【威学教育】王鑫托福阅读TPO4
【威学教育】王鑫托福阅读TPO5-2阅读文本
【王鑫托福阅读】托福TPO5-2阅读文本TPO5TPO5-2 The Origin of the Pacific Island People1. According to paragraph 1, all of the following are true statements about Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia EXCEPT:A. Collectively, these regions are traditionally known as Oceania.B. These islands of Micronesia are small and spread out.C. Hawaii, Easter Island, and New Zealand mark the boundaries of Polynesia.D. Melanesia is situated to the north of Micronesia.The greater Pacific region, traditionally called Oceania, consists of three cultural areas: Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia. Melanesia, in the southwest Pacific, contains the large islands of New Guinea, the Solomons, Vanuatu, and New Caledonia. Micronesia, the area north of Melanesia, consists primarily of small scattered islands. Polynesia is the central Pacific area in the great triangle defined by Hawaii, Easter Island, and New Zealand. Before the arrival of Europeans, the islands in the two largest cultural areas, Polynesia and Micronesia, together contained a population estimated at 700,000.2. By stating that the the ories are "mutually exclusive” the author means that A.if one of the theories is true, then all the others must be falseB. the differences between the theories are unimportantC. taken together, the theories cover all possibilitiesD. the theories support each other3. The word “overwhelming” in the passage is closest in meaning toA. powerfulB. favorableC. currentD. reasonable4. According to paragraph 2, which of the following led some early researchers to believe that the Pacific islanders originally came from Egypt? BA. Egyptians were known to have founded other great civilizations.B. Sailors from other parts of the world were believed to lack the skills needed to travel across the ocean.C. Linguistic, archaeological, and biological data connected the islands to Egypt.D. Egyptian accounts claimed responsibility for colonizing the Pacific as well as the Americas.5. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 2 about early theories of where the first inhabitants of the Pacific islands came from?A. They were generally based on solid evidence.B. They tried to account for the origin of the characteristic features of the languages spoken by Pacific islanders.C. They assumed that the peoples living in Southeast Asia did not have the skills needed to sail to the Pacific islands.D. They questioned the ideas of G. Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry.Speculation on the origin of these Pacific islanders began as soon as outsiders encountered them, in the absence of solid linguistic, archaeological, and biological data, many fanciful and mutually exclusive theories were devised. Pacific islanders are variously thought to have come from North America, South America, Egypt, Israel, and India, as well as Southeast Asia. Many older theories implicitly deprecated the navigational abilities and overall cultural creativity of the Pacific islanders. For example, British anthropologists G. Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry assumed that only Egyptians would have been skilled enough to navigate and colonize the Pacific.They inferred that the Egyptians even crossed the Pacific to found the great civilizations of the New World (North and South America). In 1947 Norwegian adventurer Thor Heyerdahl drifted on a balsa-log raft westward with the winds and currents across the Pacific from South America to prove his theory that Pacific islanders were Native Americans (also called American Indians). Later Heyerdahl suggested that the Pacific was peopled by three migrations: by Native Americans from the Pacific Northwest of North America drifting to Hawaii, by Peruvians drifting to Easter Island, and by Melanesians. In 1969 he crossed the Atlantic in an Egyptian-style reed boat to prove Egyptian influences in the Americas. Contrary to these theorists, the overwhelming evidence of physical anthropology, linguistics, and archaeology shows that the Pacific islanders came from Southeast Asia and were skilled enough as navigators to sail against the prevailing winds and currents.6. The word “implements” in the passage is closest in meaning toA. skillsB. toolsC. opportunitiesD. practices7. All of the following are mentioned in paragraph 3 as required for successful colonization of the Pacific islands EXCEPTA. knowledge of various Austronesian languagesB. a variety of fishing techniquesC. navigational skillsD. knowledge of plant cultivation8.In paragraph 3, why does the author provide information about the types of crops grown and boats used in Southeast Asia during the period around 5000B. C. E.?A. To evaluate the relative importance of agriculture and fishing to early Austronesian peoplesB. To illustrate the effectiveness of archaeological and linguistic methods in discovering details about life in ancient timesC. To contrast living conditions on the continent of Asia with living conditions on the Pacific islandsD. To demonstrate that people from this region had the skills and resources necessary to travel to and survive on the Pacific islandsThe basic cultural requirements for the successful colonization of the Pacific islands include the appropriate boat-building, sailing, and navigation skills to get to the islands in the first place, domesticated plants and gardening skills suited to often marginal conditions, and a varied inventory of fishing implements and techniques. It is now generally believed that these prerequisites originated with peoples speaking Austronesian languages (a group of several hundred related languages) and began to emerge in Southeast Asia by about 5000 B.C.E. The culture of that time, based on archaeology and linguistic reconstruction, is assumed to have had a broad inventory of cultivated plants including taro, yarns, banana, sugarcane, breadfruit, coconut, sago, and rice. Just as important, the culture also possessed the basic foundation for an effective maritime adaptation, including outrigger canoes and a variety of fishing techniques that could be effective for overseasvoyaging.9. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A. Some people have argued that the Pacific was settled by traders who became lost while transporting domesticated plants and animals.B. The original Polynesian settlers were probably marooned on the islands, but they may have been joined later by carefully prepared colonization expeditions.C. Although it seems reasonable to believe that colonization expeditions would set out fully stocked, this is contradicted by much of the evidence.D. The settlement of the Pacific islands was probably intentional and well planned rather than accidental as some people have proposed.10. The word “undisputed” in the passage is closest in meaning toA. mysteriousB. unexpectedC. acknowledgedD. significant11. According to paragraph 4, which of the following is NOT an explanation for why a group of people might have wanted to colonize the Pacific islands?A. As their numbers increased, they needed additional territory.B. The winds and currents made the islands easy to reach.C. The political situation at home made emigration desirable.D. They found exploration challenging and exciting.Contrary to the arguments of some that much of the pacific was settled by Polynesians accidentally marooned after being lost and adrift, it seems reasonable that this feat was accomplished by deliberate colonization expeditions that set out fully stocked with food and domesticated plants and animals. Detailed studies of the winds and currents using computer simulations suggest that drifting canoes would have been a most unlikely means of colonizing the Pacific. These expeditions were likely driven by population growth and political dynamics on the home islands, as well as the challenge and excitement of exploring unknown waters.Because all Polynesians, Micronesians, and many Melanesians speak Austronesian languages and grow crops derived from Southeast Asia, all these peoples most certainly derived from that region and not the New World or elsewhere. The undisputed pre-Columbian presence in Oceania of the sweet potato, which is a New World domesticate, has sometimes been used to support Heyerdahl's “American Indians in the Pacific” theories. However, this is one plant out of a long list of Southeast Asian domesticates. As Patrick Kirch, an American anthropologist, points out, rather than being brought by rafting South Americans, sweet potatoes might just have easily been brought back by returning Polynesian navigators who could have reached the west coast of South America.12. Why does the author mention the views of “Patrick Kirch” ?A. To present evidence in favor of Heyerdahl’ s idea about American Indians reaching OceaniaB. To emphasize the familiarity of Pacific islanders with crops from many different regions of the worldC. To indicate that supposed proof for Heyerdahl’ s theory has an al ternative explanationD. To demonstrate that some of the same crops were cultivated in both South America and OceaniaSpeculation on the origin of these Pacific islanders began as soon as outsiders encountered them, in the absence of solid linguistic, archaeological, and biological data, many fanciful and mutually exclusive theories weredevised. Pacific islanders are variously thought to have come from North America, South America, Egypt, Israel, and India,as well as Southeast Asia.— Many older theories implicitly deprecated the navigational abilities and overall cultural creativity of the Pacific islanders. For example, British anthropologists G. Elliot Smith and W. J. Perryassumed that only Egyptians would have been skilled enough to navigate an d colonize the Pacific.■ They inferredthat the Egyptians even crossed the Pacific to found the great civilizations of the New World (North and South America). | In 1947 Norwegian adventurer Thor Heyerdahl drifted on a balsa-log raft westward with the winds and currents across the Pacific from South America to prove his theory that Pacific islanders were Native Americans (also called American Indians). Later Heyerdahl suggested that the Pacific was peopled by three migrations: by Native Americans from the Pacific Northwest of North America drifting to Hawaii, by Peruvians drifting to Easter Island, and by Melanesians. In 1969 he crossed the Atlantic in an Egyptian-style reed boat to prove Egyptian influences in the Americas. Contrary to these theorists, the overwhelming evidence of physical anthropology, linguistics, and archaeology shows that the Pacific islanders came from Southeast Asia and were skilled enough as navigators to sail against the prevailing winds and currents.13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where could the sentence best fit?Later theories concentrate on journeys in the other direction.14. Choices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points. Together, Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia make up the region described as the Pacific islands, or Oceania.A. The first Europeans to reach the area as sumed that the islands’ original inhabitants must have drifted to Oceania, perhaps from Egypt or the Americas.B. It is now believed that the process of colonization required a great deal of skill, determination, and planning and could not have happened by chance.C. Using linguistic and archaeological evidence, anthropologists have determined that the first Pacific islanders were Austronesian people from Southeast Asia.D. New evidence suggests that, rather than being isolated, Pacific islanders engaged in trade and social interaction with peoples living in Southeast Asia.E. Computer simulations of the winds and currents in the Pacific have shown that reaching the Pacific islands was probably much easier than previously thought.F. Although early colonizers of the islands probably came from agriculture-based societies, they were obliged to adopt an economy based on fishing.。
【威学教育】王鑫托福阅读TPO24-3阅读文本
【王鑫托福阅读】托福TPO 全集之TPO24-3TPO 24TPO24-3 Moving into Pueblos1. The word traumatic meaning to A Essential B highly stressful C highly unusual D unwise2. The word intense in the passage is closest in meaning to A strongB questionableC obviousD deliberate3. According to paragraph 1, before the thirteenth century the people of southwestern North America lived in households that A shared daily chores with neighboring households B occupied dwellings that were built into the sides of cliffsC were largely free to conduct their lives as they pleasedD enforced mon standards of behavior and cooperative conduct within their munitiesIn the Mesa Verde area of the ancient North American Southwest, living patterns changed in the thirteenth century, with large numbers of people moving into large munal dwellings called pueblos, often constructed at the edges of canyons, especially on the sides of cliffs. Abandoning small extended-family households to move into these large pueblos with dozens if not hundreds of other people wasprobably traumatic. Few of the cultural traditions and rules that today allow us to deal with dense populations existed for these people accustomedto household autonomy and the ability to move around the landscape almost at will. And besides the awkwardness of having to share walls with neighbors, living in aggregated pueblos introduced other problems. For people in cliff dwellings, hauling water, wood, and food to their homes was a major chore. The stress on local resources, especially in the firewood needed for daily cooking and warmth, was particularly intense, and conditions in aggregated pueblos were not very hygienic.4. Which of the following best indicates the organization of paragraph 1?A It presents the conditions that caused a change in a population' s living patterns and then explains why those conditions got worse.B It identifies certain present-day cultural traditions and rules and then traces them to their roots in the thirteenth century.C It casts doubt on one explanation of the move to pueblos and then introduces an alternative explanation that the passage will defend.D It describes a major change in a population's living patterns and then presents a number of problems that resulted from that change.5. According to paragraph 3, which of the following Given all the disadvantages of living in aggregated was one of the consequences of increasing population towns, why did people in the thirteenth century move densities?A People were increasingly crowded into into these closely packed quarters? For transitions of collections of large housing units. such suddenness, archaeologists consider either pullB People stopped planting crops that have relatively factors (benefits that drew families together) or push low yields. factors (some external threat or crisis that forcedC Domestic buildings were pushed beyond the canyonpeople to aggregate). In this case, push explanationslimits. dominate.D The natural landscape was destroyed.6. Which of the sentences below best expresses the♦Population growth is considered a particularlyessential information in the highlighted sentence ininfluential push. After several generations ofthe passage?Incorrect choices change the meaning inpopulation growth, people packed the landscape inimportant ways or leave out essential information.densities so high that munal pueblos may haveA Some scholars even claim that the intensification ofbeen a necessary oute. Around Sand Canyon, forfarmers' various efforts during the 1200s led to furtherexample, populations grew from 5 -12 people perpopulation growth and the consequent need for more arable land.square kilometer in the tenth century to as many as 30 -50 by the 1200s. As densities increased, domesticB Evidence of intensifying agriculture in the 1200sarchitecture became larger, culminating in crowdedindicates a need to feed a larger population and so pueblos. Some scholars expand on this idea byextends the argument that a growing population wasemphasizing a corresponding need for arable land tothe cause of the move to pueblos.feed growing numbers of people: construction oiC During the 1200s, farmers met the demand for moresmall dams, reservoirs, terraces, and field housesarable land, but they also succeeded in cultivatingindicates that farmers were intensifying their effortsexisting land more intensively with the help ofduring the 1200s. petition for good farmland mayagricultural construction projects.also have prompted people to bond together to assertD Some scholars feel strongly that the construction ofrights over the best fields.small dams, reservoirs, terraces, and field houses in the thirteenth century is independent evidence for growth in the number of people.7. The word transition in the passage is closest in meaning toA changeB climateC declineD problem8. Why does the author state that "Growing food at these elevations is always difficult because of the short growing season"?A To explain why the higher elevations were always relatively sparsely populatedB To suggest that any worsening of conditions would have significant consequencesC To emphasize how resourceful the people growing food at these elevations wereD To argue that farming was not the primary source of food at high elevationsAnother important push was the onset of the Little Ice Age, a climatic phenomenon that led to cooler temperatures in the Northern Hemisphere. Although the height of the Little Ice Age was still around the corner, some evidence suggests that temperatures were falling during the thirteenth century. The environmental changes associated withthis transition are not fully understood, but people living closest to the San Juan Mountains, to the northeast of Mesa Verde, were affected first. Growing food at these elevations is always difficult because of the short growing season. As the Little Ice Age progressed, farmers probably moved their fields to lower elevations, infringing on the lands of other farmers and pushing people together, thus contributing to the aggregations. Archaeologists identify a corresponding shift in populations toward the south and west toward Mesa Verde and away from higher elevations.9. the Little Ice發According to paragraph 4, what did farmers do in response to falling temperatures during t卜 Age?A Moved to areas away from Mesa VerdeB Moved closer to the northeastern part of Mesa VerdeC Began to cultivate crops adapted to a short growing seasonD Gave up the cultivation of the highest-lying lands10. According to paragraph 5, major ceremonial events we「e occasions forA leaders to persuade people from the countryside to move into a puebloB farmers to collect information about where crops could be reliably grownC people to develop better techniques for producing pottery and craftsD people in the early Puebloan era to share farm and craft products11. According to paragraph 5, which of the following was a reason people in the Mesa Verde area formed munal villages in the thirteenth century?A The climate in the Mesa Verde area became more locally diverse.B Individuals were no longer interested in exchanging pottery and food.C Cooperation between people became more important for survival.D Bad years of farming began to occur more frequently.12. Paragraph 5 supports which of the following statements about cooperation among the people in the Mesa Verde area from the eleventh through the thirteenth century? A Cooperation allowed many households to give up farming and to specialize in making pottery and crafts.B People went from exchanging food and crafts they individually produced to sharing in a cooperative effort to produce as much food as possible.C Overtime there was less cooperation as farmers peted with each other for trade with distant areas.D Individuals stopped cooperating with each other because they did not have enough food for themselves.In the face of all these pushes, people in the Mesa Verde area had yet another reason to move into munal villages: the need for greater cooperation.Sharing and cooperation were almost certainly