or thing that does the action described by the verb), here “reader” is someone who reads.考点3 Morph语素形式Morph: when people wish to distinguish the sound of a morpheme from the entire morpheme, they may use the term morph.e.g. the English plural and possessive morphemes may be said to share a single morph, the suffix/-s/.考点4 Free and bound morphemes 自由词素和黏着词素A free morpheme: A morpheme which can be a word by itselfe.g. dog, man, desire. They are free because they can used as a word on its own.A bound morpheme: A morpheme that must be attached to another onee.g. -ist, -ful, un-, en-考点5 Allomorph 词素变体In some cases, morpheme may have alternate shapes or phonetic forms. An allomorph is one of two or more complementary morphs which manifest a morpheme in its different phonological or morphological environments.E.g 1. the variants of the plurality “-s” makes the allomorphs thereof in the following examples: map – maps, mouse – mice, ox – oxen, tooth – teeth, etc.eg: in the same plural morphemewritten form spoken formmap- maps [s] dog--dogs [z]watch--watches [iz] mouse--mice [ai]。

戴炜栋语言学名词解释

contribution more informative than is required.te closure:wherever possible, we prefer to attach new items to thecurrent constituent to reduce the burden on working memory during parsing.(E.g.: Tom said that Bill had taken the cleaning out yesterday. ) 26.cohort model:in word comprehension,words are analysed by hearers frombeginning to end.27.Selectional restrictions--- a restriction on the combining of wordsin a sentence resulting from their meaning form part of theword-processing system28. Hierarchical Structure----Our representation od complex words isorganized in terms of hierarchical morphological structure.what．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．1. Acculturation(同化过程） is a process in which members ohere is an agreement in number between boy and goes.5.articulators（发音器官): the tongue,lips,and velum, which change the shape of the vocal tract to produce different sp eech sounds.6.aspect(体）: the grammatical category representing distin ction in the temporal structure of an event. English has tw o aspect construction---the perfect and the progressive.(完成体和进行体)7.aspiration(吐气）; the puff of air that sometimes followspart of a large unit within a sentence; typical constituen t types are verb phrase, noun phrase, prepositional phrase and clause.12.case(格)：the grammatical category in inflectional langu ages by which the form of a noun or noun phrase varies forgrammatical or semantic reasons. English has only one case distinction in nouns—the genitive case(所有格), but Englis h pronouns have three forms that correspond to three of the six cases in Latin.13.clause（小句）: a grammatical unit that contains a subjees where the truth of one(the second) is inferred from the truth of the other.19.euphemism（委婉语）: a word or phrase that replaces a ta boo word or is used to avoid reference to certain acts or s ubjects,e.g. powder room for toilet.20.garden path sentence（花园小径句）: a sentence in which the comprehender assumes a particular meaning of a word or a phrase but later discovers that the assumption was incorr ect, forcing the comprehender to backtrack and reinterpret the sentence.n a particular form. E.g. a preposition or a verb requires that the pronoun following it be in the objective form,as i n with me,to him.nguage universal (语言共性): any property that is shar ed by most,if not all, human lanugages.25.lingua franca: ( 通用语) A language variety used for com munication among groups of people wo do not otherwise share a common language. For example, English is the lingua fran ca of the international scientific community.26.macrosociolinguistics; The study of the effect of languaNature purifies the mind.Beauty purifies the mind.Love purifies the mind.Honesty purifies the mind.29.syntagmatic relation: (横组合关系) The relation betweenany linguistic elements which are simultaneously present in a structure. E.g. in the word bit, b, i,t are in syntagmat ic relation, so are nature, purifies, the, mind, in the sen tence Nature purifies the mind.30.presupposition（预设）: implicit assumptions about the wconsidered inappropriate for “polite society”, thus to be avoided in conversation.35.selectional restriction(选择限制): a restriction on the combining of words in a sentence resulting from their meani ng.36.linguistic universal:(语言共性) The linguistic universal s are principles that enable children to acquire a particul ar language unconsciously, without instruction in the early years of life. As a whole they are referred to as Universapproaching equivalence, to one of its constituents. The t ypical English endocentric constructions are noun phrases a nd adjective phrases.40.exocentric construction(离心结构或外心结构) the opposite of endocentric construction,refers to a group of syntactically related words where none of the words is functionally equivalent to the whole group. Most constructions are exoce ntric.41.politeness can be defined as the means employed to show awareness of another person’s public self-image.sks during communicative exchanges.46.Conversion（转类构词）is a change in the grammatical fun ction of a word without adding or removing any part of it.A word belonging to one part of speech is extended to another part of speech. It is also called functional shift or ze ro derivation.47.lexical meaning VS grammatical meaning(词汇意义与语法意义)The meaning of a sentence is carried by the words proper asimultaneously by the hearer. Paralinguistic meanings are th ose attached to the verbal expressions by quality of voice, tempo of speech,posture,facial expression and gestures. Non -linguistic meanings are those indicated by non-verbal noises such as cough, sigh, tongue-clicking, various kinds of b ody languages and different contexts of situation.49.denotation VS connotation (外延与内涵)Denotation is a straightforward, literal meaning of the wor d every member of the language speaking community will agrere is no limit to the structural diversity of languages. Linguistic determinism refers to the idea that the language we use determines, to some extent, the way in which we vie w and think about the world around us. This concept has two versions; strong determinism and weak determinism. The strong version, which has few followers today, holds that lang uage actually determines thought, whereas that weak version, which is widely accepted today, merely holds that language affects thought.。

