Testing exotic neutrino-neutrino interactions with AGN neutrinos
微粒子测试
Neutrino physics: Beta testDebate rages over whether researchers have managed to see an exceptionally rare form of radioactivity. Experiments this year should finally settle the issue.∙Edwin Cartlidge11 July 2012The Germanium Detector Array at Gran Sasso, Italy, is one of a number of experiments hunting for signs of neutrino-less double-β decay in atomic nuclei.E. VANDEVILLE/GRAN SASSO LABORATORYArticle tools∙PRINT∙EMAIL∙DOWNLOAD PDF∙RIGHTS AND PERMISSIONSSHARE/BOOKMARKOnce every 10 trillion trillion years or so, certain atomic nuclei might just break the rules. As two of their neutrons undergo an otherwise normal decay, changing into protons and spitting out electrons, they might fail to release the normal by-products: ghostly particles called neutrinos.To have any chance of detecting this rare ‗neutrino-less double-β decay‘, physicists have to collect a few trillion trillion atoms of an appropriate isotope — tens or even hundreds of kilograms‘ worth —put their sample deep underground so that it is isolated from cosmic rays and conventional radioactivity, then spend years counting potential decay events until they are sure that any signals they see aren‘t noise. It is an intricate and painstaking process, but several collaborations around the world are doing it, and some could even come up with an answer by the end of the year.A definitive sighting, says Ettore Fiorini, a particle physicist at the University of Milano-Bicocca in Italy, would be ―one of the most important discoveries in physics in the past 100 years‖. It would mean that the charge-less, almost mass-less neutrino is its own antiparticle, making it unlike any other fundamental particle. The discovery would allow physicists to finally pin down the mass of the neutrino, and it might even help them to understand why matter exists at all (see ‗Decay tactics‘).But even if the decay is not seen, a definitive result would settle a controversy that has beset the neutrino-physics community since 2001, when Hans Klapdor-Kleingrothaus and his colleagues at the Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics in Heidelberg, Germany, claimed to have seen the phenomenon in a detector at Italy‘s Gran Sasso National Laboratory1. Many physicists think that the Heidelberg group simply mistook ordinary radioactivity for the exotic process. Even some researchers working on the experiment, including a team from the Kurchatov Institute in Moscow, didn‘t believe the claim and left the collaboration in protest.Decay tacticsThe three types of β decay and why they matter.Standard β decayThis phenomenon occurs when a neutron (blue) spontaneously emits an electron (green arrow) and an antineutrino (grey arrow) and turns into a proton (red). For neutrons that roam freely outside a nucleus, the half-life for this process — the time needed for half the neutrons to decay — is about 10 minutes. But for neutrons in unstable nuclei, the half-life can be just a few thousandths of a second.Double-β decayThis process occurs in some otherwise stable nuclei that contain even numbers of neutrons and protons. These isotopes become even more stable when two of their neutrons simultaneously convert into protons, emitting two electrons and two antineutrinos. This process was first observedin 1987. Its half-life varies from one isotope to the next, but is at least 1018 years.Neutrino-less double-β decayThe ‗neutrino-less‘ form of double-β decay is theoretically possible in the same nuclei if the two emitted antineutrinos can annihilate one another (grey curve), so that neither can escape to the outside. Technically the description should be ‗antineutrino-less‘, but the terms neutrino and antineutrino are often used interchangeably. The half-life for this process is at least 1025 years.Massive solutionsA confirmed observation of neutrino-less double-β decay would have large implications for particle physicists. For example, the annihilation is possible only if neutrinos and antineutrinos are the same particle. This would make the neutrino the first example of a ‗Majorana‘ particle, named after the Italian physicist Ettore Majorana, who predicted its existence in the 1930s. In addition, the emission of two electrons with no balancing antineutrinos would violate a symmetry principle known as the conservation of lepton number. That, in turn, could help researchers to come up with theories beyond the ‗standard model‘ of elementary particles.The discovery would provide the first direct measurement of a neutrino‘s mass, which can be determined from the decay‘s half-life. Experiments have shown that the mass must be larger than zero, but have not been able to calculate its absolute value. Knowing the mass would help astronomers to work out how primordial neutrinos influenced galaxy formation. Galaxies formed from clumps of heavy, slow-moving particles that started drawing together as a result of their mutual gravity almost immediately after the Big Bang. But neutrinos move at close to the speed of light, so they would have remained a near-uniform haze that would have slowed down this accretion, thanks to the combined gravity of all those tiny masses. The more mass that neutrinos have, the slower that galaxies would have formed.Finally, the discovery could help physicists to understand why the Universe seems to be made up almost entirely of matter, even though equal amounts of antimatter were presumably created at the time of the Big Bang. The idea is that in the early Universe, particles had a slight preference for decaying into matter over antimatter, and, because matter and antimatter annihilate each other, that would have left only matter. Those particles — much heavier partners of the neutrino — could exist only if neutrinos are Majorana in nature.MoreBut the Heidelberg group has refused to back down. That‘s not surprising, says Stefan Schönert, a physicist at the Max Planck Institute for Particle Physics in Heidelberg and spokesman for another experiment at Gran Sasso, the Germanium Detector Array (GERDA). If the claim were to beconfirmed, he says, ―the Nobel prize would go to Klapdor-Kleingrothaus‖.―There is nothing that I could point to that would say he is obviously wrong,‖ adds Steven Elliott, a neutrino physicist at the Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico. ―But this is clearly a dramatic claim, so people tend to be sceptical. What we want is really hard-core proof of whether he is right or wrong.‖Crystal clearThe challenge is how to get that proof. Nothing in this business is easy — as even the detector at the centre of the controversy demonstrated. Known as the Heidelberg–Moscow experiment, it was built from 11.5 kilograms of germanium that had been enriched to 86% germanium-76 from the natural proportion of 7%. The team chose this isotope because it is one of only about a dozen known to undergo ordinary double-β decay, so it was automatically eligible for neutrino-less decay. Germanium is also a semiconductor, which allowed the material to serve as both source and detector —any electrons emitted would deposit their energy in the surrounding crystal as an observable pulse of current.Related stories∙Gran Sasso: Chamber of physics∙Particle physics: A matter of detail∙Deep science strikes gold after latest site is namedMore related stories The experiment started generating data in 1990. The researchers‘ first and most obvious challenge was to shield the 76Ge from any background radiation that could mimic the signal. The 1,400 metres of rock lying above the Gran Sasso lab blocked out cosmic rays2. And the researchers screened out most of the radio-activity from the surrounding rock using thick shields of lead and copper. They also made the components of the experiment from materials that have low natural radioactivity.Their second challenge was to distinguish between the different types of double-βdecay. The half-life for neutrino-less double-β decay, assuming that it happens, was estimated at the time to be longer than 1022 years. The researchers therefore expected to see no more than a few thousand neutrino-less events per year in their 11.5 kilograms of 76Ge; ordinary double-β decay, which at the time was thought to have a half-life in the order of 1020 years, would generate at least 100 times more events. And the decay products — a pair of electrons — would look identical. Any neutrinos would effectively be invisible, flying out of the detector without leaving a trace.To identify neutrino-less decay, physicists need to measure the energy of the electrons. In ordinary double-β decay, the total energy is shared between the electrons and the neutrinos in a way that changes randomly from one decay to the next. The electron energies are therefore spread across a wide range of values. But in neutrino-less decay, the electrons take up all the energy so the energy spectrum should show a sharp peak at a single value — at 2,039 kiloelectronvolts (keV) in the case of 76Ge.That is exactly what Klapdor-Kleingrothaus and his colleagues claimed to have seen. They announced that almost 10 years of data-taking had produced a peak containing about 15 events right at the expected energy — and that there was only a 3% chance that the peak was due to a statistical fluctuation in background radiation1. Neutrino-less double-βdecay, they claimed, had been found.But critics — and there have been many — are not so sure. Their biggest concern is that the team did not adequately account for the multitude of other peaks in the data, most of which are from background radioactivity that no experiment can ever fully screen out.In 2002, Elliott and 25 other physicists said as much in a letter3 to Modern Physics Letters A, the journal that had published the result. They weren‘t convinced, for instance, that the Heidelberg researchers had correctly attributed some of the peaks to bismuth-214 in the rocks surrounding the lab and in the detector components. And if the team couldn‘t prove that, the critics said, then how could it claim to know what caused the feature at 2,039 keV?The components of the Germanium Detector Array are made frommaterials with low radioactivity.ENRICO SACCHETTIThe Heidelberg group‘s response was to collect another three years‘ data, taking extra care in the measurement and identification of the bismuth-214 peaks4. The researchers also tracked every surge of energy that was deposited in their detector, measuring the rise and fall of the electrical current over several hundred nanoseconds. At that timescale, the energy released in both ordinary and neutrino-less double-βdecay should form a single pulse, whereas background radioactivity tends to generate multiple pulses, making it easier to distinguish signals from background.This analysis eliminated much of the background noise, as well as four of the events in the 2,039 keV peak, but allowed the team to claim a greatly improved statistical significance for the remaining 11 events. In 2006, the researchers announced4that the peak was consistent with a half-life of2.2 × 1025years for neutrino-less double-β-decay in 76Ge, and with a neutrino mass of about 0.3 eV. ―There is a signal at the right energy and we show that the events in the signal are of single-site nature,‖ says Klapdor-Kleingrothaus, referring to the single-pulse energy deposit. ―More than that you cannot do.‖Sceptics remain unconvinced; arguments still rage about whether the background radiation had been properly accounted for. But the experiment was closed down in November 2003, and no other double-β-decay detector had the sensitivity to test the team‘s conclusions. Only now has a new generation of experiments begun to reach that level.Perhaps the one that has come closest is EXO, the Enriched Xenon Observatory, which is about 650 metres underground at the US Department of Energy‘s Waste Isolation Pilot Plant in Carlsbad, New Mexico. EXO is looking for neutrino-less double-βdecay in 200 kilograms of liquid xenon enriched in xenon-136. Last month, collaboration member Jacques Farine of Laurentian University in Sudbury, Canada, told delegates at the Neutrino 2012 conference in Kyoto, Japan, that the experiment had seen no evidence of the neutrino-less decay in data collected between September 2011 and April 2012. The finding5, the collaboration says, amounts to ―the almost complete refutation‖ of the Heidelberg claim.Or maybe not. EXO used a different isotope from that used in the Heidelberg–Moscow experiment, and there is considerable uncertainty about how the different nuclear structures affect the rates of neutrino-less double-βdecay. This gives the Heidelberg team wiggle room even if the negative results continue at EXO, and at two other competing experiments: the KamLAND-Zen project in the kilometre-deep Kamioka mine in Japan, which also uses 136Xe, and the Cryogenic Underground Observatory for Rare Events (COURE) detector in Gran Sasso, which uses tellurium-130.But there would be no such wiggle room if GERDA were also to see nothing. GERDA uses the same sample of enriched germanium that was monitored in the Heidelberg–Moscow experiment, as well as some similarly enriched material salvaged from the International Germanium Experiment, which was operated by a collaboration of US, Russian, Spanish and Armenian physicists at the Canfranc Underground Laboratory under the Pyrenees Mountains in the 1990s. GERDA has much lower levels of background events than its predecessor, Schönert says, partly because the materials close to the germanium are purer, so it will quickly equal and then surpass the Heidelberg–Moscow experiment‘s sensitivity. Having started up in November 2011, it should have acquired enough data to ―rule Klapdor-Kleingrothaus in or out‖ by late 2012 or early 2013, he says.Matter of scaleBut even a negative result from GERDA would not necessarily kill the idea. It could simply mean that the decay is rarer than the Heidelberg group claimed — in which case researchers will need much bigger detectors to identify it. Michel Sorel, a physicist at the Spanish National Research Council in Valencia, and physics coordinator of the Neutrino Experiment with a Xenon Time Projection Chamber (NEXT) detector in the Canfrac laboratory, estimates that several tonnes of material could be needed. A number of the existing collaborations are planning to upgrade their detectors to reach the multi-tonne scale, but Sorel believes that the cost of building them —US$100 million to $200 million each — means that only one such experiment is ever likely to be realized.In the meantime, however, Sorel is eager to see the Heidelberg claim tested with the existing detectors. ―Most of the community was against the claim and probably still is,‖ he says. ―But people take it seriously and that is why germanium experiments like GERDA were built.‖Verification of the Heidelberg claim would be ―fantastic‖, Schönert says, because experiments could then be dedicated to investigating the mechanisms behind neutrino-less double-βdecay. Physicists know that one mechanism is a ‗virtual‘ neutrino that leaps from one neutron to the other too quickly for them to observe. But another might be one of the long-sought ‗supersymmetrical‘particles that physicists have hypothesized as extensions to the standard model of particles and forces.The important thing now, says Schönert, is that physicists working on double-β-decay experiments keep their competitive streaks in check. ―It is not important who rules out or confirms Klapdor-Kleingrothaus first,‖ he insists, ―but that the data are of high quality. We have to try and keep to the spirit of the community, and not be the loudest shouter.‖Nature487,160–162(12 July 2012)doi:10.1038/487160a。
中微子--选修课件
最近发现
2011年9月，位于意大利格兰萨索国家实验室 (LNGS) 的 OPERA实验宣布观测结果，并刊登于英国《自然》杂 志。研究人员发现，中微子的移动速度比光速还快 。
1970年11月13日，中微子首先在氢气泡室中被观测。一个中 微子撞击氢原子中的一个质子。这撞击发生于照片右方，在 三条轨道散发出来之点。
关于中微子震荡
中微子振荡尚未完全研究清楚，它不仅在 微观世界最基本的规律中起着重要作用， 而且与宇宙的起源与演化有关，例如宇宙 中物质与反物质的不对称很有可能是由中 微子造成。
历史
1982年，日本科学家小柴昌俊在一个深达1000米 的废弃砷矿中领导建造了神冈探测器，最初目标 是探测质子衰变，也可以利用中微子在水中产生 的切连科夫辐射来探测中微子。 1987年2月，在银河系的邻近星系大麦哲伦云中 发生了超新星1987A的爆发。日本的神冈探测器 和美国的Homestake探测器几乎同时接收到了来 自超新星1987A的19个中微子，这是人类首次探 测到来自太阳系以外的中微子，在中微子天文学 的极洲冰层中建造一个立方公里大的中 微子天文望远镜——冰立方。法国、意大利、俄 罗斯也分别在地中海和贝加尔湖中建造中微子天 文望远镜。KamLAND观测到了来自地心的中微 子，可以用来研究地球构造。
1
中微子
Neutrino
简介
中微子（意大利语：Neutrino， 其字面上的意义为“微小的电中 性粒子”，又译作微中子），是 轻子的一种，其自旋量子数为½， 符号为希腊字母 v。
关于中微子
中微子有三种：电中微子、μ 中微子和 τ 中微子，分别对应于相应的轻子：电 子、μ 子和τ 子。
所有中微子都不带电荷，不参与电磁相互作 用和强相互作用，但参与弱相互作用。 中微子没有通常意义上的反粒子 有实验表明，中微子确实有微小但并不为零 的质量。
放射物理单词
vacancy：空的
favored：可能是拼错了
Auger：同锇歇电子
Fraction：部分
Isomer：同质异能素（质子数和中子数都同，核能态不同）
Enunciate：清晰讲述/解释等
Penetrate：穿过
Instructive：指导的
nitrogen 氮
Chapter 4 (2)
1. dosimetry 放射剂量学
2. tissue-air 组织
3. backscatter逆散射
4. depict 描述 描写
5. irradiate 辐射 照射
6. calibration 教标
7. dosimeter 放射剂量计
perturb 扰动 摄动
homogeneous 同类的, 相似的
photon 光子
negligible 可忽略的
perturbation 扰动 摄动
finite 有限的
geometry 几何
composite 组成
equivalent 等效
affix 词缀 使附于
bracket 括号
Cumulate：应该是 accumulate 积累
Hypothetical：假设
Exponentially：指数地
rectangle ：长方形
dosage：剂量值
proportional： 正比的
vertical：垂直的
horizontal：水平的
intersection：交叉的
collision 碰撞
bremsstrahlung 轫致（辐射）
The Neutrino World：中微子的世界
11
Just as each neutrino of definite flavor is a superposition of mass eigenstates i, so each mass eigenstate is a superposition of flavors .
The mixing matrix U is 3 x 3 and unitary: UU† = U†U = 1.
Some models include “sterile” neutrinos — neutrinos that experience none of the known forces of nature except gravity.
2
These discoveries come from the observation of
neutrino oscillation.
3
The Physics of Neutrino Oscillation
4
Neutrinos Come in at Least Three Flavors
The known neutrino flavors:
8
Leptonic mixing —
le e, l , l
When W+ l+ + ,
e, , or
the produced neutrino state |> is
|
>
=
i
U*i
|i>
天文学专业词汇英汉对照