part of early Puebloan life, even for people living in largely independent single-household residences scattered across the landscape. Archaeologists find that even the most isolated residences during the eleventh and twelfth centuries obtained some pottery, and probably food, from some distance away, while major ceremonial events were opportunities for sharing food and crafts. Scholars believe that this cooperation allowed people to contend with a patchy environment in which precipitation and other resources varied across the landscape: if you produce a lot of food one year, you might trade it for pottery made by a distant ally who is having difficulty with crops—and the next year, the flow of goods might go in the opposite direction. But all of this appears to have changed thirteenth century. Although the climate remained as unpredictable as ever between one year and the next, it became much less locally diverse. In a bad year for farming, everyone was equally affected. No longer was it helpful to share widely. Instead, the most sensible thing would be for neighbors to bine efforts to produce as much food as possible, and thus aggregated towns were a sensible arrangement.In the Mesa Verde area of the ancient North American Southwest, living patterns changed in the thirteenth century, with large numbers of people moving into large munal dwellings called pueblos, often constructed at the edges of canyons, especially on the sides of cliffs. Abandoning small extended-family households to move into these large pueblos with dozens if not hundreds of other people was probably traumatic. Few of the culturaltraditions and rules that today allow us to deal with dense populations existed for these people accustomed tohousehold autonomy and the ability to move around the landscape almostat will. | And besides theawkwardness of having to share walls with neighbors, living in aggregated1 pueblos introduced otherproblems. | For people in cliff dwellings, hauling water, wood, and food totheir homes was a majorchore. | The stress on local resources, especially in the firewood needed for daily cooking and warmth, wasparticularly intense, and conditions in aggregated pueblos were not very hygienic. |13. Look at the four squares [| ] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.Performing everyday household tasks required more effort.14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. plete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage.This question is worth 2 points. In the thirteenth century, the people in the Mesa Verde area went from living in scattered independent households to living in large pueblos. A. Because the thirteenth-century inhabitants of the Mesa Verde area did not have the cultural expectations of today's city dwellers, they easily adapted to munal life.A. Even though living in pueblos had disadvantages, the population of the area had grown so large that there may have been no other arrangement that would have met its needs.B. From the eleventh century onward, farmers began to increase food production on existing farmland and started bringing more land under cultivation.C. A development that contributed to increasing population densities was a cooling climate that led many people to leave the coldest areas and crowd into climatically more favorable areas.D. The primary reason for moving to pueblos was the social benefits associated with munal life.E. People were brought together by the need to produce food cooperatively, as the use of food surpluses in one place to relieve shortages in another ended due to a change in climate.。
【威学教育】王鑫托福阅读TPO33-1阅读文本
【王鑫托福阅读】托福TPO全集之TPO33-1TPO33TPO33-1 The First Civilizations1. The phrase “culminated in” in the passage is closest in meaning toA reached a high point withB logically followed fromC partly contributed toD marked2. According to paragraph 2, which of the following statements is true of early farmers?A They used farming to supplement other food sources.B They were driven out of small communities.C They were victims of flooding.D They farmed several plots of land at once.3. The word “undoubtedly” in the passage is closest in meaning toA increasinglyB certainlyC in generalD apparently4. According to paragraph 2, what are TWO reasons why farmers chose river valleys for cultivation? To receive credit you must select TWO answer choices.A The soils in river valleys were rich in nutrients.B The crops grown in river valleys were not completely dependent on rainwater.C Farming techniques could not be easily applied to soils far from rivers.D The heavier weight of river soil resulted in more reliable harvests.5. The word “enhance” in the passage is closest in meaning to A serveEvidence suggests that an important stimulus behind the rise of early civilizations was the development of settled agriculture, which unleashed a series of changes in the organization of human communities that culminated in the rise of large ancient empires.The exact time and place that crops were first cultivated successfully is uncertain. Many prehistorians believe that farming may have emerged in dependently in several different areas of the world when small communities, driven by increasing population and a decline in available food resources, began to plant seeds in the ground in an effort to guarantee their survival. The first farmers, who may have lived as long as 10,000 years ago, undoubtedly used simple techniques and still relied primarily on other forms of food production, such as hunting, foraging, or pastoralism. The real breakthrough took place when farmers began to cultivate crops along the floodplains of river systems. The advantage was that crops grown in such areas were not as dependent on rainfall and therefore produced a more reliable harvest. An additional benefit was that the sediment carried by the river waters deposited nutrients in the soil, thus enabling the farmer to cultivate a single plot of ground for many years without moving to a new location. Thus, the first truly sedentary (that is, nonmigratory) societies were born. As time went on, such communities gradually learned how to direct the flow of water to enhance the productive capacity of the land, while the introduction of the iron plow eventually led to the cultivation of heavy soils not previously susceptible to agriculture.6. B improve C control D protectThe word “provoked” in the passage is closest in meaning toA securedB coordinatedC modeledD brought about7. According to paragraph 3, which of the following is NOT a reason why governments first arose among agricultural communities?A A significant increase in populationB The desire to control water resources for irrigationC The need for protection from outside forcesD The demand for organized communication with other communities8. According to paragraph 4, what is not known about the rise of the first civilizations?A Where the first steps toward civilization took placeB Who was allowed to replac e “big men” after the “big men” diedC Why some individuals became recognized as leadersD How governments emerged9. What is the relationship between paragraphs 3 and 4 in the passage?A Paragraph 3 explains why a need for leadership arose in early civilizations, and paragraph 4 describes how that leadership developed.B Paragraph 3 suggests that agriculture was first practiced in Asia and Africa, and paragraph 4 discusses how it might have later spread to the rest of the world.C Paragraph 3 describes several methods of early government, and paragraph4 gives an extended example of one of them.D Paragraph 3 discusses a cause of the spread of river valley agriculture in early civilizations, and paragraph 4 discusses a门 effect.The spread of this river valley agriculture in various parts of Asia and Africa was the decisive factor in the rise of the first civilizations. The increase in food production in these regions led to a significant growth in population, while efforts to control the flow of water to maximize the irrigation of cultivated areas and to protect the local inhabitants from hostile forces outside the community provoked the first steps toward cooperative activities on a large scale. The need to oversee the entire process brought about the emergence of an elite that was eventually transformed into a government.The first clear steps in the rise of the first civilizations took place in the fourth and third millennia B.C. in Mesopotamia, northern Africa, India,and China. How the first governments took shape in these areas is not certain, but anthropologists studying the evolution of human communities in various parts of the world have discovered that one common stage in the process is the emergence of what are called “big men” within a single village or a collection of villages. By means of their military prowess, dominant personalities, or political talents, these people gradually emerge as the leaders of that community. In time, the “big men” become formal symbols of authority and pass on that authority to others within their own family. As the communities continue to grow in size and material wealth, the “big men” assume hereditary status, and their allies and family members are transformed into a hereditary monarchy.10.of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A Some cities were associated with economic activities, while others were government or religious centers.B Emerging cities generally served strategic administrative, economic, and religious purposes.C The creation of an economic or administrative activity led to the emergence of a city for its proper supervision.D Some cities emerged as economic centers and later became the sites of administrative or religious activities.11. Paragraph 5 suggests that which of the following was a consequence of the emergence of cities?A The decentralization of authorityB An increase in religious activityC The emergence of service- and production-related jobsD A decreased reliance on mineral resources12. According to paragraph 5, why were huge walls built around early royal palaces?A To protect the inhabitants from invadersB To mark the urban areasC To separate the ruling class from the rest of the populationD To represent the prosperity of a cityThe appearance of these sedentary societies had a major impact on the social organizations, religious beliefs, and way of life of the peoples living within their boundaries. With the increase in population and the development of centralized authority came the emergence of the cities. While some of these urban centers were identified with a particular economic function, such as proximity to gold or iron deposits or a strategic location on a major trade route, others served primarily as administrative centers or the site of temples for the official cult or other ritual observances. Within these cities, new forms of livelihood appeared to satisfy the growing need for social services and consumer goods. Some people became artisans or merchants, while others became warriors, scholars, or priests. In some cases, the physical division within the first cities reflected the strict hierarchical character of the society as a whole, with a royal palace surrounded by an imposing wall and separate from the remainder of the urban population. In other instances, such as the Indus River Valley, the cities lacked a royal precinct and the ostentatious palaces that marked their contemporaries elsewhere.The appearance of these sedentary societies had a major impact on the social organizations, religious beliefs, and way of life of the peoples living within their boundaries. ■With the increase in population and the development of centralized authority ca me the emergence of the cities. ■While some of these urban centers were identified with a particular economic function, such as proximity to gold or iron deposits or a strategic location on a major trade route, others served primarily as administrative centers or the site of temples for the official cult or other ritual observances. ■Within these cities, new forms of livelihood appeared to satisfy the growing need for socialservices and consumer goods. ■Some people became artisans or merchants, while others became warriors, scholars, or priests. In some cases, the physical division within the first cities reflected the strict hierarchical character of the society as a whole, with a royal palace surrounded by an imposing wall and separate from the remainder of the urban population. In other instances,such as the Indus River Valley, the cities lacked a royal precinct and the ostentatious palaces that marked their contemporaries elsewhere.13. Look at the four squares [| ] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit?This was accompanied by increased professional specialization.14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This questions is worth 2 points. The practice of settled agriculture in some areas of Asia and Africa was crucial to the development of early civilizations.Answer ChoicesA. Prehistorians disagree as to whether early farmers first cultivated crops along floodplains or first tried cultivating crops in less successful environments.B. Cultivation in fertile river valleys resulted in predictable harvests, which meant that farmers no longer needed to migrate constantly in search of food.C. Because crops could be cultivated more successfully where farmers were not completely dependent on rainfall, hostilities between groups arose over control of the river systems.D. The need to organize the effort to ensure the food supply and defend the land led to the formation of elite supervising groups that eventually became the first governments.E. Increasingly centralized forms of administration resulted in the emergence of social classes and in the development of cities as trade, administration, or religious centers.F. Unlike other early civilizations, those that developed in the Indus River Valley did not have any spectacular palaces or areas for exclusive use by the authorities.。
【威学教育王鑫】托福阅读TPO2-1文本
【王鑫托福阅读】TPO2-1阅读文本TPO2TPO2-1 Desert Formation1. The word threatened in the passage is closest in meaning toA. RestrictedB. EndangeredC. PreventedD. Rejected2. According to paragraph 3, the loss of natural vegetation has which of the following consequences for soil?A. Increased stony contentB. Reduced water absorptionC. Increased numbers of spaces in the soilD. Reduced water runoffThe deserts, which already occupy approximately a fourth of the Earth's land surface, have in recent decades been increasing at an alarming pace. The expansion of desert like conditions into areas where they did not previously exist is called desertification. It has been estimated that an additional one-fourth of the Earth's land surface is threatened by this process.Desertification is accomplished primarily through the loss of stabilizing natural vegetation and the subsequent accelerated erosion of the soil by windand water. In some cases the loose soil is blown completely away, leaving a stony surface. In other cases, the finer particles may be removed, while the sand-sized particles are accumulated to form mobile hills or ridges of sand.Even in the areas that retain a soil cover, the reduction of vegetation typically results in the loss of the soil's ability to absorb substantial quantities of water. The impact of raindrops on the loose soil tends to transfer fine clay particles into the tiniest soil spaces, sealing them and producing a surface that allows very little water penetration. Water absorption is greatly reduced; consequently runoff is increased, resulting in accelerated erosion rates. The gradual drying of the soil caused by its diminished ability to absorb water results in the further loss of vegetation, so that a cycle of progressive surface deterioration is established.In some regions, the increase in desert areas is occurring largely as the result of a trend toward drier climatic conditions. Continued gradual global warming has produced an increase in aridity for some areas over the past few thousand years. The process may be accelerated in subsequent decades if global warming resulting from air pollution seriously increases.3. The word delicate in the passage is closest in meaning toA. FragileB. PredictableC. ComplexD. Valuable4. According to paragraph 5, in dry periods, border areas have difficultyA. Adjusting to stresses created by settlementB. Retaining their fertility after desertificationC. Providing water for irrigating cropsD. Attracting populations in search of food and fuel5. The word progressively in the passage is closest in meaning toA. OpenlyB. ImpressivelyC. ObjectivelyD. Increasingly6. According to paragraph 6, which of the following is often associated with raising crops?A. Lack of proper irrigation techniquesB. Failure to plant crops suited to the particular areaC. Remova丨 of the original vegetationD. Excessive use of dried animal waste;mlluwmg isThere is little doubt, however, that desertification in most areas results primarily from human activities rather than natural processes. The semiarid lands bordering the deserts exist in a delicate ecological balance and are limited in their potential to adjust to increased environmental pressures. Expanding populations are subjecting the land to increasing pressures to provide them with food and fuel. In wet periods, the land may be able to respond to these stresses. During the dry periods that are common phenomena along the desert margins, though, the pressure on the land is often far in excess of its diminished capacity, and desertification results.Four specific activities have been identified as major contributors to the desertification processes: overcultivation, overgrazing, firewood gathering, and overirrigation. The cultivation of crops has expanded into progressively drier regions as population densities have grown. These regions are especially likely to have periods of severe dryness, so that crop failures are common. Since the raising of most crops necessitates the prior removalof the natural vegetation, crop failures leave extensive tracts of land devoid of a plant cover and susceptible to wind and water erosion.7.The phrase devoid of in the passage is closest in meaning to A Consisting of B Hidden by C Except for D Lacking inThe raising of livestock is a major economic activity in semiarid lands, where grasses are generally the dominant type of natural vegetation.The consequences of an excessive number of livestock grazing in an area are the reduction of the vegetation cover and the trampling and pulverization of the soil. This is usually followed by the drying of the soil and accelerated erosion.Firewood is the chief fuel used for cooking and heating in many countries. The increased pressures of expanding populations have led to the removal of woody plants so that many cities and towns are surrounded by large areas completely lacking in trees and shrubs. The increasing use of dried animal waste as a substitute fuel has also hurt the soil because this valuable soil conditioner and source of plant nutrients is no longer being returned to the land.D.Bring salts to the surfaceThe final major human cause of desertification is soil salinization resulting from overirrigation. Excess water from irrigation sinks down into the water table. If no drainage system exists, the water table rises, bringing dissolved salts to the surface. The water evaporates and the salts are left behind, creating a white crustal layer that prevents air and water from reaching the underlying soil.9. All of the following are mentioned in the passage as contributing to desertification EXCEPTA. Soil erosionB. Global warmingC. Insufficient irrigationD. The raising of livestock10. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage?Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A. Desertification is a significant problem because it is so hard to reverse and affects large areas of land and great numbers of people.B. Slowing down the process of desertification is difficult because of population growth that has spread over large areas of land.C. The spread of deserts is considered a very serious problem that can be solved only if large numbers of people in various countries are involved in the effort.D. Desertification is extremely hard to reverse unless the population is reduced in the vast areas affected.The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and the tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process.Once the soil has been removed by erosion, only the passage of centuries or millennia will enable new soil to form. In areas where considerable soil still remains, though, a rigorously enforced program of land protection and cover-crop planting may make it possible to reverse the present deterioration of the surface.11. It can be inferred from the passage that the author most likely believes which of the following about the future of desertification?A. Governments will act quickly to control further desertification.B. The factors influencing desertification occur in cycles and will change in the future.C. Desertification will continue to increase.D. Desertification will soon occur in all areas of the world■The raising of livestock is a major economic activity in semiarid lands, where grasses are generally the dominant type of natural vegetation.^The consequences of an excessive number of livestock grazing in an area are the reduction of the vegetation cover and the trampling and pulverization of the soil. ■This is usually followed by the drying of the soil and accelerated erosion._12. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit?This economic reliance on livestock in certain regions makes large tracts of land susceptible to overgrazing.13. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points. Many factors have contributed to the great increase in desertification in recent decades.A. Growing human populations and the agricultural demands that come with such growth have upset the ecological balance in some areas and led to the spread of deserts.B. As periods of severe dryness have become more common, failures of a number of different crops have increased.C. Excessive numbers of cattle and the need for firewood for fuel have reduced grasses and trees, leaving the land unprotected and vulnerable.D. Extensive irrigation with poor drainage brings salt to the surface of the soil, a process that reduces water and air absorption.E. Animal dung enriches the soil by providing nutrients for plant growth.F. Grasses are generally the dominant type of natural vegetation in semiarid lands.。