戴炜栋语言学-语言习得知识点整理

戴炜栋语言学-语言习得知识点整理●11.1 Introduction●第二语言习得：第二语言习得 Second Language Acquisition(SLA)是在20世纪70年代左右正式建立起来的一个学科。

它指对一个人在习得母语后是如何习得第二语言进行系统研究。

(Second language aequisition( SLA),formally established itself as adiscipline around the 1970s,refers to the systematic study of how one person acquires a second language subsequent to his native language.）●11.2 Connections between first language acquisition and second language acquisition 第一语言习得和第二语言习得之间的关系●Theoretically, the new findings and advances in first language acquisition especially inlearning theories and the learning process have shed light on the understanding of second language acquisition in general. The techniques used to collect and analyze data in first language acquisition also provide insights andperspectives in the study of secondlanguage acquisition issues.●interlanguage中介语or learner language学习者语言●语言石化现象Fossilization Grammar has become one of the main features ofinterlanguages.●11.3Contrastive analysis对比分析●the native language is regarded as the major cause for lack of success in learning a secondlanguage●positive transfer and negative transfer正迁移和负迁移●从描述本族语和目的语之间可比较的特征（如时态、词汇或表达等）出发,对比分析两门语言在形式和意义上的差异以便找出不匹配或不相同的地方，这样，人们就可以预测学习者的难点。

英语语言学教学大纲戴炜栋

英语语言学教学大纲戴炜栋英语语言学教学大纲戴炜栋在当今全球化的时代，英语已经成为了一门世界通用语言，因此学习英语的需求也越来越大。

为了满足学生对英语学习的需求，各个学校和机构都制定了相应的英语语言学教学大纲。

本文将以戴炜栋的英语语言学教学大纲为例，探讨其在英语教学中的重要性和应用。

首先，我们需要了解什么是英语语言学。

英语语言学是研究英语语言的起源、演变、结构和使用规律的学科。

它帮助我们理解英语的语音、词汇、语法以及语用等方面的知识。

因此，在英语教学中，英语语言学起着至关重要的作用。

戴炜栋的英语语言学教学大纲包含了多个重要的内容。

首先是英语语音学，它研究英语的音素、音位和音系等方面的知识。

通过学习英语语音学，学生可以正确地发音和辨别英语中的音素，提高口语表达的准确性和流利性。

其次是英语词汇学，它研究英语的词汇来源、分类和使用规律等方面的知识。

词汇是语言的基础，掌握丰富的词汇量对于学生的英语学习非常重要。

通过学习英语词汇学，学生可以扩大词汇量，提高阅读和写作的能力。

另外，英语句法学也是戴炜栋的英语语言学教学大纲中的重要内容。

句法学研究英语句子的结构和组织规律等方面的知识。

通过学习英语句法学，学生可以理解和运用各种句子结构，提高语法准确性和语言表达的清晰度。

此外，戴炜栋的英语语言学教学大纲还包括了英语语用学的内容。

语用学研究语言在交际中的使用规律和效果等方面的知识。

通过学习英语语用学，学生可以了解英语中的语言交际策略和语言使用的社会文化背景，提高语言运用的灵活性和适应能力。

戴炜栋的英语语言学教学大纲不仅仅是一份教学大纲，更是一份指导学生学习英语的宝贵资源。

它为学生提供了系统、全面的英语语言学知识，帮助学生建立起对英语语言的整体认识和理解。

通过遵循教学大纲的指导，学生可以有条不紊地学习英语，提高英语水平。

然而，仅仅有一份英语语言学教学大纲是不够的，教师在教学中的角色也非常重要。

教师应该根据教学大纲的要求，合理安排教学内容和教学方法，激发学生的学习兴趣和动力。

资料-戴炜栋新编简明英语语言学教程2版考点

第1章导言本章要点：1．The definition and main branches of linguistics study语言学的定义和研究的范围2．Important distinctions in Linguistics语言学的一些重要区分3．The definition and the design features of language语言的定义与识别特征4．Functions of language语言的功能本章考点：1.有关语言学的常考考点语言学的定义；语言学中几组重要区别，每组两个概念的含义、区分及其意义；普通语言学的主要分支学科及各自的研究范畴；宏观语言学及应用语言学的主要分支及各自的研究范畴。