absolute energy distribution 绝对能量分布abundance effect 丰度效应angular diameter—redshift relation 角径—红移关系asteroid astrometry 小行星天体测量bursting pulsar （GRO J1744-28 ）暴态脉冲星Caliban 天卫十七canonical Big Bang 典型大爆炸Cepheid binary 造父双星CH anomaly CH 反常chromospheric plage 色球谱斑circumnuclear star-forming ring 核周产星环circumstellar astrophysics 星周天体物理CN anomaly CN 反常colliding-wind binary 星风互撞双星collisional de-excitation 碰撞去激发collisional ionization 碰撞电离collision line broadening 碰撞谱线致宽Compton loss 康普顿耗损continuous opacity 连续不透明度coronagraphic camera 日冕照相机coronal active region 日冕活动区cosmic-ray exposure age 宇宙线曝射法年龄count—magnitude relation 计数—星等关系Cousins color system 卡曾斯颜色系统dating method 纪年法DDO color system DDO 颜色系统deep sky object 深空天体deep sky phenomena 深空天象dense star cluster 稠密星团diagnostics 诊断法dissociative recombination 离解复合Doppler line broadening 多普勒谱线致宽epicyclic orbit 本轮轨道extragalactic background 河外背景extragalactic background radiation 河外背景辐射flare particle emission 耀斑粒子发射flare physics 耀斑物理Fm star Fm 星focal plane spectrometer 焦面分光计focusing X-ray telescope 聚焦X 射线望远镜Friedmann time 弗里德曼时间galactic chimney 星系通道Galactic chimney 银河系通道gas relention age 气体变异法年龄Gauss line profile 高斯谱线轮廓GCR （Galactic cosmic rays ）银河系宇宙线Geneva color system 日内瓦颜色系统global oscilletion 全球振荡GW-Vir instability strip 室女GW 不稳定带Highly Advanced Laboratory for 〈HALCA〉通讯和天文高新空间Communications and Astronomy 实验室（HALCA ）Hipparcos catalogue 依巴谷星表Hobby-Eberly Telescope （HET ）〈HET〉大型拼镶镜面望远镜Hoyle—Narlikar cosmology 霍伊尔—纳里卡宇宙学Hubble Deep Field （HDF ）哈勃深空区human space flight 载人空间飞行、人上天imaging spectrograph 成象摄谱仪infrared camera 红外照相机infrared luminosity 红外光度infrared polarimetry 红外偏振测量in-situ acceleration 原位加速intercept age 截距法年龄inverse Compton limit 逆康普顿极限isochron age 等龄线法年龄Johnson color system 约翰逊颜色系统K giant variable （KGV ）K 型巨变星kinetic equilibrium 运动学平衡large-scale beam 大尺度射束large-scale jet 大尺度喷流limb polarization 临边偏振line-profile variable 谱线轮廓变星long term fluctuation 长期起伏Lorentz line profile 洛伦兹谱线轮廓magnetic arm 磁臂Mars globe 火星仪massive black hole 大质量黑洞mean extinction coefficient 平均消光系数mean luminosity density 平均光度密度microwave storm 微波噪暴Milli-Meter Array （MMA ）〈MMA〉毫米波射电望远镜阵molecular maser 分子微波激射、分子脉泽moving atmosphere 动态大气neutrino loss rate 中微子耗损率non-linear astronomy 非线性天文non-standard model 非标准模型passband width 带宽P Cygni type star 天鹅P 型星Perseus chimney 英仙通道planetary companion 似行星伴天体plateau phase 平台阶段primordial abundance 原始丰度protobinary system 原双星proto-brown dwarf 原褐矮星quiescent galaxy 宁静星系radiation transport 辐射转移radio-intermediate quasar 中介射电类星体random peculiar motion 随机本动relative energy distribution 相对能量分布RGU color system RGU 颜色系统ringed barred galaxy 有环棒旋星系ringed barred spiral galaxy 有环棒旋星系rise phase 上升阶段Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer （RXTE ）〈RXTE〉X 射线时变探测器RQPNMLK color system RQPNMLK 颜色系统Scheuer—Readhead hypothesis 朔伊尔—里德黑德假说Serpens molecular cloud 巨蛇分子云soft X-ray transient （SXT ）软X 射线暂现源solar dynamo 太阳发电机solar global parameter 太阳整体参数solar neighbourhood 太阳附近空间spectral catalogue 光谱表spectral duplicity 光谱成双性star-formation process 产星过程star-forming phase 产星阶段Stroemgren color system 颜色系统Sub-Millimeter Array （SMA ）〈SMA〉亚毫米波射电望远镜阵superassociation 超级星协supermassive black hole 特大质量黑洞supersoft X-ray source 超软X 射线源super-star cluster 超级星团Sycorax 天卫十七symbiotic recurrent nova 共生再发新星synchrotron loss 同步加速耗损time dilation 时间扩展tired-light model 光线老化宇宙模型tremendous outburst amplitude 巨爆幅tremendous outburst amplitude dwarf 巨爆幅矮新星nova （TOAD ）Tycho catalogue 第谷星表UBV color system UBV 颜色系统UBVRI color system UBVRI 颜色系统ultraviolet luminosity 紫外光度unrestricted orbit 无限制性轨道uvby color system uvby 颜色系统VBLUW color system VBLUW 颜色系统V enus globe 金星仪Vilnius color system 维尔纽斯颜色系统Virgo galaxy cluster 室女星系团VLBA （Very Long Baseline Array ）〈VLBA〉甚长基线射电望远镜阵V oigt line profile 佛克特谱线轮廓VRI color system VRI 颜色系统Walraven color system 沃尔拉文颜色系统waning crescent 残月waning gibbous 亏凸月waxing crescent 娥眉月waxing gibbous 盈凸月WBVR color system WBVR 颜色系统Wood color system 伍德颜色系统zodiacal light photometry 黄道光测光11-year solar cycle 11 年太阳周αCygni variable 天津四型变星δDoradus variable 剑鱼δ型变星Vainu Bappu Observatory 巴普天文台variable-velocity star 视向速度变星vectorial astrometry 矢量天体测量vector-point diagram 矢点图V ega 〈维佳〉行星际探测器V ega phenomenon 织女星现象velocity variable 视向速度变星V enera 〈金星〉号行星际探测器very strong-lined giant, VSL giant 甚强线巨星very strong-lined star, VSL star 甚强线星video astronomy 录象天文viewfinder 寻星镜Viking 〈海盗〉号火星探测器virial coefficient 位力系数virial equilibrium 位力平衡virial radius 位力半径virial temperature 位力温度virtual phase CCD 虚相CCDvisible arm 可见臂visible component 可见子星visual star 光学星VLT, Very Large Telescope 甚大望远镜void 巨洞V ondrak method 冯德拉克方法V oyager 〈旅行者〉号行星际探测器VSOP, VLBI Space Observatory 空间甚长基线干涉测量Programme 天文台计划wave-front sensor 波前传感器weak-line T Tauri star 弱线金牛T 型星Wesselink mass 韦塞林克质量WET, Whole Earth Telescope 全球望远镜WHT, William Herschel Telescope 〈赫歇尔〉望远镜wide-angle eyepiece 广角目镜wide binary galaxy 远距双重星系wide visual binary 远距目视双星Wild Duck cluster （M 11 ）野鸭星团Wind 〈风〉太阳风和地球外空磁层探测器WIRE, Wide-field Infrared Explorer 〈WIRE〉广角红外探测器WIYN Telescope, Wisconsin-Indiana- 〈WIYN〉望远镜Yale-NOAO TelescopeWR nebula, Wolf-Rayet nebula WR 星云Wyoming Infrared Telescope 怀俄明红外望远镜xenobiology 外空生物学XMM, X-ray Mirror Mission X 射线成象望远镜X-ray corona X 射线冕X-ray eclipse X 射线食X-ray halo X 射线晕XTE, X-ray Timing Explorer X 射线计时探测器yellow straggler 黄离散星Yohkoh 〈阳光〉太阳探测器young stellar object （YSO ）年轻恒星体ZAHB, zero-age horizontal branch 零龄水平支Zanstra temperature 赞斯特拉温度ZZ Ceti star 鲸鱼ZZ 型星γ-ray burster （GRB ）γ射线暴源γ-ray line γ谱线γ-ray line astronomy γ谱线天文γ-ray line emission γ谱线发射ζAurigae binary 御夫ζ型双星ζAurigae variable 御夫ζ型变星TAMS, terminal-age main sequence 终龄主序Taurus molecular cloud （TMC ）金牛分子云TDT, terrestrial dynamical time 地球力学时television guider 电视导星器television-type detector 电视型探测器Tenma 〈天马〉X 射线天文卫星terrestrial reference system 地球参考系tetrad 四元基thermal background 热背景辐射thermal background radiation 热背景辐射thermal pulse 热脉冲thermonuclear runaway 热核暴涨thick-disk population 厚盘族thinned CCD 薄型CCDthird light 第三光源time-signal station 时号台timing age 计时年龄tomograph 三维结构图toner 调色剂torquetum 赤基黄道仪TRACE, Transition Region and Coronal 〈TRACE〉太阳过渡区和日冕Explorer 探测器tracker 跟踪器transfer efficiency 转移效率transition region line 过渡区谱线trans-Nepturnian object 海外天体Trapezium cluster 猎户四边形星团triad 三元基tri-dimensional spectroscopy 三维分光triquetum 三角仪tuning-fork diagram 音叉图turnoff age 拐点年龄turnoff mass 拐点质量two-dimensional photometry 二维测光two-dimensional spectroscopy 二维分光UKIRT, UK Infrared Telescope Facility 联合王国红外望远镜UKST, UK Schmidt Telescope 联合王国施密特望远镜ultracompact H Ⅱregion 超致密电离氢区ultradeep-field observation 特深天区观测ultraluminous galaxy 超高光度星系ultrametal-poor star 特贫金属星Ulysses 〈尤利西斯〉太阳探测器unseen component 未见子星upper tangent arc 上正切晕弧unnumbered asteroid 未编号小行星Uranian ring 天王星环Ursa Major group 大熊星群Ursa Minorids 小熊流星群Sagittarius dwarf 人马矮星系Sagittarius dwarf galaxy 人马矮星系Sagittarius galaxy 人马星系Saha equation 沙哈方程Sakigake 〈先驱〉空间探测器Saturn-crossing asteroid 越土小行星Saturnian ringlet 土星细环Saturnshine 土星反照scroll 卷滚Sculptor group 玉夫星系群Sculptor Supercluster 玉夫超星系团Sculptor void 玉夫巨洞secondary crater 次级陨击坑secondary resonance 次共振secular evolution 长期演化secular resonance 长期共振seeing management 视宁度控管segregation 层化selenogony 月球起源学separatrice 分界sequential estimation 序贯估计sequential processing 序贯处理serendipitous X-ray source 偶遇X 射线源serendipitous γ-ray source 偶遇γ射线源Serrurier truss 赛路里桁架shell galaxy 壳星系shepherd satellite 牧羊犬卫星shock temperature 激波温度silicon target vidicon 硅靶光导摄象管single-arc method 单弧法SIRTF, Space Infrared Telescope 空间红外望远镜Facilityslitless spectroscopy 无缝分光slit spectroscopy 有缝分光slow pulsar 慢转脉冲星SMM, Solar Maximum MIssion 太阳极大使者SMT, Submillimeter Telescope 亚毫米波望远镜SOFIA, Stratospheric Observatory for 〈索菲雅〉机载红外望远镜Infrared Astronomysoft γ-ray burst repeater 软γ暴复现源soft γrepeater （SGR ）软γ射线复现源SOHO, Solar and Heliospheric 〈索贺〉太阳和太阳风层探测器Observatorysolar circle 太阳圈solar oscillation 太阳振荡solar pulsation 太阳脉动solar-radiation pressure 太阳辐射压solar-terrestrial environment 日地环境solitary 孤子性soliton star 孤子星South Galactic Cap 南银冠South Galactic Pole 南银极space density profile 空间密度轮廓space geodesy 空间大地测量space geodynamics 空间地球动力学Spacelab 空间实验室spatial mass segregation 空间质量分层speckle masking 斑点掩模speckle photometry 斑点测光speckle spectroscopy 斑点分光spectral comparator 比长仪spectrophotometric distance 分光光度距离spectrophotometric standard 分光光度标准星spectroscopic period 分光周期specular density 定向密度spherical dwarf 椭球矮星系spin evolution 自旋演化spin period 自旋周期spin phase 自旋相位spiral 旋涡星系spiral arm tracer 示臂天体Spoerer minimum 斯珀勒极小spotted star 富黑子恒星SST, Spectroscopic Survey Telescope 分光巡天望远镜standard radial-velocity star 视向速度标准星standard rotational-velocity star 自转速度标准星standard velocity star 视向速度标准星starburst 星暴starburst galaxy 星暴星系starburst nucleus 星暴star complex 恒星复合体star-formation activity 产星活动star-formation burst 产星暴star-formation efficiency （SFE ）产星效率star-formation rate 产星率star-formation region 产星区star-forming region 产星区starpatch 星斑static property 静态特性statistical orbit-determination 统计定轨理论theorysteep-spectrum radio quasar 陡谱射电类星体stellar environment 恒星环境stellar halo 恒星晕stellar jet 恒星喷流stellar speedometer 恒星视向速度仪stellar seismology 星震学Stokes polarimetry 斯托克斯偏振测量strange attractor 奇异吸引体strange star 奇异星sub-arcsec radio astronomy 亚角秒射电天文学Subaru Telescope 昴星望远镜subcluster 次团subclustering 次成团subdwarf B star B 型亚矮星subdwarf O star O 型亚矮星subgiant branch 亚巨星支submilliarcsecond optical astrometry 亚毫角秒光波天体测量submillimeter astronomy 亚毫米波天文submillimeter observatory 亚毫米波天文台submillimeter photometry 亚毫米波测光submillimeter space astronomy 亚毫米波空间天文submillimeter telescope 亚毫米波望远镜submillisecond optical pulsar 亚毫秒光学脉冲星submillisecond pulsar 亚毫秒脉冲星submillisecond radio pulsar 亚毫秒射电脉冲星substellar object 亚恒星天体subsynchronism 亚同步subsynchronous rotation 亚同步自转Sunflower galaxy （M 63 ）葵花星系sungrazer comet 掠日彗星supercluster 超星团; 超星系团supergalactic streamer 超星系流状结构supergiant molecular cloud （SGMC ）超巨分子云superhump 长驼峰superhumper 长驼峰星supermaximum 长极大supernova rate 超新星频数、超新星出现率supernova shock 超新星激波superoutburst 长爆发superwind galaxy 超级风星系supporting system 支承系统surface activity 表面活动surface-brightness profile 面亮度轮廓surface-channel CCD 表面型CCDSU Ursae Majoris star 大熊SU 型星SW AS, Submillimeter Wave Astronomy 亚毫米波天文卫星Satallitesymbiotic binary 共生双星symbiotic Mira 共生刍藁symbiotic nova 共生新星synthetic-aperture radar 综合孔径雷达systemic velocity 质心速度radial pulsator 径向脉动星radial-velocity orbit 分光解radial-velocity reference star 视向速度参考星radial-velocity standard star 视向速度标准星radial-velocity survey 视向速度巡天radio arm 射电臂radio counterpart 射电对应体radio loud quasar 强射电类星体radio observation 射电观测radio picture 射电图radio pollution 射电污染radio supernova 射电超新星rapid burster 快暴源rapidly oscillating Ap star 快速振荡Ap 星readout 读出readout noise 读出噪声recycled pulsar 再生脉冲星reddened galaxy 红化星系reddened object 红化天体reddened quasar 红化类星体red horizontal branch （RHB ）红水平分支red nebulous object （RNO ）红色云状体Red Rectangle nebula 红矩形星云redshift survey 红移巡天red straggler 红离散星reflex motion 反映运动regression period 退行周期regular cluster 规则星团; 规则星系团relaxation effect 弛豫效应reset 清零resonance overlap theory 共振重叠理论return-beam tube 回束摄象管richness parameter 富度参数Ring nebula （M 57、NGC 6720 ）环状星云ring-plane crossing 环面穿越Rosalind 天卫十三ROSAT, Roentgensatellit 〈ROSAT〉天文卫星Rosette Molecular Cloud （RMC ）玫瑰分子云Rossby number 罗斯贝数rotating variable 自转变星rotational evolution 自转演化rotational inclination 自转轴倾角rotational modulation 自转调制rotational period 自转周期rotational phase 自转相位rotational pole 自转极rotational velocity 自转速度rotation frequency 自转频率rotation phase 自转相位rotation rate 自转速率rubber second 负闰秒rubidium-strontium dating 铷锶计年pan 摇镜头parry arc 彩晕弧partial-eclipse solution 偏食解particle astrophysics 粒子天体物理path of annularity 环食带path of totality 全食带PDS, photo-digitizing system、PDS、数字图象仪、photometric data system 测光数据仪penetrative convection 贯穿对流pentaprism test 五棱镜检验percolation 渗流periapse 近质心点periapse distance 近质心距periapsis distance 近拱距perigalactic distance 近银心距perigalacticon 近银心点perimartian 近火点period gap 周期空隙period-luminosity-colour relation 周光色关系PG 1159 star PG 1159 恒星photoflo 去渍剂photographic spectroscopy 照相分光photometric accuracy 测光精度photometric error 测光误差photometric night 测光夜photometric standard star 测光标准星photospheric abundance 光球丰度photospheric activity 光球活动photospheric line 光球谱线planetary biology 行星生物学planetary geology 行星地质学Pleiad 昴团星plerion 类蟹遗迹plerionic remnant 类蟹遗迹plerionic supernova remnant 类蟹超新星遗迹plumbicon 氧化铅光导摄象管pluton 类冥行星p-mode p 模、压力模pointimg accuracy 指向精度point spread function 点扩散函数polarimetric standard star 偏振标准星polarization standard star 偏振标准星polar-ring galaxy 极环星系Portia 天卫十二post AGB star AGB 后恒星post-core-collapse cluster 核心坍缩后星团post-coronal region 冕外区post-main-sequence star 主序后星post red-supergiant 红超巨后星post starburst galaxy 星暴后星系post T Tauri star 金牛T 后星potassium-argon dating 钾氩计年precataclysmic binary 激变前双星precataclysmic variable 激变前变星preceding limb 西边缘、前导边缘precessing-disk model 进动盘模型precession globe 岁差仪precession period 进动周期preflash 预照光pre-main-sequence spectroscopic 主序前分光双星binarypre-planetary disk 前行星盘pre-white dwarf 白矮前身星primary crater 初级陨击坑primordial binary 原始双星principle of mediocrity 折衷原则progenitor 前身星; 前身天体progenitor star 前身星projected density profile 投影密度轮廓proper-motion membership 自行成员星proper reference frame 固有参考架proper reference system 固有参考系proplyd 原行星盘proto-binary 原双星proto-cluster 原星团proto-cluster of galaxies 原星系团proto-earth 原地球proto-galactic cloud 原星系云proto-galactic object 原星系天体proto-Galaxy 原银河系proto-globular cluster 原球状星团proto-Jupiter 原木星proto-planet 原行星proto-planetary disk 原行星盘proto-planetary system 原行星系proto-shell star 原气壳星proto-sun 原太阳pseudo body-fixed system 准地固坐标系Puck 天卫十五pulsar time scale 脉冲星时标pulsation axis 脉动对称轴pulsation equation 脉动方程pulsation frequency 脉动频率pulsation phase 脉动阶段pulsation pole 脉动极pulse light curve 脉冲光变曲线pyrometry 高温测量QPO, quasi-periodic oscillation 似周期振荡quantum cosmology 量子宇宙学quantum universe 量子宇宙quasar astronomy 类星体天文quiescence 宁静态naked-eye variable star 肉眼变星naked T Tauri star 显露金牛T 型星narrow-line radio galaxy （NLRG ）窄线射电星系Nasmyth spectrograph 内氏焦点摄谱仪natural reference frame 自然参考架natural refenence system 自然参考系natural seeing 自然视宁度near-contact binary 接近相接双星near-earth asteroid 近地小行星near-earth asteroid belt 近地小行星带near-earth comet 近地彗星NEO, near-earth object 近地天体neon nova 氖新星Nepturian ring 海王星环neutrino astrophysics 中微子天文NNTT, National New Technology Telescope国立新技术望远镜NOAO, National Optical Astronomical 国立光学天文台Observatoriesnocturnal 夜间定时仪nodal precession 交点进动nodal regression 交点退行non-destroy readout （NDRO ）无破坏读出nonlinear infall mode 非线性下落模型nonlinear stability 非线性稳定性nonnucleated dwarf elliptical 无核矮椭圆星系nonnucleated dwarf galaxy 无核矮星系nonpotentiality 非势场性nonredundant masking 非过剩遮幅成象nonthermal radio halo 非热射电晕normal tail 正常彗尾North Galactic Cap 北银冠NOT, Nordic Optical Telescope 北欧光学望远镜nova rate 新星频数、新星出现率NTT, New Technology Telescope 新技术望远镜nucleated dwarf elliptical 有核矮椭圆星系nucleated dwarf galaxy 有核矮星系number density profile 数密度轮廓numbered asteroid 编号小行星oblique pulsator 斜脉动星observational cosmology 观测宇宙学observational dispersion 观测弥散度observational material 观测资料observing season 观测季occultation band 掩带O-Ne-Mg white dwarf 氧氖镁白矮星one-parameter method 单参数法on-line data handling 联机数据处理on-line filtering 联机滤波open cluster of galaxies 疏散星系团Ophelia 天卫七optical aperture-synthesis imaging 光波综合孔径成象optical arm 光学臂optical disk 光学盘optical light 可见光optical luminosity function 光学光度函数optically visible object 光学可见天体optical picture 光学图optical spectroscopy 光波分光orbital circularization 轨道圆化orbital eccentricity 轨道偏心率orbital evolution 轨道演化orbital frequency 轨道频率orbital inclination 轨道倾角orbit plane 轨道面order region 有序区organon parallacticon 星位尺Orion association 猎户星协orrery 太阳系仪orthogonal transformation 正交变换oscillation phase 振动相位outer asteroid belt 外小行星带outer-belt asteroid 外带小行星outer halo cluster 外晕族星团outside-eclipse variation 食外变光overshoot 超射OVV quasar, optically violently OVV 类星体variable quasar、optically violent variablevquasaroxygen sequence 氧序Kalman filter 卡尔曼滤波器KAO, Kuiper Air-borne Observatory 〈柯伊伯〉机载望远镜Keck ⅠTelescope 凯克Ⅰ望远镜Keck ⅡTelescope 凯克Ⅱ望远镜Kuiper belt 柯伊伯带Kuiper-belt object 柯伊伯带天体Kuiper disk 柯伊伯盘LAMOST, Large Multi-Object Fibre 大型多天体分光望远镜Spectroscopic TelescopeLaplacian plane 拉普拉斯平面late cluster 晚型星系团LBT, Large Binocular Telescope 〈LBT〉大型双筒望远镜lead oxide vidicon 氧化铅光导摄象管Leo Triplet 狮子三重星系LEST, Large Earth-based Solar 〈LEST〉大型地基太阳望远镜Telescopelevel-Ⅰcivilization Ⅰ级文明level-Ⅱcivilization Ⅱ级文明level-Ⅲcivilization Ⅲ级文明Leverrier ring 勒威耶环Liapunov characteristic number 李雅普诺夫特征数（LCN ）light crown 轻冕玻璃light echo 回光light-gathering aperture 聚光孔径light pollution 光污染light sensation 光感line image sensor 线成象敏感器line locking 线锁line-ratio method 谱线比法Liner, low ionization nuclear 低电离核区emission-line regionline spread function 线扩散函数LMT, Large Millimeter Telescope 〈LMT〉大型毫米波望远镜local galaxy 局域星系local inertial frame 局域惯性架local inertial system 局域惯性系local object 局域天体local star 局域恒星look-up table （LUT ）对照表low-mass X-ray binary 小质量X 射线双星low-metallicity cluster 低金属度星团;低金属度星系团low-resolution spectrograph 低分辨摄谱仪low-resolution spectroscopy 低分辨分光low - z 小红移luminosity mass 光度质量luminosity segregation 光度层化luminous blue variable 高光度蓝变星lunar atmosphere 月球大气lunar chiaroscuro 月相图Lunar Prospector 〈月球勘探者〉Ly-αforest 莱曼-α森林MACHO （massive compact halo 晕族大质量致密天体object ）Magellan 〈麦哲伦〉金星探测器Magellan Telescope 〈麦哲伦〉望远镜magnetic canopy 磁蓬magnetic cataclysmic variable 磁激变变星magnetic curve 磁变曲线magnetic obliquity 磁夹角magnetic period 磁变周期magnetic phase 磁变相位magnitude range 星等范围main asteroid belt 主小行星带main-belt asteroid 主带小行星main resonance 主共振main-sequence band 主序带Mars-crossing asteroid 越火小行星Mars Pathfinder 火星探路者mass loss rate 质量损失率mass segregation 质量层化Mayall Telescope 梅奥尔望远镜Mclntosh classification 麦金托什分类McMullan camera 麦克马伦电子照相机mean motion resonance 平均运动共振membership of cluster of galaxies 星系团成员membership of star cluster 星团成员merge 并合merger 并合星系; 并合恒星merging galaxy 并合星系merging star 并合恒星mesogranulation 中米粒组织mesogranule 中米粒metallicity 金属度metallicity gradient 金属度梯度metal-poor cluster 贫金属星团metal-rich cluster 富金属星团MGS, Mars Global Surveyor 火星环球勘测者micro-arcsec astrometry 微角秒天体测量microchannel electron multiplier 微通道电子倍增管microflare 微耀斑microgravitational lens 微引力透镜microgravitational lensing 微引力透镜效应microturbulent velocity 微湍速度millimeter-wave astronomy 毫米波天文millisecond pulsar 毫秒脉冲星minimum mass 质量下限minimum variance 最小方差mixed-polarity magnetic field 极性混合磁场MMT, Multiple-Mirror Telescope 多镜面望远镜moderate-resolution spectrograph 中分辨摄谱仪moderate-resolution spectroscopy 中分辨分光modified isochrone method 改进等龄线法molecular outflow 外向分子流molecular shock 分子激波monolithic-mirror telescope 单镜面望远镜moom 行星环卫星moon-crossing asteroid 越月小行星morphological astronomy 形态天文morphology segregation 形态层化MSSSO, Mount Stromlo and Siding 斯特朗洛山和赛丁泉天文台Spring Observatorymultichannel astrometric photometer 多通道天测光度计（MAP ）multi-object spectroscopy 多天体分光multiple-arc method 复弧法multiple redshift 多重红移multiple system 多重星系multi-wavelength astronomy 多波段天文multi-wavelength astrophysics 多波段天体物理Ida 艾达（小行星243号）IEH, International Extreme Ultraviolet 〈IEH〉国际极紫外飞行器HitchhikerIERS, International Earth Rotation 国际地球自转服务Serviceimage deconvolution 图象消旋image degradation 星象劣化image dissector 析象管image distoration 星象复原image photon counting system 成象光子计数系统image sharpening 星象增锐image spread 星象扩散度imaging polarimetry 成象偏振测量imaging spectrophotometry 成象分光光度测量immersed echelle 浸渍阶梯光栅impulsive solar flare 脉冲太阳耀斑infralateral arc 外侧晕弧infrared CCD 红外CCDinfrared corona 红外冕infrared helioseismology 红外日震学infrared index 红外infrared observatory 红外天文台infrared spectroscopy 红外分光initial earth 初始地球initial mass distribution 初始质量分布initial planet 初始行星initial star 初始恒星initial sun 初始太阳inner coma 内彗发inner halo cluster 内晕族星团integrability 可积性Integral Sign galaxy （UGC 3697 ）积分号星系integrated diode array （IDA ）集成二极管阵intensified CCD 增强CCDIntercosmos 〈国际宇宙〉天文卫星interline transfer 行间转移intermediate parent body 中间母体intermediate polar 中介偏振星international atomic time 国际原子时International Celestial Reference 国际天球参考系Frame （ICRF ）intraday variation 快速变化intranetwork element 网内元intrinsic dispersion 内廪弥散度ion spot 离子斑IPCS, Image Photon Counting System 图象光子计数器IRIS, Infrared Imager / Spectrograph 红外成象器/摄谱仪IRPS, Infrared Photometer / Spectro- 红外光度计/分光计meterirregular cluster 不规则星团; 不规则星系团IRTF, NASA Infrared Telescope 〈IRTF〉美国宇航局红外Facility 望远镜IRTS, Infrared Telescope in Space 〈IRTS〉空间红外望远镜ISO, Infrared Space Observatory 〈ISO〉红外空间天文台isochrone method 等龄线法IUE, International Ultraviolet 〈IUE〉国际紫外探测器ExplorerJewel Box （NGC 4755 ）宝盒星团Jovian magnetosphere 木星磁层Jovian ring 木星环Jovian ringlet 木星细环Jovian seismology 木震学jovicentric orbit 木心轨道J-type star J 型星Juliet 天卫十一Jupiter-crossing asteroid 越木小行星Galactic aggregate 银河星集Galactic astronomy 银河系天文Galactic bar 银河系棒galactic bar 星系棒galactic cannibalism 星系吞食galactic content 星系成分galactic merge 星系并合galactic pericentre 近银心点Galactocentric distance 银心距galaxy cluster 星系团Galle ring 伽勒环Galilean transformation 伽利略变换Galileo 〈伽利略〉木星探测器gas-dust complex 气尘复合体Genesis rock 创世岩Gemini Telescope 大型双子望远镜Geoalert, Geophysical Alert Broadcast 地球物理警报广播giant granulation 巨米粒组织giant granule 巨米粒giant radio pulse 巨射电脉冲Ginga 〈星系〉X 射线天文卫星Giotto 〈乔托〉空间探测器glassceramic 微晶玻璃glitch activity 自转突变活动global change 全球变化global sensitivity 全局灵敏度GMC, giant molecular cloud 巨分子云g-mode g 模、重力模gold spot 金斑病GONG, Global Oscillation Network 太阳全球振荡监测网GroupGPS, global positioning system 全球定位系统Granat 〈石榴〉号天文卫星grand design spiral 宏象旋涡星系gravitational astronomy 引力天文gravitational lensing 引力透镜效应gravitational micro-lensing 微引力透镜效应great attractor 巨引源Great Dark Spot 大暗斑Great White Spot 大白斑grism 棱栅GRO, Gamma-Ray Observatory γ射线天文台guidscope 导星镜GW Virginis star 室女GW 型星habitable planet 可居住行星Hakucho 〈天鹅〉X 射线天文卫星Hale Telescope 海尔望远镜halo dwarf 晕族矮星halo globular cluster 晕族球状星团Hanle effect 汉勒效应hard X-ray source 硬X 射线源Hay spot 哈伊斑HEAO, High-Energy Astronomical 〈HEAO〉高能天文台Observatoryheavy-element