TPO4阅读详细答案
PETROLEUM RESOURCES 1. accumulate沉积，聚集，累积之意，所以build up正确，注意grow up表示长大，这个和累积不是一个概念，原文与之并列的动词是settle，叫做落下来，稳定下来，所以break apart意思反了，而且grow up和spread out在某种意义上是差不多的，所以都不对 2. 以petroleum formation做关键词，没有，但有petroleum originate from blablabla，说石油起源于海洋沉积物当中的有机物，与D选项说的完全一致，D正确；A错，原文没说live；B错，原文没说需要大量氧气，只说用光了氧气之后有机物能够保存；C错，原文没说 combine 3. 问两段，分别看两段的开头，第一段开头说石油是怎么开始的，第二段第一句说继续沉积blabla，也就是在延续第一段所说的石油的形成过程，所以A正确 4. 去掉原句中的插入语，原句变成了sedimentation bury and subject to blabla，convert to petro，A错，没说温度压力提升sedimentation；B遗漏了重要信息，原句的变成石油没说；C正确；D完全没重现原文的重要信息，错 5. adjacent相邻的，临近的，答案A，原句说水或者蒸汽可以从什么样的井弄下去，把油压出来。
根据物理学的U型管原理，从注水的U型管一端向管内吹起，另外一端的液面就会上升，同理，从临近的油井压入水或者蒸汽，石油就会被压出来，所以答案是A，B存在C特殊D深都不对 6. 以gusher做关键词定位至本段倒数第四句，说gusher在过去是非常普遍的，意思就是现在不普遍了，答案D，而且前半句还说仔细控制了，仔细控制的结果就是不再发生了，也能选出D答案7. 第四段第一句就说了hostile environment，紧接着就用大量文字写了offshore石油钻探，第五段也一直在说在那些不能钻石油的地方钻探，所以A 的under the ocean’s surface最靠谱；B说反了；C的equipment 和D的platform都没说 8. 第二句和第三句说到了阿拉斯加的石油开采是一个例子，great expense and difficulty involved in new oil discoveries，说明使用开采花钱又需要技术，正确答案B，需要大量投资；其他选项都没说 9. slope坡，sloping 倾斜的，斜坡的。
【托福阅读】威学教育王鑫托福TPO10-1阅读文本
【王鑫托福阅读】托福TPO 10-1阅读文本TPO10TPQ10-1 Chinese Pottery1. The word “status” in the passage is closest in meaning toA. originB. importanceC. qualityD. design2. According to paragraph 2, which of the following is true of Chinese ceramics?A. The function of ceramics remained the same from dynasty to dynasty.B. The use of ceramics as trade objects is better documented than the use of ceramics as ritual objects.C. There was little variation in quality for any type of ceramics over time.D. Some religious sculptures were made using the earthenware type of ceramics.China has one of the world's oldest continuous civilizations—despite invasions and occasional foreign rule. A country as vast as China with so long-lasting a civilization has a complex social and visual history, within which pottery and porcelain play a major role.The function and status of ceramics in China varied from dynasty to dynasty, so they may be utilitarian, burial, trade-collectors', or even ritual objects, according to their quality and the era in which they were made. The ceramics fall into three broad types—earthenware, stoneware, and porcelain—for vessels, architectural items such as roof tiles, and modeled objects and figures. In addition, there was an important group of sculptures made for religious use, the majority of which were produced in earthenware.3. The word “evolve” in the passage is closest in meaningA. dividedB. extendedC. developedD. vanished4. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A. While stonewares and porcelains are found throughout most historical periods, religious sculpture is limited to the ancient period.B. Religious sculpture was created in most periods, but its history is less clear than that of stonewares or porcelains because some old forms continued to be used even when new ones were developed.C. While stonewares and porcelains changed throughout history, religious sculpture remained uniform in form and use.D. The historical development of religious sculpture is relatively unclear because religious sculptures sometimes resemble earthenware architectural ornaments.5. Paragraph 3 supports all of the following concerning the history of the ceramic industry in China EXCEPT:A. The earliest high-fired ceramics were of poor quality.B. Ceramics produced during the Tang and Ming dynasties sometimes incorporated multiple colors.C. Earthenware ceramics were produced in China before stonewares were.D. The Song dynasty period was notable for the production of high quality porcelain ceramics.The earliest ceramics were fired to earthenware temperatures, but as early as the fifteenth centuryB. C., high-temperature stonewares were being made with glazed surfaces. During the Six Dynasties period (AD 265-589), kilns in north China were producing high-fired ceramics of good quality. Whitewares produced in Hebei and Henan provinces from the seventh to the tenth centuries evolved into the highly prized porcelains of the Song dynasty (AD. 960-1279), long regarded as one of the high points in the historyearthenware burial ceramics with later religious images and architectural ornament.Ceramic productsalso include lead-glazed tomb models of the Han dynasty, three-color lead-glazed vessels and figures of the Tang dynasty, and Ming three-color temple ornaments, in which the motifs were outlined in a raised trail of slip—as well as the many burial ceramics produced in imitation of vessels made in materials of higher intrinsic value.6. The word "instigated” in the passage is closest in meaning toA. improvedB. investigatedC. narrowedD. caused7. According to paragraph 4, one consequence of the trade of Chinese ceramics wasA. the transfer of a distinctive blue pigment from China to the Middle EastB. an immediate change from earthenware production to porcelain production in European countriesC. Chinese production of wares made for the European marketD. a decreased number of porcelain vessels available on the European market、\\_8. The word "whereas” in the passage is closest in meaning toA. whileB. previouslyC. surprisinglyD. becauseTrade between the West and the settled and prosperous Chinese dynasties introduced new forms and different technologies. One of the most far-reaching examples is the impact of the fine ninth-century AD. Chinese porcelain wares imported into the Arab world. So admired were these pieces that they encouraged the development of earthenware made in imitation of porcelain and instigated research into the method of their manufacture. From the Middle East the Chinese acquired a blue pigment—a purified form of cobalt oxide unobtainable at that time in China—that contained only a low level of manganese. Cobalt ores found in China have a high manganese content, which produces a more muted blue-gray color. In the seventeenth century, the trading activities of the Dutch East India Company resulted in vast quantities of decorated Chinese porcelain being brought to Europe, which stimulated and influenced the work of a wide variety of wares, notably Delft. The Chinese themselves adapted many specific vesselforms from the West, such as bottles with long spouts, and designed a range of decorative patterns especially for the European market.Just as painted designs on Greek pots may seem today to be purely decorative, whereas in fact they were carefully and precisely worked out so that at the time, their meaning was clear, so it is with Chinese pots. To twentieth-century eyes, Chinese pottery may appear merely decorative, yet to the Chinese the form of each object and its adornment had meaning and significance. The dragon represented the emperor, and the phoenix, the empress; the pomegranate indicated fertility, and a pair of fish, happiness; mandarin ducks stood for wedded bliss; the pine tree, peach, and crane are emblems of long life; and fish leaping from waves indicated success in the civil service examinations. Only when European decorative themes were introduced did these meanings become obscured or even lost9.In paragraph 5, the author compares the designs onChinese pots to those on Greek pots in order toA. emphasize that while Chinese pots were decorative, Greek pots were functionalB. argue that the designs on Chinese pots had specific meanings and were not just decorativeC. argue that twentieth-century scholars are better able to understand these designs than were ancient scholarsD. explain how scholars have identified the meaning of specific images on Chinese pots10. Which of the following is mentioned in paragraph 5 as being symbolically represented on Chinese ceramics?A. Chinese rulersB. love of homelandC. loyally to friendsD. success in trade11. Paragraph 5 suggests which of the following about the decorations on Chinese pottery?A. They had more importance for aristocrats than for ordinary citizens.B. Their significance may have remained clear had the Chinese not come under foreign influence.C. They contain some of the same images that appear on Greek potsD. Their significance is now as clear to twentieth century observers as it was to the early12. The word “ these ” in the passage refers toA. religious ceremoniesB. descriptionsC. types of wareD. potsFrom early times pots were used in both religious and secular contexts. The imperial court commissioned work and in the Yuan dynasty (A.D. 1279-1368) an imperial ceramic factory was established at Jingdezhen. Pots played an important part in some religious ceremonies. Long and often lyrical descriptions of the different types of ware exist that assist in classifying pots, although these sometimes confuse an already large and complicated pictureTrade between the West and the settled and prosperous Chinese dynasties introduced new forms and different technologies. One of the most far-reaching examples is the impact of the fine ninth-century AD. Chinese porcelainwares imported into the Arab world. _So admired were these pieces that they encouraged the development ofearthenware made in imitation of porcelain and instigated research into the method of their manufacture. (Fromthe Middle East the Chinese acquired a blue pigment—a purified form of cobalt oxide unobtainable at that time in China—that contained only a low level of manganese. Cobalt ores found in China have a high manganese content,which produces a more muted blue-gray color. _In the seventeenth century, the trading activities of the DutchEast India Company resulted in vast quantities of decorated Chinese porcelain being brought to Europe, whichstimulated and influenced the work of a wide variety of wares, notably Delft. (The Chinese themselves adaptedmany specific vessel forms from the West, such as bottles with long spouts, and designed a range of decorative patterns especially for the European market.13. Look at the four squares| that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where could the sentence best fit?14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points. Ceramics have been produced in China for a very long time.Answer ChoicesA. The Chinese produced earthenware, stoneware, and porcelain pottery and they used their ceramics for a variety of utilitarian, architectural, and ceremonial purposes.B. The shape and decoration of ceramics produced for religious use in China were influenced by Chinese ceramics produced for export.C. As a result of trade relations, Chinese ceramic production changed and Chinese influenced the ceramics production of other countries.D. Chinese burial ceramics have the longest and most varied history of production and were frequently decorated with written texts that help scholars date them.E. Before China had contact with the West, the meaning of various designs used to decorate Chinese ceramics was well understood.F. Ceramics made in imperial factories were used in both religious and non-religious contexts.To review passage. Click View Text。
【威学教育】王鑫托福阅读TPO14-3阅读文本
【王鑫托福阅读】托福TPO 15-1阅读文本TPO 15TPO15-1 A Warm Blooded Turtle1. The phrase “unique among” in the passage is closest in meaning toA natural toB different from all otherC quite common amongD familiar toWhen it comes to physiology, the 丨eatherback turtle is, in some ways, more like a reptilian whale than a turtle. It swims farther into the cold of the northern and southern oceans than any other sea turtle, and it deals with the chilly waters in a way unique among reptiles.2. What can be inferred about whales from paragraph 1?A They are considered by some to be reptiles.B Their bodies are built in a way that helps the manage extremely cold temperatures.C They are distantly related to leatherback turtlesD They can swim farther than leatherback turtl3. The word “feat” in the passage is closest in meaning toA remarkable achievementB common transformationC daily activityD complex solution4. Paragraph 2 mentions all of the following as true about the body heat of adult leatherback turtles EXCEPT:A Their muscles produce heat for maintaining body temperature.B Their dark bodies help trap solar radiation.C Their cellular metabolism produces heat as a by-product.D Basking at the water's surface helps them obtain heat.A warm-blooded turtle may seem to be a contradiction in terms. Nonetheless, an adult leatherback can maintain a body temperature of between 25 and 26°C (77-79°F) in seawater that is only 8°C (46.4°F). Accomplishing this feat requires adaptations both to generate heat in the turtle's body and to keep it from escaping into the surrounding waters. Leatherbacks apparently do not generate internal heat the way we do, or the way birds do, as a by-product of cellular metabolism. A leatherback may be able to pick up some body heat by basking at the surface; its dark, almost black body color may help it to absorb solar radiation. However, most of its internal heat comes from the action of its muscles.5. The word "bulk” in the passage is closest in meaning toA strengthB effortC activityD mass6. The word "it” in paragraph 4 refers to A the problem B blood C the turtle D body temperature7. According to paragraph 4, which of the following features enables the leatherback turtle to stay warm? A An insulating layer of blubber B A thick, oily skin covering fatty tissue C The aerodynamic shape of its flippers D A well-insulated headLeatherbacks keep their body heat in three different ways. The first, and simplest, is size. The bigger the animal is, the lower its surface-to-volume ratio; for every ounce of body mass, there is proportionately less surface through which heat can escape. An adult leatherback is twice the size of the biggest cheloniid sea turtles and will therefore take longer to cool off. Maintaining a high body temperature through sheer bulk is called gigantothermy. It works for elephants, for whales, and, perhaps, it worked for many of the larger dinosaurs. It apparently works, in a smaller way, for some other sea turtles. Large loggerhead and green turtles can maintain their body temperature at a degree or two above that of the surrounding water, andgigantothermy is probably the way they do it. Muscular activity helps, too, and an actively swimming green turtle may be 7°C (12.6°F) warmer than the waters it swims through.Gigantothermy, though, would not be enough to keep a leatherback warm in cold northern waters. It is not enough for whales, which supplement it with a thick layer of insulating blubber (fat). Leatherbacks do not have blubber, but they do have a reptilian equivalent: thick, oil-saturated skin, with a layer of fibrous, fatty tissue just beneath it. Insulation protects the leatherback everywhere but on its head and flippers. Because the flippers are comparatively thin and blade-like, they are the one part of the leatherback that is likely to become chilled. There is not much that the turtle can do about this without compromising the aerodynamic shape of the flipper. The problem is that as blood flows through the turtle's flippers, it risks losing enough heat to lower the animal's central body temperature when it returns. The solution is to allow the flippers to cool down without drawing heat away from the rest of the turtle's body. The leatherback accomplishes this by arranging the blood vessels in the base of its flipper into a countercurrent exchange system.In a countercurrent exchange system, the blood vessels carrying cooled blood from the flippers run close enough to the blood vessels carrying warm blood from the body to pick up some heat from the warmer blood vessels; thus, the heat is transferred from the outgoing to the ingoing vessels before itreaches the flipper itself.This is the samearrangement found in anold-fashioned steam radiator,in which the coiled pipes pass heat back and forth aswater courses through them. The leatherback is certainly not the only animal with such an arrangement; gulls have a countercurrent exchange in their legs. That is why a gull can stand on an ice floe without freezing.8. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A In a turtle's countercurrent exchange system, outgoing vessels lie near enough to ingoing ones that heat can be exchanged from the former to the latter before reaching the turtle's flippers.B Within the turtle's flippers, there is a countercurrent exchange system that allows colder blood vessels to absorb heat from nearby warmer blood vessels and then return warmed blood to the turtle's body.C In a countercurrent exchange system, a turtle can pick up body heat from being close enough to other turtles, thus raising its blood temperature as it passes them.D When a turtle places its flippers close to its body, it is able to use its countercurrent exchange system to transfer heat from the warmer blood vessels in its body to the cooler blood vessels in its flippers.9. Why does the author mention old-fashioned steam radiator in the discussion of countercurrent exchange systems?A To argue that a turtle's central heating system is not as highly evolved as that of other warmblooded animalsB To provide a useful comparison with which to illustrate how a countercurrent exchange system worksC To suggest that steam radiators were modeled after the sophisticated heating system of turtlesD To establish the importance of the movement of water in countercurrent exchange systems10. The phrase "courses through” in the passage is closest in meaning to A rises through B heats up in C runs through D collects in11. According to paragraph 6, which of the following statements is most accurate about young leatherback turtles?A They lack the countercurrent exchange systems that develop in adulthood.B Their rate of growth is slower than that of other sea turtles.C They lose heat easily even with insulation and countercurrent exchange systems.D They switch between cold-blooded and warm-blooded modes throughout their hatchling stage.All this applies, of course, only to an adult leatherback. Hatchlings are simply too small to conserve body heat, even with insulation and countercurrent exchange systems. We do not know how old, or how large, a leatherback has to be before it can switch from a cold-blooded to a warm-blooded mode of life. Leatherbacks reach their immense size in a much shorter time than it takes other sea turtles to grow. Perhaps their rush to adulthood is driven by a simple need to keep warm.Leatherbacks keep their body heat in three different ways. The first, and simplest, is size. The bigger the animal is, the lower its surface-to-volume ratio; for every ounce of body mass, there is proportionately less surface through which heat can escape. An adult leatherback is twice the size of the biggest cheloniid sea turtles and will therefore take longer to cool off. Maintaining a high body temperature through sheer bulk is called gigantothermy. ■ It works for elephants, for whales, and, perhaps, it worked for many of the larger dinosaurs. ■ It apparently works, in a smaller way, for some other sea turtles. ■ Large log gerhead and green turtles can maintain their body temperature at a degree or two above that of the surrounding water, and gigantothermy is probably the way they do it. ■ Muscular activity helps, too, and an actively swimming green turtle may be 70C (12.60F) warmer than the waters it swims through.12. Look at the four squares [ ■ ] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit?However, these animals have additional means of staying warm.13. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Contrary to what we would expect of reptiles, the leatherback turtle is actually warm-blooded.A. Even though they swim into cold ocean waters, leatherbacks maintain their body heat in much the same way as sea turtles in warm southern oceans do.B. The leatherback turtle uses a countercurrent exchange system in order to keep the flippers from drawing heat away from the rest of the body.C. The shape of the leatherback turtle's flippers is especially important in maintaining heat in northern waters.D. extremely coldThe leatherback turtle is able to maintain body heat through sheer size.E. Leatherbacks have an insulating layer that can be considered the reptilian version of blubber.F. a cold-bloodedYoung leatherbacks often do not survive to adulthood because they are not able to switch from way of life to a warm-blooded one quickly enough.。
