英语词汇学_Unit_05_Pragmatic_meaning
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Imitative meaning 仿义型 Opposite meaning 反义型 Broadened or narrowed meaning 增减型 Distortional meaning 畸变型
Grammatical context
In some cases, the meaning of a polysemous word may be determined by the grammatical structure (not specific words) in which it occurs.
The word “paper” has a number of meanings in the dictionary, but in each of the following context, it conveys only one meaning. a sheet of paper It is obvious that the main reason for bringing out this a white paper or that meaning of the word a term paper “paper” is the specific words which the word today’s paper “paper” is combined with. examination paper
receive become cause
get+NP: get a big apple; get an interestingbook get+AP: get very angry; get incredibly cold get…to do…: I got him to do the job.
Extra-linguistic context
Subjective experientiality 主观体验性
Pragmatic meaning carries strong personal feeling because of different individual’s personal experience.
pumpkin (Chinese: intolerable hungry days in the past; Americans: joyful “Thanksgiving Day”) a. We admired her for her bravery after she saved the children from the fire. (钦佩) b. We felt ashamed for your bravery in the fight with your classmate. (讽刺)
Etymological subsidiarity原词附属性
The pragmatic meaning of a word is closely related to its original meaning.
Ambition is the mother of destruction as well as of evil. (mother: origin / a female parent) H-beam （工字梁）、 O-ring （环形圈）、 T-shirt （短袖圆领衫）、 U-steel（槽钢）、V-belt（三角 皮带）、Y-curve（叉型曲线）。
English Lexicology Unit 5
Pragmatic Meaning of Words
Content
Pragmatic Meaning: an introduction Characteristics of Pragmatic Meaning Classification of Pragmatic Meaning Communicative Function of Pragmatic Meaning
Contextual interdependency 语境共生性
a. Words pay no debts.（空话） b. He is the mouth of the House in its relations with the Crown.（发言人）
Classification of Pragmatic Meaning
Extra-linguistic context is the actual speech situation in which a word is used. Example: John’s really quick.
John is a runner. The teacher told a joke, and then all the students but John laughed. Then John laughed. Then one of the students says: John’s really quick. (quick is used ironically to mean the opposite slow).
The ball was attractive.
Grammatical structure.
Visiting relatives may be boring.
• 鸡不吃了。/ 约翰拔了三颗蛀牙。
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
Characteristics of Pragmatic Meaning
Etymological subsidiarity原词附属性 Subjective experientiality 主观体验性 Meaning uncertainty 意义不确定性 Conceptual temporality 概念临时性 Contextual interdependency 语境共生性
Pragmatic Meaning: an introduction
Semantic meaning Vs pragmatic meaning Context – the basis for the production of pragmatic meanings
Semantic meaning Vs pragmatic meaning
Lexical context: the lexemes that co-occur with the word in question. The meaning of the word is affected or determined by the neighboring lexemes.
Example: paper
Ambiguity refers to a word, a phrase, a sentence with more than one possible meaning. Ambiguity may be caused by
Polysemy (一词多义).
He painted a tree.
Homonymy (同音/同形异义).
a particular time, space, or culture in which a word appears.
Linguistic context
Linguistic context can be further divided into
Lexical context Grammatical context
“What did you say?”
- the speaker did not hear. (semantic meaning) - a challenge to repeat sth. that will not find favour. (pragmatic meaning)
Context
Ungerer & Schimid (2001): context is the linguistic material proceeding and following a word or sentence. (Purely linguistic point of view) Searl (1979): the set of background assumptions that are necessary for an utterance to be intelligible. Halliday (1989): both the context of culture and the context of situation are necessary for a proper understanding of an utterance or text.
We can buy favor with flattery, but we can’t buy happiness with money. (obtain/exchange) She opened the door and her heart to the homeless boy. (Zeugma 共轭搭配)
Two types of contexts
The meanings of words, especially those of polysemous words may be viewed as determined either by linguistic (verbal) contexts or extralinguistic (non-verbal) contexts.
Extra-linguistic context
The extra-linguistic context may extend to include the entire cultural background.
Notice on the door of a butcher’s shop: “Sorry, no dogs”.
Customers are not allowed to take dogs into the shop. (Western culture) The butcher apologizes for having run out of dog meat. (Chinese culture)
The importance of context in eliminating ambiguity
Linguistic (verbal) context (言语)
words, clauses, sentences, paragraphs, or whole books in which a word appears.
Extra-linguistic (non-verbal) context (非言语）
Meaning uncertainty 意义不确定性
Pragmatic meaning is uncertain when factors such as age, nationality, time, place, etc. are involved. e.g. “小姐”
narrowing
At Christmas, the bird was delicious. (turkey)
Semantic meaning is a conventionalised form of meaning.
words mean certain things by generally accepted convention. eg. dog- a certain kind of animal
Pragmatic meaning is distinctly nonconventional in nature. (meaning in use)
broadening
approximation This coat cost 1,000 dollars. (about 1,000) metaphorical extension Federer is the new Sampras. (gifted tennis player)
Conceptual temporality 概念临时性
Grammatical context
In some cases, the meaning of a polysemous word may be determined by the grammatical structure (not specific words) in which it occurs.