2.有关语言的常考考点语言的定义；语言的识别特征(任意性、能产性、二重性、移位性、文化传递)；语言的功能。

本章内容索引：I.The definition of linguisticsII.The scope of linguistics1．Micro-linguistics2．Macro-linguisticsIII.Some important distinctions in linguistics1．Descriptive vs. Prescriptive 2．Synchronic vs. Diachronic3．Speech vs. Writing4．Langue vs. Parole5．Competence vs. Performance6．Traditional Grammar vs. Modern LinguisticsIV.The definition of languageV.The design features of language1．Arbitrariness2.Productivity3.Duality4．Displacement5．Cultural Transmission6．InterchangeabilityVI.Functions of language1．Main functions2．Basic functions3．MacrofuntionsI.The definition of linguistics（语言学的定义）Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.It is a scientific study because it is based on the systematic investigation of linguistic data, conducted with reference to some general theory of language structure.语言学通常被定义为对语言进行科学性研究的学科。

语言学—戴炜栋（自己整理的）

语言学——戴炜栋（牟杨译本的学习指南）重要人物汇总 1. Ferdinand de Saussure 索绪尔 the founding father of modern structural linguistics 现代结构
主义语言学创始人 ●提出语言 language 和言语 speech 的区别 ●词的横组合及纵聚合是其句法理论的重要部分 Syntagmatic and Paradigmatic relations is important part of Saussure’s syntactic theory. 2. Noam Chomsky 乔姆斯基：the founder of generative grammar 生成语法创始人 ●提出关于语言能力 competence 与语言运用 performance 的区分概念 ●1957 年提出转换生成语法：Transformational-Generative grammar 简作 TG Grammar 的研
6.英语语音的分类(the classification of English speech sounds) 英语元音和辅音的本质区别：发元音(vowel)时气流从肺部出来的气流没有受到任何阻塞。在辅音(consonants)发出的过程中气流受到了这样或那样的阻塞。㈠辅音的两种划分标准：发音方式（Manners of articulation）、发音部位（Places of articulation）和【清浊特征】
15.
中存储的词语-形象 word-image 的总和，这个整体相对比较稳定。
Parole（言语）：指代某个个体在实际语言使用环境中说出的具体话语 actual use of
language，是随时间和地点变化的一个动态的、偶然性很大的实体

戴炜栋语言学名词解释（3）

戴炜栋语言学名词解释（3）戴炜栋语言学名词解释The image of a word invoked to people.Chapter 10: Language Acquisition It refers to the child’s acquisition of his mother tongue, i.e. how the child comes to understand and speak the language of his community. child is believed to be born with, which allow them to acquire language.(03) A special speech to children used by adults, which is characterized with slow rate of speed, high pitch, rich intonation, shorter and si-mp-ler sentence structures etc.----又叫child directed speech，caretaker talk.(05) Extension of the meaning of a word beyond its usual domain of application by young children.Chapter 11 : Second Language Acquisition It refers to the systematic study of how one person acquires a second language subsequent to his native language. A second language is a language which is not a native language in a country but which is widely used as a medium of communication and which is usually used alongside another language or languages.which is not used as a medium of instruction in schools nor as a language of communication within a country. A type of language produced by second and foreign language learners, who are in the process of learning a language, and this type of language usually contains wrong expressions. in which incorrect linguistic features become a permanent part of the way a person speaks or writes a language. levels such as phonological, lexical, grammatical etc. language, independent of the native language. The typical examples are overgeneralization and cross-association. The use of previously available strategies in new situations, in which they are unacceptable. This internalinterference is called cross-association. second language, due to his incomplete knowledge of the rules of that target language. mistakes, defined as either intentionally or unintentionally deviant forms and self-corrigible, suggest failure in performance.Acquisition is a process similar to the way children acquire their first language. It is a subconscious process without minute learning of grammatical rules. Learners are hardly aware of their learning but they are using language to communicate. It is also called implicit learning, informal learning or natural learning. the natural ability to learn a language, not including intelligence, motivation, interest, etc. motivation is defined as the learner’s attitudes and affective state or learning drive. the motivation that people learn a foreign language for instrumental goals such as passing exams, or furthering a career etc. (06C) the drive that people learn a foreign language because of the wish to identify with the target culture. (06C/ 05) the drive that learners learn a second language for external purposes. (06F) pleasure from learning. learning strategies are learners’ conscious goal-oriented andproblem-solving based efforts to achieve learning efficiency. strategies involved in analyzing, synthesis, and internalizing what has been learned. (07C/ 06F) the techniques in planning, monitoring and evaluating one’s learning. the strategies dealing with the ways learners interact or communicate with other speakers, native or non-native.。