TPO4阅读解析-Passage2
Q1答案：A解析：mark“标记”，marked“显著的”。
所在句的上半句提到我们认为artistic efforts是比较粗劣的，然后转折，提到他们应该有技巧，considerable“相当大的”，正确。
surprising“令人惊讶的”，limited“有限的”，adequate“充足的”在这里意思有点过，并且跟“显著的”意思也不符合。
Q2答案：B解析：此题可以使用排除法，原文一共提到了三个地方岩画的年龄，南非28000年前，欧洲和南非一样，澳洲30000年前，所以澳洲最老，A错误，D也错误；B说28000年前，原文既然说欧洲和非洲一样，当然也是28000年前，所以B 正确；C刚好和原文相反，错误。
Q3答案：A解析：principal“主要的”，所以major是正确答案，likely“可能”，well protected “保护好的”，distinct“明显的”在这里意思都不符合。
Q4答案：D解析：以magical-religious activities做关键词定位至（3）的这句话，inner reach 和difficult to access都说明D是正确的，因为四个答案中只有D的hard-to-reach places与文中的difficult to access相对应。
Q5答案：D解析：trappings，复数的时候只有一个意思是“装饰物”。
原文与之并列的是backdrop，而backdrop指背景，所以problems“问题”和influences是完全不合文意的，注意condition选项颇具迷惑性，但条件跟背景的并列明显不如D“装饰”decorations的并列更好。
Q6答案：C解析：原文的结构是旧石器时代的人相信the drawing of a human image could cause death of injury，如果真是这样，it might explain why human figures are rarely depicted in cave art。
托福TPO4阅读文本及题目答案Part3整理
托福TPO4阅读文本及题目答案Part3整理托福TPO是我们托福阅读的重要参考资料，为了便利大家备考，下面我给大家整理了托福TPO4阅读文本及题目答案Part3，盼望大家喜爱。
托福TPO4阅读真题原文Part3Petroleum ResourcesPetroleum, consisting of crude oil and natural gas, seems to originate from organic matter in marine sediment. Microscopic organisms settle to the seafloor and accumulate in marine mud. The organic matter may partially decompose, using up the dissolved oxygen in the sediment. As soon as the oxygen is gone, decay stops and the remaining organic matter is preserved.Continued sedimentation-the process of deposits settling on the sea bottom-buries the organic matter and subjects it to higher temperatures and pressures, which convert the organic matter to oil and gas. As muddy sediments are pressed together, the gas and small droplets of oil may be squeezed out of the mud and may move into sandy layers nearby. Over long periods of time (millions of years), accumulations of gas and oil can collect in the sandy layers. Both oil and gas are less dense than water, so they generally tend to rise upward through water-saturated rock and sediment.Oil pools are valuable underground accumulations of oil, and oil fields are regions underlain by one or more oil pools. When an oil pool or field has been discovered, wells are drilled into the ground. Permanent towers, called derricks, used to be built to handle the long sections ofdrilling pipe. Now portable drilling machines are set up and are then dismantled and removed. When the well reaches a pool, oil usually rises up the well because of its density difference with water beneath it or because of the pressure of expanding gas trapped above it. Although this rise of oil is almost always carefully controlled today, spouts of oil, or gushers, were common in the past. Gas pressure gradually dies out, and oil is pumped from the well. Water or steam may be pumped down adjacent wells to help push the oil out. At a refinery, the crude oil from underground is separated into natural gas, gasoline, kerosene, and various oils. Petrochemicals such as dyes, fertilizer, and plastic are also manufactured from the petroleum.As oil becomes increasingly difficult to find, the search for it is extended into more-hostile environments. The development of the oil field on the North Slope of Alaska and the construction of the Alaska pipeline are examples of the great expense and difficulty involved in new oil discoveries. Offshore drilling platforms extend the search for oil to the oceans continental shelves-those gently sloping submarine regions at the edges of the continents. More than one-quarter of the worlds oil and almost one-fifth of the worlds natural gas come from offshore, even though offshore drilling is six to seven times more expensive than drilling on land. A significant part of this oil and gas comes from under the North Sea between Great Britain and Norway.Of course, there is far more oil underground than can be recovered. It may be in a pool too small or too far from a potential market to justify the expense of drilling. Some oil lies under regions where drilling is forbidden, such as national parks or other public lands. Even given the best extraction techniques, only about 30 to 40 percent of the oil in a given pool can be brought to the surface. The rest is far too difficult to extract and has to remain underground.Moreover, getting petroleum out of the ground and from under the sea and to the consumer can create environmental problems anywhere along the line. Pipelines carrying oil can be broken by faults or landslides, causing serious oil spills. Spillage from huge oil-carrying cargo ships, called tankers, involved in collisions or accidental groundings (such as the one off Alaska in 1989) can create oil slicks at sea. Offshore platforms may also lose oil, creating oil slicks that drift ashore and foul the beaches, harming the environment. Sometimes, the ground at an oil field may subside as oil is removed. The Wilmington field near Long Beach, California, has subsided nine meters in 50 years; protective barriers have had to be built to prevent seawater from flooding the area. Finally, the refining and burning of petroleum and its products can cause air pollution. Advancing technology and strict laws, however, are helping control some of these adverse environmental effects.Paragraph 1: Petroleum, consisting of crude oil and natural gas, seems to originate from organic matter in marine sediment. Microscopic organisms settle to the seafloor and accumulatein marine mud. The organic matter may partially decompose, using up the dissolved oxygenin the sediment. As soon as the oxygen is gone, decay stops and the remaining organic matter is preserved.托福TPO4阅读真题题目Part31.The word accumulate in the passage is closest in meaning to○grow up○build up○spread out○break apart2.According to paragraph 1, which of the following is true about petroleum formation?○Microscopic organisms that live in mud produce crude oil and natural gas.○Large amounts of oxygen are needed for petroleum formation to begin.○Petroleum is produced when organic material in sediments combines with decaying marine organisms.○Petroleum formation appears to begin in marine sediments where organic matter is present.Paragraph 1: Petroleum, consisting of crude oil and natural gas, seems to originate from organic matter in marine sediment. Microscopic organisms settle to the seafloor and accumulate in marine mud. The organic matter may partially decompose, using up the dissolved oxygen in the sediment. As soon as the oxygen is gone, decay stops and the remaining organic matter is preserved.Paragraph 2: Continued sedimentation-the process of deposits settling on the sea bottom-buries the organic matter and subjects it to higher temperatures and pressures, which convert the organic matter to oil and gas. As muddy sediments are pressed together, the gas and small droplets of oil may be squeezed out of the mud and may move into sandylayers nearby. Over long periods of time (millions of years), accumulations of gas and oil can collect in the sandy layers. Both oil and gas are less dense than water, so they generally tend to rise upward through water-saturated rock and sediment.3.In paragraphs 1 and 2, the authors primary purpose is to○describe how petroleum is formed○explain why petroleum formation is a slow process○provide evidence that a marine environment is necessary for petroleum formation○show that oil commonly occurs in association with gas4.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.○Higher temperatures and pressures promote sedimentation, which is responsible for petroleum formation.○Deposits of sediments on top of organic matter increase the temperature of and pressure on the matter.○Increase pressure and heat from the weight of the sediment turn the organic remains into petroleum.○The remains of microscopic organisms transform into petroleum once they are buried under mud.Paragraph 3: Oil pools are valuable underground accumulations of oil, and oil fields are regions underlain by one or more oil pools. When an oil pool or field has been discovered, wells are drilled into the ground. Permanent towers, called derricks, used to be built to handle the long sections of drilling pipe. Now portable drilling machines are set up and are then dismantled and removed. When the well reaches a pool, oil usually rises up the well because of its density difference with water beneath it or because of the pressure of expanding gas trapped above it. Although this rise of oil is almost always carefully controlled today, spouts of oil, or gushers, were common in the past. Gas pressure gradually dies out, and oil is pumped from the well. Water or steam may be pumped down adjacent wells to help push the oil out. At a refinery, the crude oil from underground is separated into natural gas, gasoline, kerosene, and various oils. Petrochemicals such as dyes, fertilizer, and plastic are also manufactured from the petroleum.5.The word adjacent in the passage is closest in meaning to○nearby○existing○special○deep6.Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 3 about gushers?○They make bringing the oil to the surface easier.○They signal the presence of huge oil reserves.○They waste more oil than they collect.○They are unlikely to occur nowadays.Paragraph 4: As oil becomes increasingly difficult to find, the search for it is extended into more-hostile environments. The development of the oil field on the North Slope of Alaska and the construction of the Alaska pipeline are examples of the great expense and difficulty involved in new oil discoveries. Offshore drilling platforms extend the search for oil to the oceans continental shelves-those gently sloping submarine regions at the edges of the continents. More than one-quarter of the worlds oil and almost one-fifth of the worlds natural gas come from offshore, even though offshore drilling is six to seven times more expensive than drilling on land. A significant part of this oil and gas comes from under the North Sea between Great Britain and Norway.7.Which of the following strategies for oil exploration is described in paragraph 4?○Drilling under the oceans surface○Limiting drilling to accessible locations○Using highly sophisticated drilling equipment○Constructing technologically advanced drilling platforms8.What does the development of the Alaskan oil field mentioned inparagraph 4 demonstrate?○More oil is extracted from the sea than from land.○Drilling for oil requires major financial investments.○The global demand for oil has increased over the years.○The North Slope of Alaska has substantial amounts of oil.9.The word sloping in the passage is closest in meaning to○shifting○inclining○forming○rollingParagraph 5: Of course, there is far more oil underground than can be recovered. It may be in a pool too small or too far from a potential market to justify the expense of drilling. Some oil lies under regions where drilling is forbidden, such as national parks or other public lands. Even given the best extraction techniques, only about 30 to 40 percent of the oil in a given pool can be brought to the surface. The rest is far too difficult to extract and has to remain underground.10.According to paragraph 5, the decision to drill for oil depends on all of the following factors EXCEPT○permission to access the area where oil has been found○the availability of sufficient quantities of oil in a pool○the location of the market in relation to the drilling site○the political situation in the region where drilling would occurParagraph 6: Moreover, getting petroleum out of the ground and from under the sea and to the consumer can create environmental problems anywhere along the line. Pipelines carrying oil can be broken by faults or landslides, causing serious oil spills. Spillage from hugeoil-carrying cargo ships, called tankers, involved in collisions or accidental groundings (such as the one off Alaska in 1989) can create oil slicks at sea. Offshore platforms may also lose oil, creating oil slicks that drift ashore and foul the beaches, harming the environment. Sometimes, the ground at an oil field may subside as oil is removed. The Wilmington field near Long Beach, California, has subsided nine meters in 50 years; protective barriers have had to be built to prevent seawater from flooding the area. Finally, the refining and burning of petroleum and its products can cause air pollution. Advancing technology and strict laws, however, are helping control some of these adverse environmental effects.11.The word foul in the passage is closest in meaning to○reach○flood○pollute○alter12.In paragraph 6, the authors primary purpose is to○provide examples of how oil exploration can endanger the environment○describe accidents that have occurred when oil activities were in progress○give an analysis of the effects of oil spills on the environment○explain how technology and legislation help reduce oil spillsParagraph 2: Continued sedimentation-the process of deposits settling on the sea bottom-buries the organic matter and subjects it to higher temperatures and pressures, which convert the organic matter to oil and gas. █As muddy sediments are pressed together, the gas and small droplets of oil may be squeezed out of the mud and may move into sandy layers nearby. █Over long periods of time (millions of years), accumulations of gas and oil can collect in the sandy layers. █Both oil and gas are less dense than water, so they generally tend to rise upward through water-saturated rock and sediment. █13.Look at the four squares [█] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.Unless something acts to halt this migration, these natural resources will eventually reach the surface.Where would the sentence best fit?14.Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Petroleum is a broad term that includes both crude oil and natural gas.●●●Answer choices○Petroleum formation is the result of biological as well as chemical activity.○The difficulty of finding adequate sources of oil on land has resulted in a greater number of offshore drilling sites.○Petroleum extraction can have a negative impact on the environment.○Petroleum tends to rise to the surface, since it is lower in density than water.○Current methods of petroleum extraction enable oil producers to recover about half of the worlds petroleum reserves.○Accidents involving oil tankers occur when tankers run into shore reefs or collide with other vessels托福TPO4阅读真题题目答案Part3参考答案：1. ○22. ○43. ○14. ○35. ○16. ○47. ○18. ○29. ○210. ○411. ○312. ○113. ○414. Petroleum formation is the…The difficulty of finding…Petroleum extraction can…托福TPO4阅读真题翻译Part3参考翻译：石油资源石油是由原油和自然气组成，好像都源自于海洋的有机物沉淀。
威学教育王鑫托福阅读TPO33阅读文本