star 重元素星heiligenschein 灵光Helene 土卫十二helicity 螺度heliocentric radial velocity 日心视向速度heliomagnetosphere 日球磁层helioseismology 日震学helium abundance 氦丰度helium main-sequence 氦主序helium-strong star 强氦线星helium white dwarf 氦白矮星Helix galaxy （NGC 2685 ）螺旋星系Herbig Ae star 赫比格Ae 型星Herbig Be star 赫比格Be 型星Herbig-Haro flow 赫比格-阿罗流Herbig-Haro shock wave 赫比格-阿罗激波hidden magnetic flux 隐磁流high-field pulsar 强磁场脉冲星highly polarized quasar （HPQ ）高偏振类星体high-mass X-ray binary 大质量X 射线双星high-metallicity cluster 高金属度星团;高金属度星系团high-resolution spectrograph 高分辨摄谱仪high-resolution spectroscopy 高分辨分光high - z 大红移Hinotori 〈火鸟〉太阳探测器Hipparcos, High Precision Parallax 〈依巴谷〉卫星Collecting SatelliteHipparcos and Tycho Catalogues 〈依巴谷〉和〈第谷〉星表holographic grating 全息光栅Hooker Telescope 胡克望远镜host galaxy 寄主星系hot R Coronae Borealis star 高温北冕R 型星HST, Hubble Space Telescope 哈勃空间望远镜Hubble age 哈勃年龄Hubble distance 哈勃距离Hubble parameter 哈勃参数Hubble velocity 哈勃速度hump cepheid 驼峰造父变星Hyad 毕团星hybrid-chromosphere star 混合色球星hybrid star 混合大气星hydrogen-deficient star 缺氢星hydrogenous atmosphere 氢型大气hypergiant 特超巨星Eagle nebula （M 16 ）鹰状星云earty cluster 早型星系团early earth 早期地球early planet 早期行星early-stage star 演化早期星early stellar evolution 恒星早期演化early sun 早期太阳earth-approaching asteroid 近地小行星earth-approaching comet 近地彗星earth-approaching object 近地天体earth-crossing asteroid 越地小行星earth-crossing comet 越地彗星earth-crossing object 越地天体earth orientation parameter 地球定向参数earth rotation parameter 地球自转参数eccentric-disk model 偏心盘模型effect of relaxation 弛豫效应Egg nebula （AFGL 2688 ）蛋状星云electronographic photometry 电子照相测光elemental abundance 元素丰度elliptical 椭圆星系elliptical dwarf 椭圆矮星系emulated data 仿真数据emulation 仿真encounter-type orbit 交会型轨道enhanced network 增强网络equatorial rotational velocity 赤道自转速度equatorium 行星定位仪equipartition of kinetic energy 动能均分eruptive period 爆发周期Eskimo nebula （NGC 2392 ）爱斯基摩星云estimated accuracy 估计精度estimation theory 估计理论EUVE, Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer 〈EUVE〉极紫外探测器Exclamation Mark galaxy 惊叹号星系Exosat 〈Exosat〉欧洲X 射线天文卫星extended Kalman filter 扩充卡尔曼滤波器extragalactic jet 河外喷流extragalactic radio astronomy 河外射电天文extrasolar planet 太阳系外行星extrasolar planetary system 太阳系外行星系extraterrestrial intelligence 地外智慧生物extreme helium star 极端氦星Fabry-Perot imaging spectrograph 法布里-珀罗成象摄谱仪Fabry-Perot interferometry 法布里-珀罗干涉测量Fabry-Perot spectrograph 法布里-珀罗摄谱仪face-on galaxy 正向星系face-on spiral 正向旋涡星系facility seeing 人为视宁度fall 见落陨星fast pulsar 快转脉冲星fat zero 胖零Fermi normal coordinate system 费米标准坐标系Fermi-Walker transportation 费米-沃克移动fibre spectroscopy 光纤分光field centre 场中心field galaxy 场星系field pulsar 场脉冲星filter photography 滤光片照相观测filter wheel 滤光片转盘find 发见陨星finder chart 证认图finderscope 寻星镜first-ascent giant branch 初升巨星支first giant branch 初升巨星支flare puff 耀斑喷焰flat field 平场flat field correction 平场改正flat fielding 平场处理flat-spectrum radio quasar 平谱射电类星体flux standard 流量标准星flux-tube dynamics 磁流管动力学f-mode f 模、基本模following limb 东边缘、后随边缘foreground galaxy 前景星系foreground galaxy cluster 前景星系团formal accuracy 形式精度Foucaultgram 傅科检验图样Foucault knife-edge test 傅科刀口检验fourth cosmic velocity 第四宇宙速度frame transfer 帧转移Fresnel lens 菲涅尔透镜fuzz 展云CAMC, Carlsberg Automatic Meridian 卡尔斯伯格自动子午环Circlecannibalism 吞食cannibalized galaxy 被吞星系cannibalizing galaxy 吞食星系。
英译汉第三次翻译练习—参考译文
英译汉第三次翻译练习班级：学号：姓名：Virtually everything astronomers know about objects outside the solar system isthe universe: neutrinos. With (as its name implies) no electric charge, and negligible mass, the neutrino interacts with otherNeutrinos can thus escape from regions of space where light and other kinds of electromagnetic radiation are blocked by matter. Furthermore, neutrinos carry with them information about the site and circumstances of their production: therefore, the detection of cosmic neutrinos could provide new information about a wide variety of cosmic phenomena and about the history of the universe. (131 words)实际上天文学家对太阳系外天体的所有认知都基于对光子——一种电磁辐射量子的探测上。
不过，还有一种遍布宇宙的辐射：中微子。
正如其名，中微子不带电荷，质量可忽略不计/微乎其微。
因为几乎不和其他粒子发生反应，中微子可以穿越整个宇宙，甚至穿越物质聚合体，也不会被吸收或发生轨迹偏离。
因此，在某些空间区域,光和其他电磁辐射会被物质阻截，中微子却可以逃逸出来。
而且，中微子携带关于它诞生地点及环境的相关信息：所以，探测宇宙中的中微子可以提供关于各种宇宙现象和宇宙史的新信息。
那些年,我们追过的中微子
中微子十分神秘，不可捉摸。
所以科学家花费了许多心血制造了多种重要的中微子探测器，来捕捉各种各样的中微子。
目前已取得累累硕果。
神冈探测器：发现超新星中微子神冈探测器(Kamiokande)的全称是“神冈核衰变实验”，位于日本神冈町的茂住矿山地下914米的深处。
神冈探测器由东京大学宇宙线研究所负责，于1982年开始建设，1983年4月建成。
整个探测器是一个高为16米、宽约15.6米的大水箱，里面有3000吨水。
水箱内壁安装有大约1000个光电倍增管。
探测器根据粒子的切伦科夫辐射探测中微子。
1987年，神冈探测器探测到银河系外的一颗编号为SN1987A的超新星发射出的中微子而扬名世界。
2002年，探测到太阳中微子的戴维斯和神冈探测器的负责人之一的小柴昌俊共同获得了诺贝尔物理学奖。
超级神冈探测器：发现大气中微子振荡1991年，神冈探测器开始升级，并于1996年完成升级。
升级后的神冈探测器被称为“超级神冈”(Super-Kamiokande，缩写为Super K)。
“超级神冈”探测器里蓄有5万吨纯水，箱子内壁安装着大约1.3万个光电倍增管。
1998年，梶田隆章负责的小组利用超级神冈探测器收集到的数据，证明了大气中微子出现振荡。
一部分谬中微子转化为陶中微子（当时还没有探测到陶中微子），这说明中微子的静止质量并不为零。
此前的模型都假设中微子和光子一样，静止质量为零。
这个发现意味着此前的模型都需要修改。
2015年，梶田隆章与麦克唐纳共同获得了诺贝尔物理学奖。
现在，“超级神冈”又在升级，预计将于2025年完成升级，成为“顶级神冈”(Hyper-Kamiokande，缩写为Hyper K)，里面的纯净水的质量将增加到100万吨。
萨德伯里中微子天文台：发现太阳中微子振荡1968年，戴维斯的实验发现被探测到的太阳中微子数目明显低于理论计算值。
此后有理论物理学家提出：这是因为电中微子的一部分在前往地球的途中转化为其他种类的中微子，而后者不能被当时的探测器探测到。
物理专业英语词汇(T)
物理专业英语词汇(T)t matrix t 矩阵t network t 型网络t quark t 夸克table 表tachometer 转速计tachyon 快子tadpole diagram 蝌蚪图tail of comet 彗尾tamm dancoff approximation 塔姆 丹科夫近似tamm dancoff equation 塔姆 丹科夫方程tamm state 塔姆能级tandem electrostatic generator 范德格喇夫串列式静电加速器tandem mirror 串联镜tandem van de graaff accelerator 范德格喇夫串列式静电加速器tangent line 切线tangential cpmponent 切线分量tangential resistance 接切阻力tangential stress 切向应力tangential velocity 切向速度tani foldy transformation 谷 福尔德变换tantalum 钽tantalum electrolytic capacitor 钽电解电容器tape 带tape recording 纸带记录target 靶tau lepton 轻子tau neutrino 中微子taurus 金牛座tautochrone 等时曲线tautochronism 等时性tautomeric transformation 互变转换tautomerism 互变现象taylor number 泰勒数taylor's flow 泰勒流tea laser tea 激光器tearing instability 撕裂不稳定性technetium 锝technical atmosphere 工程大气压technicolor 彩色电影technics 技术technique 技术telecentric system 远心系统telecontrol 遥控telemeter 测远计telemetering 遥测telemetry 遥测法telephone receiver 收话器听筒telephoto lens 远距照相镜头telephotographic objective 远距照相镜头telephotometry 光度遥测法telescope 望远镜telescopic meteor 望远镜燎telescopium 望远镜座telethermometer 遥测温度表television 电视television camera 电视摄象机television microscope 电视显微镜television receiver 电视接收机television set 电视接收机telluric line 大气吸收谱线tellurium 碲temperature 温度temperature coefficient 温度系数temperature correction 温度汀正temperature difference 温差temperature distribution 温度分布temperature effect 温度效应temperature factor 温度因数temperature gradient 温度梯度temperature green function 温度格林函数temperature radiation 温度辐射temperature regulator 温度第器temperature rise 温升temperature scale 温标temperature sensor 温度传感器temperature transducer 温度换能器温度传感器temperature wave 温度波tempering 回火temporary star 新星tensiometer 张力计tension 张力tensor 张量tensor force 张量力tensor meson 张量介子tensor polarization 张量极化tensor product 张量乘积tera 兆兆terbium 铽term 项term separation 项分裂term splitting 项分裂term symbol 项的符号term value 光谱项值terminal 端子terminal equipment 终端设备terminal voltage 终端电压terrestrial current 地电流terrestrial electricity 地电terrestrial heat flow 地热流terrestrial magnetic field 地磁场terrestrial magnetism 地磁terrestrial planet 类地行星terrestrial radiation 地面辐射tesla 特斯拉tesla coil 特斯拉感应圈tesla transformer 特斯拉感应圈testing statistical hypothesis 统计假说的检验tetragonal system 正方系tetrahedral angle 四面角tetrahedron 四面形tetrode 四极管tevatron 垓电子伏加速器texture 织构thallium 铊theodolite 经纬仪theorem of parallel axes 平行轴定理theoretical astronomy 理论天文学theoretical astrophysics 理论天体物理学theoretical nuclear physics 理论核物理学theoretical physics 理论物理学theory 理论theory of atomic structure 原子结构论theory of continental drift 大陆漂移论theory of electrons 电子论theory of elementary particles 基本粒子理论theory of expanding universe 膨胀宇宙论theory of fermi liquid 费密铃理论theory of games 对策论theory of gamow condon gurney 伽莫夫 康登 古尔内理论theory of gravity 引力论theory of heat 热学theory of liquids 液体理论theory of magnetism 磁学理论theory of non local field 非定域场论theory of nuclear structure 核结构理论theory of perturbation 微扰理论theory of probability 概率论theory of relativity 相对论theory of scattering 散射理论theory of tidal evolution 潮汐演化论theory of valence 原子价理论thermal analysis 热分析thermal balance 热平衡thermal blooming 热晕thermal breeder 热增殖堆thermal breeder reactor 热增殖堆thermal capacity 热容量thermal column 热柱thermal conduction 热传导thermal conductivity 热导率thermal conductivity gage 热导真空计thermal conductor 导热体thermal convection 热对流thermal creep 热蠕变thermal cycle 热循环thermal desorption 热解吸thermal diffuse scattering 热弥漫散射thermal diffusion 热扩散thermal diffusion coefficient 热扩散系数thermal diffusivity 热扩散性thermal dissociation 热离解thermal distribution 热分布thermal e.m.f. 热电动势thermal efficiency 热效率thermal electron 热电子thermal energy 热能thermal engine 热机thermal equilibrium 热平衡thermal excitation 热激发thermal expansion 热膨胀thermal fatigue 热疲劳thermal instability 热不稳定性thermal insulation 热绝缘thermal ionization 热电离thermal lens effect 热透镜效应thermal motion 热运动thermal neutron 热中子thermal noise 热噪声thermal output of reactor 反应堆热功率thermal physics 热物理学thermal power 热功率thermal radiation 热辐射thermal reactor 热堆thermal shock 热冲击thermal spike 热峰thermal stability 热的稳定性thermal switch 热控开关thermal transmission 传热thermal transpiration 热发散thermal treatment 热处理thermal unit 热单位thermalization 热化thermion 热电子thermionic current 热离子电流thermionic emission 热电子发射thermionic rectifier 热离子整流thermionic tube 热离子管thermistor 热敏电阻thermistor thermometer 热敏电阻温度计thermistor vacuum gage 热敏电阻真空计thermoacoustic refrigeration 热声致冷thermoacoustics 热声学thermoanalysis 热分析thermobarometer 温度气压表thermocapillarity 热毛细现象thermochromism 热色现象thermocouple 热电偶thermocouple gage 热电偶真空计thermocouple junction 热电偶接头thermodiffusion 热扩散thermodynamic characteristic function 热力学特性函数thermodynamic critical field 热力学临界磁场thermodynamic efficiency 热力学效率thermodynamic equation of state 热力学物态方程thermodynamic equilibrium 热力学平衡thermodynamic function 热力学函数thermodynamic inequality 热力学不等式thermodynamic limit 热力学极限thermodynamic model 热力学模型thermodynamic potential 热力学势thermodynamic quantity 热力学变量thermodynamic stability 热力学稳定性thermodynamic state 热力学状态thermodynamic system 热力学系统thermodynamic temperature 热力学温度thermodynamic temperature scale 热力学温标thermodynamic variable 热力学变量thermodynamic weight 热力学权重thermodynamics 热力学thermodynamics of irreversible processes 不可逆过程热力学thermoelastic wave 热弹性波thermoelectric current 热电流thermoelectric diagram 热电图thermoelectric effect 热电效应thermoelectric element 温差电偶thermoelectric phenomenon 热电现象thermoelectric power 温差电势率thermoelectric pyrometer 热电高温计thermoelectric series 热电序thermoelectric thermometer 热电温度计thermoelectric transducer 热电变换器thermoelectric type 热电型thermoelectricity 温差电thermoelectromotive force 热电动势thermoelectron 热电子thermogalvanometer 热电偶电疗thermogramm 温度记录图thermograph 自记式温度计thermogravimetric analysis 热重量分析thermohydrodynamics 热铃动力学thermoluminescence 热致发光thermoluminescence dosimeter 热致发光剂量计thermolysis 热解thermomagnetic effect 热磁效应thermomechanical effect 热机械效应thermometer 温度计thermometry 测温法thermomolecular pressure 热分子压强thermonuclear reaction 热核反应thermonuclear reactor 热核堆thermonuclear temperature 热核温度thermopile 温差电堆thermoplastic 热塑性材料thermoplastic material 热塑性材料thermorelay 温差电偶继电器thermoremanent magnetization 热剩余磁化强度thermosetting resin 热固尸thermosphere 热成层thermostat 恒温器thermotropic liquid crystal 热致液晶thick film integrated circuit 膜集成电路thick lens 厚透镜thickness 厚度thickness gage 测厚计thin film 薄膜thin film integrated circuit 薄膜集成电路thin film superconductor 超导薄膜thin film transistor 薄膜晶体管thin lens 薄透镜third harmonic generation 第三谐波发生third law of thermodynamics 热力学第三定律third sound 第三次声波thirring model 瑟林模型thixotropy 触变性thomas fermi model 托马斯 费密模型thomas precession 托马斯旋进thomas reiche kuhn's sum rule 托马斯 赖克 库扼和定则thomson effect 汤姆逊效应thomson principle 汤姆逊原理thomson scattering 汤姆逊散射thomson's atom model 汤姆逊原子模型thorium 钍thorium reactor 钍堆three body force 三体力three body problem 三体问题three color photometry 三色光度学three dimensional hologram 三维全息照相three level maser 三能级微波激射器three phase current 三相电流three primary colors 三原色threshold condition 阈值条件threshold detector 阈值探测器threshold dose 临界剂量threshold energy 阈能threshold frequency 临界频率threshold of audibility 最小可听值threshold of hearing 最小可听值threshold value 阈值threshold voltage 阈电压threshold wavelength 临界波长throttling 节流节力throughput 透射能thulium 铥thunder 雷thyratron 闸淋thyristor 晶闸管tidal action 潮汐酌tidal friction 潮汐摩擦tidal hypothesis 潮汐假说tidal motion 潮汐运动tidal wave 潮波tide generating forces 引潮力tides 潮汐tight binding approximation 紧密耦合近似tight coupling method 紧密耦合法tilt boundary 倾斜晶界timbre 音品time 时间time constant 时间常数time correlation function 时间相关函数time delay relay 延时继电器时间继电器time interval 时间间隔time lag 时滞time lag relay 时滞继电器time measurement 测时time of flight mass spectrometer 飞行时间质谱仪time of flight method 飞行时间法time of flight spectrometer 飞行时间谱仪time of flight spectrometry 飞行时间谱学time of relaxation 弛豫时间time ordered product 时序乘积time reflection 时间反演time relay 时滞继电器time resolved spectrum 时间分辨谱time resolving power 时间分辨能力time response 时间特性time reversal invariance 时间反转不变性time to amplitude converter 时 幅变换器tin 锡tintometer 色度计titanium 钛titanium oxide 钛氧化物titanium oxide capacitor 钛氧化物电容器tld 热致发光剂量计toda lattice 户田点阵toepler pump 托普勒泵tokamak 托卡马克tolansky's method 托兰斯基方法tolerance dose 容许剂量tone 音tone color 音品tone quality 音质top 回转仪top quark t 夸克topological algebra 拓扑代数topological defect 拓扑缺陷topological group 拓扑群topological quantum field theory 拓扑量子场论topological quantum number 拓扑量子数topological space 拓扑空间topology 拓扑学torch discharge 火焰状放电toricellian vacuum 托里折利真空tornado 陆龙卷toroidal field 环向磁场torque 转矩torr 托torricelli vacuum 托里折利真空torsion 扭转torsion balance 扭秤torsion electrometer 扭转静电计torsion moment 扭矩torsion pendulum 扭摆torsion seismometer 扭转震计torsional oscillation 扭转振动torsional rigidity 扭转刚度torsional strength 抗扭强度torsional stress 扭转应力torsional vibration 扭转振动torsional wave 扭转波total absorption 总吸收量total absorption coefficient 总吸收系数total current 总电流total eclipse 全食total energy 总能量total intensity 总强度total radiation temperature 总辐射温度total reflecting prism 全反射棱镜total reflection 全反射toughness 坚韧tourmaline 电气石tower telescope 塔式望远镜townsend coefficient 汤森系数townsend discharge 汤森放电trace 径迹tracer 示踪原子tracer atom 示踪原子tracer element 示踪元素tracer isotope 示踪同位素tracer method 示踪法tracer technique 示踪法track 径迹track chamber 径迹室train of waves 波列trajectory 轨道transcription 转录transducer 变换器换能器transfer 转移transfer equation 传递方程transfer function 转递函数transfer matrix 转移矩阵transfer ratio 传递比transferred momentum 传递动量transformation 变换transformation group 变换群transformation of coordinates 坐标变换transformation theory 变换论transformer 变压器transient 过渡现象transient current 瞬态电流transient equiliblium 动态平衡transient equilibrium 瞬态平衡transient motion 瞬态运动transient phenomenon 过渡现象transient response 瞬态响应transient stability 瞬态稳定性transient state 瞬态transient time 过渡时间transistor 晶体管transistor transistor logic 晶体管 晶体管逻辑transition 跃迁transition curve 转变曲线transition element 过渡元素transition energy 转变能transition layer 过渡层transition matrix 跃迁矩阵transition metal 过渡金属transition point 转变点transition probability 跃迁概率transition radiation 跃迁辐射transition state 过渡状态transition temperature 转变温度transition zone 过渡区translation 平移translation energy 平动能translation group 平移群translation invariance 平移不变性translation lattice 平移点阵translation motion 平移translucency 半透迷translucent body 半透缅transmission 传递transmission coefficient 透射系数transmission electron diffraction 透射电子衍射transmission electron microscope 透射电子显微镜transmission factor 透射系数transmission grating 透射光栅transmission line 输电线transmission of heat 热传导transmission of light 透光性transmission resonance 透射共振transmissivity 透射transmittance 透射transmittancy 相对透射比transmitting antenna 发射天线transmitting tube 发送管transmutation 转变transonic flow 跨声速流transonic speed 跨声速度transparence 透迷transparency 透迷transparent body 透缅transphasor 光敏晶体管transport coefficient 输运系数transport equation 输运方程transport number 迁移数transport phenomenon 输运现象transport process 输运过程transport theory 迁移理论transuranic element 超铀元素transversal wave 横波transverse electric wave 横电波transverse expansion 横膨胀transverse field 横场transverse magnetic wave 横磁波transverse mode 横模transverse polarization 横向极化transverse relaxation 横向弛豫transverse vibration 横振动transverse wave 横波trap 阱trapped electron 俘获电子trapped ion method 俘获离子法trapped particle 捕获粒子traveling wave amplifier 行波放大器traveling wave tube 行波管traveling wave type accelerator guide 行波型加速屁导travelling wave 行波tree graph 始triad 三价物trial and error method 试凑法trial charge 试探电荷triangle anomaly 三角图反常triangle of forces 力的三角形triangular lattice 三角形栅格triangular magnetic structure 三角形磁结构triangulum 三角座triangulum australe 南三角座triatomic molecule 三原子分子triboelectricity 摩擦电tribology 摩擦学triboluminescence 摩擦发光tribophysics 摩擦物理学triboplasma 摩擦等离子体trichromatic coefficient 三原色系数trichromatic coordinates 三色坐标trichromatic equation 三原色方程trichromatic system 三原色系triclinic lattice 三斜点阵triclinic system 三斜系tricritical point 三重临界点trifid nebula 三叶星云trigger 触发器trigger circuit 触发电路trigonal system 菱形系trimolecular reaction 三分子反应triode 三极管triode ionization gage 三极管电离真空计triode type ion pump 三极管型离子泵triple bond 三重键triple mirror 隅角棱镜triple point 三重临界点triplet 三重线triplet state 三重态tristimulus values 标准三色值tritium 氚tritium nucleus 氚核triton 氚核trochoidal focusing mass spectrometer 摆线聚焦质谱仪trochoidal wave 摆线波trojan group 脱罗央群trojans 脱罗央群tropic 回归线tropopause 对零顶troposphere 对零true electric charge 真电荷true noon 视午true solar time 真太阳时true sun 真太阳truth quark t 夸克tsunami 海震tube 管tube of electric flux 电通量管tube of magnetic induction 磁感应管tubing 导管tucana 杜鹃座tunable laser 可党激光器tunable semiconductor laser 可党半导体激光器tunable solid state laser 可党固体激光器tuned amplifier 党放大器tungsten 钨tungsten filament 钨丝tungsten halogen lamp 卤化钨灯tungsten lamp 钨丝灯tuning 党tuning fork 音叉tuning fork oscillator 音叉振荡器tunnel balance 空气动力天秤tunnel diode 隧道二极管tunnel effect 隧道效应tunnel junction 隧道结tunneling 隧穿tunneling spectroscopy 隧道效应光谱学turbid medium 混浊介质turbidimetry 混浊度测定法turbidity 浊度turbidity coefficient 浊度系数turbidity factor 浊度因子turbo molecular pump 涡轮分子泵turbulence 湍流紊流turbulent diffusion 湍俩散turbulent flow 湍怜turbulent heating 紊劣热turbulent motion 湍动turing machine 图灵计算机turn ratio 匝数比twin boundary 孪晶边界twin crystal 孪晶twin structure 孪晶结构twinning 孪生twinning deformation 孪生畸变twinning plane 孪晶面twins 孪晶twist boundary 扭转晶界two beam approximation 双束近似two beam interference 双光束干涉two dimensional compound 二维化合物two dimensional crystal 二维晶体two dimensional crystal nucleus 二维晶核two dimensional electron system 二维电子系two dimensional flow 二维流平面流two dimensional lattice 二维点阵two fluid model 二铃模型two photon absorption 双光子吸收two photon transition 双光子跃迁two stream instability 二束不稳定性two time green's function 双时格林函数two wave approximation 双波近似twyman green interferometer 特外曼 格林干涉仪tyndall phenomenon 丁达尔效应type doublet 型双重态type superconductivity 第一类超导性;第二类超导性typhoon 台风。
核专业英语词汇