The word “paper” has a number of meanings in the dictionary, but in each of the following context, it conveys only one meaning. a sheet of paper It is obvious that the main reason for bringing out this a white paper or that meaning of the word a term paper “paper” is the specific words which the word today’s paper “paper” is combined with. examination paper
receive become cause
get+NP: get a big apple; get an interestingbook get+AP: get very angry; get incredibly cold get…to do…: I got him to do the job.
Extra-linguistic context
Subjective experientiality 主观体验性
Pragmatic meaning carries strong personal feeling because of different individual’s personal experience.
pumpkin (Chinese: intolerable hungry days in the past; Americans: joyful “Thanksgiving Day”) a. We admired her for her bravery after she saved the children from the fire. (钦佩) b. We felt ashamed for your bravery in the fight with your classmate. (讽刺)
Etymological subsidiarity原词附属性
The pragmatic meaning of a word is closely related to its original meaning.
Ambition is the mother of destruction as well as of evil. (mother: origin / a female parent) H-beam （工字梁）、 O-ring （环形圈）、 T-shirt （短袖圆领衫）、 U-steel（槽钢）、V-belt（三角 皮带）、Y-curve（叉型曲线）。
English Lexicology Unit 5
Pragmatic Meaning of Words
Content
Pragmatic Meaning: an introduction Characteristics of Pragmatic Meaning Classification of Pragmatic Meaning Communicative Function of Pragmatic Meaning
Contextual interdependency 语境共生性
a. Words pay no debts.（空话） b. He is the mouth of the House in its relations with the Crown.（发言人）
Classification of Pragmatic Meaning
Extra-linguistic context is the actual speech situation in which a word is used. Example: John’s really quick.
John is a runner. The teacher told a joke, and then all the students but John laughed. Then John laughed. Then one of the students says: John’s really quick. (quick is used ironically to mean the opposite slow).
The ball was attractive.
Grammatical structure.
Visiting relatives may be boring.
• 鸡不吃了。/ 约翰拔了三颗蛀牙。
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
Characteristics of Pragmatic Meaning
Etymological subsidiarity原词附属性 Subjective experientiality 主观体验性 Meaning uncertainty 意义不确定性 Conceptual temporality 概念临时性 Contextual interdependency 语境共生性
Pragmatic Meaning: an introduction
Semantic meaning Vs pragmatic meaning Context – the basis for the production of pragmatic meanings
Semantic meaning Vs pragmatic meaning
Lexical context: the lexemes that co-occur with the word in question. The meaning of the word is affected or determined by the neighboring lexemes.
Example: paper
Ambiguity refers to a word, a phrase, a sentence with more than one possible meaning. Ambiguity may be caused by
Polysemy (一词多义).
He painted a tree.
Homonymy (同音/同形异义).
a particular time, space, or culture in which a word appears.
Linguistic context
Linguistic context can be further divided into
Lexical context Grammatical context
“What did you say?”
- the speaker did not hear. (semantic meaning) - a challenge to repeat sth. that will not find favour. (pragmatic meaning)
Context
Ungerer & Schimid (2001): context is the linguistic material proceeding and following a word or sentence. (Purely linguistic point of view) Searl (1979): the set of background assumptions that are necessary for an utterance to be intelligible. Halliday (1989): both the context of culture and the context of situation are necessary for a proper understanding of an utterance or text.
We can buy favor with flattery, but we can’t buy happiness with money. (obtain/exchange) She opened the door and her heart to the homeless boy. (Zeugma 共轭搭配)
Two types of contexts
The meanings of words, especially those of polysemous words may be viewed as determined either by linguistic (verbal) contexts or extralinguistic (non-verbal) contexts.
Extra-linguistic context
The extra-linguistic context may extend to include the entire cultural background.
Notice on the door of a butcher’s shop: “Sorry, no dogs”.
Customers are not allowed to take dogs into the shop. (Western culture) The butcher apologizes for having run out of dog meat. (Chinese culture)
The importance of context in eliminating ambiguity
Linguistic (verbal) context (言语)
words, clauses, sentences, paragraphs, or whole books in which a word appears.
Extra-linguistic (non-verbal) context (非言语）
Meaning uncertainty 意义不确定性
Pragmatic meaning is uncertain when factors such as age, nationality, time, place, etc. are involved. e.g. “小姐”
narrowing
At Christmas, the bird was delicious. (turkey)
Semantic meaning is a conventionalised form of meaning.
words mean certain things by generally accepted convention. eg. dog- a certain kind of animal
Pragmatic meaning is distinctly nonconventional in nature. (meaning in use)
broadening
approximation This coat cost 1,000 dollars. (about 1,000) metaphorical extension Federer is the new Sampras. (gifted tennis player)
Conceptual temporality 概念临时性