【王鑫托福阅读】托福TPO3-3阅读文本TPO3TPO3-3 The Long Term Stability of Ecosystems1. The word “particular” in the passage is closest in meaning toA. naturalB. finalC. specificD. complex2. According to paragraph 1, which of the following is NOT true of climax communitiesA. They occur at the end of a succession.B. They last longer than any other type of community.C. The numbers of plants in them and the mix of species do not change.D. They remain stable for at least 500 years at a time.3. According to paragraph 2, which of the following principles of ecosystems can be learned by studying a pondA. Ecosystem properties change more slowly than individuals in the system.B. The stability of an ecosystem tends to change as individuals are replaced.C. Individual organisms are stable from one year to the next.D. A change in the members of an organism does not affect an ecosystem’ s propertiesPlant communities assemble themselves flexibly, and their particular structure depends on the specific history of the area. Ecologists use the term “succession” to refer to the changes that happen in plant communities and ecosystems over time. The first community in a succession is called a pioneer community, while the long-lived community at the end of succession is called a climax community. Pioneer and successional plant communities are said to change over periods from 1 to 500 years. These changes—in plant numbers and the mix of species—are cumulative. Climax communities themselves change but over periods of time greater than about 500 years.An ecologist who studies a pond today may well find it relatively unchanged in a year's time. Individual fish may be replaced, but the number of fish will tend to be the same from one year to the next. We can say that the properties of an ecosystem are more stable than the individual organisms that compose the ecosystem.4. According to paragraph 3, ecologists once believed that which of the following illustrated the most stable ecosystemsA. Pioneer communitiesB. Climax communitiesC. Single-crop farmlandsD. Successional plant communities5. According to paragraph 4, why is the question of ecosystem stability complicated reasons for ecosystem change are not always clear.B. Ecologists often confuse the word “stability” with the word“ resilience. ”C. The exact meaning of the word “ stability ” is debated by ecologists.D. There are many different answers to ecological questions.6. According to paragraph 4, which of the following is true of climax communitiesA. They are more resilient than pioneer communities.B. They can be considered both the most and the least stable communities.C. They are stable because they recover quickly after major disturbances.D. They are the most resilient communities because they change the least over time.At one time, ecologists believed that species diversity made ecosystems stable. They believed that the greater the diversity the more stable the ecosystem. Support for this idea came from the observation that long-lasting climax communities usually have more complex food webs and more species diversity than pioneer communities. Ecologists concluded that the apparent stability of climax ecosystems depended on their complexity. To take an extreme example, farmlands dominated by a single crop are so unstable that one year of bad weather or the invasion of a single pest can destroy the entirecrop. In contrast, a complex climax community, such as a temperate forest, will tolerate considerable damage from weather to pests.The question of ecosystem stability is complicated, however. The first problem is that ecologists do not all agree what “ stability ” means. Stability can be defined as simply lack of change. In that case, the climax community would be considered the most stable, since, by definition, it changes the least over time. Alternatively, stability can be defined as the speed with which an ecosystem returns to a particular form following a major disturbance, such as a fire. This kind of stability is also called resilience. In that case, climax communities would be the most fragile and the least stable, since they can require hundreds of years to return to the climax state.7. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 5 about redwood forestsA. They become less stable as they mature.B. They support many species when they reach climax.C. They are found in temperate zones.D. They have reduced diversity during mid-successional stages.8. The word “guarantee” in the passage is closest in meaning toA. increaseB. ensureC. favorD. complicateparagraph 5, why does the author provide the information that “A fifteen-speed racing bicycle is more likely to break down than a child’ s tricycle”A. To illustrate a general principle about the stability of systems by using an everyday exampleB. To demonstrate that an understanding of stability in ecosystems can be applied to help understand stability in other situationsC. To make a comparison that supports the claim that, in general, stability increases with diversityD. To provide an example that contradicts mathematical models of ecosystemsEven the kind of stability defined as simple lack of change is not always associated with maximum diversity. At least in temperate zones, maximum diversity is often found in mid-successional stages, not in the climax community. Once a redwood forest matures, for example, the kinds of species and the number of individuals growing on the forest floor are reduced. In general, diversity, by itself, does not ensure stability. Mathematical models of ecosystems likewise suggest that diversity does not guarantee ecosystem stability—just the opposite, in fact. A more complicated system is, in general, more likely than a simple system to break down. A fifteen-speed racing bicycle is more likely to break down than a child’ s tricycle.10. The word “pales” in the passage is closest in me aning toA. increases proportionallyB. differsC. loses significanceD. is common11. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage Incurred choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A. Ecologists now think that the stability of an environment is a result of diversity rather than patchiness.B. Patchy environments that vary from place to place do not often have high species diversity.C. Uniform environments cannot be climax communities because they do not support as many types of organisms as patchy environments.D. A patchy environment is thought to increase stability because it is able to support a wide variety of organisms.12. The word “adjacent” in the passage is closest in meaning toEcologists are especially interested to know what factors contribute to the resilience of communities because climax communities all over the world arebeing severely damaged or destroyed by human activities. The destruction caused by the volcanic explosion of Mount St. Helens, in the northwestern United States, for example, pales in comparison to the destruction caused by humans. We need to know what aspects of a community are most important to the community’ s resistance to destruction, as well as its recovery.Many ecologists now think that the relative long-term stability of climax communities comes not from diversity but from the “patchiness” of the environment, an environment that varies from place to place supports more kinds of organisms than an environment that is uniform. A local population that goes extinct is quickly replaced by immigrants from an adjacent community. Even if the new population is of a different species, it can approximately fill the niche vacated by the extinct population and keep the food web intact.B. stableC. fluidD. neighboring■Ecologists are especially interested to know what factors contribute to the resilience of communities because climax communities all over the world are being severely damaged or destroyed by human activities.■ The destruction caused by the volcanic explosion of Mount St. Helens, in the northwestern United States, for example, pales in comparison to the destruction caused by humans. ■We need to know what aspects of a community are most important to the community’ s resistance to destruction, as well as its13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following senten ce could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fitIn fact, damage to the environment by humans is often much more severe than damage by natural events and processes.14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points. The process of succession and the stability of a climax community can change over time.A. The changes that occur in an ecosystem from the pioneer to the climax community can be seen in one human generation.B. A high degree of species diversity does not always result in a stable ecosystem.C. Disagreements over the meaning of the term "stability" make it difficult to identify the most stable ecosystems.D. Ecologists agree that climax communities are the most stable types of ecosystems.E. The level of resilience in a plant community contributes to its long-term stability.F. The resilience of climax communities makes them resistant to destruction caused by humans.。
【威学教育王鑫】想掌握托福阅读考点,就要多做托福真题
威学教育|专注雅思、托福等出国考试培训网址：想掌握托福阅读考点，就要多做托福真题在托福考试中流传着这样一句话：得词汇者得阅读，得阅读者得托福！在威学教育经常会遇到很多学生来上托福课，难的单词到是认识很多，但是题眼的单词是抓不到的，托福阅读出题题眼的单词并不都是高深的词汇，因为在表达中不管是中英文都是用简单明了的语言来表达思想的，而很多同学着眼于8000词汇中通常不用的词汇，而抛弃了高中词汇的3500词或大学的4500词，那么这样是不是在解题的时候容易抓不到意思呢?切忌，新托福阅读词汇是关键，但重中之重是重点词汇。
威学教育托福导师sally指出，不少学生对于该如何做题一直纠结不清，到底是先看文章再做题，还是直接跳过文章去做题目?每一种方法都有每一种方法的利与弊，比如说学生们也自己总结出一套方法，先看一段，然后做相应的题目，这样既可以读到文章心理踏实也可以及时记住文章中的内容，此种方法也不失为一种好方法。
前面的三种方法都可以用来做题，也都有各自的好处。
那么以上三种方法，大家可以课下在做练习的时候都试用一下，哪一种方法最适合自己就用哪一种方法。
巧用托福阅读真题让考点清晰(1)构成因果处是考点，两事物或者多事物间的因果顺序关系要弄清楚。
(2)两事物或对象对比、类比、比较处是考点。
当出现此类语言叙述时，必须要弄清楚两事物或几个事物间的相同点，相异点的特征分别是什么，他们之间有什么联系或者关联。
时间，空间，程度或者间接转折均能构成对比或者比较其相似或相异性。
(3)事物叙述的缺陷处所在是考点。
此时要弄清缺陷与所叙述的事物不足处是什么，如果文章提出了改进方法，还必须知道改进和或弥补的方法又是什么，在众多方法中，作者到底同意或者赞同哪一个，一般来说是最后一个观点。
)(4)特殊语言处是考点，例如：最高级和比较级处，各种长难复合句，高级词汇所在句子以及特殊易混的短语习语处。
(5)强转折是考点，引入新观点或者反驳前所叙述的主题处是考点，其中转折的方式很多，除了传统的however, but, yet外，其他方式的转折也必须注意，尤其是一个概念向另一个概念过渡的地方。
【威学教育王鑫整理出品】托福TPO6-3阅读文本
【王鑫托福阅读】托福TPO6-3阅读文本TPO6TPO6-3 Infantile AmnesiaB. repetitionC. occurrenceD. idea1. What purpose does paragraph 2 serve in the larger discussion of children ’ s inability to recall early experiences?A. To argue that theories that are not substantiated by evidence should generally be considered unreliableB. To argue that the hypotheses mentioned in paragraph 2 have been more thoroughly researched than have the theories mentioned later in the passageC. To explain why some theories about infantile amnesia are wrong before presenting ones more likely to be trueD. To explain why infantile amnesia is of great interest to researchers2. The word “plausible” in the passage is closest in meaning toA. flexibleB. believableC. debatableD. predictable3. The word “phenomenon” in the passage is closest in meaning toA.exceptionWhat do you remember about your life before you were three? Few people can remember anything that happened to them in their early years. Adults' memories of the next few years also tend to be scanty. Most people remember only a few events—usually ones that were meaningful and distinctive, such as being hospitalized or a sibling's birth.How might this inability to recall early experiences be explained? The sheer passage of time does not account for it; adults have excellent recognition of pictures of people who attended high school with them 35 years earlier. Another seemingly plausible explanation—that infants do not form enduring memories at this point in development—also is incorrect. Children two and a half to three years old remember experiences that occurred in their first year, and eleven month olds remember some events a year later. Nor does the hypothesis that infantile amnesia reflects repression—or holding back—of sexually charged episodes explain the phenomenon. While such repression may occur, people cannot remember ordinary events from the infant and toddler periods either.4. All of the following theories about the inability to recall early experiences are rejected in paragraph 2 EXCEPT:A. The ability to recall an event decreases as the time after the event increases.B. Young children are not capable of forming memories that last for more than a short time.C. People may hold back sexually meaningful memories.D. Most events in childhood are too ordinary to be worth remembering.5. What does paragraph 3 suggest about long-term memory in children?A. Maturation of the frontal lobes of the brain is important for the long-term memory of motor activities but not verbal descriptions.B. Young children may form long-term memories of actions they see earlier than of things they hear or are told.C. Young children have better long-term recall of short verbal exchanges than of long ones.D. Children ’ s long-term recall of motor activities increases when such activities are accompanied by explicit verbal descriptions.6. According to paragraph 4, what role may storytelling play in forming childhood memories?A. It may encourage the physiological maturing of the brain.B. It may help preschool children tell the difference between ordinary and unusual memories.C. It may help preschool children retrieve memories quickly.D. It may provide an ordered structure that facilitates memory retrieval.Three other explanations seem more promising. One involves physiological changes relevant to memory. Maturation of the frontal lobes of the brain continues throughout early childhood, and this part of the brain may be critical for remembering particular episodes in ways that can be retrieved later. Demonstrations of infants ’ and toddlers' long-term memory have involved their repeating motor activities that they had seen or done earlier, such as reaching in the dark for objects, putting a bottle in a doll’ s mouth, or pulling apart two pieces of a toy. The brain ’ s level of physiological maturation may support these types of memories, but not ones requiring explicit verbal descriptions.A second explanation involves the influence of the social world on children’ s language use. Hearing and telling stories about events may help children store information in ways that will endure into later childhood and adulthood. Through hearing stories with a clear beginning, middle, and ending children may learn to extract the gist of events in ways that they will be able to describe many years later. Consistent with this view, parents and children increasingly engage in discussions of past events when children are about threeyears old. However, hearing such stories is not sufficient for younger children to form enduring memories. Telling such stories to two year olds does not seem to produce long-lasting verbalizable memories.7. The word “critically” in the passage is closest in meaning toA. fundamentallyB. partiallyC. consistentlyD. subsequently8. The word “perspective” in the passage is closest in meaning toA. systemB. theoryC. sourceD. viewpoint9. The phrase “This view” in the passage refers to the belief thatA. the ability to retrieve a memory partly depends on the similarity between the encoding and retrieving processB. the process of encoding information is less complex for adults than it is for young adults and infantsC. infants and older children are equally dependent on discussion of past events for the retrieval of informationD. infants encode information in the same way older children and adults do10. According to paragraphs 5 and 6, one disadvantage very young children face in processing information is that they cannotA. B. organize experiences according to typeC. block out interruptionsD. interpret the tone of adult languageprocess a lot of information at one timeA third likely explanation for infantile amnesia involves incom p a tibil ities bet ween t he ways in which infants encode information and the ways in which older children and adults retrieve it. Whether people can remember an event depends critically on the fit between the way in which they earlier encoded the information and the way in which they later attempt to retrieve it. The better able the person is to reconstruct the perspective from which the material was encoded, the more likely that recall will be successful.This view is supported by a variety of factors that can create mismatches between very young children's encoding and older children's and adults' retrieval efforts. The world looks very different to a person whose head is only two or three feet above the ground than to one whose head is five or six feet above it. Older children and adults often try to retrieve the names of things they saw, but infants would not have encoded the information verbally. General knowledge of categories of events such as a birthday party or a visit to the doctor's office helps older individuals encode their experiences, but again, infants and toddlers are unlikely to encode many experiences within such knowledge structures.11. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A. Incomplete physiological development may partly explain why hearing stories does not improve long-term memory in infants and toddlers.B. One reason why preschoolers fail to comprehend the stories they hear is that they are physiologically immature.C. Given the chance to hear stories, infants and toddlers may form enduring memories despite physiological immaturity.D. Physiologically mature children seem to have no difficulty remembering stories they heard as preschoolers.These three explanations of infantile amnesia are not mutually exclusive; indeed, they support each other. Physiological immaturity may be part of why infants and toddlers do not form extremely enduring memories, even when they hear stories that promote such remembering in preschoolers. Hearing the stories may lead preschoolers to encode aspects of events that allow them to form memories they can access as adults. Conversely, improved encoding of what they hear may help them better understand and remember stories and thus make the stories more useful for remembering future events. Thus, all three explanations—physiological maturation, hearing and producing stories about past events, and improved encoding of key aspects of events—seem likely to be involved in overcoming infantile amnesia.12. How does paragraph 7 relate to the earlier discussion of infantile amnesia?A. It introduces a new theory about the causes of infantile amnesia.B. It argues that particular theories discussed earlier in the passage require further research.C. It explains how particular theories discussed earlier in the passage may work in combination.D. It evaluates which of the theories discussed earlier is most likely to be true.What do you remember about your life before you were three? _Few people can remember anything thathappened to them in their early years. ■Adults' memories of the next few yea rs also tend to be scanty. ■Most people remember only a few events—usually ones that were meaningful and distinctive, such as being hospitalized or a sibling's birth. ■13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Wherewould the sentence best fit?Other important occasions are school graduations and weddings.14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points. There are several possible explanations why people cannot easily remember their early childhoods.A. Preschoolers typically do not recall events from their first year.B. Frontal lobe function of the brain may need to develop before memory retrieval can occur.C. Children recall physical activities more easily if they are verbalized.D. The opportunity to hear chronologically narrated stories may help three-year-old children produce long-lasting memories.E. The content of a memory determines the way in which it is encoded.F. The contrasting ways in which young children and adults process information may determine their relative success in remembering.。
【威学教育】王鑫托福阅读TPO5-4阅读文本