（一）核物理基本概念元素element粒子particle离子ion分子molecule原子atom原子的atomic原子核nucleus (pl. nuclei)核的nuclear质子proton中子neutron电子electron核子nucleon化学性质chemical identity带正电的positively charged带负电的negatively charged不带电的uncharged电中性的electrically neutral（元素）周期表periodic table原子序数atomic number质量数mass number轨道电子orbital electron同位素isotope天然存在的naturally occurring人工的artificial化学键chemical bond化合物compound上标superscript下标subscript氧oxygen氢，氕hydrogen重氢，氘heavy hydrogen, deuterium 重氢核，氘核deuterion超重氢，氚tritium碳carbon氦helium放射性的radioactive加权平均weighted mean质量mass动量momentum能量energy单位，机组unit 国际单位制System International, SI 千克kilogram (kg)伏特volt (V)摩尔mole (mol)库仑coulomb电子伏特electron-volt (eV)兆电子伏特mega electron-volt (MeV) 质量亏损mass defect结合能binding energy动能kinetic energy势能potential, potential energy 跃迁jump核力nuclear force排斥repulsion吸引attraction轰击bombardment发射（出）emission (n.), emit (v.)能级energy level裂变fission聚变fusion衰变decay钡barium硼boron铋bismuth铀uranium钚plutonium钍thorium锂lithium钠sodium核反应nuclear reaction链式反应chain reaction辐射，射线radiation超铀元素transuranium element可裂变的fissionable易裂变的fissile碎片fragment宏观的macroscopic微观的microscopic介观的mesoscopic激发excite静电的electrostatic库仑力Coulomb force电磁辐射electromagnetic radiation（二）放射性宇宙射线cosmic ray电离ionization韧致辐射bremsstrahlung(brakingradiation)辐射，射线radiation正比于be proportional to 反比于be inversely proportional to 根据经验as a rule of thumbα射线alpha rayβ射线beta rayγ射线gamma ray带电粒子charged particle 光子photon散射scattering衍射diffraction折射deflection碰撞collision铝aluminum铍beryllium氦helium相互作用interaction摄入ingest吸入inhale动能kinetic energy势能potential (energy)量子quantum屏蔽shielding正电子positron加速器accelerator放射性radioactivity湮灭annihilation光电效应photoelectric effect （三）核反应衰减attenuation放大amplification镉cadmium钴cobalt氧oxygen氮nitrogen汞mercury弹性的elastic非弹性的inelastic宏观截面macroscopic cross section 微观截面microscopic cross section 靶恩barn 反冲，反作用recoil平均自由程mean free path转变，转化transmutation扩散diffusion中子扩散neutron diffusion斐克扩散定律Fick’s law of diffusion 通量flux中微子neutrino放射性同位素radioisotope半衰期half-life热核反应堆thermonuclear reactor 化合价valence（四）核材料燃料fuel 燃料芯块fuel pellet慢化剂moderator冷却剂coolant包壳cladding控制棒control rod硼酸boric acid铬chromium铪hafnium钆gadolinium铟indium镁magnesium镍nickel锆zirconium硅silicon重水heavy water石墨graphite碳化物carbide氧化物oxide氧化oxidize二氧化物dioxide二氧化碳carbon dioxide碳氢化合物hydrocarbon密度density热导率，传热系数thermal conductivity比热specific heat粘性viscosity饱和saturation热力性质，热物性thermodynamic property 反应性reactivity升华sublime中子俘获截面neutron capture crosssection散射截面scattering cross section 辐照损伤radiation damage肿胀swelling燃耗burnup合金alloy镁诺克斯合金Magnox锆合金zircaloy金属间化合物inter-metallic compound 裂变产物fission product裂变碎片fission fragment腐蚀产物corrosion product可燃毒物burnable poison冷轧cold pressing烧结sintering开裂crack蠕变creep增殖材料fertile material增殖比breeding ratio浓缩铀enriched uranium高温气冷堆High TemperatureGas-cooled Reactor(HTGR)（中子）通量展平flux-shaping（五）核反应堆理论自持的链式反应self-sustaining chainreaction燃料循环fuel cycle临界(a) critical次临界(a) subcritical超临界(a) supercritical临界(n) criticality临界尺寸critical size共振resonance弹性散射碰撞elastic scattering collision 热中子利用系数thermal utilization factor 慢化slow down热中子thermal neutron 快中子fast neutron六氟化物hexafluoride六氟化铀uranium hexafluoride离心工艺centrifuge process气体扩散工艺gaseous diffusion process 换料(v) refuel快中子增殖反应堆，快堆Fast BreedingReactor (FBR)堆芯，活性区core再生区blanket半透膜semi-permeable membrane 旋转spin (过去分词：spun)贫铀depleted uranium热中子反应堆，热堆thermal reactor快堆fast reactor倍增系数multiplication factor（十）压水反应堆压水反应堆，压水堆Pressurized WaterReactor (PWR)蒸汽发生器steam generator一次侧primary side二次侧secondary side发电机electrical generator,generator燃料芯块fuel pellet包壳cladding堆芯core给水泵feed(water) pump反应堆（压力）容器reactor vessel, pressurevessel硼酸boric acid化学补偿控制chemical shim control 堆坑reactor pit气密的airtight封头head接管，喷嘴nozzle点火区seed再生区blanket用户，业主，业界utility卖主，供应商vendor, supplier制造商manufacturer多重屏障multiple barriers纵深防御defense in depth冗余性redundancy多样性diversity独立性independence包容contain美国机械工程师协会American Society ofMechanical Engineer(ASME)美国核学会American Nuclear Society (ANS) 安全级safety class失效failure安全功能safety function裕度margin 反应堆冷却剂系统Reactor Coolant System(RCS)在役检查inservice inspection汽水分离器moisture separator干燥器steam dryer堆内构件reactor internals反应堆冷却剂泵，主泵reactor coolantpump (RCP), mainpump稳压器pressurizer波动管surge line剖视图sectional view控制棒control rod控制棒组件Control ElementAssembly (CEA)控制棒驱动机构Control Element DriveMechanism (CEDM)控制棒导向管Control Rod GuideTube (CRGT)上部支撑板upper support plate燃料组件fuel assembly进口接管inlet nozzle出口接管outlet nozzle堆芯吊篮core barrel可燃吸收体burnable absorber管侧tube side壳侧shell side蒸汽管线steam line一次冷却剂primary coolant主蒸汽main steam反应性引入reactivity insertion浓度concentration参考负荷reference load冷却剂平均温度coolant averagetemperature稀释dilution裂变产物fission product积累buildup反应堆调节系统Reactor RegulatingSystem (RRS)（程序）整定值programmed value峰值线释热率peak linear heat rate轴向功率分布axial power distribution 方位角azimuthal（中子通量）方位角偏差azimuthal tilt偏离泡核沸腾Departure fromNucleate Boiling (DNB) 偏离泡核沸腾比Departure fromNucleate Boiling Ratio(DNBR)堆内测量系统In-Core Detector System(ICDS)自给能中子探测器Self-Powered NeutronDetector (SPND)信号调理signal conditioning反应堆紧急停堆reactor trip汽机脱扣turbine trip可靠性reliability规范，法规code燃耗burnup（十一）反应堆容器与堆内构件环锻件ring-forging锻造forge锻件forging监视surveillance样品，试样specimen安装mount奥氏体的austenitic不锈钢stainless steel法兰flange热电偶thermocouple零延性转变温度nil-ductility transitiontemperature (T NDT)注量率fluence集成中子通量NVT=Total IntegratedNeutron Flux = IntegratedFlux = Fluence = Neutrondensity ⨯ Velocity ⨯ Time【unit】：[n/m3⋅m/s⋅s]=[n/m2]旁通，支路bypass磷phosphorous硫sulfur = sulphur焊weld临界值，限值threshold（机）接合，啮合，对位engage凸缘，凸起部，轮毂boss逐渐变细的tapered圆顶dome围板shroud（十二）反应堆堆芯与燃料可燃吸收棒burnable absorber rod 蠕变creep栅格lattice中子源neutron source阻力塞plug反应性价值reactivity worth比功率specific power锑antimony镉cadmium锎californium 铟indium陶瓷（状）的ceramic （机）间隙clearance污染contaminate 栅格架；电网；网格grid因科镍inconel固有安全性inherent safety 非能动安全passive safety 能动安全active safety套管，套筒sleeve定位格架spacer grid星形架，蜘蛛spider乏燃料spent fuel（十三）压水堆冷却剂系统主要设备U形管蒸汽发生器U-tube steam generator 核供汽系统Nuclear Steam SupplySystem (NSSS)一次系统primary system二次系统secondary system主蒸汽main steam汽轮机，透平机械turbine给水与凝汽系统feed and condensate system 热管段，热腿hot leg冷管段，冷腿cold leg堵管裕量tube plugging margin在 情况下in the event of换热器heat exchanger (HX)节热器，省煤器economizer给水feedwater一次进口水室inlet plenum一次进口接管primary inlet nozzle一次出口水室outlet plenum一次出口接管primary outlet nozzle管板tubesheet喷放；（SG）排污blowdown上升段riser下降段downcomer满功率full power (FP)额定功率rated power 额定负荷rated load化学和容积控制系统Chemical and VolumeControl System (CVCS) 加热，升温heatup冷却，降温cooldown喷淋管线spray line辅助喷淋管线auxiliary spray line上充泵charging pump上充charge下泄letdown水位water level, level备用的backup过压保护overpressure protection 安全壳内换料水箱In-containmentRefueling Water StorageTank (IRWST)换料水箱Refueling Water StorageTank (RWST)安全阀safety valve卸压阀relief valve全厂断电station blackout (SBO) （蒸汽）干度quality空泡份额void fraction热冲击thermal shock急冷，骤冷quench（十四）压水堆系统与安全壳裂变碎片fission fragment轻水反应堆Light Water Reactor(LWR)热机thermal engine原动机prime mover焓enthalpy熵entropy反馈feedback热力学第二定律second law of thermo-dynamics最终热阱ultimate sink一（次）回路primary loop二（次）回路secondary loop核电厂配套子项Balance of Plant (BOP) 一次压力边界primary pressureboundary隔离阀isolation valve失效failure故障fault, malfuction卡诺效率Carnot efficiency热机效率engine efficiency高温热源，热库hot reservoir低温热源cold reservoir摩擦friction余热排出系统Residual Heat-RemovalSystem (RHRS)换料(n) refueling应急堆芯冷却系统Emergency Core-Cooling System (ECCS) 补水与排水feed and bleed专设安全设施Engineered Safety Feature(ESF)设备冷却水系统Component CoolingSystem止回阀non-return valve蓄压箱accumulator电动阀motor-driven valve气动阀pneumatic valve 安注泵safety injection pump安全壳containment钢筋混凝土reinforced concrete预应力钢筋混凝土prestressed reinforcedconcrete英制压力单位psi = pounds per squareinch英制压力单位（表压）psig = pounds persquare inch gauge环形的annular潜热latent heat显热sensible heat氢氧化物hydroxide氢氧化钠sodium hydroxide苛性钠，氢氧化钠caustic启动startup飞射物，导弹missile蒸汽管线steamline安全壳地坑containment sump（十五）蒸汽轮机飞轮flywheel叶片，叶栅blade, bucket, vane 功work冲动式汽轮机impulse turbine反动式汽轮机reaction turbine冲动级impulse stage反动级reaction stage反动度degree of reaction 渐缩的converging渐扩的diverging喷嘴，接管nozzle 被称为⋯⋯be referred to as缸体，箱体casing推力thrust拉金lashing除湿moisture removal节流阀stop-throttle valve扭矩torque每秒⋯转rev/s = revolutions persecond每分钟⋯转rpm = revolutions perminute（十六）主蒸汽、给水与凝汽系统汽轮发电机turbine generator汽动给水泵turbine driven feedwaterpump蒸汽排放steam dump汽水分离再热器Moisture SeperatorReheater (MSR)密封蒸汽系统gland steam system 限流器flow restrictor主蒸汽隔离阀main steam isolation valve 机组unit负荷load主蒸汽集管main steam header给水联箱feedwater header给水回热循环regenerative feed heatingcycle磨损wear污垢，结垢fouling装量inventory蒸汽（旁路）排放steam dump冷凝器排放condenser steam dump 大气排放atmospheric steam dump 除氧器排放deoxidizer steam dump 电缆electric cable辅助给水系统auxiliary feedwatersystem压差differential pressure,pressure differential,pressure difference增压泵booster pump增压boost pressure吸入口suction凝汽器condenser 凝汽器热阱condenser hotwell给水流量调节阀feed regulating valve 给水调节旁通阀feed regulating bypassvalve疏水drain阶跃变化step change线性（斜坡）变化ramp change溢流阀overflow valve工艺汽process steam紧急停堆trip; scram停堆shutdown停堆，停堆期outrage手动地manually自动地automatically质量流率mass flow rate关断阀shutoff valve（美国）联邦管理法规CFR = Code ofFederal Regulations 凝结液condensate水头，压头head汽机脱扣（甩负荷）turbine trip（十七）核电厂运行工艺热process heat公用电网utility grid基础负荷运行base load operation退役的out of service运行因子operation factor负荷因子load factor使用因子，运行因子service factor可利用因子availability技术规范technical specification稳压器汽空间建立draw a pressure steambubble未能紧急停堆的预计瞬变AnticipatedTransient Without Scram(ATWS)未能紧急停堆的预计瞬变AnticipatedTransient Without Trip(ATWT)失电loss of power失流loss of flow辅助喷淋auxiliary spray采样sampling（美国）核管会Nuclear RegulatoryCommission (NRC)负荷跟踪load following（十八）辐射危害与屏蔽屏蔽shielding 核辐射nuclear radiation发射，发出emit剂量dose剂量率dose rate保健物理health physics天然本底辐射natural background radiation 轰击bombardment地壳the earth’s crust（放射性）坠尘fallout职业照射occupational exposure放射性流出物radioactive effluent幸存者survivor辐射防护radiological protection国际辐射防护委员会InternationalCommission on RadiologicalProtection (ICRP)合理可行尽量低As Low As ReasonablyAchievable (ALARA)希弗Sivert 急性的acute慢性的delayed辐射病radiation sickness吸入inhalation摄入ingestion食物链food chain权重因子weighting factor活化产物activation product生物屏蔽biological shield氡radon氪krypton钋polonium钾potassium铋bismuth稀有气体noble gas残骸debris征兆symptom谱spectrum (pl. spectra)（十九）核安全核安全nuclear safety过热overheating裂变速率fission rate缓发中子delayed neutron瞬发中子prompt neutron后果consequence破裂rupture置信度confidence负温度系数negative temperaturecoefficient事故accident堆年reactor-year快堆fast reactor热堆thermal reactor失效安全fail safe三哩岛事故Three Mile Island accident(TMI accident)切尔诺贝利事故Chernobyl accident设计基准事故Design Basis Accident (DBA) 严重事故severe accident熔融meltdown多普勒展宽Doppler broadening反应性引入事故Reactivity InsertionAccident (RIA)冷却剂丧失事故，失水事故Loss-Of-Coolant Accident(LOCA)自动保护系统Automatic Protective System(APS)居里（活度单位）Curie瞬发临界prompt critical蒸汽发生器传热管破裂Steam GeneratorTube Rapture (SGTR)确定性安全分析deterministic safetyanalysis概率安全分析Probabilistic SafetyAssessment (PSA)。
核物理专业英语词汇指南
核物理专业英语词汇指南摘要：本文介绍了核物理专业的一些基本概念和常用词汇，以及它们的英文表达和发音。
本文旨在帮助核物理专业的学生和研究者提高英语水平，更好地进行国际交流和学术研究。
本文分为以下几个部分：核物理基本概念核反应和放射性核材料和燃料核设施和反应堆核安全和防护核能利用和发展核物理基本概念核物理是研究原子核的结构、性质、相互作用和变化的物理学分支。
核物理涉及到许多基本粒子，如质子、中子、电子、光子、中微子等，以及它们之间的四种基本力：强相互作用力、弱相互作用力、电磁力和引力。
核物理还涉及到许多重要的现象，如裂变、聚变、衰变、辐射等，以及它们在能量转换、物质转化和时间演化中的作用。
下面是一些核物理基本概念和常用词汇的英文表达和发音：中文英文发音元素element/ˈelɪmənt/粒子particle/ˈpɑːrtɪkl/离子ion/ˈaɪən/分子molecule/ˈmɒlɪkjuːl/原子atom/ˈætəm/原子的atomic/əˈtɒmɪk/原子核nucleus (pl. nuclei)/ˈnjuːklɪəs/ (/ˈnjuːkliaɪ/)核的nuclear/ˈnjuːklɪə(r)/质子proton/ˈprəʊtɒn/中子neutron/ˈnjuːtrɒn/电子electron/ɪˈlektrɒn/核子nucleon/ˈnjuːklɪən/化学性质chemical property/ˈkemɪkl ˈprɒpəti/带正电的positively charged/ˈpɒzətɪvli ˈtʃɑːdʒd/带负电的negatively charged/ˈneɡətɪvli ˈtʃɑːdʒd/不带电的uncharged/ʌnˈtʃɑːdʒd/电中性的electrically neutral/ɪlektrɪkli ˈnjuːtrəl/（元素）周期表periodic table/pɪərɪədɪk ˈteɪbl/原子序数atomic number/ətɒmɪk ˈnʌmbə(r)/质量数mass number/mæs ˈnʌmbə(r)/轨道电子orbital electron/ˈɔ:bɪtl ɪlektrɒn/同位素isotope/ˈaɪsətəʊp/天然存在的naturally occurring/ˈnætʃrəli əˈkɜ:rɪŋ/中文英文发音人工的artificial/ˌɑ:tɪˈfɪʃl/化学键chemical bond/ˈkemɪkl bɒnd/化合物compound/ˈkɒmpaʊnd/上标superscript/ˈsu:pəskrɪpt/下标subscript/ˈsʌbskrɪpt/氢hydrogen/ˈhaɪdrədʒən/重氢，氘heavy hydrogen, deuterium/hevi ˈhaɪdrədʒən, dju:ˈtɪəriəm/重氢核，氘核deuterion/dju:ˈtɪəriən/超重氢，氚tritium/ˈtrɪtiəm/氦helium/ˈhi:liəm/结合能binding energy/ˈbaɪndɪŋ ˈenədʒi/动能kinetic energy/kɪˈnetɪk ˈenədʒi/势能potential (energy)/pəˈtenʃl (ˈenədʒi)/跃迁jump/dʒʌmp/核力nuclear force/ˈnju:klɪə fɔ:s/排斥repulsion/rɪˈpʌlʃn/吸引attraction/əˈtrækʃn/轰击bombardment/bɒmˈbɑ:dmənt/发射（出）emission (n.), emit (v.)/ɪˈmɪʃn, ɪˈmɪt/能级energy level/ˈenədʒi ˌlevl/裂变fission/ˈfɪʃn/聚变fusion/ˈfju:ʒn/衰变decay/dɪˈkeɪ/核反应和放射性核反应是指原子核的结构或组成发生变化的过程，通常伴随着能量和粒子的释放或吸收。
原子核物理专业英语
原子核物理专业词汇中英文对照表absorption cross-section吸收截面activity radioactivity放射性活度activity活度adiabatic approximation浸渐近似allowed transition容许跃迁angular correlation角关联angular distribution角分布angular-momentum conservation角动量守恒anisotropy各项异性度annihilation radiation湮没辐射anomalous magnetic moment反常极矩anti neutrino反中微子antiparticle反粒子artificial radioactivity人工放射性atomic mass unit原子质量单位atomic mass原子质量atomic nucleus原子核Auger electron俄歇电子backbending回弯bag model口袋模型baryon number重子数baryon重子binary fission二分裂变binging energy结合能black hole黑洞bombarding particle轰击粒子bottom quark底夸克branching ration 分支比bremsstrahlung轫致辐射cascade radiation级联辐射cascade transition级联跃迁centrifugal barrier离心势垒chain reaction链式反应characteristic X-ray特征X射线Cherenkov counter切连科夫计数器coincidence measurement符合剂量collective model集体模型collective rotation 集体转动collective vibration集体震动color charge色荷complete fusion reaction全熔合反应complex potential复势compound-nucleus decay复合核衰变compound-nucleus model复合核模型compound nucleus复合核Compton effect康普顿效应Compton electron康普顿电子Compton scattering康普顿散射cone effect圆锥效应conservation law守恒定律controlled thermonuclear fusion受控热核聚变cosmic ray宇宙射线Coulomb barrier库仑势垒Coulomb energy库伦能Coulomb excitation库仑激发CPT theorem CPT定理critical angular momentum临界角动量critical distance临界距离critical mass临界质量critical volume临界体积daily fuel consumption 燃料日消耗量dalitz pair 达立兹对damage criteria 危害判断准则damage 损伤damped oscillations 阻尼震荡damped vibration 阻尼震荡damped wave 阻尼波damper 减震器damping factor 衰减系数damping 衰减的damp proof 防潮的damp 湿气danger coefficient 危险系数danger dose 危险剂量danger range 危险距离danger signal 危险信号dark current pulse 暗电瘤冲dark current 暗电流data acquisition and processing system 数据获得和处理系统data base 数据库data communication 数据通信data processing 数据处理data reduction equipment 数据简化设备data 数据dating 测定年代daughter atom 子体原子daughter element 子体元素daughter nuclear子核daughter nucleus 子体核daughter nuclide 子体核素daughter 蜕变产物dd reaction dd反应dd reactor dd反应器deactivation 去活化dead ash 死灰尘dead band 不灵敏区dead space 死区dead time correction 死时间校正dead time 失灵时间deaerate 除气deaeration 除气deaerator 除气器空气分离器deaquation 脱水debris activity 碎片放射性debris 碎片de broglie equation 德布罗意方程de broglie frequency 德布罗意频率de broglie relation 德布罗意方程de broglie wavelength 德布罗意波长de broglie wave 德布罗意波debuncher 散束器debye radius 德拜半径debye scherrer method 德拜谢乐法debye temperature 德拜温度decade counter tube 十进计数管decade counting circuit 十进制计数电路decade counting tube 十进管decade scaler 十进位定标器decagram 十克decalescence 相变吸热decalescent point 金属突然吸热温度decanning plant 去包壳装置decanning 去包壳decantation 倾析decanter 倾析器decanting vessel 倾析器decan 去掉外壳decarburization 脱碳decascaler 十进制定标器decatron 十进计数管decay chain衰变链decay coefficient 衰变常数decay constant 衰变常数decay constant衰变常量decay energy衰变能decay factor 衰变常数decay fraction衰变分支比decay heat removal system 衰变热去除系统decay heat 衰变热decay kinematics 衰变运动学decay out 完全衰变decay period 冷却周期decay power 衰减功率decay rate 衰变速度decay scheme衰变纲图decay series 放射系decay storage 衰变贮存decay table 衰变表decay time 衰变时间decay 衰减decelerate 减速deceleration 减速decigram 分克decimeter wave 分米波decladding plant 去包壳装置decladding 去包壳decommissioning 退役decompose 分解decomposition temperature 分解温度decomposition 化学分解decontaminability 可去污性decontamination area 去污区decontamination factor 去污因子decontamination index 去污指数decontamination plant 去污装置decontamination reagent 去污试剂decontamination room 去污室decontamination 净化decoupled band 分离带decoupling 去耦解开decrease 衰减decrement 减少率deep dose equivalent index 深部剂量当量指标deep inelastic reaction深度非弹性反应deep irradiation 深部辐照deep therapy 深部疗deep underwater nuclear counter 深水放射性计数器deep water isotopic current analyzer 深海水连位素分析器de excitation 去激发de exemption 去免除defecation 澄清defective fuel canning 破损燃料封装defective fuel element 破损元件defect level 缺陷程度defectoscope 探伤仪defect 缺陷defence 防护deficiency 不足define 定义definite 确定的definition 分辨deflagration 爆燃deflecting coil 偏转线圈deflecting electrode 偏转电极deflecting field 偏转场deflecting plate 偏转板deflecting system 偏转系统deflecting voltage 偏转电压deflection angle 偏转角deflection plate 偏转板deflection system 偏转系统deflection 负载弯曲deflector coil 偏转线圈deflector field 致偏场deflector plate 偏转板deflector 偏转装置deflocculation 解凝defoamer 去沫剂defoaming agent 去沫剂defocusing 散焦deformation bands 变形带deformation energy 变形能deformation of irradiated graphite 辐照过石墨变形deformation parameter形变参量deformation 变形deformed nucleus 变形核deformed region 变形区域deform 变形degassing 脱气degas 除气degeneracy 简并degenerate configuration 退化位形degenerate gas 简并气体degenerate level 简并能级degenerate state 简并态degeneration 简并degradation of energy 能量散逸degradation 软化degraded spectrum 软化谱degree of acidity 酸度degree of anisotropic reflectance 蛤异性反射率degree of burn up 燃耗度degree of cross linking 交联度degree of crystallinity 结晶度degree of degeneration 退化度degree of dispersion 分散度degree of dissociation 离解度degree of enrichment 浓缩度degree of freedom 自由度degree of hardness 硬度degree of ionization 电离度degree of moderation 慢化度degree of polymerization 聚合度degree of purity 纯度dehumidify 减湿dehydrating agent 脱水剂dehydration 脱水deionization rate 消电离率deionization time 消电离时间deionization 消电离dejacketing 去包壳delay circuit 延迟电路delayed alpha particles 缓发粒子delayed automatic gain control 延迟自动增益控制delayed coincidence circuit 延迟符合电路delayed coincidence counting 延迟符合计数delayed coincidence method 延迟符合法delayed coincidence unit 延迟符合单元delayed coincidence 延迟符合delayed criticality 缓发临界delayed critical 缓发临界的delayed fallout 延迟沉降物delayed fission neutron 缓发中子delayed gamma 延迟性射线delayed neutron detector 缓发中子探测器delayed neutron emitter 缓发中子发射体delayed neutron failed element monitor 缓发中子破损燃料元件监测器delayed neutron fraction 缓发中子份额delayed neutron method 缓发中子法delayed neutron monitor 缓发中子监测器delayed neutron precursor 缓发中子发射体delayed neutron 缓发中子delayed proton缓发质子delayed reactivity 缓发反应性delay line storage 延迟线存储器delay line 延迟线delay system 延迟系统delay tank 滞留槽delay time 延迟时间delay unit 延迟单元delay 延迟delineation of fall out contours 放射性沉降物轮廓图deliquescence 潮解deliquescent 潮解的delivery dosedose 引出端delta electron 电子delta metal 合金delta plutonium 钚delta ray 电子demagnetization 去磁demagnetize 去磁dematerialization 湮没demineralization of water 水软化demineralization 脱盐demonstration reactor 示范反应堆demonstration 示范dempster mass spectrograph 登普斯特质谱仪denaturalization 变性denaturant 变性剂denaturation of nuclear fuel 核燃料变性denaturation 变性denature 变性denaturize 变性denitration 脱硝dense plasma focus 稠密等离子体聚焦dense 稠密的densimeter 光密度计densimetry 密度测定densitometer 光密度计densitometry 密度计量学density analog method 密度模拟法density bottle 密度瓶density effect 密度效应density gradient instability 密度梯度不稳定性density of electrons 电子密度deoxidation 脱氧deoxidization 脱氧departure from nucleate boiling ratio 偏离泡核沸腾比departure from nucleate boiling 偏离泡核沸腾dependability 可靠性dependence 相依dependency 相依dephlegmation 分凝酌dephlegmator 分馏塔depilation dose 脱毛剂量depilation 脱毛depleted fraction 贫化馏分depleted fuel 贫化燃料depleted material 贫化材料depleted uranium shielding 贫铀屏蔽depleted uranium 贫化铀depleted water 贫化水depleted zone 贫化区域deplete uranium tail storage 贫化铀尾料储存depletion layer 耗尽层depletion 贫化;消耗depolarization 去极化depolymerization 解聚合deposit dose 地面沉降物剂量deposited activity 沉积的放射性deposition 沉积deposit 沉淀depression 减压depressurization accident 失压事故depressurizing system 降压系统depth dose 深部剂量depth gauge 测深计depth of focus 焦点深度depthometer 测深计derby 粗锭derivant 衍生物derivate 衍生物derivative 衍生物derived estimate 导出估价值derived unit 导出单位derived working limit 导出工撰限desalinization 脱盐desalting 脱盐descendant 后代desensitization 脱敏desensitizer 脱敏剂desiccation 干燥desiccator 干燥器防潮器design basis accident 设计依据事故design basis depressurization accident 设计依据卸压事故design basis earthquake 设计依据地震design dose rate 设计剂量率design of the safeguards approach 保障监督方法设计design power 设计功率design pressure 设计压力design safety limit 设计安全限design temperature rise 设计温度上升design transition temperature 设计转变温度design 设计desmotropism 稳变异构desmotropy 稳变异构desorption 解吸desquamation 脱皮destruction test 破坏性试验destructive distillation 干馏detailed balance principle细致平衡原理detailed decontamination 细部去污detectable activity 可探测的放射性detectable 可检测的detection efficiency 探测效率detection efficiency探测效率detection limit 探测限detection of neutrons from spontaneous fission 自发裂变中子探测detection of radiation 辐射线的探测detection probability 探测概率detection time 探测时间detection 探测detector 1/v 1/v探测器detector efficiency 探测僻率detector foil 探测骗detector noise 探测齐声detector shield 探测屏蔽detector tube 检波管detector with internal gas source 内气源探测器detector 探测器敏感元件detect 探测;检波detergent 洗涤剂determination 确定deterrence of diversion 转用制止detonating gas 爆鸣气detonation altitude 爆炸高度detonation point 爆炸点detonation yield 核爆炸威力detonation 爆炸detoxifying 净化detriment 损害detted line 点线deuteride 氘化物deuterium alpha reaction 氘反应deuterium critical assembly 重水临界装置deuterium leak detector 重水检漏器deuterium moderated pile low energy 低功率重水慢化反应堆deuterium oxide moderated reactor 重水慢化反应堆deuterium oxide 重水deuterium pile 重水反应堆deuterium sodium