戴炜栋语言学名词解释（2）

戴炜栋语言学名词解释（2）戴炜栋语言学名词解释1. historical linguistics: A subfield of linguistics that study language change.2. coinage: A new word can be coined to fit some purpose.(03) 3. blending: A blend is a word formed by combining parts of other words. 5. borrowing: When different culture come into contact, words are often borrowed from one language to another. It is also called load words. 6. back formation: New words may be coined from already existing words by subtracting an affix mistakenly thought to be part of the old word. Such words are called back-formation. 7. functional shift: Words may shift from one part of speech to another without the addition of affixes. 8. acronyms: Acronyms are words derived from the initials of several words.Chapter 8: Language And Society variety as well as similar linguistic norms. (05) speakers. A person’s dialect of an individual speaker that combines elements, regarding regional, social, gender and age variations. (04)participants in the communication groups are and in what relationship they stand to each other. communication is carried out. on the speech and writing of educated native speakers of the language. relationship and conversations. According to Martin Joos, there are five stages of formality, namely, intimate, casual, consultative, formal and frozen. speak different languages, try to communication with one another on a regular basis. in this daily life. role to play, and language switching occurs when the situation changes.(07C) a speech community, each having a definite role to play.Chapter 9: Language And Culture The total way of life of a person, including the patterns of belief, customs, objects, institutions, techniques, and language that characterizes the life of human community. A belief that the way people view the world is determined wholly or partly by the structure of their native language-----又叫Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis. (06C)《戴炜栋语言学名词解释》。

戴炜栋新编简明语言学教程文档版

Lingu‎i stic‎s is a scien‎t ific‎study‎of langu‎a ge .语言学是对‎语言进行的‎科学研究。

Gener‎a l lingu‎i stic‎s is the study‎of langu‎a ge as a whole‎.普通语言学‎是对语言从‎整体上进行‎的研究the major‎ branc‎h es of lingu‎i stic‎s:语言学内部‎主要分支Phone‎t ics：the study‎o f the sound‎s used in lingu‎i stic‎ commu‎ni cat‎i on..(语音学)对语言交流‎中语音的研‎究Phono‎l ogy the study‎of h ow sound‎s are put toget‎h er and used to conve‎y meani‎n g in commu‎ni cat‎i on. (音位学)如何组合在‎一起并在交‎流中形传达‎意义.Morph‎o logy‎:the study‎of the way in which‎morph‎e mes are arran‎g ed to form words‎(词法学、形态学)如何排列以‎及组合起来‎构成词语Synta‎x:the study‎of those‎rules‎that gover‎n the combi‎n atio‎n of words‎to form permi‎s sibl‎e sente‎n ces (句法学)如何在组成‎语法上可接‎受的句子Seman‎t ics(语义学) the study‎of meani‎n g in abstr‎a ctio‎n语言是用‎来传达意义‎的。

Pragm‎a tics‎(语用学) the study‎of meani‎n g in conte‎x t of use用来‎研究上下文‎的意义跨学科分支‎Socio‎l ingu‎i stic‎s is the study‎of the relat‎i onsh‎i p betwe‎e n langu‎a ge and socie‎t y.社会语言学‎是语言和社‎会之间关系‎的研究Psych‎o ling‎u isti‎c s is the study‎of the relat‎i onsh‎i p betwe‎e n langu‎a ge and the mind.心理语言学‎是语言与心‎灵的关系的‎研究Appli‎e d lingu‎i stic‎s is the study‎of the teach‎i ng of forei‎g n and secon‎d langu‎a ges.应用语言学‎是外国和第‎二语言教学‎的研究Some impor‎t ant disti‎n ctio‎n s in lingu‎i stic‎s语言学中‎一些基本区‎分1. Descr‎i ptiv‎e or Presc‎r ipti‎v eA lingu‎i stic‎study‎is descr‎i ptiv‎e if it descr‎i bes and analy‎s es facts‎obser‎v ed; it is presc‎r ipti‎v e if it tries‎to lay down rules‎for "corre‎c t" behav‎i or.描述性是在‎描述和分析‎人们对语言‎的实际运用‎，规定性是在‎为语言“正确和规范‎的”使用确立规‎则。