【王鑫托福阅读】托福TPO6-1阅读文本TPO6TPO6-1 Powering the Industrial Revolution1. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A. Running water was the best power source for factories since it could keep machines operating continuously, but since it was abundant only in Lancashire and Scotland, most mills and factories that were located elsewhere could not be water driven.B. The disadvantage of using waterpower is that streams do not necessarily flow in places that are the most suitable for factories, which explains why so many water-powered grain and textile mills were located in undesirable places.C. Since machines could be operated continuously only where running water was abundant, grain and textile mills, as well as other factories, tended to be located only in Lancashire and Scotland.D. Running water was the only source of power that was suitable for the continuous operation of machines, but to make use of it, factories had to be located where the water was, regardless of whether such locations made sense otherwise.In Britain one of the most dramatic changes of the Industrial Revolution was the harnessing of power. Until the reign of George 111(1760-1820), available sources of powe r for work and travel had not increased since theMiddle Ages. There were three sources of power: animal or human muscles; the wind, operating on sail or windmill; and running water. Only the last of these was suited at all to the continuous operating of machines, and although waterpower abounded in Lancashire and Scotland and ran grain mills as well as textile mills, it had one great disadvantage: streams flowed where nature intended them to, and water-driven factories had to be located on their banks whether or not the location was desirable for other reasons. Furthermore, even the most reliable waterpower varied with the seasons and disappeared in a drought. The new age of machinery, in short, could not have been born without a new source of both movable and constant power.2. Which of the following best describes the relation of paragraph 2 to paragraph 1?A. Paragraph 2 shows how the problem discussed in paragraph 1 arose.B. Paragraph 2 explains how the problem presented in paragraph 1 came to be solved.C. Paragraph 2 provides a more technical discussion of the problem introduced in paragraph 1.D. Paragraph 2 shows why the problem discussed in paragraph 1 was especially important to solve.3. The word “exploited” in the passage is closest in meaning toA. utilizedB. recognizedC. examinedD. fully understood4. The word “vastly” in the passage is closet in meaning toA. quicklyB. ultimatelyC. greatlyD. initially5. According to paragraph 2, the “atmospheric engine was slow becauseA. it had been designed to be used in coal minesB. the cylinder had to cool between each strokeC. it made use of expanding steam to raise the piston in its cylinderD. it could be operated only when a large supply of fuel was available6. According to paragraph 2, Watt's steam engine differed from earlier steam engines in each of the following ways EXCEPT:A. It used steam to move a piston in a cylinder.B. It worked with greater speed.C. It was more efficient in its use of fuel.D. It could be used in many different ways.The source had long been known but not exploited. Early in the eighteenth century, a pump had e into use in which expanding steam raised a piston in a cylinder, and atmospheric pressure brought it down again when the steam condensed inside the cylinder to form a vacuum. This “ atmospheric engine, ”invented by Thomas Savery and vastly improved by his partner, Thomas Newen, embodied revolutionary principles, but it was so slow and wasteful of fuel that it could not be employed outside the coal mines for which it had been designed. In the 1760s, James Watt perfected a separate condenser for the steam, so that the cylinder did not have to be cooled at every stroke; then he devised a way to make the piston turn a wheel and thus convert reciprocating (back and forth) motion into rotary motion. He thereby transformed an inefficient pump of limited use into a steam engine of a thousand uses. The final step came when steam was introduced into the cylinder to drive the piston backward as well as forward, thereby increasing the speed of the engine and cutting its fuel consumption.7.In paragraph 3, the author mentions W illiam Murdoch’ s invention ofa new form of nighttime illumination in order toA. indicate one of the important developments made possible by the introduction of Watt's steam engineB. make the point that Watt's steam engine was not the only invention of importance to the Industrial RevolutionC. illustrate how important coal was as a raw material for the Industrial RevolutionD. provide an example of another eighteenth-century invention that used steam as a power source8. The phrase “grew accustomed to” in the passage is closest in meaning toA. began to preferB. wanted to haveC. became used toD. insisted onWatt's steam engine soon showed what it could do. It liberated industry from dependence on running water. The engine eliminated water in the mines by driving efficient pumps, which made possible deeper and deeper mining. The ready availability of coal inspired William Murdoch during the 1790s to develop the first new form of nighttime illumination to be discovered in a millennium and a half. Coal gas rivaled smoky oil lamps and flickering candles, and early in the new century, well-to-do Londoners grew accustomed to gaslit houses and even streets. Iron manufacturers, which had starved for fuel while depending on charcoal, also benefited from ever-increasing supplies of coal: blast furnaces with steam-powered bellows turned out more iron and steel for the new machinery. Steam became the motive force of the Industrial Revolution as coal and iron ore were the raw materials.9. The w ord “retained” in the passage is closest in meaning toA. gainedB. establishedC. profited fromD. maintained10. According to paragraph 4, which of the following statements about steam engines is true?A. They were used for the production of paper but not for printing.B. By 1800, significant numbers of them were produced outside of Britain.C. They were used in factories before they were used to power trains.D. They were used in the construction of canals and turnpikes.11. According to paragraph 4, providing a machine to take the place of the horse involved bining which two previously separate ingredients?A. Turnpikes and canalsB. Stationary steam engines and wagons with flanged wheelsC. Metal rails in roadbeds and wagons capable of carrying heavy loadsD. Canal boats and heavily laden wagonsBy 1800 more than a thousand steam engines were in use in the British Isles, and Britain retained a virtual monopoly on steam engine production until the 1830s. Steam power did not merely spin cotton and roll iron; early in the new century, it also multiplied ten times over the amount of paper that a single worker could produce in a day. At the same time, operators of the first printing presses run by steam rather than by hand found it possible to produce a thousand pages in an hour rather than thirty. Steam also promised to eliminate a transportation problem not fully solved by either canal boats or turnpikes. Boats could carry heavy weights, but canals could not cross hilly terrain; turnpikes could cross the hills, but the roadbeds could not stand up under great weights. These problems needed still another solution, and the ingredients for it lay close at hand. In some industrial regions, heavily laden wagons, with flanged wheels, were being hauled by horses along metal rails; and the stationary steam engine was puffing in the factory and mine. Another generation passed before inventors succeeded in bining these ingredients, by putting the engine on wheels and the wheels on the rails, so as to provide a machine to take the place of the horse. Thus the railroad age sprang from what had already happened in the eighteenth century.I Watt's steam engine soon showed what it could do.| It liberated industry from dependence on running water. (The engine eliminated water in the mines by driving efficient pumps, which made possible deeper and deepermining. (The ready availability of coal inspired William Murdoch during the 1790s to develop the first new formof nighttime illumination to be discovered in a millennium and a half. Coal gas rivaled smoky oil lamps and flickering candles, and early in the new century, well-to-do Londoners grew accustomed to gaslit houses and even streets. Iron manufacturers, which had starved for fuel while depending on charcoal, also benefited from ever-increasing supplies of coal: blast furnaces with steam-powered bellows turned out more iron and steel for the new machinery. Steam became the motive force of the Industrial Revolution as coal and iron ore were the raw materials.12. Look at the four squares [(] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit?The factories did not have to go to the streams when power could e to the factories.13. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. plete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points. The Industrial Revolution would not have been possible without a new source of power that was efficient, movable, and continuously available.A. In the early eighteenth century, Savery and Newen discovered that expanding steam could be used to raise a piston in a cylinder.B. Watt’ s steam engine played a leading role in greatly increasing industrial production of all kinds.C. Until the 1830s, Britain was the world’ s major producer of steam engines.D. In the mid-1700s James Watt transformed an inefficient steam pump into a fast, flexible, fuel-efficient engine.E. In the 1790s William Murdoch developed a new way of lighting houses and streets using coal gas.F. The availability of steam engines was a major factor in the development of railroads, which solved a major transportation problem.。
【威学教育】托福口语tpo4综合体听力文本
托福口语T P O41综合体听力文本TPO41Task3Nowlistentotwostudentsdiscussingtheassignment.Idon'tknowaboutthis.Whynot?Soundsokaytome.Thingis:dependingonsomeoneelsemakesmenervous.Myroommatehadtodoaprojectlike thisandtheothergirldidn'tshowuptomeetings,didn'tdoanyresearch.Myroommatehadto doeverythingherself.That'sadrag.Iguessifyourpartnerisirresponsible,youareoutofluck.Exactly.Ithurthergrade.Idon'twantthesamethingtohappentome.Rightnowl'mmore concernedwithgettingagoodgradeeventhoughIknowthat'snotthelessontheprofessorhasinmind.Still,it'llbegoodtolistentoeveryone'sstuff.Well,Idon'tknow.Imean,attheendofthesemester,peoplearefocusedonstudyingforexams.Yeah.Whohastimetoputsomethinglikethistogetherwhenthey'rebusystudying?True.Ican'timagineanyonewillbeabletoreallydoagoodjobwithit.Andeveryonewillbeso preoccupiedbythenthattheyprobablywon'tlistenanyway.Ithinktheprofessor'sgonnabe disappointed.Andstudents…well...we'llalljustbefrustratedbythewholething.Task4Nowlistentopartofalectureonthistopicinapsychologyclass.Here'sanexamplefrommyownlife.BeforeIstartedteaching,Iworkedasaresearchassistantin alaboratoryforayear.Well,duringmyveryfirstweekonthejob,Imadeasuggestiontomybossonhowwecould improvethewaywewererunninganexperiment.Mysuggestionwasagoodone.The experimentwassuccessfulandwegotgreatresults.Anyway,thatfirstweek,becauseofthatoneexperiment,mybossdecided,perhapswithouteven realizingit,hedecidedIwasagreatresearchassistantandheneverchangedhismind.Afterthat firstweek,Iwas...lwasokay,youknow,average.Iwasagoodworker,butIalsomademistakes. Everyonedoes.Butwhenevermybossintroducedmetosomeone,he'dsay,thisisJohn,ourstar researchassistant.Butaco-workerofmine,shewasn'tasfortunate,herfirstweekatthelab,shemadeabig mistakeandthelablostsomeimportantdata.Werecoveredthedata,butitcostofthelabtimeandmoney.Well,ourbossconcludedthatweekthatmyco-workerwasunreliable,incompetent. Andhecontinuedtothinkthat.But,actually,afterthatweek,sheturnedouttobeagood researchassistant,probablybetterthanme.Shemadesomeothersmallmistakes,likeIsaid, everyonedoes.Butourbossthoughtofherasunreliablecuzheonlynoticedhermistakes.Task5Nowlistentoaconversationbetweentwostudentsaboutcampushousing.Hi.Kate.Howisitgoing?Prettygood.Ijustfoundoutl'mgoingtobestayingoncampusduringthesemesterbreak. ProfessorClarkaskedmetohelphimwithsomeresearch.That'saprettybigdeal.Yeah.Iguessitis,buttheproblemis:thedormisalwaysclosed.SoIneedtofindhousingfor abouttwoweeks.Oh,that'srough.Butdidn'tyoumentionthatyouhadacoupleoffriendsthatliveinan apartmentnottoofarfromcampus?Aretheygonnabearound?Yeah.MaryandAlan.Theysaytheyaregonnastickaroundhereduringthebreak.Well,sowhydon'tyoujuststaywiththem?I'vebeenthinkingaboutaskingthem.Andtheyprobablywouldn'tchargeyouanything,right?Justforacoupleofweeks.Yeah.Probablynot.i'msurethey'dbefinewithit.Butsinceit'sbetweenclassesandtheywon't haveclassesandstuff,l'mworriedthat…You'reafraidthattheymightwanttopartytoomuch?Right.They'llbeonvacation,butl'llhavetogetupearlyinthemorningtoworkallday,sowe'llbeoncompletelydifferentschedules.Hmm...well,anotherpossibilityisthatsometimesyoucangetspecialpermissiontostayatthe dorm.Really?Youmeanthey'dletmestayinmyowndormroom?Iwouldn'thavetomove?Well,youwould,actually,becausetheyusuallyonlykeeponeofthedormsopenandit'snotthe oneyou'rein.Hmm...lwonderhowmuchtheycharge.Well,it'snotascheapasstayingwithfriends,but…Butitwouldbequieter…True.Task6Listentopartofalectureinapsychologyclass.Childrenliketoplay.Everybodyknowsthat.Whenkidsplay,theyhavefun.Butthere'smoreto playthanjusthavingfun.Playisalsoimportantifkidsaretodevelopinanemotionallyhealthy way.Fromapsychologicalperspective…well,let'stalkabouttworeasonspsychologistsbelieve playbenefitskids.First,playhelpschildrenfeelmoreincontrol.Why?Well,somepsychologistshavesuggestedthat smallchildrenoftenfeelhelpless.Theyhavetodependonotherpeople,adults,foreverything. They'vegotverylittlecontrolovertheirownlives.Parentsdecidewhentheyeat,whattheyeat, whattheywear.Thisconstantstateofdependencycanmakekidsfeeluneasyandanxious.But whenkidsplay,they'reabletocontroltheirworld ofplay.Theydecide…oh...whichtoythey're gonnaplaywithandhowthey'regonnaplaywithit.Maybetheytakesomebuildingblocksand makeabuildingoutofthem.Theyareconstructingsomethingwithnohelpatall.Soaccordingto thistheory,playinggiveschildrenasenseofbeingincontrolandtheydon'tfeelsohelpless. Andhere'sanotherwayplaycontributestohealthypsychologicaldevelopment.Itgiveschildrena safewaytoexplorecertainurges,desirestheyhave,butonesthatdon'trepresent…well...typicallyacceptablebehavior.Forexample,uh,taketheurgetobedestructive. Allkidshavethisurge,butiftheytrytoactonitandstartactuallybreakingthingsormessing thingsuparoundthehouse,theirparentswillgetupset.Butkidsarenaturallycurious.Theywant toexplorewhatit'sliketobedestructive,buttheydon'twanttheirparentstobeupsetwiththem.Sobyactingoutdestructivebehaviorsduringplay,theproblemissolvedcuzinplay,they' reallowedtobedestructive.Thinkaboutit.Thinkoftheexamplebeforewhereakidbuilds somethingoutofblocks.Isn'titreallycommontoseeakidbuildatowerorsomethingandthen justsmashitalldown?Destructiveinaway,butnoharmdone,right?。
托福TPO4阅读真题及答案Part2
托福TPO4阅读真题及答案Part2托福TPO作为托福的模考工具，它的题目对于我们备考托福很有参考价值，为了帮助大家备考，下面小编给大家整理了托福TPO4阅读真题及答案Part2，望喜欢！托福TPO4阅读真题原文：Part2Cave Art in EuropeThe earliest discovered traces of art are beads and carvings, and then paintings, from sites dating back to the Upper Paleolithic period. We might expect that early artistic efforts would be crude, but the cave paintings of Spain and southern France show a marked degree of skill. So do the naturalistic paintings on slabs of stone excavated in southern Africa. Some of those slabs appear to have been painted as much as 28,000 years ago, which suggests that painting in Africa is as old as painting in Europe. But painting may be even older than that. The early Australians may have painted on the walls of rock shelters and cliff faces at least 30,000 years ago, and maybe as much as 60,000 years ago.The researchers Peter Ucko and Andree Rosenfeld identified three principal locations of paintings in the caves of western Europe: (1) in obviously inhabited rock shelters and cave entrances; (2) in galleries immediately off the inhabited areas of caves; and (3) in the inner reaches of caves, whose difficulty of access has been interpreted by some as a sign that magical-religious activities were performed there.The subjects of the paintings are mostly animals. The paintings rest on bare walls, with no backdrops or environmental trappings. Perhaps, like many contemporary peoples, Upper Paleolithic men and women believed that the drawing of ahuman image could cause death or injury, and if that were indeed their belief, it might explain why human figures are rarely depicted in cave art. Another explanation for the focus on animals might be that these people sought to improve their luck at hunting. This theory is suggested by evidence of chips in the painted figures, perhaps made by spears thrown at the drawings. But if improving their hunting luck was the chief motivation for the paintings, it is difficult to explain why only a few show signs of having been speared. Perhaps the paintings were inspired by the need to increase the supply of animals. Cave art seems to have reached a peak toward the end of the Upper Paleolithic period, when the herds of game were decreasing.The particular symbolic significance of the cave paintings in southwestern France is more explicitly revealed, perhaps, by the results of a study conducted by researchers Patricia Rice and Ann Paterson. The data they present suggest that the animals portrayed in the cave paintings were mostly the ones that the painters preferred for meat and for materials such as hides. For example, wild cattle (bovines) and horses are portrayed more often than we would expect by chance, probably because they were larger and heavier (meatier) than other animals in the environment. In addition, the paintings mostly portray animals that the painters may have feared the most because of their size, speed, natural weapons such as tusks and horns, and the unpredictability of their behavior. That is, mammoths, bovines, and horses are portrayed more often than deer and reindeer. Thus, the paintings are consistent with the idea that the art is related to the importance of hunting in the economy of Upper Paleolithic people. Consistent with this idea, according to the investigators, is the fact that the art of the cultural period thatfollowed the Upper Paleolithic also seems to reflect how people got their food. But in that period, when getting food no longer depended on hunting large game animals (because they were becoming extinct), the art ceased to focus on portrayals of animals.Upper Paleolithic art was not confined to cave paintings. Many shafts of spears and similar objects were decorated with figures of animals. The anthropologist Alexander Marshack has an interesting interpretation of some of the engravings made during the Upper Paleolithic. He believes that as far back as 30,000 B.C., hunters may have used a system of notation, engraved on bone and stone, to mark phases of the Moon. If this is true, it would mean that Upper Paleolithic people were capable of complex thought and were consciously aware of their environment. In addition to other artworks, figurines representing the human female in exaggerated form have also been found at Upper Paleolithic sites. It has been suggested that these figurines were an ideal type or an expression of a desire for fertility.Paragraph 1: The earliest discovered traces of art are beads and carvings, and then paintings, from sites dating back to the Upper Paleolithic period. We might expect that early artistic efforts would be crude, but the cave paintings of Spain and southern France show amarked degree of skill. So do the naturalistic paintings on slabs of stone excavated in southern Africa. Some of those slabs appear to have been painted as much as 28,000 years ago, which suggests that painting in Africa is as old as painting in Europe. But painting may be even older than that. The early Australians may have painted on the walls of rock shelters and cliff faces at least 30,000 years ago, and maybe asmuch as 60,000 years ago.托福TPO4阅读题目：Part21.The word "marked" in the passage is closest in meaning to○considerable○surprising○limited○adequate2.Paragraph 1 supports which of the following statements about painting in Europe?○It is much older than painting in Australia.○It is as much as 28,000 years old.○It is not as old as painting in southern Africa.○It is much more than 30,000 years old.Paragraph 2: The researchers Peter Ucko and Andree Rosenfeld identified three principallocations of paintings in the caves of western Europe: (1) in obviously inhabited rock shelters and cave entrances; (2) in galleries immediately off the inhabited areas of caves; and (3) in the inner reaches of caves, whose difficulty of access has been interpreted by some as a sign that magical-religious activities were performed there.3.The word "principal" in the passage is closest in meaning to○major○likely○well p rotected○distinct4.According to paragraph 2, what makes some researchers think that certain cave paintings were connected with magical-religious activities?○The paintings were located where many people could easilysee them, allowing groups of people to participate in the magical-religious activities.○Upper Paleolithic people shared similar beliefs with contemporary peoples who use paintings of animals in their magical-religious rituals.○Evidence of magical-religious activities has been found in galleries immediately off the inhabited areas of caves.○The paintings were found in hard-to-reach places away from the inhabited parts of the cave.Paragraph 3: The subjects of the paintings are mostly animals. The paintings rest on bare walls, with no backdrops or environmental trappings. Perhaps, like many contemporary peoples, Upper Paleolithic men and women believed that the drawing of a human image could cause death or injury, and if that were indeed their belief, it might explain why human figures are rarely depicted in cave art. Another explanation for the focus on animals might be that these people sought to improve their luck at hunting. This theory is suggested by evidence of chips in the painted figures, perhaps made by spears thrown at the drawings. But if improving their hunting luck was the chief motivation for the paintings, it is difficult to explain why only a few show signs of having been speared. Perhaps the paintings were inspired by the need to increase the supply of animals. Cave art seems to have reached a peak toward the end of the Upper Paleolithic period, when the herds of game were decreasing.5.The word "trappings" in the passage is closest in meaning to○conditions○problems○influences○decorations6. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.