reactor 重水钠反应堆deuterium target 氘靶deuterium tritium fuel 氘氚燃料deuterium tritium reaction 氘氚反应deuterium 重氢deuteron alpha reaction 氘核反应deuteron binding energy 氘核结合能deuteron induced fission 氘核诱发裂变deuteron neutron reaction 氘核中子反应deuteron proton reaction 氘核质子反应deuteron stripping 氘核涎deuterum moderated pile 重水反应堆deuton 氘核development of uranium mine 铀矿开发development 发展deviation from the desired value 期望值偏差deviation from the index value 给定值偏差deviation 偏差dewatering 脱水dewindtite 水磷铅铀矿dew point 露点dextro rotatory 右旋的diagnostic radiology 诊断放射学diagnostics 诊断diagram 线图dialkyl phosphoric acid process 磷酸二烷基酯萃取法dialysis 渗析dial 度盘diamagnetic effect 抗磁效应diamagnetic loop 抗磁圈diamagnetic substance 抗磁体diamagnetic susceptibility 抗磁化率diamagnetism of the plasma particles 等离子体粒子反磁性diamagnetism 反磁性diamagnet 抗磁体diameter 直径diamond 稳定区;金刚石diaphragm gauge 膜式压力计diaphragm type pressure gauge 膜式压力计diaphragm 薄膜diapositive 透谬片diascope 投影放影器投影仪diathermance 透热性diathermancy 透热性diatomic gas 双原子气体diatomic molecule 二原子分子dibaryon 双重子diderichite 水菱铀矿dido type heavy water research reactor 迪多型重水研究用反应堆dido 重水慢化反应堆dielectric after effect 电介质后效dielectric constant 介电常数dielectric hysteresis 电介质滞后dielectric polarization 电介质极化dielectric strain 电介质变形dielectric strength 绝缘强度dielectric 电介质diesel engine 柴油机diesel oil 柴油difference ionization chamber 差分电离室difference linear ratemeter 差分线性计数率计difference number 中子过剩difference of potential 电压difference scaler 差分定标器differential absorption coefficient 微分吸收系数differential absorption ratio 微分吸收系数differential albedo 微分反照率differential control rod worth 控制棒微分价值differential cross section 微分截面differential cross-section微分截面differential discriminator 单道脉冲幅度分析器differential dose albedo 微分剂量反照率differential energy flux density 微分能通量密度differential particle flux density 粒子微分通量密度differential pressure 压差differential range spectrum 射程微分谱differential reactivity 微分反应性differential recovery rate 微分恢复率differential scattering cross section 微分散射截面differentiator 微分器diffraction absorption 衍射吸收diffraction analysis 衍射分析diffraction angle 衍射角diffraction grating 衍射光栅diffraction instrument 衍射仪diffraction pattern 衍射图diffraction peak 衍射峰值diffraction scattering 衍射散射diffraction spectrometer 衍射谱仪diffraction spectrum 衍射光谱diffraction 衍射diffractometer 衍射仪diffusate 扩散物diffuse band 扩散带diffused junction semiconductor detector 扩散结半导体探测器diffused 散射的diffuseness parameter 扩散性参数diffuse reflection 漫反射diffuser 扩散器diffuse scattering 漫散射diffuse 扩散diffusion approximation 扩散近似diffusion area 扩散面积diffusion barrier 扩散膜diffusion cascade 扩散级联diffusion chamber 扩散云室diffusion coefficient for neutron flux density 中子通量密度扩散系数diffusion coefficient for neutron number density 中子数密度扩散系数diffusion coefficient 扩散系数diffusion column 扩散塔diffusion constant 扩散常数diffusion cooling effect 扩散冷却效应diffusion cooling 扩散冷却diffusion cross section 扩散截面diffusion current density 扩散淋度diffusion current 扩散电流diffusion energy 扩散能diffusion equation 扩散方程diffusion factory 扩散工厂diffusion kernel 扩散核diffusion layer 扩散层diffusion length 扩散长度diffusion length扩散长度diffusion mean free path 扩散平均自由程diffusion plant 扩散工厂diffusion pump 扩散泵diffusion rate 扩散速率diffusion stack 务马堆diffusion theory 扩散理论diffusion time 扩散时间diffusion 扩散diffusivity 扩散系数digital analog converter 数模转换器digital computer 数字计算机digital data acquisition and processing system 数字数据获取与处理系统digital data handling and display system 数字数据处理和显示系统digital recorder 数字记录器digital time converter 数字时间变换器dilation 扩胀dilatometer 膨胀计diluent 稀释剂dilute solution 稀溶液dilute 冲淡dilution analysis 稀释分析dilution effect 稀释效应dilution method 稀释法dilution ratio 稀释比dilution 稀释dimensional change 尺寸变化dimension 尺寸diminishing 衰减dimorphism 双晶现象di neutron 双中子dineutron 双中子dingot 直接铸锭dip counter tube 浸入式计数管dipelt 双重线dipole dipole interaction 偶极子与偶极子相互酌dipole layer 偶极子层dipole momentum 偶极矩dipole moment 偶极矩dipole radiation 偶极辐射dipole transition 偶极跃迁dipole 偶极子di proton 双质子dirac electron 狄拉克电子dirac equation 狄拉克方程dirac quantization 狄拉克量子化dirac theory of electron 狄拉克电子论direct and indirect energy conversion 直接和间接能量转换direct contact heat exchanger 直接接触式换热器direct conversion reactor study 直接转换反应堆研究direct conversion reactor 直接转换反应堆direct current 直流direct cycle integral boiling reactor 直接循环一体化沸水堆direct cycle reactor 直接循环反应堆direct cycle 直接循环direct digital control 直接数字控制direct energy conversion 能量直接转换direct exchange interaction 直接交换相互酌direct exposure 直接辐照direct fission yield 原始裂变产额direct interaction 直接相互酌directional correlation of successive gamma rays 连续射线方向相关directional counter 定向计数器directional distribution 方向分布directional focusing 方向聚焦directional 定向的direction 方向direct isotopic dilution analysis 直接同位素稀释分析directly ionizing particles 直接电离粒子directly ionizing radiation 直接电离辐射direct measurement 直接测量direct radiant energy 直接辐射能direct radiation proximity indicator 直接辐射接近指示器direct radiation 直接辐射direct reaction 直接反应direct reaction直接反应direct use material 直接利用物质direct voltage 直羚压direct x ray analysis 直接x射线分析dirft tube 飞行管道dirt column 尘土柱dirty bomb 脏炸弹disadvantage factor 不利因子disagreement 不一致disappearence 消失discharge chamber 放电室discharge current 放电电流discharge in vacuo 真空放电discharge potential 放电电压discharge tube 放电管discharge voltage 放电电压discharge 放电discomposition 原子位移discontinuity 非连续性discontinuous 不连续的disc operating system 磁盘操椎统discrepancy 差异discrete energy level 不连续能级discrete spectrum 不连续光谱discrete state 不连续态discrete 离散的discrimination coefficient 甄别系数discriminator 鉴别器disinfectant 杀菌剂disintegrate 蜕衰disintegration chain 放射系disintegration constant 衰变常数disintegration curve 衰变曲线disintegration energy 衰变能disintegration heat 衰变热disintegration of elementary particles 基本粒子衰变disintegration particle 衰变粒子disintegration probability 衰变概率disintegration product 蜕变产物disintegration rate 衰变速度disintegration scheme 蜕变图disintegration series 蜕变系disintegrations per minute 衰变/分disintegrations per second 衰变/秒disintegration 蜕变disk source 圆盘放射源dislocation edge 位错边缘dislocation line 位错线dislocation 位错dismantling 解体disorder scattering 无序散射disorder 无序dispersal effect 分散效应dispersal 分散disperser 分散剂dispersing agent 分散剂dispersion fuel element 弥散体燃料元件dispersion fuel 弥散体燃料dispersion 分散dispersive medium 色散媒质displacement current 位移电流displacement kernel 位移核displacement law of radionuclide 放射性核素位移定律displacement law 位移定律displacement spike 离位峰displacement 替换displace 位移;代替disposal of radioactive effluents 放射性瘤液处置disposition 配置disproportionation 不均disruption 破坏disruptive instability 破裂不稳定性disruptive voltage 哗电压dissipation of energy 能消散dissipation 耗散dissociation constant 离解常数dissociation energy 离解能dissociation pressure 离解压dissociation 离解dissociative ionization 离解电离dissolution 溶解dissolver gas 溶解气体dissolver heel 溶解泣滓dissolver 溶解器distance control 遥控distant collision 远距离碰撞distillate 蒸馏液distillation column 蒸馏塔distillation method 蒸馏法distillation tower 蒸馏塔distillation 蒸馏distilled water 蒸馏水distiller 蒸馏器distilling apparatus 蒸馏器distilling flask 蒸馏瓶distorted wave Born approximation,DWBA扭曲波波恩近似distorted wave impulse approximation 畸变波冲动近似distorted wave theory 畸变波理论distorted wave 畸变波distortionless 不失真的distortion 畸变distributed ion pump 分布式离子泵distributed processing 分布式处理distributed source 分布源distribution coefficient 分配系数distribution factor 分布因子distribution function 分布函数distribution law 分配定律distribution of dose 剂量分布distribution of radionuclides 放射性核素分布distribution of residence time 停留时间分布distribution ratio 分配系数distribution 分布distrubited constant 分布常数disturbance 扰动disturbation 扰动diuranium pentoxide 五氧化二铀divergence of ion beam 离子束发散divergence problem 发散问题divergence 发散divergent lens 发射透镜divergent reaction 发散反应diversing lens 发射透镜diversion assumption 转用假定diversion box 转换箱diversion hypothesis 转用假设diversion path 转用路径diversion strategy 转用战略diversion 转向divertor 收集器divider 分配器division of operating reactors 反应堆运行部division 刻度djalmaite 钽钛铀矿document information system 文献情报体系doerner hoskins distribution law 德尔纳霍斯金斯分配定律dollar 元domain 磁畴dome 圆顶水柱dominant mutation 显性突变donut 环形室doping control of semiconductors 半导体掺杂物第Dopper effect多普勒效应doppler averaged cross section 多普勒平均截面doppler broadening 多普勒展宽doppler coefficient 多普勒系数doppler effect 多普勒效应doppler free laser spectroscopy 无多普勒激光光谱学doppler shift method 多普勒频移法doppler width 多普勒宽度dosage measurement 剂量测定dosage meter 剂量计dosage 剂量dose albedo 剂量反照率dose build up factor 剂量积累因子dose commitment 剂量负担dose effect curve 剂量效应曲线dose effect relationship 剂量效应关系dose equivalent commitment 剂量当量负担dose equivalent index 剂量当量指标dose equivalent limit 剂量当量极限dose equivalent rate 剂量当量率dose equivalent 剂量当量dose equivalent剂量当量dose fractionation 剂量分割dose limit 剂量极限dose measurement 剂量测量dose meter 剂量计dose modifying factor 剂量改变系数dose of an isotope 同位素用量dose prediction technique 剂量预报技术dose protraction 剂量迁延dose rate meter 剂量率测量计dose ratemeter 剂量率表dose rate 剂量率dose reduction factor 剂量减低系数dose response correlation 剂量响应相关dose unit 剂量单位dose 剂量dosifilm 胶片剂量计dosimeter charger 剂量计充电器dosimeter 剂量计dosimetry applications research facility 剂量测定法应用研究设施dosimetry 剂量测定法dotted line 点线double beam 双射束double beta decay 双衰变double bond 双键double charged 双电荷的double clad vessel 双层覆盖容器double compton scattering 双康普顿散射double container 双层容器double contingency principle 双偶然性原理double decomposition 复分解double differential cross section 二重微分截面double focusing mass spectrometer 双聚焦质谱仪double focusing 双聚焦double-humped barrier双峰势垒double ionization chamber 双电离室double precision 双倍精度double probe 双探针double pulse 双脉冲double resonance spectroscopy 双共振光谱学double resonance 双共振double scattering method 双散射法doublet splitting 双重线分裂doublet 电子对double walled heat exchanger 双层壁换热器doubling dose 加倍剂量doubling time meter 倍增时间测量计doubling time 燃料倍增时间doubly charged 双电荷的doubly closed shell nuclei 双闭合壳层核doughnut 环形室downcomer 下降管down quark下夸克down time 停机时间downwards coolant flow 下行冷却剂流downwind fall out 下风放射性沉降物draft 通风drain tank 排水槽draught 通风drell ratio 多列尔比dressing of uranium ore 铀矿石选矿dressing 选矿drier 干燥器drift instability 漂移不稳定性drift mobility 漂移率drift speed 漂移速度drift transistor 漂移晶体管drift velocity 漂移速度driven magnetic fusion reactor 从动磁核聚变反应堆driver fuel 驱动燃料drive voltage 控制电压drop reaction 点滴反应drop 点滴dry active waste 干放射性废物dry analysis 干法分析dry box 干箱dry criticality 干临界dry distillation 干馏dryer 干燥器dry friction 干摩擦dry ice 干冰drying oil 干性油drying oven 烘干炉drying 干燥dry out 烧干dry reprocessing 干法再处理dry way process 干法过程dry well 干井dt fuel cycle dt燃料循环dt reactor dt反应堆dual cycle boiling water reactor system 双循环沸水反应堆系统dual cycle reactor 双循环反应堆dual decay 双重放射性衰变dual energy use system 能量双重利用系统duality 二重性dual purpose nuclear power station 两用核电站dual purpose reactor 两用反应堆dual temperature exchange separation process 双温度交换分离法dual temperature exchange 双温度交换duant d形盒ductile brittle transition temperature 延性脆性转变温度ductility 延伸性duct 管dummy load 仿真负载dumontite 水磷铀铅矿dump condenser 事故凝汽器dump tank 接受槽dump valve 事故排放阀dump 烧毁元件存放处dunkometer 燃料元件包壳破损探测器duplet 电子对duration of a scintillation 闪烁持续时间duration 持续时间dust chamber 集尘室dust cloud 尘埃云dust collector 集尘器dust cooled reactor 粉尘冷却反应堆dust monitor 灰尘监测器dust sampler 灰尘取样器dust trap 集尘器dye laser 染料激光器dynamical friction 动摩擦dynamic behaviour 动态dynamic characteristic 动特性dynamic equilibrium ratio 动态平衡比dynamic equilibrium 动态平衡dynamic pressure 动压dynamic process inventory determination 动态过程投料量测定dynamic stabilization 动力稳定dynamic viscosity 动力粘滞系数dynamitron 地那米加速器并激式高频高压加速器dynamometer 测力计dynamo 发电机dyne 达因dynode 倍增电极dysprosium 镝dystectic mixture 高熔点混合物elastic scattering cross-section弹性散射截面elastic scattering弹性散射electronic stopping电子阻止elementary particle基本粒子EMC effect EMC效应endothermic reaction吸能反应energy conservation能量守恒energy loss能量损失energy resolution能量分辨率evaporation model蒸发模型even-even nucleus偶偶核exchange force交换力excitation curve激发曲线excitation function 激发函数excited state激发态exothermic reaction放能反应experimental Q-wave实验Q值exposure照射量fabrication 制造facility attachment 设施附属文件facility practice 设施实行facility safeguards approach 设施的保障监督方法facility 设施factor of porosity 孔隙率factor of stress concentration 应力集中因数factor 系数fading 阻尼failed can detection 破损燃料探测failed element indicator 破损元件指示器failed element monitor 破损元件监测器failed element 破损元件failed fuel detection and location 破损燃料探测和定位failed fuel detection 破损燃料探测failed fuel detector 破损燃料探测器fail safe instrument 故障时安全运行的仪器fail safe operation 安全运行failsafe 故障自动保险的failure checking 故障检查failure free operation 无故障运行failure mode 故障种类failure of parity conservation 宇称守恒的破坏failure prediction 故障预测fall back 回落falling stream method 降哩fallout density 放射性沉降物密度fallout monitoring 沉降物监测fallout particle 沉降粒子fallout pattern 沉降物分布型式fallout radioactive material 放射性沉降物fallout sampling network 沉降物取样网fallout shelter 沉降物掩蔽所fall out 放射性沉降fall time 下降时间false alarm probability 假报警几率false curvature 假曲率false scram 错误信号紧急停堆family 系fano's theorem 法诺定理faraday cage 法拉第笼faraday constant 法拉第常数faraday cup 法拉第笼farad 法拉far field 远场far infra red radiation 远红外辐射far ultraviolet radiation 远紫外辐射farvitron 线振质谱仪fast acting control rod 快动棕制棒fast advantage factor 快中子有利因子fast amplifier 宽频带放大器fast and thermal reactor burnup computer code 快和热反应堆燃耗计算机代码fast breeder reactor 快中子增殖反应堆fast breeder 快中子增殖反应堆fast burst reactor facility 快中子脉冲反应堆装置fast burst reactor 快中子脉冲反应堆fast ceramic reactor 陶瓷燃料快堆fast chamber 快速电离室fast chopper 快中子选择器fast coincidence unit 快符合单元fast coincidence 快符合fast compression cloud chamber 快压缩云室fast conversion 快中子转换fast cosmic ray neutron 宇宙射线的快中子fast critical assembly 快中子临界装置fast cross section 快中子截面fast detector 快速探测器fast effect 快中子倍增效应fast electron 快电子fast exponential experiment 快中子指数实验装置fast fissionability 快中子致裂变性fast fission effect factor 快中子裂变效应系数fast fission region 快中子裂变区fast fission 快中子裂变fast flux test facility 快中子通量试验装置fast flux 快中子通量fast fragment 快碎片fast killing dose 快速杀伤剂量fast leakage factor 快中子泄漏因子fast mean free path 快中子平均自由程fast medium 快中子介质fast multiplication effect 快中子倍增效应fast multiplication factor 快中子倍增因子fast neutron activation method 快中子活化法fast neutron breeder reactor 快中子增殖反应堆fast neutron breeding 快中子增殖fast neutron calibration 快中子刻度fast neutron collimator 快中子准直器fast neutron counter tube 快中子计数管fast neutron cycle 快中子增殖循环fast neutron detector 快中子探测器fast neutron diffusion length 快中子扩散长度fast neutron dose equivalent 快中子剂量当量fast neutron dosimeter 快中子剂量计fast neutron fission cross section 快中子裂变截面fast neutron fission increase rate 快中子裂变增加率fast neutron fluence 快中子积分通量fast neutron generator 快中子发生器fast neutron non leakage probability 快中子不泄漏几率fast neutron range 快中子区fast neutron reaction 快中子反应fast neutron reactor 快中子裂变反应堆fast neutron selector 快中子选择器fast neutron spectrometer 快中子谱仪fast neutron 快中子fast plutonium reactor 快中子钚反应堆fast radiochemistry 快速放射化学fast reaction 快速核反应fast reactor core test facility 快堆堆芯试验装置fast reactor physics 快速反应堆物理学fast reactor test assembly 快堆试验装置fast reactor thermal engineering facility 快堆热工程研究设施fast reactor 快中子裂变反应堆fast region 快中子区fast setback 迅速下降fast slow coincidence circuit 快慢符合电路fast sub critical assembly 快中子次临界装置fast test reactor 快中子试验反应堆fast thermal coupled reactor 快热耦合反应堆fast zero power reactor 快中子零功率反应堆fatal dose 致命剂量fatalities 死亡事故fatigue fracture 疲劳断裂fatigue limit 疲劳极限fatigue test 疲劳试验fatigue 疲劳faulted condition 损伤状态faulty fuel assembly 破损燃料组件fault 故障favorable geometry 有利几何条件fb 快中子增殖反应堆fcc 核燃料循环成本fcf 核燃料循环设施feather analysis 费塞分析feather's empirical formula 费瑟经验公式feather's rule 费瑟规则feed adjustment tank 进料蝶槽feedback circuit 反馈回路feedback control 反馈控制feedback loop 反馈回路feedback ratio 反馈比feedback signal 反馈信号feedback 反馈feed end 加料端feed material 给料物质feed plant 核燃料生产工厂feed pump 给水泵feed stage 给料段feed water control system 给水控制系统feedwater equipment 给水设备feedwater flow control 给水量控制feed water 给水feed 供给ferganite 水钒铀矿fermat's principle 费马原理fermi acceleration 费米加速fermi age equation 费米年龄方程fermi age theory 费米年龄理论fermi age 费米年龄fermi beta decay theory 费米衰变理论fermi characteristic energy level 费米能级fermi constant 费米常数fermi dirac gas 费米狄拉克气体fermi dirac statistics 费米狄拉克统计学fermi distribution function 费米狄拉克分布函数fermi distribution 费米分布fermi energy 费米能级fermi function 费米函数Fermi function费米函数fermi gas model 费米气体模型fermi gas 费米气体Fermi interaction F相互作用fermi interaction 费米相互酌fermi intercept 散射长度fermi level 费米能级fermi limit 费米能级fermion 费米子fermi particle 费米子fermi perturbation 费米微扰fermi plot 费米线图fermi potential 费米势fermi reactor 费米中子反应堆fermi resonance 费米共振fermi selection rules 费米选择定则fermi's golden rule 费米黄金法则fermi spectrum 费米谱fermi statistics 费米统计fermi surface 费米面fermi temperature 费米温度fermi theory of cosmic ray acceleration 费米宇宙射线加速理论fermi transition 费米跃迁fermium 镄fermi 费米。
阿西莫夫
阿西莫夫引言罗比环舞推理捉兔说假话的家伙捉拿机器人逃避证据赤裸的太阳黎明世界的机器人机器人与银河帝国基地系列简介基地系列总目录基地与帝国楔子第二基地楔子百科全书学者心灵历史学家行商商业钜子市长哈里·谢顿基地危机空中石子奇妙的航程低能儿收容所格洛里亚的好朋友奇袭二百岁的寿星眼睛不仅用来看东西讲笑话的人天堂里的陌生人不朽的诗人法律之争终极答案人语石啊，巴顿，巴顿！第一定律讣告钢穴换个角度火星方式孩子最好的朋友镜象确定无疑的事奇妙的S奇特的人工脑如鱼得水死尘世界上的所有烦恼善良的秃鹫谁是凶手他们那时候多有趣响铃星光钥匙一只下金蛋的鹅最後的问题真爱终夜在火星宇宙站灶神星畔受困记丑孩子时代书城作品序号，作品名，初版出版社，初版年份1 Pebble In The Sky 苍穹微石，天空中的小石子，Doubleday 19502 I, Robot 我，机器人Gnome Press 19503 The Stars, Like Dust-- (Tyrann) 繁星若尘，宛若尘埃的星辰Doubleday 19514 Foundation 基地Gnome Press 19515 David Starr, Space Ranger 大卫·斯塔之太空巡逻兵Doubleday 19526 Foundation and Empire 基地与帝国Gnome Press 19527 The Currents of Space 星空暗流Doubleday 19528 Biochemistry and Human Metabolism 生物化学与人类的新陈代谢Williams & Wilkins 19529 Second Foundation 第二基地Gnome Press 195310 Lucky Starr and the Pirates of the Asteroids 幸运的斯塔与小行星上的海盗Doubleday 195311 The Caves of Steel 钢窟Doubleday 195412 Lucky Starr and the Oceans of Venus 幸运斯塔与金星海洋Doubleday 195413 The Chemicals of Life: Enzymes, Vitamins, and Hormones 生命化学：酶，维生素与激素Abelard-Schuman 195414 The Martian Way and Other Stories 马丁的路以及其他故事Doubleday 195515 The End of Eternity 永恒的终结Doubleday 195516 Races and People 人类种族Abelard-Schuman 195517 Lucky Starr and the Big Sun of Mercury 幸运斯塔与水星的大太阳Doubleday 195618 Chemistry and Human Health 化学与人类健康McGraw-Hill 195619 Inside The Atom 原子内部Abelard-Schuman 195620 The Naked Sun 裸阳Doubleday 195721 Lucky Starr and the Moons of Jupiter 幸运斯塔与木星的月亮Doubleday 195722 Building Blocks of the Universe 构筑宇宙的砖石Abelard-Schuman 195723 Earth Is Room Enough: Science FictionTales of Our Own Planet 地球有足够空间：我们自己星球的科幻故事Doubleday 195724 Only a Trillion 只不过是万亿Abelard-Schuman 195725 The World of Carbon 碳的世界Abelard-Schuman 195826 Lucky Starr and the Rings of Saturn 幸运斯塔与土星光环Doubleday 195827 The World of Nitrogen 氮的世界Abelard-Schuman 195828 The Death Dealers (A Whiff of Death) 死亡交易者（死亡的喘息）Avon 195829 Nine Tomorrows: Tales of the Near Future 九个明天：近未来故事集Doubleday 195930 The Clock We Live On 我们离不开的钟表Abelard-Schuman 195931 Words of Science, and the History Behind Them 科学名词以及它们背后的历史Houghton Mifflin 195932 Realm of Numbers 数字国度Houghton Mifflin 195933 The Living River 生机勃勃的河流Abelard-Schuman 196034 The Kingdom of the Sun 太阳的王国Abelard-Schuman 196035 Realm of Measure 测量探秘Houghton Mifflin 196036 Breakthroughs in Science 科学大突破Houghton Mifflin 196037 Satellites in Outer Space 外层空间的卫星Random House 196038 The Wellsprings of Life 生命的源泉Abelard-Schuman 196039 The Intelligent Man's Guide to Science 聪明人科学指南Basic Books 196040 The Double Planet 双行星Abelard-Schuman 196041 Words from the Myths 来源于神话的词语Houghton Mifflin 196142 Realm of Algebra 代数的国度Houghton Mifflin 196143 Life and Energy 生命与能量Doubleday 196244 Words in Genesis 《创世纪》中的词汇Houghton Mifflin 196245 Fact and Fancy 事实与想象Doubleday 196246 Words on the Map 地图上的词语Houghton Mifflin 196247 The Hugo Winners 雨果奖获奖者Doubleday 196248 The Search For The Elements 元素的探寻Basic Books 196249 Words from the Exodus 《出埃及记》中的词汇Houghton Mifflin 196350 The Genetic Code 遗传密码Orion Press 196351 The Human Body: Its Structure and Operation 人类的身体：它的结构与运行Houghton Mifflin 196352 Fifty Short Science Fiction Tales 短篇科幻小说五十篇Collier 196353 View from a Height 居高临下Doubleday 196354 The Kite That Won the Revolution 赢得革命的风筝Houghton Mifflin 196355 The Human Brain: Its Capacities and Functions 人类的大脑：容量与功能Houghton Mifflin 196456 A Short History of Biology 生物学简史Natural History Press 196457 Quick and Easy Math 简明数学Houghton Mifflin 196458 Adding a Dimension 增加一个维度Doubleday 196459 Planets For Man 人类行星Random House 196460 The Rest of the Robots 机器人的其他故事Doubleday 196461 Asimov's Biographical Encyclopedia of Science and Technology, 1st Ed. 