戴炜栋英语语言学概论Chapter-4

A transformation can only change an element’s position. It does not change the categories of words.
2021/6/4
12
Auxiliary movement (助动词移位)
Two steps: Step 1: Use XP rule to form a structure in which the auxiliary occupies its normal position in Infl. Step 2: Use the transformation of inversion (倒置) to move the auxiliary from the Infl position to a position to the left of the subject.
Figure 4-4: Infl realized by a tense label
Figure 4-5: Infl position realized by an auxiliary
Ex. 9, 10, 11 (p60)
2021/6/4
11
Transformations (转换)
Syntactic movement (句法移位), a special type of rule that can move an element from one position to another.
XP rule
PP: (Deg) P (NP)…
Specifier 标志语
head 中心语
Complement 补语
2021/6/4
7
XP rule (XP 规则) P46

戴炜栋语言学-Chapter 2 Phonology

戴炜栋语言学-Chapter 2 Phonology●2.1语言的语音媒介●2.1.1语言的语音媒介定义：The limited range of sounds which are meaningful inhuman communication constitute the phonic medium of language在人类交流中有意义的、有限的声音构成了语言的语音媒介（就是人类可以用发音器官发出的，并且能在交流中起作用的那些声音）●2.1.2语音定义：The individual sounds within this range are the speech sounds我们把其中单个的声音成为语音。

individual sounds 单个的声音语音the speech sounds●2.2语音学●2.2.1What is phonetics语音学phonetics 的定义●定义：Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language, it isconcerned with all the sounds that occur in the world's languages.语音学是指对于语言的语音媒介进行得研究，它关注世界中的所有语音。

●2.2.2three branches of phonetics语音学被研究的三个角度●articulatory phonetics发音语音学●the longest history发展历史最悠久●auditory phonetics听觉语音学●acoustic phonetics声学语音学●recording the sounds waves on spectrograph用频谱仪记录声波●2.2.3 Organs of speech发音器官●the pharyngeal cavity咽腔--the throat喉咙●the oral cavity 口腔--the mouth嘴巴●speech organs发音器官●the tongue舌头●the uvula小舌●the soft palate or the velum软腭●the hard palate硬腭●the teeth ridge齿龈●the teeth齿●the lips唇●如何发音●舌和软腭阻塞-[k],[g]●硬腭和舌前之间的空间变窄--[j]●舌尖和齿龈之间的阻塞--[t][d]●前齿上部和舌尖部分阻塞--[θ][ð]●上唇和下唇阻塞--[f][v]●双唇之间阻塞--[m][n][ŋ]●the nasal cavity 鼻腔--the nose鼻子●鼻音化：鼻腔张开，让气流全部或部分通过，例如三个鼻辅音[m][n][ŋ]●通过声带震动产生的2个语音特征●voicing浊化●voiceless清音●2.2.4 Orthographic representation of speech sounds--broad and narrow transcriptions语言的正字法表征--宽式标音和严式标音●broad transcription宽式标音●国际音标International Phonetic Alphabet, 挑选出一个字母，用来代表一个语音●用代表字母的符号来标音the transcriptions with letter-symbols only transcription标音●narrow transcription严式标音●定义●“严式音标”用来记录“音素”，音标写在方括号 [ ] 之间。

戴炜栋语言学名词解释

戴炜栋语言学名词解释（共2篇）

戴炜栋语言学-Pragmatics语用学

上海师范大学学科教学(英语)戴炜栋《新编简明英语语言学教材》内部考研讲义和笔记

戴炜栋语言学-Language Acquisition

文学导论戴炜栋文学术语

戴炜栋《新编简明英语语言学教程》笔记和课后习题(含考研真题)详解(形态学)【圣才】

戴炜栋英语语言学概论Chapter

戴炜栋_新编简明语言学教程文档版介绍

戴炜栋语言学教程必背考点

戴炜栋语言学名词解释

戴炜栋语言学-语言习得知识点整理

英语语言学教学大纲戴炜栋

资料-戴炜栋新编简明英语语言学教程2版考点

语言学—戴炜栋 （自己整理的）

戴炜栋语言学名词解释（3）

戴炜栋语言学名词解释（2）

戴炜栋新编简明语言学教程文档版

戴炜栋英语语言学概论Chapter-4

戴炜栋语言学-Chapter 2 Phonology

语言学—戴炜栋（自己整理的）