○Upper Paleolithic people, like many contemporary peoples, believed that if they drew a human image in their cave art, it would cause death or injury.○Many contemporary people believe that the drawing of a human image can cause death or injury, so they, like Upper Paleolithic people, rarely depicted human figures in their cave art.○If Up per Paleolithic people, like many contemporary peoples, believed that the drawing of a human image could cause death or injury, this belief might explain why human figures are rarely depicted in cave art.○Although many contemporary peoples believe that th e drawing of a human image can cause death or injury, researchers cannot explain why Upper Paleolithic people rarely depicted human figures in their cave art.7.According to paragraph 3, scholars explained chips in the painted figures of animals by proposing that○Upper Paleolithic artists used marks to record the animals they had seen○the paintings were inspired by the need to increase the supply of animals for hunting○the artists had removed rough spots on the cave walls○Upper Paleolithic people used the paintings to increase their luck at hunting8.Why does the author mention that Upper Paleolithic cave art seemed to have "reached a peak toward the end of the UpperPaleolithic period, when the herds of game were decreasing"?○To argue that Upper Paleo lithic art ceased to include animals when herds of game became scarce○To provide support for the idea that the aim of the paintings was to increase the supply of animals for hunting○To emphasize the continued improvement in the quality of cave art throughout the Upper Paleolithic period○To show the direct connection between the decrease in herds of game and the end of the Upper Paleolithic period Paragraph 4: The particular symbolic significance of the cave paintings in southwestern France is more explicitly revealed, perhaps, by the results of a study conducted by researchers Patricia Rice and Ann Paterson. The data they present suggest that the animals portrayed in the cave paintings were mostly the ones that the painters preferred for meat and for materials such as hides. For example, wild cattle (bovines) and horses are portrayed more often than we would expect by chance, probably because they were larger and heavier (meatier) than other animals in the environment. In addition, the paintings mostly portray animals that the painters may have feared the most because of their size, speed, natural weapons such as tusks and horns, and the unpredictability of their behavior. That is, mammoths, bovines, and horses are portrayed more often than deer and reindeer. Thus, the paintings are consistent with the idea that the art is related to the importance of hunting in the economy of Upper Paleolithic people. Consistent with this idea, according to the investigators, is the fact that the art of the cultural period that followed the Upper Paleolithic also seems to reflect how people got their food. But in that period, when getting food no longer depended on hunting large game animals(because they were becoming extinct), the art ceased to focus on portrayals of animals.9.According to paragraph 4, scholars believe that wild cattle, horses, and mammoths are the animals most frequently portrayed in cave paintings for all of the following reasons EXCEPT:○These animals were difficult to hunt because their unpredictable behavior.○People preferred these animals for their meat and for their skins.○The painters admired the beauty of these large animals.○People feared these animals because of their size and speed.10.According to paragraph 4, which of the following may best represent the attitude of hunters toward deer and reindeer in the Upper Paleolithic period?○Hunters did not fear deer and reindeers as much as they did large game animals such as horses and mammoths.○Hunters were not interested in hunting deer and reind eer because of their size and speed.○Hunters preferred the meat and hides of deer and reindeer to those of other animals.○Hunters avoided deer and reindeer because of their natural weapons, such as horns.11.According to paragraph 4, what change is evident in the art of the period following the Upper Paleolithic?○This new art starts to depict small animals rather than large ones.○This new art ceases to reflect the ways in which people obtained their food.○This new art no longer consists mostly of repre sentations ofanimals.○This new art begins to show the importance of hunting to the economy.Paragraph 5: Upper Paleolithic art was not confined to cave paintings. Many shafts of spears and similar objects were decorated with figures of animals. The anthropologist Alexander Marshack has an interesting interpretation of some of the engravings made during the Upper Paleolithic. He believes that as far back as 30,000 B.C., hunters may have used a system of notation, engraved on bone and stone, to mark phases of the Moon. If this is true, it would mean that Upper Paleolithic people were capable of complex thought and were consciously aware of their environment. In addition to other artworks, figurines representing the human female in exaggerated form have also been found at Upper Paleolithic sites. It has been suggested that these figurines were an ideal type or an expression of a desire for fertility.12.According to paragraph 5, which of the following has been used as evidence to suggest that Upper Paleolithic people were capable of complex thought and conscious awareness of their environment?○They engraved animal figures on the shafts of spears and other objects.○They may have used engraved signs to record the phases of the Moon.○Their figurines represented the human female in exaggerated form.○They may have used figurines to portray an ideal type or to express a desire for fertility.Paragraph 3: The subjects of the paintings are mostly animals.The paintings rest on bare walls, with no backdrops or environmental trappings. Perhaps, like many contemporary peoples, Upper Paleolithic men and women believed that the drawing of a human image could cause death or injury, and if that were indeed their belief, it might explain why human figures are rarely depicted in cave art. Another explanation for the focus on animals might be that these people sought to improve their luck at hunting. █This theory is suggested by evidence of chips in the painted figures, perhaps made by spears thrown at the drawings. █But if imp roving their hunting luck was the chief motivation for the paintings, it is difficult to explain why only a few show signs of having been speared. █Perhaps the paintings were inspired by the need to increase the supply of animals. Cave art seems to have reached a peak toward the end of the Upper Paleolithic period, when the herds of game were decreasing. █13.Look at the four squares [█] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.Therefore, if the paintings were connected with hunting, some other explanation is needed.Where would the sentence best fit?14.Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that explain the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Upper Paleolithic cave paintings in Western Europe are among humanity's earliest artistic efforts.● ●●Answer choices○Researchers have proposed several different explanations for the fact that animals were the most common subjects in the cave paintings.○The art of the cultural period that followed the Upper Paleolithic ceased to portray large game animals and focused instead on the kinds of animals that people of that period preferred to hunt.○Some researchers believe that the paintings found in France provide more explicit evidence of their symbolic significance than those found in Spain, southern Africa, and Australia.○The cave paintings focus on portraying animals without also depicting the natural environments in which these animals are typically found.○Some researchers have argued that the cave paintings mostly portrayed large animals that provided Upper Paleolithic people with meat and materials.○Besides cave paintings, Upper Paleolithic people produced several other kinds of artwork, one of which has been thought to provide evidence of complex thought托福TPO4阅读题目答案：Part2参考答案：1. ○12. ○23. ○14. ○45. ○46. ○37. ○48.○29. ○310. ○111. ○312. ○213. ○314. Researchers have proposed…Some researchers believe…Besides cave paintings…托福TPO4阅读题目翻译：Part2参考翻译：欧洲的岩洞艺术迄今为止，发现的最早的并且有迹可寻的工艺品是珠链和雕刻，然后还有绘画，人类在旧石器时代晚期的遗址上发现了它们。
【威学教育】王鑫托福阅读TPO31-2阅读文本
【王鑫托福阅读】托福TPO全集之TPO31-2TPO31TPO31-2 Early Childhood Education1. According to paragraph 1, parents in Japan tend to think of preschool primarily as a place where children canA. Get a good academic startB. Expand their emotional developmentC. Become more independentD. Experience being part of a group2. The word “whereas” in the passage is closest in meaning toA. AlthoughB. BecauseC. MoreoverD. already3. The word “focus” in the passage is closest in meaning to A.ConsiderB. RespectC. ConcentrateD. Advise4.It can be inferred from paragraph 2 that the Head Start program was designed to serve children whoA. Come from families that do not have a lot of moneyB. Are not doing very well in kindergartenC. Were born in the 1950sD. Need programs that focus primarily on social and emotional factorsPreschools 一 educational programs for children under the age of five - differ significantly from one country to another according to the views that different societies hold regarding the purpose of early childhood education. For instance, in a cross-country comparison of preschools in China, Japan, and the United States, researchers found that parents in the three countries view the purpose of preschools very differently. Whereas parents in China tend to see preschools primarily as a way of giving children a good start academically, Japanese parents view them primarily as a way of giving children the opportunity to be members of a group. In the United States, in comparison, parents regard the primary purpose of preschools as making children more independent and self-reliant, although obtaining a good academic start and having group experience are also important.While many programs designed for preschoolers focus primarily on social and emotional factors, some are geared mainly toward promoting cognitive gains and preparing preschoolers for the formal instruction they will experience when they start kindergarten. In the United States, the best-known program designed to promote future academic success is Head Start. Established in the 1960s when the United States declared the War on Poverty, the program has served over 13 million children and their families. The program, which stresses parental involvement, was designed to serve the “whole child”, including children's physical health, self-confidence, social responsibility, and social and emotional development.1. According to paragraph 3, the Head Start program had NOT been successful at which of the following?A. Helping children adjust to schoolB. Providing long-term increase in IQ scoresC. Improving school performance throughout high schoolD. Preventing children from being placed in special-education classes6.In paragraph 4, the author mentions the “results from other types of readiness programs ” toA. Provide support for the idea that preschool readiness programs have been somewhat successfulB. Question the idea that Head Start is more effective than other preschool readiness programsC. Indicate school completion is usually the most reliable indicator of success in most readiness programsD. Emphasize that participating in readiness programs can be increased if costs are reduced7. According to paragraph 4, a cost-benefit analysis of one preschool readiness program revealed that A Only one dollar's worth of benefit was gained for every seven dollars spent on the program B The benefits of the program lasted only until the participants reached age 27C Taxpayers saved seven dollars for every dollar spent on the programD To be successful, the program would need to receive about seven times as much money as it currently receivesWhether Head Start is seen as successful or not depends on the lens through which one is looking. If, for instance, the program is expected to provide long-term increases in IQ (intelligence quotient) scores, it is a disappointment. Although graduates of Head Start programs tend to show immediate IQ gains, these increases do not last. On the other hand, it is clear that Head Start is meeting its goal of getting preschoolers ready for school. Preschoolers who participate in Head Start are better prepared for future schooling than those who do not. Furthermore, graduates of Head Start programshave better future school grade. Finally, some research suggests that ultimately Head Start graduates show higher academic performance at the end of high school, although the gains are modest.In addition,results from other types of preschoolreadinessprogramsindicate that those whoparticipate and graduate are less likely to repeat grades, and they are more likely to complete school than readiness program, for every dollar spent on the program, taxpayers saved seven dollars by the time the graduates reached the age of 27.8. The word “ comprehensive ” in the passage is closest in meaning toA. Easily understoodB. ThoroughC. RespectableD. Objective9. Paragraph 5 mentions that participants in early intervention programs have been shown to do all of the following better than nonparticipants EXCEPTA. Take care of their healthB. Support themselves financiallyC. Take care of their own childrenD. Have increased emotional development10. According to paragraph 5, which of the following is true about the benefits of early intervention programs?A. These programs produce good short-term benefits but few long-term benefits.B. Only the most expensive programs provide substantial benefits.C. The Head Start program provides a range of benefits that no other program can provide.D. Some children benefit more than others do from these programs.11. The word “seek” in the passage is closest in meaning toA. ClaimB. ManageC. FailD. Attempt12. The passage mentions “ developmental psychologist David Elkind” in order toA. Give an example of an expert who has designed an effective early childhood education programB. Introduce an alternative view about the value of early childhood educationC. Explain why early childhood education programs are less effective in the United States than in other countriesD. Refute the claim that academic success is dependent on factors outside parents’ control.The most recent comprehensive evaluation of early intervention programs suggests that, taken as a group, preschool programs can provide significant benefits, and that government funds invested early in life may ultimately lead to a reduction in future costs. For instance, compared with children who did not participate in early intervention programs, participants in variousprograms showed gains in emotional or cognitive development, better educational outcomes, increased economic self-sufficiency, reduced levels of criminal activity, and improved health-related behaviors. Of course, not every program produced all these benefits, and not every child benefited to the same extent. Furthermore, some researchers argue that less-expensive programs are just as good as relatively expensive ones, such as Head Start. Still, the results of the evaluation were promising, suggesting that the potential benefits of early intervention can be substantial.Not everyone agrees that programs that seek to enhance academic skills during the preschool years are a good thing. In fact, according to developmental psychologist David Elkind, United States society tends to push children so rapidly that they begin to feel stress and pressure at a young age. Elkind argues that academic success is largely dependent upon factors out of parents’ control, such as inherited abilities and a child’s rate of maturation. Consequently, children of a particular age cannot be expected to master educational material without taking into account their current level of cognitive development. In short, children require development appropriate educational practice, which is education that is based on both typical development and the unique characteristics of a given child.Not everyone agrees that programs that seek to enhance academic skills during the preschool years are a good thing. _n fact, according to developmental psychologist David Elkind, United States society tends to push children so rapidly that they begin to feel stress and pressure at a young age. ■Elkind argues that academic success is largely dependent upon factors out of parents’ control, such as inherited abilities and a child’ s rate of maturation. ■Consequently, children of a part icular age cannot be expected to master educational material without taking into account their current level of cognitive development. _n short, children require development appropriate educational practice, which is education that is based on both typical development and the unique characteristics of a given child.13. Look at the squares [■] that indicate where following sentence can be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit?According to Elkind, not only does this cause the child emotional distress, it also fails to bring the intended cognitive gains.14. Prose Summary. Preschool programs provide opportunities for young children to develop socially, emotionally, and cognitively.Answer ChoicesA. In addition to stressing academic development, preschools should be enjoyable, since studies show that children benefit from programs they find fun.B. Preschool programs such as Head Start have been shown to help prepare children for school and may also have long-term benefits in helping children become effective adults.C. Studies have shown that preschool programs are most effective when they focus on only one area of development rather than trying to serve the “whole child” .D. The primary purpose of preschool programs varies by country, with some stressing the importance of group experience, and others self-reliance or getting a good academic start.E. Critics of preschool programs argue that these programs put undue pressure on children and may not be effective if children are not developmentally ready for academic work.F. David Elkind is a critic of publicly funded preschool programs, arguing that the parent cannot control their children’ s emotional development.。
【威学教育】王鑫托福阅读TPO25-1阅读文本