阿西莫夫科学技术百科全书，第一版Doubleday 196462 A Short History of Chemistry 化学简史Doubleday 196563 The Greeks: A Great Adventure 希腊：伟大的冒险Houghton Mifflin 196564 Of Time and Space and Other Things 时间，空间，以及其他Doubleday 196565 The New Intelligent Man's Guide to Science 新聪明人科学指南Basic Books 196566 An Easy Introduction to the Slide Rule 计算尺速成介绍Houghton Mifflin 196567 Fantastic Voyage 奇妙的旅行Houghton Mifflin 196668 The Noble Gases 稀有气体Basic Books 196669 Inside The Atom (3rd revised edition) 原子内部（第三修订版）Abelard-Schuman 196670 The Neutrino: Ghost Particle of the Atom 中微子：原子中的幽灵Doubleday 196671 The Roman Republic 罗马共和国Houghton Mifflin 196672 Understanding Physics, Volume I 理解物理，第一卷Walker 196673 Understanding Physics, Volume II 理解物理，第二卷Walker 196674 Understanding Physics, Volume III 理解物理，第三卷Walker 196675 The Genetic Effects of Radiation 辐射对遗传的影响U.S. AEC 196676 Tomorrow's Children: Eighteen T ales of Fantasy and Science Fiction 明天的孩子：幻想故事与科幻故事十八篇Doubleday 196677 The Universe: From Flat Earth to Quasar 宇宙：从大地到类星体Walker 196678 From Earth to Heaven 从地球到天堂Doubleday 196679 The Moon 月球Follet 196780 Environments Out There 环境Scholastic/Abelard-Schuman 196781 The Roman Empire 罗马帝国Houghton Mifflin 196782 Through a Glass, Clearly 清晰地穿过玻璃New English Library 196783 Is Anyone There? 有人吗？Doubleday 196784 To the Ends of the Universe 到宇宙的尽头Walker 196785 Mars 火星Follet 196786 The Egyptians 埃及Houghton Mifflin 196787 Asimov's Mysteries 阿西莫夫神秘故事Doubleday 196888 Science, Numbers, and I 科学，数字，和我Doubleday 196889 Stars 星辰Follet 196890 Galaxies 银河Follet 196891 The Near East: 10,000 Years of History 东亚：10000年的历史Houghton Mifflin 196892 The Dark Ages 黑暗世代Houghton Mifflin 196893 Asimov's Guide To The Bible, Volume I 阿西莫夫圣经指南，第一卷Doubleday 196894 Words from History 历史中的词语Houghton Mifflin 196895 Photosynthesis 光合作用Basic Books 196996 The Shaping of England 英格兰的形成Houghton Mifflin 196997 Twentieth Century Discovery 二十世纪的发现Doubleday 196998 Nightfall and Other Stories 夜幕及其他故事Doubleday 196999 Asimov's Guide To The Bible, Volume II 阿西莫夫圣经指南，第二卷Doubleday 1969 100 Opus 100 作品100号Houghton Mifflin 1969101 ABC's of Space 空间小知识Walker 1969102 Great Ideas of Science 科学中的伟大思想Houghton Mifflin 1969103 The Solar System and Back 往返太阳系Doubleday 1970104 Asimov's Guide To Shakespeare, Volume I 阿西莫夫的莎士比亚指南，第一卷Doubleday 1970105 Asimov's Guide To Shakespeare, Volume II 阿西莫夫的莎士比亚指南，第二卷Doubleday 1970106 Constantinople: The Forgotten Empire 君士坦丁堡：被遗忘的帝国Houghton Mifflin 1970107 ABC's of the Ocean 海洋小知识Walker 1970108 Light 光Follet 1970109 The Stars in Their Courses 星星的一生Doubleday 1971110 Where Do We Go from Here? 我们何去何从？Doubleday 1971111 What Makes the Sun Shine? 什么让太阳发光？Little, Brown & Co. 1971112 The Sensuous Dirty Old Man 敏感的邋遢老人Walker 1971113 The Best New Thing 最好的新事物World Pub. Co. 1971114 Isaac Asimov's Treasury of Humor 艾萨克·阿西莫夫的幽默珍藏Houghton Mifflin 1971115 The Hugo Winners, Volume II 雨果奖获奖者，第二卷Doubleday 1971116 The Land of Canaan 迦南地Houghton Mifflin 1971117 ABC's of the Earth 地球小知识Walker 1971118 Asimov's Biographical Encyclopedia of Science and Technology, New Rev. Ed. 阿西莫夫的科学技术百科全书，新修版Doubleday 1972119 The Left Hand of the Electron 电子的左手Doubleday 1972120 Asimov's Guide to Science 阿西莫夫科学指南Basic Books 1972121 The Gods Themselves 神们自己Doubleday 1972122 More Words of Science 科学新词汇Houghton Mifflin 1972123 Electricity and Man 电与人U.S. AEC 1972124 ABC's of Ecology 生态学小知识Walker 1972125 The Early Asimov or, Eleven Years of Trying 阿西莫夫的早年生涯：努力拼搏的十一年Doubleday 1972126 The Shaping of France 法国的形成Houghton Mifflin 1972127 The Story of Ruth 路得记Doubleday 1972128 Ginn Science Program, Int. Level A 吉恩科学教程，初级，A级Ginn 1972129 Ginn Science Program, Int. Level C 吉恩科学教程，初级，C级Ginn 1972130 Asimov's Annotated "Don Juan" 阿西莫夫注释《唐璜》Doubleday 1972131 Worlds Within Worlds 世界中的世界U.S. AEC 1972132 Ginn Science Program, Int. Level B 吉恩科学教程，初级，B级Ginn 1972133 How Did We Find Out the Earth Is Round? 我们是如何发现地球是圆的？Walker 1973134 Comets and Meteors 彗星与流星Follet 1973135 The Sun 太阳Follet 1973136 How Did We Find Out About Electricity? 我们是如何发现电子的？Walker 1973137 The Shaping of North America: From Earliest Times to 1763 北美洲的形成：从最初到1763年Houghton Mifflin 1973138 Today and Tomorrow and... 今天，明天，和…… Doubleday 1973139 Jupiter, the Largest Planet 木星，最大的行星Lothrop, Lee, & Shepard 1973140 Ginn Science Program, Adv. Level A 吉恩科学教程，高级，A级Ginn 1973141 Ginn Science Program, Adv. Level B 吉恩科学教程，高级，B级Ginn 1973142 How Did We Find Out About Numbers? 我们是如何发现数字的？Walker 1973143 Please Explain 请解释Houghton Mifflin 1973144 The Tragedy of the Moon 月球的悲剧Abelard-Schuman 1973145 How Did We Find Out About Dinosaurs? 我们是如何发现恐龙的？Walker 1973 146 The Best of Isaac Asimov 阿西莫夫最佳作品集Sphere 1973147 Nebula Award Stories Eight 星云奖作品，八Harper & Row 1973148 Asimov on Astronomy 阿西莫夫讲天文Doubleday 1974149 The Birth of the United States 美国的诞生Houghton Mifflin 1974150 Have You Seen These? 你是如何看到这些的？NESRAA 1974151 Before The Golden Age: A Science Fiction Anthology of the 1930s 黄金时代之前：1930年代科幻小说选集Doubleday 1974152 Our World in Space 宇宙空间中我们的世界New York Graphic Society 1974153 How Did We Find Out About Germs? 我们是如何发现细胞的？Walker 1974154 Asimov's Annotated "Paradise Lost" 阿西莫夫注释《失乐园》Doubleday 1974155 Tales of the Black Widowers 黑鳏夫故事集Doubleday 1974156 Earth: Our Crowded Spaceship 地球：拥挤的宇宙飞船John Day 1974157 Asimov on Chemistry 阿西莫夫讲化学Doubleday 1974158 How Did We Find Out About Vitamins? 我们是如何发现维生素的？Walker 1974 159 Of Matters Great and Small 巨大和微小的事物Doubleday 1975160 The Solar System 太阳系Follet 1975161 Our Federal Union 我们的联邦Houghton Mifflin 1975162 How Did We Find Out About Comets? 我们是如何发现彗星的？Walker 1975163 Science Past, Science Future 科学的过去，科学的未来Doubleday 1975164 Buy Jupiter and Other Stories 购买木星，以及其他故事Doubleday 1975165 Eyes on the Universe: A History of the Telescope 观察宇宙的眼睛：望远镜的历史Houghton Mifflin 1975166 Lecherous Limericks 放荡的打油诗Walker 1975167 The Heavenly Host 幽灵天体Walker 1975168 The Ends of the Earth: The Polar Regions of the World 地球的尽头：极地Weybright & Talley 1975169 How Did We Find Out About Energy? 我们是如何发现能量的？Walker 1975170 "The Dream", "Benjamin's Dream", and "Benjamin's Bicentennial Blast" 梦，本杰明的梦，以及本杰明的200年大爆炸Benjamin Franklin Keeps. 1976171 Asimov on Physics 阿西莫夫讲物理Doubleday 1976172 Murder at The ABA (Authorised Murder [U.K.]) ABA谋杀案（授权的谋杀案[英]）Doubleday 1976173 How Did We Find Out About Atoms? 我们是如何发现原子的？Walker 1976174 Good Taste 好味道Apocalypse Press 1976175 The Planet That Wasn't 不是行星的行星Doubleday 1976176 The Bicentennial Man and Other Stories 活了200年的人，以及其他故事Doubleday 1976177 More Lecherous Limericks 更放荡的打油诗Walker 1976178 More Tales of the Black Widowers 更多的黑鳏夫故事Doubleday/Crime Club 1976 179 Alpha Centauri, the Nearest Star 半人马座阿尔法星，最近的恒星Lothrop, Lee, & Shepard 1976180 How Did We Find Out About Nuclear Power? 我们是如何发现核能的？Walker 1976 181 Familiar Poems Annotated 诗歌注释Doubleday 1977182 The Collapsing Universe: The Story of Black Holes 宇宙坍塌：黑洞的故事Walker 1977183 Asimov on Numbers 阿西莫夫讲数字Doubleday 1977184 How Did We Find Out About Outer Space? 我们是如何发现外层空间的？Walker 1977185 Still More Lecherous Limericks 愈加放荡的打油诗Walker 1977186 The Hugo Winners, Volume III 雨果奖获奖者，第三卷Doubleday 1977187 The Beginning and the End 开始与终结Doubleday 1977188 Mars, the Red Planet 火星，红色行星Lothrop, Lee, & Shepard 1977189 The Golden Door 金门Houghton Mifflin 1977190 The Key Word and Other Mysteries 关键词以及其他神秘故事Walker 1977191 Asimov's Sherlockian Limericks 阿西莫夫的福尔摩斯打油诗Mysterious 1977192 One Hundred Great Science Fiction Short-Short Stories 百篇优秀微型科幻小说Doubleday 1978193 Quasar, Quasar, Burning Bright 类星体，类星体，闪闪发亮Doubleday 1978194 How Did We Find Out About Earthquakes? 我们是如何发现地震的？Walker 1978 195 Animals of the Bible 圣经里的动物Doubleday 1978196 Limericks: Too Gross; or Two Dozen Dirty Stanzas 打油诗：太低俗；又称两篓俗诗W. W. Norton 1978197 How Did We Find Out About Black Holes? 我们是如何发现黑洞的？Walker 1978 198 Life and Time 生命与时间Doubleday 1978199 Saturn and Beyond 土星及其他Lothrop, Lee, & Shepard 1979200 Opus 200 作品200号Houghton Mifflin 1979201 In Memory Yet Green 记忆犹新Doubleday 1979202 Isaac Asimov Presents the Great SF Stories, 1: 1939 艾萨克·阿西莫夫推荐优秀科幻小说，第一卷：1939 DAW Books 1979203 Extraterrestrial Civilizations 外星文明Crown 1979204 How Did We Find Out About Our Human Roots? 我们是如何发现我们的祖先？Walker 1979205 Isaac Asimov Presents the Great SFStories, 2: 1940 艾萨克·阿西莫夫推荐优秀科幻小说，第二卷：1940 DAW Books 1979206 The Road to Infinity 通向无限之路Doubleday 1979207 A Choice of Catastrophes 终极抉择Simon & Schuster 1979208 The Science Fictional Solar System 科幻小说中的太阳系Harper & Row 1979209 The Thirteen Crimes of Science Fiction 科幻小说的十三宗案件Doubleday 1979 210 Isaac Asimov's Book of Facts 艾萨克·阿西莫夫的现实著作Grosset & Dunlap 1979 211 How Did We Find Out About Antarctica? 我们是如何发现南极的？Walker 1979212 Casebook of the Black Widowers 黑鳏夫探案集Doubleday 1980213 The Future in Question 充满疑问的未来Fawcett Crest 1980214 Isaac Asimov Presents the Great SF Stories, 3: 1941 艾萨克·阿西莫夫推荐优秀科幻小说，第三卷：1941 DAW Books 1980215 How Did We Find Out About Oil? 我们是如何发现石油的？Walker 1980216 In Joy Still Felt 欢乐依旧Doubleday 1980217 Who Done It? 谁干的？Houghton Mifflin 1980218 Space Mail 太空邮件Fawcett Crest 1980219 Microcosmic T ales: 100 Wondrous Science Fiction Short-Short Stories 微型宇宙故事：100篇绝妙微型科幻小说Taplinger 1980220 Isaac Asimov Presents the Great SF Stories, 4: 1942 艾萨克·阿西莫夫推荐优秀科幻小说，第四卷：1942 DAW Books 1980221 The Seven Deadly Sins of Science Fiction 科幻小说七宗罪Fawcett Crest 1980 222 The Annotated "Gulliver's Travels" 注释《格列佛游记》Clarkson N. Potter 1980 223 How Did We Find Out About Coal? 我们是如何发现煤的？Walker 1980224 The Future I 未来，第一卷Fawcett Crest 1981225 In the Beginning 最初Crown/Stonesong Press 1981226 Isaac Asimov Presents the Great SF Stories, 5: 1943 艾萨克·阿西莫夫推荐优秀科幻小说，第五卷：1943 DAW Books 1981227 Asimov on Science Fiction 阿西莫夫讲科幻Doubleday 1981228 Venus, Near Neighbor of the Sun 金星，太阳的近邻Lothrop, Lee, & Shepard 1981 229 Three by Asimov 阿西莫夫作品三篇Targ 1981230 How Did We Find Out About Solar Power? 我们是如何发现太阳能的？Walker 1981 231 How Did We Find Out About Volcanoes? 我们是如何发现真空的？Walker 1981 232 Visions of the Universe 宇宙景观The Cosmos Store 1981233 Catastrophes! 大灾难Fawcett Crest 1981234 Isaac Asimov Presents the Best Science Fiction of the 19th Century 艾萨克·阿西莫夫推荐19世纪最佳科幻小说Beaufort Books 1981235 The Seven Cardinal Virtues of Science Fiction 科幻小说的七大妙处Fawcett Crest 1981236 Fantastic Creatures: An Anthology of Fantasy and Science Fiction 梦幻创造者：幻想与科幻百科全书Franklin Watts 1981237 The Sun Shines Bright 光芒万丈的太阳Doubleday 1981238 Change!: Seventy-one Glimpses of theFuture 剧变：未来的七十一个预测Houghton Mifflin 1981239 Raintree Reading Series I 雨林系列读物，第一辑Raintree 1981Travels Through Time 时间旅行Thinking Machines 会思考的机器Wild Inventions 疯狂的发明After The End 末日之后240 A Grossery of Limericks 打油诗的俗气W. W. Norton 1981241 Miniature Mysteries: One Hundred Malicious Little Mystery Stories 微型神秘故事：邪恶神秘故事一百篇Taplinger 1981242 The Twelve Crimes of Christmas 化学的十二宗罪Avon 1981243 Isaac Asimov Presents the Great SF Stories, 6: 1944 艾萨克·阿西莫夫推荐优秀科幻小说，第六卷：1944 DAW Books 1981244 Space Mail II 太空邮件，2 Fawcett Crest 1982245 Tantalizing Locked Room Mysteries 引人入胜的密室神秘故事Walker 1982246 TV: 2000 电视：2000 Fawcett Crest 1982247 Laughing Space 开心的太空Houghton Mifflin 1982248 How Did We Find Out About Life In the Deep Sea 我们是如何发现深海生物的？Walker 1982249 The Complete Robot 最终的机器人Doubleday 1982250 Speculations 推测Houghton Mifflin 1982251 Flying Saucers 飞碟Fawcett Crest 1982252 Exploring the Earth and the Cosmos 探索地球和宇宙Crown 1982253 Raintree Reading Series II 雨林系列读物，第二辑Raintree 1982 Earth Invaded 被侵蚀的地球Mad Scientists 疯狂的科学家Mutants 突变Tomorrow's TV 明日的电视254 How Did We Find Out About the Beginning of Life? 我们是如何发现生命的开端？Walker 1982255 Dragon Tales 龙的故事Fawcett Crest 1982256 The Big Apple Mysteries 大苹果神秘故事集Avon 1982257 Asimov's Biographical Encyclopedia of Science and T echnology, 2nd Rev. Ed. 阿西莫夫科学技术百科全书，第二版Doubleday 1982258 Isaac Asimov Presents the Great SF Stories, 7: 1945 艾萨克·阿西莫夫推荐优秀科幻小说，第七卷：1945 DAW Books 1982259 Isaac Asimov Presents Superquiz 艾萨克·阿西莫夫推荐超级智力游戏Dembner Books 1982260 The Last Man on Earth 地球上的最后一个人Fawcett Crest 1982261 Science Fiction A to Z: A Dictionary of Great Science Fiction Themes 科幻小说A到Z：科幻小说主题的辞典Houghton Mifflin 1982262 Foundation's Edge 基地边缘Doubleday 1982263 Isaac Asimov Presents the Best Fantasy of the 19th Century 艾萨克·阿西莫夫推荐19世纪最佳幻想故事Beaufort Books 1982264 Isaac Asimov Presents the Great SF Stories, 8: 1946 艾萨克·阿西莫夫推荐优秀科幻小说，第八卷：1946 DAW Books 1982265 How Did We Find Out About the Universe? 我们是如何发现宇宙的？Walker 1982 266 Counting the Eons 对年代的计数Doubleday 1983267 The Winds of Change and Other Stories 剧变之风以及其他故事Doubleday 1983 268 Isaac Asimov Presents the Great SF Stories, 9: 1947 艾萨克·阿西莫夫推荐优秀科幻小说，第九卷：1947 DAW Books 1983269 Show Business Is Murder 演艺业是谋杀Avon 1983270 Hallucination Orbit: Psychology In Science Fiction 幻想的轨道：科幻小说中的心理学Farrar, Straus, & Giroux 1983271 Caught In the Organ Draft: Biology In Science Fiction 迷人的图像：科幻小说中的生物学Farrar, Straus, & Giroux 1983272 The Roving Mind 意识的图景Prometheus Books 1983273 The Science Fiction Weight-Loss Book 轻装本科幻小说Crown 1983274 The Measure of the Universe 测量宇宙Harper & Row 1983275 Isaac Asimov Presents the Best Horror and Supernatural Stories of the 19th Century 艾萨克·阿西莫夫推荐19世纪最佳恐怖和超自然故事Beaufort Books 1983276 Starships: Stories Beyond the Boundaries of the Universe 星船：飞越宇宙边际故事集Fawcett Crest 1983277 The Union Club Mysteries 联合俱乐部神秘故事Doubleday 1983278 Norby, the Mixed-up Robot 诺比，糊涂的机器人Walker 1983279 Isaac Asimov Presents the Great SF Stories, 10: 1948 艾萨克·阿西莫夫推荐优秀科幻小说，第十卷：1948 DAW Books 1983280 How Did We Find Out About Genes? 我们是如何发现基因的？Walker 1983281 The Robots of Dawn 曙光中的机器人Doubleday 1983282 Thirteen Horrors of Halloween 万圣节的十三个恐怖故事Avon 1983283 Creations: The Quest For Origins in Story and Science 创造：探寻故事与科学中的原型Crown 1983284 Isaac Asimov Presents Superquiz II 艾萨克·阿西莫夫推荐超级智力游戏，第二卷Dembner Books 1983285 Wizards 巫师NAL 1983286 Those Amazing Electronic Thinking Machines!: An Anthology of Robot and Computer Stories 奇妙的思考机器：机器人与计算机故事百科全书Franklin Watts 1983287 Computer Crimes and Capers 计算机犯罪与把戏Academy Chicago Pub. 1983 288 Intergalactic Empires 星际帝国NAL 1983289 Machines That Think: The Best Science Stories About Robots and Computers 会思考的机器：机器人与计算机最佳科幻小说集Holt, Rinehart, & Winston 1983290 X Stands for Unknown X代表未知Doubleday 1984291 One Hundred Great Fantasy Short-Short Stories 百篇优秀微型幻想小说Doubleday 1984292 Raintree Reading Series 3 雨林系列读物，第三辑Raintree 1984 Bug Awful 害虫Children Of The Future 未来的孩子The Immortals 不朽Time Warps 时间弯曲293 Isaac Asimov Presents the Great SF Stories, 11: 1949 艾萨克·阿西莫夫推荐优秀科幻小说，第11卷：1949 DAW Books 1984294 Witches 巫婆NAL 1984295 Murder on the Menu 菜单谋杀案Avon 1984296 Young Mutants 新突变体Harper & Row 1984297 Isaac Asimov Presents the Best Science Fiction Firsts 艾萨克·阿西莫夫推荐最优秀科幻小说Beaufort Books 1984298 Norby's Other Secret 诺比的另一个秘密Walker 1984299 How Did We Find Out About Computers? 我们是如何发现计算机的？Walker 1984 300 Opus 300 作品300号Houghton Mifflin 1984301 The Science Fictional Olympics 科幻小说奥林匹克NAL 1984302 Fantastic Reading: Stories & Activities for Grade 5-8 美妙的阅读：适合5-8年级的故事和活动Scott Foresman & Co. 1984303 Banquets of the Black Widowers 黑鳏夫们的宴会Doubleday 1984304 Election Day 2084: Science Fiction Stories on the Politics of the Future 2084年选举日：未来政治科幻小说Prometheus Books 1984305 Isaac Asimov's Limericks for Children 艾萨克·阿西莫夫献给孩子们的打油诗故事Caedmon 1984306 Isaac Asimov Presents the Great SF Stories, 12: 1950 艾萨克·阿西莫夫推荐优秀科幻小说，第12卷：1950 DAW Books 1984307 Young Extraterrestrials 新出现的外星人Harper & Row 1984308 Sherlock Holmes Through Time and Space 穿越时空的福尔摩斯Bluejay Books 1984309 Asimov's New Guide to Science 阿西莫夫的新科学指南Basic Books 1984310 Supermen 超人NAL 1984311 Baker's Dozen: 13 Short Fantasy Novels 面包师的一打：短篇幻想故事13篇Crown 1984312 How Did We Find Out About Robots? 我们是如何发现机器人的？Walker 1984313 Asimov's Guide to Halley's Comet 阿西莫夫的哈雷彗星指南Walker 1985314 Cosmic Knights 宇宙骑士NAL 1985315 The Hugo Winners, Volume IV 雨果奖获奖者，第四卷Doubleday 1985316 Young Monsters 新出现的怪物Harper & Row 1985317 The Exploding Suns: The Secrets of theSupernovas 爆发的太阳：超新星的秘密E. P. Dutton 1985318 Norby and the Lost Princess 诺比和失踪的公主Walker 1985319 Spells 拼写NAL 1985320 How Did We Find Out About the Atmosphere? 我们是如何发现大气的？Walker 1985321 Living in the Future 未来的生活Harmony House 1985322 Robots, Machines In Man's Image 机器人，人类设计的机器Harmony House 1985 323 The Edge of Tomorrow 明天的边际Tor/Tom Doherty Associates 1985324 Great Science Fiction Stories by the World's Great Scientists 世界著名科学家创作的科幻小说集Donald I. Fine 1985325 Isaac Asimov Presents the Great SF Stories, 13: 1951 艾萨克·阿西莫夫推荐优秀科幻小说，第13卷：1951 DAW Books 1985326 The Subatomic Monster 原子内的怪物Doubleday 1985327 The Disappearing Man and Other Mysteries 消失的男人以及其他神秘故事Walker 1985328 Robots and Empire 机器人与帝国Doubleday 1985329 Amazing Stories: Sixty Years of the Best Science Fiction 惊奇故事：出现最佳科幻小说的六十年TSR Inc. 1985330 Young Ghosts 新出现的幽灵Harper & Row 1985331 Baker's Dozen: Thirteen Short Science Fiction Novels 面包师的一打：短篇科幻小说13篇Crown 1985332 It's Such a Beautiful Day 多么美丽的一天Creative Education 1985333 Norby and the Invaders 诺比和入侵者Walker 1985334 Giants 巨人NAL 1985335 How Did We Find Out About DNA? 我们是如何发现DNA的？Walker 1985336 The Alternate Asimovs 多面手阿西莫夫Doubleday 1986337 Isaac Asimov Presents the Great SF Stories, 14: 1952 艾萨克·阿西莫夫推荐优秀科幻小说，第14卷：1952 DAW Books 1986338 Comets 彗星NAL 1986339 Young Star Travelers 新出现的星际旅行者Harper & Row 1986340 The Hugo Winners, Volume V 雨果奖获奖者，第五卷Doubleday 1986341 The Dangers of Intelligence and Other Science Essays 智能的危险以及其他科学随笔Houghton Mifflin 1986342 Mythical Beasties 想象出来的怪兽NAL 1986343 How Did We Find Out About the Speed of Light? 我们是如何发现光速的？Walker 1986344 Futuredays: A Nineteenth-Century Vision of the Year 2000 未来的日子：19世纪想象的2000年Henry Holt 1986345 Science Fiction by Asimov 阿西莫夫科幻小说Davis Publications 1986346 Tin Stars 罐装星星NAL 1986347 The Best Science Fiction of Isaac Asimov 艾萨克·阿西莫夫最佳科幻小说Doubleday 1986348 The Best Mysteries of Isaac Asimov 艾萨克·阿西莫夫最佳神秘小说Doubleday 1986 349 Foundation and Earth 基地与地球Doubleday 1986350 Robot Dreams 机器人的梦Byron Preiss 1986351 Norby and the Queen's Necklace 诺比和女王的项链Walker 1986352 Magical Wishes 充满魔力的希望NAL 1986353 Isaac Asimov Presents the Great SF Stories, 15: 1953 艾萨克·阿西莫夫推荐优秀科幻小说，第15卷：1953 DAW Books 1986354 Far as Human Eye Could See 目光的尽头Doubleday 1987355 The Twelve Frights of Christmas 化学的十二个恐怖事件Avon 1986356 How Did We Find Out About Blood? 我们是如何发现血液的？Walker 1987357 Past, Present, and Future 过去，现在和未来Prometheus Books 1987358 Isaac Asimov Presents Superquiz III 艾萨克·阿西莫夫推荐超级智力游戏，第三卷Dembner Books 1987359 How Did We Find Out About Sunshine? 我们是如何发现阳光的？Walker 1987360 Isaac Asimov Presents the Great SF Stories, 16: 1954 艾萨克·阿西莫夫推荐优秀科幻小说，第16卷：1954 DAW Books 1987361 Young Witches and Warlocks 新出现的女巫和术士Harper & Row 1987362 How to Enjoy Writing: A Book of Aid and Comfort 如何享受于写作Walker 1987363 Devils 魔鬼NAL 1987364 Norby Finds a Villain 诺比找到一个恶棍Walker 1987365 Fantastic Voyage II: Destination Brain 奇妙的旅程二：目的地，大脑Doubleday 1987 366 Hound Dunnit 猎犬杜内特Carroll & Graf 1987367 Space Shuttles 航天飞机NAL 1987368 How Did We Find Out About the Brain? 我们是如何发现大脑的？Walker 1987369 Did Comets Kill the Dinosaurs? 彗星灭绝了恐龙吗？Gareth Stevens, Inc 1987370 Beginnings: The Story of Origins -of Mankind, Life, the Earth, the Universe 开端：人类，生命，地球，宇宙起源的故事Walker 1987371 Atlantis 亚特兰蒂斯NAL 1988372 Isaac Asimov Presents the Great SF Stories, 17: 1955 艾萨克·阿西莫夫推荐优秀科幻小说，第17卷：1955 DAW Books 1988373 Asimov's Annotated Gilbert and Sullivan 阿西莫夫注释《吉尔伯特和沙利文》Doubleday 1988374 Isaac Asimov Presents From Harding to Hiroshima 艾萨克·阿西莫夫敬献从哈丁到广岛Dembner Books 1988375 How Did We Find Out About Superconductivity? 我们是如何发现超导体的？Walker 1988376 Other Worlds of Isaac Asimov 艾萨克·阿西莫夫的其他世界Avenel 1987377 Isaac Asimov's Book of Science and Nature Quotations 艾萨克·阿西莫夫的科学与自然著作语录Blue Cliff 1988378 The Relativity of Wrong 错误的相对性Doubleday 1988379 Prelude to Foundation 基地前奏Doubleday 1988380 Encounters 接触Headline 1988381 The Asteroids 小行星Gareth Stevens, Inc 1988382 The Earth's Moon 地球的月亮Gareth Stevens, Inc 1988383 Mars: Our Mysterious Neighbor 火星：我们的神秘邻居Gareth Stevens, Inc 1988 384 Our Milky Way and Other Galaxies 我们那乳液般的银河以及其他银河系Gareth Stevens, Inc 1988385 Quasars, Pulsars, and Black Holes 类星体，脉冲星，以及黑洞Gareth Stevens, Inc 1988386 Rockets, Probes, and Satellites 火箭，探测器，以及卫星Gareth Stevens, Inc 1988 387 Our Solar System 我们的太阳系Gareth Stevens, Inc 1988388 The Sun 太阳Gareth Stevens, Inc 1988389 Uranus: The Sideways Planet 天王星：偏远的行星Gareth Stevens, Inc 1988390 History of Biology (a chart)* 生物学的历史（图表）Carolina Biological Suppls. 1988 391 Isaac Asimov Presents the Best Crime Stories of the 19th Century 艾萨克·阿西莫夫推荐19世纪最佳犯罪小说Dembner Books 1988392 The Mammoth Book of Classic Science Fiction: Short Novels of the 1930's 经典科幻小说大全：1930年代的短篇小说Carroll & Graf 1988393 Monsters 怪物NAL 1988394 Isaac Asimov Presents the Great SF Stories, 18: 1956 艾萨克·阿西莫夫推荐优秀科幻小说，第18卷：1956 DAW Books 1988395 Azazel 阿撒泻勒Doubleday 1988396 Isaac Asimov's Science Fiction and Fantasy Story-a-Month 1989 Calendar* 艾萨克·阿西莫夫科幻小说与幻想小说挂历，1989年Pomegranate Calendars & Bks 1988 397 Ghosts 幽灵NAL 1988398 Saturn: The Ringed Beauty 土星：围绕着光环的美人Gareth Stevens, Inc 1988 399 How Was the Universe Born? 宇宙是如何诞生的？Gareth Stevens, Inc 1988400 Earth: Our Home Base 地球：我们的大本营Gareth Stevens, Inc 1988401 Ancient Astronomy 古代的天文学Gareth Stevens, Inc 1988402 Unidentified Flying Objects 不明飞行物Gareth Stevens, Inc 1988403 Space Spotter's Guide 宇宙探测器指南Gareth Stevens, Inc 1988404 Norby Down to Earth 诺比光临地球Walker 1988405 The Sport of Crime 犯罪行为Lynx 1988406 How Did We Find Out About Microwaves? 我们是如何发现微波的？Walker 1989 407 Isaac Asimov Presents the Great SF Stories, 19: 1957 艾萨克·阿西莫夫推荐优秀科幻小说，第19卷：1957 DAW Books 1989408 Asimov's Galaxy: Reflections on Science Fiction 阿西莫夫的银河系：科幻小说的映像Doubleday 1989409 All the Troubles of the World 世界的所有麻烦事Creative Education 1989410 Franchise 特权Creative Education 1989411 Robbie 罗比Creative Education 1989412 Sally 萨莉Creative Education 1989413 Isaac Asimov Presents Tales of the Occult* 艾萨克·阿西莫夫推荐玄秘故事集Prometheus Books 1989414 Purr-fect Crime 稍完美犯罪Lynx 1989415 Is There Life On Other Planets? 其他行星上有生命吗？Gareth Stevens, Inc 1989416 Science Fiction, Science Fact 科学幻想，科学事实Gareth Stevens, Inc 1989417 Mercury: The Quick Planet 水星：飞毛腿行星Gareth Stevens, Inc 1989418 Space Garbage 太空垃圾Gareth Stevens, Inc 1989419 Jupiter: The Spotted Giant 木星：长斑点的巨人Gareth Stevens, Inc 1989420 The Birth and Death of Stars 星星的诞生与死亡Gareth Stevens, Inc 1989421 The Asimov Chronicles: Fifty Years of Isaac Asimov 阿西莫夫编年史：艾萨克·阿西莫夫的五十年Dark Harvest 1989422 Robots 机器人NAL 1989423 History of Mathematics (a chart) 数学的历史（图表）Carolina Biological Suppls. 1989424 Think About Space: Where Have We Been and Where Are We Going? 对太空的思考：我们身处何方？我们去向何处？Walker 1989425 Isaac Asimov Presents Superquiz IV 艾萨克·阿西莫夫推荐超级智力游戏，第四卷Dembner Books 1989426 The Tyrannosaurus Prescription: and One Hundred Other Science Essays 霸王龙处方：另一百篇科学随笔Prometheus Books 1989427 Asimov On Science: A 30 Year Retrospective 1959-1989 阿西莫夫讲科学：三十年回顾1959-1989 Doubleday 1989428 Visions of Fantasy: Tales From the Masters 幻想的影像：大师作品集Doubleday 1989429 Nemesis 报应Doubleday 1989430 Curses 诅咒NAL 1989431 Asimov's Chronology of Science and Discovery 阿西莫夫的科学与发现编年史Harper & Row 1989432 How Did We Find Out About Photosynthesis? 我们是如何发现光合作用的？Walker 1989433 The Complete Science Fair Handbook 科学博览会完全手册Scott Foresman & Co 1989434 Little Treasury of Dinosaurs (5 book set) 恐龙小百科（五本套装）Outlet 1989 Giant Dinosaurs (vol. 1) 巨大的恐龙Armored Dinosaurs (vol. 2) 顶盔贯甲的恐龙Small Dinosaurs (vol. 3) 小个子恐龙Sea Reptiles and Flying Reptiles(vol. 4) 大洋中的爬虫和飞行的爬虫Meat-Eating Dinosaurs and Horned 食肉恐龙和长犄角的恐龙Dinosaurs (vol. 5) 恐龙435 The New Hugo Winners 新雨果奖获奖者Wynwood Press 1989436 Senior Sleuths: A Large Print Anthology of Mysteries and Puzzlers 高等侦探：神秘故事与悬疑故事大选集G. K. Hall & Co. 1989437 Norby and Yobo's Great Adventure 诺比和约布的伟大冒险Walker 1989438 Mythology and the Universe 神话学与宇宙Gareth Stevens, Inc 1989439 Colonizing the Planets and the Stars 星际殖民Gareth Stevens, Inc 1989440 Astronomy Today 今日的天文学Gareth Stevens, Inc 1989441 Pluto: A Double Planet? 冥王星：双行星？Gareth Stevens, Inc 1989442 Piloted Space Flights 宇宙飞行的导航Gareth Stevens, Inc 1989。
开普勒定律证明
顯示↓图示遵守开普勒行星运动定律的两个行星轨道与。
(1) 第一个行星的椭圆轨道焦点是与，第二个行星的椭圆轨道焦点是与。
太阳的位置是在点。
(2) A1 与 A2 是两个面积相等的阴影区域。
太陽与第一个行星的連線，扫过这两个阴影区域，所需的時間相等。
(3) 各个行星绕太阳公转周期的比率为；这里，与分别为第一个行星与第二个行星的半长轴长度。
开普勒定律是开普勒所发现、关于行星运动的定律。
他於1609年在他出版的《新天文学》科學雜誌上发表了关于行星运动的两条定律，又於1618年，发现了第三条定律。
开普勒第三定律开普勒第三定律；这里，是行星公转轨道半长轴，是行星公转周期，是常数。
数学导引开普勒定律是关于行星环绕太阳的运动，而牛顿定律更广义的是关于几个粒子因万有引力相互吸引而产生的运动。
在只有两个粒子，其中一个粒子超轻于另外一个粒子，这些特别状况下，轻的粒子会环绕重的粒子移动，就好似行星根据开普勒定律环绕太阳的移动。
然而牛顿定律还容许其它解答，行星轨道可以呈抛物线运动或双曲线运动。
这是开普勒定律无法预测到的。
在一个粒子并不超轻于另外一个粒子的状况下，依照广义二体问题的解答，每一个粒子环绕它们的共同质心移动。
这也是开普勒定律无法预测到的。
开普勒定律，或者是用几何语言，或者是用方程式，将行星的坐标及时间跟轨道参数相连结。
牛顿第二定律是一个微分方程式。
开普勒定律的导引涉及解微分方程式的艺术。
我们会先导引开普勒第二定律，因为开普勒第一定律的导引必须建立于开普勒第二定律。
开普勒第一定律导引设定。
这样，角速度是。
随时间微分与随角度微分的关系为。
随时间微分徑向距離：。
再微分一次：。
代入径向运动方程式 (3) ，，。
将此方程式除以，则可得到一个简单的常係数非齐次线性全微分方程式来描述行星轨道：。
特征方程式为。
其特解方程式为；这里，与都是任意积分常数。
综合特征方程式与特解方程式，。
选择坐标轴，让。
代回，。
假若，则所描述的是椭圆轨道。
The Baikal Neutrino Telescope Physics Results and Future Plans贝加尔湖中微子望远镜物理结果与未来计划
- Prompt muons and neutrinos - Exotic HE muons
Search for exotic particles
- Magnetic monopoles
Atmospheric Neutrinos
372 Neutrinos in 1038 Days (1998-2003)
* Diffuse astroph.flux BBareckmg*srsohGuoRnwdBe:rcsofrrroemlated flux
h.e. downward muons
- HE atmospheric muons Final re*jecPtrionmopftbackground by „ener*gyExcuott“ic(Nhit)
NT-200 is used to watch the
volume below for cascades.
Diffuse Neutrino Flux
NT200 (1038 days)
DIFFUSE NEUTRgI=N1.O5 FLUX
(Ф ~ E-2, 10 TeV < E < 104 T2eV)
➢ Nizhny Novgorod State Technical University, Russia.
➢ St.Petersburg State Marine University, Russia.
➢ Kurchatov Institute, Moscow, Russia.
BAIKAL in CernCourier 7/8-2005
Outline:
Baikal
A N
N
Neutrino telescope NT200 (1998)
中微子 非标准相互作用
中微子非标准相互作用Neutrinos are fascinating subatomic particles that have captured the interest of scientists for decades. They are electrically neutral and interact only weakly with matter, making them extremely elusive to detect and study. However, recent research has revealed the existence of non-standard neutrino interactions, which deviate from the predictions of the Standard Model of particle physics. This discovery has opened up new avenues for understanding the fundamental nature of neutrinos and the laws that govern the universe.One of the main motivations for studying non-standard neutrino interactions is to shed light on the phenomenon of neutrino oscillation. Neutrinos come in three different flavors – electron, muon, and tau – and they can change from one flavor to another as they travel through space. This phenomenon, known as neutrino oscillation, impliesthat neutrinos must have mass, which contradicts theinitial assumption of the Standard Model. Non-standard interactions could provide an explanation for this massgeneration mechanism and help us understand why neutrinos behave the way they do.Another reason why non-standard neutrino interactions are important is their potential impact on astrophysics and cosmology. Neutrinos are produced in the core of the Sun, in supernovae explosions, and in other high-energy astrophysical processes. By studying the properties of neutrinos, scientists can gain insights into the inner workings of these cosmic phenomena. Non-standard interactions could affect the production, propagation, and detection of neutrinos, leading to observable differences in astrophysical data. Understanding these effects is crucial for accurately interpreting astronomical observations and unraveling the mysteries of the universe.Furthermore, non-standard neutrino interactions have implications for the search for new physics beyond the Standard Model. The Standard Model is a highly successful theory that describes the behavior of elementary particles and their interactions. However, it is known to be incomplete and does not account for several phenomena, suchas dark matter and the matter-antimatter asymmetry in the universe. Non-standard neutrino interactions could be a manifestation of new, yet undiscovered particles or forces that lie beyond the reach of the Standard Model. By studying these interactions, scientists hope to uncover clues about the nature of this new physics and pave the way for a more comprehensive theory of the universe.From a technological perspective, non-standard neutrino interactions could have practical applications in the field of neutrino detectors. Neutrino detectors play a crucial role in studying neutrinos and their properties. They are used to measure the flux, energy, and flavor composition of neutrinos, providing valuable data for theoretical models and experimental tests. Understanding non-standard interactions can help improve the design and sensitivity of these detectors, leading to more precise measurements and a deeper understanding of neutrinos.In conclusion, non-standard neutrino interactions represent an exciting area of research with far-reaching implications. They provide a unique window into themysteries of neutrino oscillation, astrophysics, new physics beyond the Standard Model, and even technological advancements in neutrino detectors. By studying these interactions, scientists are not only unraveling the secrets of the universe but also pushing the boundaries of human knowledge and understanding. The pursuit of knowledge about non-standard neutrino interactions is a testament to the curiosity and ingenuity of the human mind, and it holds the promise of revolutionizing our understanding of the fundamental laws that govern the cosmos.。
小谢尔顿中英对照剧本第三季第一集
S03E01Some people are just natural-born worriers.有些人天生就是爱操心My mother, for example,比如我妈就是这样could whip herself into a frenzy连我坐在床上什么都不干even if I were sitting on my bed doing nothing.她都能把自己搞到紧张兮兮Shelly?谢利Shelly?谢利Everything okay?你还好吧Hunky-dory. Why?很好啊怎么了Well, you're kind of dressed like you kidnapped yourself. 你把自己弄得像被绑架的人质Oh, I'm trying to block out sensory input.我在尝试封闭五感啦I hit a roadblock determining我判断一些问题时碰到了瓶颈whether virtual particles have a fixed mass就是虚粒子有没有固定质量or violate momentum conservation.以及它有没有违反动量守恒定律But then I remembered that Nikola Tesla believed但我想起来尼古拉·特斯拉相信that isolation is where ideas are born.独处是创意的摇篮Who's Nikola Tesla?谁是尼古拉·特斯拉One of the most prolific scientists of the 20th century. 20世纪最有成就的科学家之一Okay.好吧And, um...那...just out of curiosity,我就好奇随口一问how isolated was he?那他是有多"独处"呢Oh, highly.非常He found human contact revolting.他觉得人与人之间的接触令他恶心Well, that's kind of a lonely way to live, don't you think? 你不觉得他那样的生活很孤单吗Well, he wasn't entirely alone.他也没有完全无依无靠啦At the end of his life, he became good friends在他生命的尾声他跟一只褐鸽with a brown pigeon.成为了好朋友Great.真棒啊See ya.您慢走Nobody else is stronger than I am 世上没人比我强壮 ?Yesterday I moved a mountain昨天我移了一座山 ?I bet I could be your hero我相信我能当你的英雄 ?I am a mighty little man我是个了不起的小家伙 ?I am a mighty little man我是个了不起的小家伙 ?谢尔顿Have you heard from Dr. Sturgis at all? 斯特吉斯博士有联络你吗No.没有Can you believe the hospital's你敢相信医院居然still holding him for observation?还不放他走要留院观察吗Can't you?你说呢Well...这个嘛...I think I just felt a neutrino.我好像刚感觉到一颗中微子That one went right through my pants. 刚才那一颗好像穿过我裤子了You have goosegrass.你的花园有蟋蟀草And you can't have a nice lawn想要草皮好看if you have goosegrass.就不能有蟋蟀草I mean, I'm worried about him.我很担心他嘛I don't know how serious this is.我不知道他到底是严重还是不严重The whole year you were together...你们两个在一起的这一整年did you see any, um...你有看出任何...warning signs?不对头的地方吗No. Not really.没没什么特别的I just thought he was another...我以为他只是另一个...you know,你懂的cute, quirky egghead like Sheldon.像谢尔顿一样可爱又古怪的书呆子Speaking of which,说到这个when are you gonna tell Sheldon the truth about John? 你打算什么时候告诉谢尔顿约翰的情况Mm. When the time is right.等到对的时机吧So he still thinks he's being treated for mono?所以他还认为约翰是去治接吻病了吗I had to come up with something contagious我得说一个有高度传染性的病so he wouldn't want to visit.他才不会想去探病嘛Smart.高招Thank you.客气客气You're good at lying.你很会骗人啊You should do it more often.你应该多多骗人I like your earrings.我觉得你的耳环挺好看的All right, see, when you get tackled in your own end zone, 你看当你在自家达阵区前被人擒抱拦截the other team gets two points and the ball.另一队就得到两分并得到球权That's called a safety.这叫安全分I thought one of the players was a safety.我还以为是某位子的球员叫强卫[安全分]Well, that's true, too.你说的这个也对I'm confused.我搞不明白了Now you know how I feel when you talk现在你懂我听到你在聊about Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles.少年忍者神龟时的感觉了吧What's confusing?有哪里不懂的Everything you need to know is in the title. 你需要知道的一切资讯都在这名字里了Dad.爸How would you like to be rich?你有兴趣发财吗Go away.一边儿去Aren't you even a little curious?你难道没有任何一点好奇吗Does it involve me giving you money?发财的门路需要我给你钱吗Yeah, but then I give you more money back. 是的但是我会回馈给你更多钱啊How much more?多多少Way more.多很多You got to get in on this.你得赶紧投资啊Thanks. I'm not interested.谢了我没兴趣You're gonna regret it.你会后悔的Show me.拿出来看看吧Texas snow globes.德州雪球The card store on Magnolia is going out of business. 附近那家卡片礼品店要倒闭了They're selling these for one dollar each.这个雪球卖一块钱一个I sell 'em for five, and the money rolls in.我一个卖5块简直跟印钞机一样啊Does it worry you that the store selling these things 你就没担心过卖这东西的店is going out of business?都要倒闭了吗You have no vision.你这人没有远见Can I get back to the game?可以放我继续看比赛了吗Fine. I don't need your money.行行行我也不需要你的钱I have my own.我自己有钱Then why are we having this conversation?那你还来找我说这个事干嘛'Cause I'd rather lose your money than mine.因为我宁愿亏你的钱也不想亏自己的钱啊See?看到没Vision.远见I've always felt the world of subatomic particles 我一直认为亚原子粒子的世界would make an excellent video game.可以做成一个超棒的电子游戏Uh, fortunately, thanks to my brain,多亏了我聪明的大脑I've been playing it for years.我已经玩上这游戏许多年了You cheeky little muon,你个狡猾的渺子you know you don't belong there.你自己知道你不该在这区Don't look at me. He's your kid.别看我他是你生的仔《你孩子心理健康的完全指南》Someone likes snow globes.有人很喜欢雪球啊I hope so. I don't want 'em.希望吧我自己是不想要《农舍厨房菜》Okay.好的What do we got here?看看都买了些什么Farmhouse Kitchen.《农舍厨房菜》Garfield Hangs Out.《加菲猫》漫画The Complete Guide to Your Child's Mental...《你孩子心理健康的完全指南》Oh, look, that cute little book light-- I'll get that, too. 那个可爱的小书灯我也要了Okay.好的You still want the crazy kid book, right?这本疯孩子的书还要的对吧Yeah.要Okay,好的52 Texas snow globes52个德州雪球comes to...总共是$55.25.55.25块Can't you do any better?不能商量一下吗What do you mean?你是什么意思You're going out of business你都要倒闭了and I'm buying 'em all.我把这库存都买下来了Give me a break.给点折扣吧Okay, $50.好吧50块$30.30块吧- $40. ?- $35.-40块-35块- Deal. ?- No, wait.-成交-等等$32.32块$33.33块$35.35块George. ?乔治Hey, that's clever.这书灯很有巧思啊I'm reading this book about mental problems, 我在读这本跟精神问题有关的书and I'm worried it sounds like Sheldon.我有点担心里面描绘的很像谢尔顿Well, stop reading the book.那你就别读这个书了Shelly and Dr. Sturgis have a lot in common, 谢利跟斯特吉斯博士有很多共同点and look what happened.你看看人家现在都什么样了What, you mean like how he went to...怎么你是说他被送进...As a society, we've made strides在现在这个社会我们在in how we discuss psychological issues.如何谈论精神方面的疾病有了长足进步30 years ago in East Texas,而30年前的东德州呢let's just say we hadn't.只能说我们还没那么进步That could be your son one day.有一天你儿子可能也是这样呢Honey, just 'cause they're both super smart 老婆只因为他们都非常聪明doesn't mean that they're the same person.不代表他们就是同个人I mean, Sturgis was in love with your mom, 你看斯特吉斯爱上了你妈so clearly he was nuts from the get-go.从这点就能看出他是神经病啊You're not helping.你真是一点忙都帮不上I'm not wrong, either.但我的话也没说错啊Love you.爱你哟Why aren't you also driving Missy to school? 你今天怎么不载米希一起上学I thought it might be nice for us to chat.因为我想跟你两人单独聊聊天嘛About Missy?聊米希吗She is a bit much, isn't she?她的确是有些令人难忍是吧Here's a question for you.我有个问题想问你Do you ever see or hear things that other people can't?你有看或听到别人看听不到的事物过吗Oh, all the time.经常啊Right now, the car antenna is vibrating比如现在车的天线正在震动at the same frequency as the pistons in the motor.它与这台车引擎的活塞的频率是一致的It's quite irritating, but you know me--挺烦人的但你也知道我这人I don't complain.我从来不抱怨I meant more like things that aren't actually there.我指的是那些并不太真实存在的事物啦Ah, isn't that the fundamental question of modern metaphysics? 这不正是现代形而上学的基本问题吗What is actually there?根本上有什么存在This is fun.聊得真开心Missy should ride with Dad more often.米希应该多坐爸的车上学Let me try this a different way.让我再换个方式问Um, do you ever feel paranoid,你有过神经兮兮like people are out to get you?觉得随时有别人要来害你过吗I'm a ten-year-old in high school--我是个10岁就在高中读书的孩子people are out to get me.的确是到处都有人要来害我啊That's fair.这话合情合理I just think if I was having these feelings,我是在想如果是我有这些感觉that might be scary, right?那应该挺可怕的吧I suppose so.大概吧And this is something that's been concerning you? 而你正被这些问题所困扰吗Maybe.或许吧Lately.最近这段期间啦A little.有一点But the important thing is that we can always talk 但最重要的是我们可以敞开心扉about this kind of thing with each other.跟彼此聊这方面的事情Do you have any books on mental health?您这边有跟心理健康有关的书吗Sure. Why?当然啊怎么了I believe my mother is unraveling.我觉得我妈快要疯了We have a few books on mental illness you might find helpful. 我们有几本你可能有用的精神疾病书籍This one's a good place to start.从这本开始读应该挺不错Have you read it?你读过吗Read it, lived it,读过体验过made the mistake of talking about it on a date.也犯过在与人约会时聊这个的错Sure. Walk away.行啊你就走吧They all do.你们男人都这样Who is it?谁啊Georgie Cooper.小乔治·库珀Who?您哪位I'm your neighbor.我是你的邻居The one with the chickens?养鸡的那一家吗No.不是The ones with that weird, smart kid?有奇怪的天才小孩那家吗Yeah, that's my brother.是的那是我弟弟I don't like that kid.我不喜欢那孩子Neither do I, sir.我也不喜欢他啊先生What do you want?你来想干嘛I was wondering if you'd like to buy one of th... 我想知道您有没有兴趣买一个...You didn't even see what I was selling.你都还没看我要卖什么What?你卖啥Texas snow globes.德州雪球Dang it.靠See?看见没It's pretty.很漂亮Why would I want that?我要这玩意干嘛Well, um...这个嘛...b-b-because it's Texas,因为这可是德州啊and everybody in Texas loves Texas?每个德州人都热爱自己的家乡Dang it.靠And if you act now,如果你立刻行动you can have this beautiful,你家里就能拥有这个limited edition keepsake in your home漂亮的限量版纪念品for the low, low price of only five dollars.价格不过是低廉的五美元I hope you know I'm missing我可是丢下了《人民法庭》节目People's Court right now.来开门听你废话的But with Christmas coming,但圣诞节即将到来this would make an excellent stocking stuffer. 这可以塞进圣诞袜里当作超棒的礼物Well, you're my grandson,你是我外孙and I love you...我爱你so it hurts me to do this.所以摔你门我也很心痛Dang it.靠《诊断精神疾病》《你孩子心理健康的完全指南》Oh, dear.天啊Oh, no.不好Oh, no.糟了Oh, dear.完蛋了Sorry I gave you the boot before.抱歉我之前让你吃了闭门羹Does that mean you'll buy one now?那你现在是要买吗No.并不You didn't sell a single snow globe?你一个雪球都没卖出去吗Now, don't give your brother a hard time. 别为难你哥哥He took some initiative, and I admire that. 他主动去做一件事我很佩服Thank you.多谢夸奖I mean, the snow globes were silly,雪球虽然挺傻帽的but I bet your next idea will be great.但你下个点子一定很棒They're not silly.它们才不傻I'm glad you feel that way, 'cause you got 50 of them. 你这么想就好了因为你还屯着五十个呢I'm gonna sell them all just to prove you wrong.哪怕就为了证明你是错的我也会全部卖光Well, now I know既然it's a peeing contest between you and your daddy,这变成你和你爸比赛谁尿得更远I'll take two.我就要两个吧Well, all right.好咧Mom, you're not crazy about Dad.妈妈你也没多喜欢爸爸- Want to buy a snow globe? - Enough.-想买个雪球吗-够了And I don't like us making fun of each other.我也不喜欢我们互相嘲笑对方We're family and this should be a place that is safe, 我们是一家人家里应该是个安全的环境where we can talk about anything.我们想聊什么都行I agree.我赞同Now, let's just say grace.我们做饭前祷告吧Thank you, God,感谢上帝for this food we are about to receive, 赐予我们这些食物and bless the hands that prepared it. 也赐福准备这顿饭的人And please keep us all in good health, 并请您保佑我们body and mind.身体以及精神上都健康Why are you looking at me?你为什么看着我- I'm not. Amen. - Amen.-我没有阿门-阿门Hello?你好Oh, baby.宝贝What are you doing up?你怎么起来了I couldn't sleep.我睡不着Why are you up?你为什么也不睡觉Same.一样Do you have insomnia from anxiety? 你因为焦虑而失眠吗Is that what you have?你是因为这个原因吗Yes.是的What are you anxious about?你在焦虑什么呢Honestly, your mental health.老实说你的精神健康Me? Why?我为什么Well, you seem preoccupied lately,你最近好像心事重重and you were asking me all those questions in the car.之前在车上又问我那些问题I was just letting you know that if you were having any problems 我只是想告诉你如果你遇到问题you could come to me with them.可以来找我帮忙解决You think I have mental problems?你觉得我有精神问题吗Well, not problems.没到问题那么严重啦I'm just worried about your future,我只是担心你的未来and when I see you moving...而且当我看到你...subatomic particles around in the air, that makes...在空中移动亚原子粒子时我觉得...Subatomic particles are real!亚原子粒子是真实存在的You talk to an invisible man in the sky你还跟天上一个看不见的男人说话呢who grants wishes.�k还能实现愿望If anyone's mental, it's you.要说谁真疯了那也是你Okay, now you are over the line.这你就太过分了You apologize.你道歉No!不要What the hell's going on?什么情况Nothing. It's fine.没什么没事Mom thinks that I'm crazy.妈妈觉得我疯了I thought we weren't supposed to say stuff like that. 我们不是说好不提这种字眼吗Mother?妈妈- Yes? ?- Is it okay-什么事-我可以if I use a knife to butter my toast,用刀给吐司涂牛油吗or are you worried I'll do something crazy with it? 还是你担心我会用刀做出疯狂的举动- ou can butter your own toast. - Oh, good.-你可以自己涂牛油-太好了You see the toast, too.你也能看见吐司I was afraid I was imagining it.我还担心是我幻想出来的呢- Sheldon... - All right,-谢尔顿...-好了that's enough.别闹了What's going on?这是什么情况Nothing's going on. Everything's fine.什么情况都没有一切如常I'll tell you later.我等会告诉你My mother believes I'm mentally unstable.我妈妈认为我精神不稳定And since there's a genetic component and I'm her child, 由于这是有遗传倾向的我又是她生的I suppose it's possible.所以我想这确实有可能I know you're angry right now,我知道你现在很生气but you will not be disrespectful.但你不能目无尊长You know, fits of rage are a classic sign of psychosis.暴怒也是精神病的典型症状Oh, you haven't seen fits of rage yet!你还没见识到老娘真暴怒起来的样子呢I said that's enough!我说别闹了Both of y'all are acting like lunatics.你们俩都表现得像疯子You up to speed?你了解情况了吧I think I got it.我想我知道了I already accepted Jesus in my heart.我已经在心里接受耶稣了No. I'm selling these Texas snow globes. 不我是想推销这些德州雪球I have enough crap in my house.我家里的垃圾够多了Crap?垃圾You love Texas, right?你热爱我大德州吧Well, sure.当然And who doesn't like snow?又有谁不喜欢雪呢Sleds and snowball fights.坐雪橇打雪仗I remember it snowed hard here once我记得我小的时候when I was a kid.这里下过一场漫天大雪That must have been amazing.那一定很美吧It was. They cancelled school.是的学校停课Me and my brother built a snow fort in the backyard.我和我哥在后院搭了座雪堡垒That's cool.真酷My brother and I love doing stuff together.我和我弟弟也很喜欢一起做各种事We're really close.我俩非常亲密无间I hadn't thought about that day in a long time.我很长时间没想起过那一天了Well,那...what if that memory...要是那段美好回忆was just one shake away?只需摇一摇就能回来呢How much?多少钱Five dollars.五美元Fine. I'll take it.好吧我要了How about you get one for your brother?不如再多拿一个给你哥哥吧I don't know.我说不好He married some Yankee gal and moved to Connecticut. 他娶了个北方妞儿搬去康涅狄格州了But he's still your brother.但他仍是你哥哥啊Aw, what the hell.不管了She's gonna leave him at some point.反正她迟早会抛弃他的医疗广场I don't see the point of this.我不知道这有什么意义I just don't think it could hurt for us to talk to someone.我就是觉得我们找人咨询一下也没坏处But I could be home right now但我明明此刻可以在家里wearing a blindfold, mittens and nose plug戴上眼罩手套和鼻塞- doing something important. - You know what?-做些重要的事-知道吗Maybe you should mention或许你可以the blindfold and mittens to the doctor.跟医生聊聊眼罩和手套的事Or maybe I'll mention how you think that God speaks to you, 或许我也可以聊聊你觉得上帝有跟你交流的事because I find that concerning.因为那让我有点担心He does speak to me, and right now he's saying他确实有和我交流此刻他就在说I should wash your mouth out with soap.我该用肥皂洗干净你的臭嘴Violent fantasies.暴力幻想Interesting.有意思Mrs. Ebner, do you remember where you were 艾伯纳太太你还记得the last time it snowed in Medford?梅德福上一次下雪时你在哪吗We didn't have a carrot for the snowman's nose, 我们当时没有给雪人当鼻子的胡萝卜so can you believe we used a hot dog?只好用了根热狗肠你能相信吗That must have been a sight.那景象一定很有趣I was with my grandchildren.我当时跟外孙们在一起They had never seen snow before.他们是第一次见到雪I taught 'em to make snow angels.我教他们堆雪天使Little angels making little angels.小天使制作小天使呢You can't put a price on memories.美好回忆可是无价的But I am running a special: two for eight.但我在做特价买两个八美元Hey, little princess.小公主你好呀This is called "Snow."这个叫"雪"She likes it.她喜欢呢So naturally I was concerned about his well-being 所以我自然会担心他的健康and was keeping an eye on him just to be safe.为了安全起见便密切留意他It's called being neurotic.这叫神经质It's called being a good mother.这叫当个称职的好妈妈This is healthy.这样很健康Communication is the cornerstone...沟通交流是奠基...I am behaving no differently than I ever have.我的表现跟以往没什么不同Why are you suddenly so worried about me?你为什么忽然担心起我来了That is a valid question.这个问题问得好Has anything changed recently?最近发生了什么改变吗Well...这个嘛Maybe it's hormonal.可能是荷尔蒙作祟When does menopause typically begin?通常更年期是几岁开始的It is not my hormones.不是因为我的荷尔蒙Well, it certainly isn't mine.反正肯定不是我的I'm showing no signs of puberty.我还没任何青春期发育的迹象W...这...You know, sometimes mothers look for issues with their children 有时妈妈会故意找孩子身上的问题so they can feel more needed.为了让自己感到被需要Okay, now we're getting somewhere.我们终于有些进展了That is not what's happening.才不是这么回事Well, then what is happening?那是怎么回事呢Baby, there's something I need to tell you.宝贝有件事我得告诉你Dr. Sturgis is not in the kind of hospital you think he is.斯特吉斯博士不是住进了你想的那种医院What kind of hospital is he in?那他是在哪种医院The psychiatric kind.精神病院Why? What's going on?为什么发生了什么He was having some issues,他的健康遇到些问题but he's getting the help he needs,但现在有专业的人在帮他and I'm sure he's gonna be fine.他一定会康复的And you think since he and I are both gifted,你觉得因为我和他都有天赋I'm going to end up like him?我以后也会变成他那样吗Well, it...我...it crossed my mind.我的确有这样想过Sheldon, you're my baby.谢尔顿你是我的宝贝儿子It is my job to worry about you.我有责任担心你I can't help it.我控制不了I'm sorry I cause you so much concern.抱歉我让你这么担心I'm not.我不感到抱歉See how valuable a little communication can be? 看见没一点沟通就能有巨大的效果You do not take credit for this.这事你屁功劳都没有And the turtle eating the pizza is Leonardo.在吃比萨的那只乌龟是李奥纳多How can you tell?你怎么分得出来He's wearing blue.他戴蓝色眼罩And he's the hot one.而且他最帅Dad, remember my silly idea? 爸爸还记得我的傻帽点子吗Yeah.记得Guess what?猜猜怎么着It's snowing.下雪了。
【英语单词记忆】天文术语 N O
【英语单词记忆】天文术语 N O 【英语单词记忆】天文术语n-o裸眼变星nakedttauristar显露金牛t型星窄线射电星系（nlrg）nasmythspectrograph内氏焦点摄谱仪自然参照系naturalrefenencesystem自然参考系自然视觉near-contactbinary接近相接双星近地小行星near-earthasteroidbelt近地小行星带近地天体neonnova氖新星海王星环neutrinoastrophysics中微子天文国家新技术望远镜noao,nationalopticalastronomical国立光学天文台天文台nocturnal夜间定时仪交点进动nodalregression交点退行无损读出（NDRO）nonlinearinfallmode非线性下落模型非线性稳定性nonnucleateddwarfelliptical无核矮椭圆星系无核矮星系nonpotentiality非势场性非冗余掩蔽nonthermalradiohalo非热射电晕正常尾巴northgalacticcap北银冠北欧光学望远镜novarate新星频数、新星出现率新技术望远镜nucleateddwarfelliptical有核矮椭圆星系有核矮星系numberdensityprofile数密度轮廓星体数小行星obliquepulsator斜脉动星观测宇宙学observationaldispersion观测弥散度观测资料观测数据observingseason观测季神秘带面具o-ne-mgwhitedwarf氧氖镁白矮星单参数法。
高中物理术语
高中物理术语测量-measure,温度-temperature误差-uncertainty,气压-pressure熔点-meltingpoint,沸点-boilingpoint实验-experiment,气体-gas液体-liquid,固体-solid质子-proton,中子-neutron电子-electron,中微子-neutrino质量-mass,密度-density压力-pressure,力-force摩擦力-friction,重力-gravitationalforce潮汐力-tidalforce,电场-electricfield磁场-magneticfield,核裂变-nuclearfission核聚变-nuclearfusion,电源-power电阻-resistance,二极管-diode三极管-transistor,电容-capacitor电压-voltage,电流-current保险丝-fuse,电压表-voltmeter电流表-ammeter,并联-parallel串联-serie,开关-switch导体-conductor,绝缘体-insulator晶闸管-thyratron,变压器-transformer位移-displacement,速度-velocity加速度-acceleration,系数-coefficient离子-ion,分子-molecule原子-atom,氢–hydrogenforce??力motion??运动unit??单位??SIUnit??国际标准单位vector??向量scalar??数量（与向量相对，就是数）displacement??位移distance??距离velocity??速度instantaneousvelocity??瞬时速度averagevelocity平均速度acceleration??加速度instantaneousacceleration??瞬时加速度averageacceleration??平均加速度netforce??合力staticfiction??静摩擦力kineticfiction??滑动摩擦力coefficientoffiction??摩擦系数gravitationalforce??重力mass??质量Newton’sLaw??牛顿（运动/力学）定律Galileo??伽利略energy??能work功power??功率gravitationalpotentialenergy??重力势能kineticenergy??动能thermalenergy??热能wave??波mechanicalwave??机械波longitudinalwave??纵波transversewave??横波period??周期frequency??频率amplitude??振幅phase??相位wavelength??波长superposition??波的叠加constructiveinterference??相长干涉destructiveinterference??相消干涉standingwaves??驻波resonance??共振media??媒介vibrate??振动soundwave??声波Dopplereffect??多普勒效应reflection??反射refraction??折射indexofrefraction??折射率totalinternalreflection??全反射criticalangle??临界角focalpoint??焦点image??像lenses??透镜converginglenses??会聚透镜diverginglenses??发散透镜electricity??电magnetism??磁electriccharge??电荷electriccurrent??电流electricpotential??电势electricfield??电场(uniform)magneticfield??匀强磁场electromagneticinduction??电磁感应kilowatt-hour??千瓦时electriccircuit??电路conductor??导体solenoid??螺线管Lenz’sLaw??楞次定律directcurrent??直流alternatingcurrent??交流inertial/non-inertialframesofreference??惯性/非惯性参考系inclinedplane??斜面projectile??抛射circularmotion??圆周运动momentum??动量impulse??冲量elasticpotentialenergy??弹性势能elastic/inelasticcollision??弹性/非弹性碰撞open/closedsystem??开放/封闭系统simpleharmonicmotion??简谐运动mechanicenergy??机械能conservationofmomentum/energy??动量/能量守恒Coulomb’sLaw??库仑定律dispersion??色散polarization??偏振（光）spectrum??波谱Young’sdouble slit杨氏双缝radioactivity??放射quantumtheory??量子论photoelectriceffect??光电效应matterwaves??物质波（德布罗意波）Bohrmodel 波尔模型quantummechanics??量子力学special/generaltheoryofrelativity狭义／广义相对论elementaryparticles??基本粒子quark??夸克lepton??轻子。
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a rXiv:h ep-ph/971248v16Oct1997HIP-1997-56/TH Testing exotic neutrino-neutrino interactions with AGN neutrinos Petteri Ker ¨a nen 1Department of Physics,P.O.Box 9,FIN-00014University of Helsinki,Finland February 1,2008Abstract We propose a test for non-standard neutrino-neutrino interactions by using ul-trahigh energy AGN neutrinos.Such interactions would influence the AGN neutrino flux due to collisions with cosmic background neutrinos.For typical AGN neutrinos we obtain an upper limit for the coupling constant g <6.4·10−3if the mediator is light and g/(M X /MeV)<0.013if the mediator is heavy.We compare our results with constraints from other phenomena previously consid-ered.1.Introduction.Active galactic nuclei(AGN)are found to be the origin of the highest energy photons detected in gamma ray observatories.The production of these photons is believed to be accompanied by a production of other high-energy cosmic rays,like protons,electrons and neutrinos[1].The weakly interacting neutrinos can carry usfirst-hand information of the processes taking place in the source and of the source itself,and they can reach us from more distant AGN.On the other hand, the AGN neutrinos can be useful in studying the properties of neutrinos themselves. The high-energies not achievable in laboratory experiments or in other astrophysical environments,combined with long distances between the source and the detection point,may reveal new important information of mixing,masses and possible new interaction forms of neutrinos.In this paper we will study the possibility of testing non-standard neutrino-neutrino interactions with high-energy neutrinos from AGN.If such interactions exist,the AGN neutrinos will undergo extra collision processes with neutrinos in cosmic background in their way from the source to detectors.This will affect their measuredflux.We will derive an upper limit for the effective strength of these interactions that could be reached by measuring theflux in the new neutrino telescopes such as AMANDA[2], Nestor[3],Baikal[4]and ANTARES[5].The energies of the extragalactic neutrinos we are interested in are typically from some hundreds of GeV up to a few EeV:s. The typical length scale is several hundreds of megaparsecs which is the distance to the neighbouring active galaxies.The new neutrino telescopes can detect very high energy neutrinos with quite a good angular resolution,in the future even allowing one to connect observed neutrinos with given AGN sources despite the atmospheric neutrino background[6].In the standard model neutrinos interact with other neutrinos only via Z-boson exchange.Neutrino-neutrino interactions are,however,hard to test,and it is not excluded that there are substantial non-standard”secret”forces between neutrinos. We will consider the possibility of testing such secret forces using AGN neutrinos.To be specific,we will assume that these interactions are of the form(i=e,µ,τ)g¯νiγµνi Xµ,(1)where X is a spin-one boson and g is the coupling constant of the interaction.We will here assume that the coupling is similar between different neutrinos and that this new vectorial interaction does not couple X boson with any other particles than neutrinos. The effective Hamiltonian of this interaction in the low energy approximation isH=F V(¯νγαν)(¯νγαν),(2) where F V=g2/M2X is the effective coupling constant of the interaction.In the order of magnitude level our results are obviously valid for a wider class of models than just for the one defined in Eq.(1)and Eq.(2).Laboratory constraints for the non-standard interactions of the form given above have been discussed in[7]-[10].The most stringent one comes from measuring the invisible width of the Z-boson at LEP[10]:F V<4×102G F.(3)Here the number of neutrino species have been used to set a limit on the non-standard four neutrino coupling resulting in the cascade decay Z→ν¯ν→ν¯νν¯ν.Constraints from cosmology and astrophysics have been considered in[11]-[13]. One of these limits[13]is even stricter than the laboratory limit(3),but it is more model dependent,as will be discussed below.These constraints come from SN1987A[11, 12]and nucleosynthesis considerations[13].It is interesting to study whether one could improve the present bounds by mea-suring theflux of AGN neutrinos.We will show that indeed for certain values of the X boson mass more stringent limits will be achievable.2.UHE neutrino sources.In the litterature two types of mechanisms for neutrino production in AGN have been discussed,spherical accretion mechanism and blazars producing jets(for a review,see[1]).In the spherical accretion mechanism it is believed that in the center of an active galaxy a supermassive black hole creates an accretion disk of materia falling into the black hole.In this disk a shock is formed that accelerates protons[14],[15]to very high energies.Neutrinos are produced in pion photoproduction processes and in pp-collisions,the most important reaction chain being pγ→nπ+→µ+νµ→e+νe¯νµ[16]. Different models have been presented[17,18,19,20]for estimating thefluxes ofnucleons and neutrinos starting from the observed X rayflux.It is argued that in blazars protons are accelerated in jets[21]-[22]by thefirst order shock acceleration mechanism,and neutrinos are then created in the decays of photoproduced pions.Theflux of neutrinos can be calculated from the observed photon spectrum[23].In both cases of AGN tau neutrinos are produced only negligible amounts,but they might appear due to mixing.In case the secret interactions exist,the possible flux of tau neutrinos will be reduced by the same amount as that ofνe andνµ.The detectedflux of neutrinos from a single source is estimated to be from a few to even some hundreds of events per year in a square kilometer neutrino detector[6]. However,the statistics will improve with time and when the plans to build several new kilometer scale detectors are to come reality.Also,the higher is the neutrino energy,the better is its detection rate in a neutrino telescope compared with that of the background atmospheric neutrinos.Moreover,one can increase the statistics by integrating theflux of all AGN and blazars of the whole known Universe.The inte-grated neutrinoflux is expected to be well above the backgroundflux of atmospheric neutrinos[1].To obtain a conservative limit on the strength of the secret interactions we ap-proximate the distance of AGN and blazar sources to be500Mpc,which is less than the actual distance of the majority of them.More stringent limits will be obtained by statistically indentifying the individual sources of the observed neutrinos and using the corresponding actual distance.3.An order of magnitude estimate.Constraints on the secret neutrino-neutrino in-teractions will be obtained from the possible depletion of the AGN neutrinoflux.To obtain an order of magnitude estimate we will compare the mean free pathλof AGN neutrinos associated with these interactions and the distance D to the source with each other.An upper limit for the strength of the force is set by the conditionλ−1D<1.Assuming that the background neutrinos are relativistic Dirac particles and that the interaction is of the vector type(1),one can estimate the cross section of an ultrarelativistic neutrino colliding with a cosmic background neutrino asg4sσ=s≫M X,then the mass of the mediator can be neglected and the cross section of Eq.(4)can be approximated√asσ=g4/s.On the other hand,ifs≫M X andg/(M X/MeV)<(nνλs)−1/4≃0.02(6)√in the caseof the background neutrinos.A similar analyses for supernova SN1987A neutrinos is presented by Kolb and Turner in [12].4.Thermal analysis.We can write the Boltzmann equation of high energy neutri-nos ν1with phase space distribution f ′and background neutrinos ν2,assumed to be relativistic,with Fermi-Dirac distribution f in the form−1dt = d 3p 2f ′d f ′22(1+z ),where z =cos θand θisthe angle between the initial state momenta.The total cross section of the reactions an AGN neutrino undergoes is of the form σ=a/s and σ=as/M 4X in the case√s ≪M X ,where the dimension-less constant a will be calculated numerically below in table 1.The mean free path of the AGN neutrinos is given by the expressionλ−1=a ∞0dE 2E 22f (E 2)n 2=a 12ζ(3)n 2(9)in the case √5aE 1∞0dE 2E 22f (E 2)n 2=16aE 1T180ζ(3)n 2.(10)in the case √process(dσ/dt)(8πs2/g4)σs/g4(dσ/dt)(8πM4/g4)σM4/g4st2+s2t2+(s+t)2t2+(s+t)2t2+(s+t)2s2+(s+t)2s≫M X and in the last two columns in the case√D/(500Mpc))1/4(11) in the case√(E1/PeV)(D/500Mpc))1/4(12) in the case√s≫M X)or the high energy(√From supernova SN1987A data two kinds of limits were obtained to the neutrino-neutrino couplings,considered in[11]and[12].In[11]the constraint was derivedfrom the duration of the neutrino pulse and the magnitude of neutrinoflux.A limitto the neutrino-neutrino cross section was placed toσ¯ν¯ν<10−35cm2,and g2<5.1·10−6(Tν/10MeV).1It was assumed that the possible secret interaction was dueto the exchange of a scalar particle with mass smaller than the neutrino temperatureTν,which is less than10MeV.Our result is of the same order of magnitude when thislimit is interpreted in terms of vector particle exchange.In[12]the supernova neutrino interactions with cosmic neutrino background wasused to derive limits for the couplings.The energy of the supernova neutrinos isaround10MeV and the distance55kpc is much shorter than that of AGN.Thelimits obtained are comparable with those we obtained,g<5.6·10−4if M V≪60eV and g/(M V/MeV)<12if M V≫60eV(in this case√1According to reference[24]this result is disputable and the upper limit could actually be some-what larger.References[1]T.K.Gaisser,F.Halzen and T.Stanev,Phys.Rep.258(1995)175.[2]See e.g.the AMANDA homepage,http://dilbert.lbl.gow/www/amanda.html.[3]See e.g.the NESTOR homepage,http://www.ifh.de/baikal/baikalhome.html.[4]See e.g.the BAIKAL homepage,http://www.roma1.infn.it/nestor/nestor.html.[5]See e.g.the ANTARES homepage,http://infodan.in2p3.fr/antares/.[6]See e.g.ANTARES proposal,May1997,astro-ph/9707136.[7]D.Yu.Bardin,S.M.Bilenky and B.Pontecorvo,Phys.Lett.B32(1970)121.[8]G.D.Gable et al.,Phys.Lett.B40(1972)699.[9]C.Y.Pang et al.,Phys.Rev.D8(1973)1989.[10]M.Bilenky,S.M.Bilenky and A.Santamaria,Phys.Lett.B301(1993)287.[11]A.Manohar,Phys.Lett.B192(1987)217.[12]E.W.Kolb and M.Turner,Phys.Rev.D36(1987)2895.[13]E.Masso and R.Toldra,Phys.Lett.B333(1994)132.[14]R.J.Protheroe and D.Kazanas,Ap.J.265(1983)620.[15]D.Kazanas and D.Ellison,Ap.J.304(1986)178.[16]F.W.Stecker,Phys.Rev.Lett.21(1968)1016.[17]A.P.Szabo and R.J.Protheroe,Astropart.Phys.2(1994)375.[18]F.W.Stecker,C.Done,M.H.Salamon and P.Sommers,Phys.Rev.Lett.66(1991)2797;69(1992)2738(E).[19]M.C.Begelman,B.Rudak and M.Sikora,Ap.J.362(1990)38.[20]M.Sikora and M.C.Begelman,in high Energy Neutrino Astronomy,eds.V.J.Stenger et al.(World Scientific,Singapore,1992),p.114.[21]K.Mannheim and P.L.Biermann,Astron.Astrophys.253(1992)L21.[22]K.Mannheim,Astron.Astrophys.269(1993)67.[23]P.L.Biermann and P.A.Strittmatter,Ap.J.322(1987)643.[24]D.A.Dicus et al.,Phys.Lett.B218(1989)84.。