【王鑫托福阅读】托福TPO全集之TPO25-1TPO25TPO25-1 The surface of Mars1. The word meaning to A Important B Extremely large C Highly unusual D Activeenormous” in the passage is closest in2. According to paragraph 1, Olympus Mons differs from volcanoes on the Tharsis bulge in that Olympus MonsA Has more complex geologic featuresB Shows less impact crateringC Is tallerD Was formed at a later time3. The word meaning to A Deep B Complex C Characteristic D Ancient4. According to paragraphs 1 and 2, which of the following is NOT true of the shield volcanoes on the Tharsis bulge?A They have broad, sloping sides.B They are smaller than the largest volcano on Mars.C They have channels that resemble the lava channels of volcanoes on Earth.D They are over 25 kilometers tall.The surface of Mars shows a wide range of geologic features, including huge volcanoes-the largest known in the solar system-and extensive impact cratering. Three very large volcanoes are found on the Tharsisbulge, an enormous geologic area near Mars's equator. Northwest of Tharsis is the largest volcano of all: Olympus Mons, with a height of 25 kilometers and measuring some 700 kilometers in diameter at its base. The three large volcanoes on the Tharsis bulge are a little smaller-a “mere” 18 kilometers high.None of these volcanoes was formed as a result of collisions between plates of the Martian crust-there is no plate motion on Mars. Instead, they are shield volcanoes — volcanoes with broad, sloping slides formed by molten rock. All four show distinctivelava channels and other flow features similar to those found on shield volcanoes on Earth. Images of the Martian surface reveal many hundreds of volcanoes. Most of the largest volcanoes are associated with the Tharsis bulge, but many smaller ones are found in the northern plains.5. The word “roughly” in the passage is closest in meaning toA TypicallyB FrequentlyC ActuallyD Approximately6. In paragraph 3, why does the author compare Maxwell Mons on Venus to the Hawaiian shield volcanoes on Earth?A To help explain the relationship between surface gravity and volcano heightB To explain why Mars's surface gravity is only 40 percent of Earth'sC To point out differences between the surface gravity of Earth and the surface gravity of VenusD To argue that there are more similarities than differences between volcanoes on different planetsThe great height of Martian volcanoes is a direct consequence of the planet's low surface gravity. As lava flows and spreads to form a shield volcano, the volcano's eventual height depends on the new mountain's ability to support its own weight. The lower the gravity, the lesser the weight and the greater the height of the mountain. It is no accident that Maxwell Mons on Venus and the Hawaiian shield volcanoes on Earth rise to about the same height (about 10 kilometers) above their respective bases-Earth and Venus have similar surface gravity. Mars's surface gravity is only 40 percent that of Earth, sovolcanoes rise roughly 2.5 times as high. Are the Martian shield volcanoes still active? Scientists haveno direct evidence for recent or ongoing eruptions,but if these volcanoes were active as recently as 100million years ago (an estimate of the time of laseruption based on the extent of impact cratering on7. Which of the sentences below best expresses tlermittently active. Millions of years, though, maypass between eruptions. ▼essential information in the highlighted senten the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information A Although direct evidence of recent eruptions is lacking, scientists believe that these volcanoes were active as recently as 100 million years ago.B Scientists estimate that volcanoes active more recently than 100 years ago will still have extensive impact cratering on their slopes.C If, as some evidence suggests, these volcanoes erupted as recently as 100 million years ago, they may continue to be intermittently active.D Although these volcanoes were active as recently as 100 million years ago, there is no direct evidence of recent or ongoing eruptions.their slopes), some of them may still be at leas8. The word “considerably” in the passage is closest in meaning toA FrequentlyB SignificantlyC ClearlyD Surprisingly9. According to paragraph 4, what is demonstrated by the fact that craters fill in much faster on Mars than on the Moon? A Erosion from meteoritic impacts takes place more quickly on Mars than on the Moon.B There is more dust on Mars than on the Moon.C The surface of Mars is a dry desert.D Wind is a powerful eroding force on Mars.10. In paragraph 4, why does the author point out that Mars has few ancient craters that are less than 5 kilometers in diameter?A To explain why scientists believe that the surface matter filling Martian craters is mostly dustB To explain why scientists believe that the impact craters on Mars were created by meteoroidsC To support the claim that the Martian atmosphere is an efficient erosive agentD To argue that Mars experienced fewer ancient impacts than the Moon did11. According to paragraph 5, what have scientists been able to determine from studies of large impact cratering on Mars?A Some Martian volcanoes are much older than was once thought.B The age of Mars's surface can vary from area to area.C Large impact craters are not reliable indicators of age in areas with high volcanic activity.D Some areas of the Martian surface appear to be older than they actually are.Another prominent feature of Mars's surface is cratering. The Mariner spacecraft found that the surface of Mars, as well as that of its two moons, is pitted with impact craters formed by meteoroids falling in from space. As on our Moon, the smaller craters are often filled with surface matter-mostly dust-confirming that Mars is a dry desert world. However, Martian craters get filledinconsiderablyfaster than their lunar counterparts. On the Moon, ancient craters less than 100 meters across (corresponding to depths of about 20 meters) have been obliterated, primarily by meteoritic erosion. On Mars, there are relatively few craters less than 5 kilometers in diameter. The Martianatmosphere is an efficient erosive agent, with Martian winds transporting dust from place to place and erasingr^rsurface features much faster than meteoritic impacts alone can obliterate them.As on the Moon, the extent of large impact cratering (i.e. craters too big to have been filled in by erosion since they were formed) serves as an age indicator for the Martian surface. Age estimates ranging from four billion years for Mars's southern highlands to a few hundred million years in the youngest volcanic areas were obtained in this way.12. According to paragraph 6, the ejecta of Mars's crater Yuty differs from the ejecta of the Moon's Copernicus crater in that the ejecta of the Yuty crater A Has now become part of a permafrost layer B Contains a large volume of dust, soil and boulders C Suggests that liquid once came out of the surface at the crater siteD Was thrown a comparatively long distance from the center of the craterThe detailed appearance of Martian impact craters provides an important piece of information about conditions just below the planet's surface. Martian craters are surrounded by ejecta (debris formed as a result of an impact) that looks quite different from its lunar counterparts. A comparison of the Copernicus crater on the Moon with the (fairly typical) crater Yuty on Mars demonstrates the differences. The ejecta surrounding the lunar crater is just what one would expect from an explosion ejecting a large volume of dust, soil, and boulders. However, the ejecta on Mars gives the distinct impression of a liquid that has splashed or flowed out of crater. Geologists think that this fluidized ejecta crater indicates that a layer of permafrost, or water ice, lies just a few meters under the surface. Explosive impacts heated and liquefied the ice, resulting in the fluid appearance of the ejecta.mThe detailed appearance of Martian impact craters provides an important piece of information about conditions just below the planet's surface. Martiancraters are surrounded by ejecta (debris formed as a result of an impact) that looks quite different from its lunar counterparts. A comparison of the Copernicus crater on the Moon with the (fairly typical) crater Yuty on Mars demonstrates the differences. The ejecta surrounding the lunar crater is justwhat one would expect from an explosion ejecting a large volume of dust, soil, and boulders.| However, theejecta on Mars gives the distinct impression of a liquid that has splashed or flowed out of crater. | Geologists think that this fluidized ejecta crater indicates that a layer of permafrost, or water ice, lies just a few meters underthe surface. | Explosive impacts heated and liquefied the ice, resulting in the fluid appearance of the ejecta.13. Look at the four squares [| ] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.This surface feature has led to speculation about what may lie under Mars's surface.14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points. Volcanoes and impact craters are major features of Martian geology.A. Plate motion on Mars, once considered to have played no role in shaping the planet's surface, is now seen as being directly associated with the planet's earliest volcanoes.B. Mars has shield volcanoes, some of which are extremely tall because of the planet's low surface gravity.C. Although the erosive power of the Martian atmosphere ensures that Mars has fewer craters than the Moon does, impact craters are prominent on Mars' s surface.D. Scientists cannot yet reliably estimate the age of the Martian surface because there has been too much erosion of it.E. Scientists have been surprised to discover that conditions just below the surface of Mars are very similar to conditions just below the surface of the MoonF. Studies of crater ejecta have revealed the possibility of a layer of permafrost below the surface of Mars.。
【威学教育】王鑫托福阅读TPO25-2阅读文本
【王鑫托福阅读】托福TPO全集之TPO25-2TPO25TPO25-2 The Decline of Venetian Shipping1. The word “resurgence” in the passage is closest in meaning toA transformationB comebackC programD expansion2. The word “compulsorily” in the passage is closest in meaning toA for freeB for a timeC by requirementD by design3. According to paragraph 2, which of the following contributed to the decline of Venetian shipping?A The loss of trade in Adriatic SeaB The move from galleys to round shipsC The decreased demand for galleysD The doubling of sailor's wages4. All of the following are mentioned in paragraph 2 as ways that Venice provided rowers for its galley EXCEPT A Requiring business associations to provide sailorsB Recruiting sailors from other cities in northern ItalyC Drafting Venetian citizens into services as rowersD Appealing to the traditions of Venice as a sea power.In the late thirteenth century, northern Italian cities such as Genoa, Florence, and Venice began an economic resurgence that made them into the most important economic centers of Europe. By the seventeenth century, however, other European powers had taken over, as the Italian cities lost much of their economic might.This decline can be seen clearly in the changes that affected Venetian shipping and trade. First, Venice's intermediary functions in the Adriatic Sea, where it had dominated the business of shipping for other parties, were lost to direct trading. In the fifteenth century there was little problem recruiting sailors torow the galleys (large ships propelled by oars): guilds (business associations) were required to provide rowers, and through a draft system free citizens served compulsorily when called for. In the early sixteenth century the shortage of rowers was not serious because the demand for galleys was limited by a move to round ships (round-hulled ships with more cargo space), with required fewer rowers. But theshortage of crews proved to be a greater and greater problem, despite continuous appeal to Venic's tradition of maritime greatness. Even though sailors' wages doubled among the northern Italian cities from 1550 to 1590, this did not elicit an increased supply.and g )wly5. The word meaning to A strictB enforcedC improvedD old-fashioned6. According to paragraphs 3, why did the building of ships in Venetian shipyards become increasingly expensive?A The wages of officers and workers in the Arsenale kept risingB Roman shipyards were using all the available fir trees for the warshipsC The timber used in the shipbuilding had to be brought from farther and farther awayD Venetian standards required that shipbuilders use top-quality materials.7. All of the following are mentioned in paragraph and 4 as contributing to the problems of the Venetian shipbuilding industry at the end of the sixteenthoutdated” in the passage is closest incentury EXCEPT A The quality of work performed in the Arsenale had declinedB Venetian-built ships were heavy and generally inefficientC Arsenale shipbuilders worked more slowD Only a few merchants controlled the buying and selling of most of the Venetian-built shipsThe problem in shipping extended to the Arsenale, Venice's huge and powerful shipyard. Timber ran short, and it was necessary to procure it from farther and farther away. In ancient Roman times, the Italian peninsula had great forest of fir preferred for warships, but scarcity was apparent as early as the early fourteenth century. Arsenale officers first brought timber from the foothills of the Alps, then from north toward Trieste, and finally from across the Adriatic. Private shipbuilders were required to buy their oak abroad. As the costs of shipbuilding rose, Venice clung to its outdated standard while the Dutch were innovation in the lighter and more easily handled ships.10. Why does the author mention “Vasco da Gama' around southern Africa to India took place at the endof the fifteenth century, and by 1502 the trans- Abrabian caravan route had been cut off by political unrest.Voyage around southern Africa to India” in the passage?A to indicate how the Portuguese came to challenge Venetian dominance of trade with the EastB to explain why political troubles resulted in the closing of the usual routes to IndiaC to prove that Venetians could not sail round ships as efficiently as sailors from other countries didD to show that Venetian reliance on round ships rather than galleys proved to be weakness8. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage?Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A The loss of ships in battle at the end of the sixteenth century showed that Venetian shipbuilders lacked the skills they had possessed at the beginning of the century.B Venetian shipbuilding failed to quickly replace the ships lost in battle at the end of the sixteenth century as it would have done earlier in the century.C Frederic Lane noted that Venice lost ships in battle at the end of the sixteenth century, showing that Venetian shipbuilding was not longer known for its reliability.D Venetian shipbuilding had been known for its high quality of work at the beginning of the sixteenth century, but toward the end of the century Venetian ships were poorer in quality.9. The word “conventional” in the passage is closest meaning to A informalB logicalC correctD usualThe step from buying foreign timber to buying foreign ships was regarded as a short one, especially when complaints were heard in the latter sixteenth century that the standards and traditions of the Arsenale were running down. Work was stretched out and done poorly. Older workers had been allowed to stop work a half hour before the regular time, and in 1601 younger works left with them. Merchants complained that the privileges reserved for Venetian-built and owned ships were first extended to those Venetians who bought ships from abroad and then to foreign-built and owned vessels. Historian FredericLane observes that after the loss of ships in battle inthe late sixteenth century, the shipbuilding industryno longer had the capacity to recover that it haddisplayed at the start of the century.conventional explanation for the loss of Venetian dominance in trade is establishment of the Portuguese direct sea route to the East, replacing the overland Silk Road from the Black sea and the highly profitable IndianOcean-caravan-eastern Mediterranean route to Venice. The Portuguese Vasco da Gama's Voyage11. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 6 about the Venetian Council's decision concerning the use of round ships?A It resulted in a return to profitable in luxury goods for Venetian merchants.B Ultimately it did not restore the superiority in the spice trade that Venice had enjoyed earlier.C It eventually enabled Venetian merchants to increase the quantity and price of the spices they sold in Europe.D It means a long-awaited improvement in the fortunes of the shipbuilding industry in Venice.12. According to paragraphs 6, in the sixteenth century the price of spices declined becauseA France and Germany established monopolies and dictated pricesB Venetian merchant galleys competed with Venetian round ships for the spice tradeC More spices were available because both the Venetians and the Portuguese were importing themD Increased demand for silk, dyes, cotton and gold meant that people had less money to spend on spiices.The Venetian Council finally allowed round ships to enter the trade that was previously reserved for merchant galleys, thus reducing transport cost by one third. Prices of spices delivered by ship from the eastern Mediterranean came to equal those of spices transported by Paortuguese vessels, but the increase in quantity with both routes in operation drove the price far down. Gradually, Venice's role as a storage and distribution center for spices and silk, dyes cotton, and gold decayed, and by the early seventeenth century Venice had lost its monopoly in markets such as France and southern Germany.Venetian shipping had started to decline from about 1530-before the entry into the Mediterranean of large volumes of Dutch and British shipping-and was clearly outclassed by the end of the century. A contemporary of Shakespeare (1564-1616) observed that theVenetian shipping had started to decline from about 1530-before the entry into the Mediterranean of large volumes of Dutch and British shipping-and was clearly outclassed by the end of the century. A contemporary of Shakespeare (1564-1616) observed that the productivity of Italian shipping had declined, compared with that of the British, because of conservatism and loss of expertise. Moreover, Italian sailors were deserting and emigrating, and captains, no longer recruited from the ranks of nobles, were weak on navigations.This decline can be seen clearly in the changes that affected Venetian shipping and trade. First, Venice's intermediary functions in the Adriatic Sea, where it had dominated the business of shipping for other parties, were lost to direct trading. In the fifteenth century there was little problem recruiting sailors to row the galleys (large ships propelled by oars): guilds (business associations) were required to provide rowers, and through a draft system free citizens served compulsorily when called for. | In the early sixteenth century the shortage of rowers was not serious because the demand for galleys was limited by a move to round ships (round-hulled ships with more cargo space), with required fewer rowers. | But the shortage of crews proved to be a greater and greater problem, despite continuous appeal to Venic's tradition of maritime greatness.| Even though sailors' wages doubled among the northern Italian cities from 1550 to 1590, this did not elicit an increased supply.|13. Look at the four squares [| ] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.The increase in reward still did not attract young people to this hard life, and convicted criminals and slaves were pressed into services.14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do notbelong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points. The loss of power and prestige of Italian cities by the sixteenth century is clearly seen in the decline of Venetian shipping.A. Venetian ships were famous for carrying large cargoes of spices and luxury goods around the world in fast, oar-driven galleys.B. Venetian round ships bringing spices and silk from the East helped drive prices down so that ordinary people could afford to buy themC. A shortage of timber for building the traditional galleys and a lack of sailors to row them meant a loss of Venetian shipping business.D. Venice failed to keep up with improvement in ship design, and the cost of shipbuilding rose a quality and efficiency declined.E. The Venetian Council made sure that Venetian-built and Eowned ships kept special privileges in transporting luxury goods in and out of Venice.F. The Portuguese direct sea route to the East adversely affected Venetian trade, and Venice fell behind the Dutch and the British in the quality of their ships and sailing skills.。
【威学教育】王鑫托福阅读TPO32-3阅读文本
【王鑫托福阅读】托福TPO全集之TPO32-3TPO32TPO32-3 Distributions of Tropical Bee Colonies1. The word “rival” in the passage is closest in meaning toA establishedB competingC nearbyD different2. According to paragraph 2, some species of stingless bees are aggressive mainly towardA nonaggressive bees that forage on the same flowersB aggressive bees of other speciesC bees from their own colonyD bees of their own species from different coloniesA3. According to paragraph 3, Hubbell and Johnson hypothesized thatA the distribution pattern of bee colonies determines the degree of aggressiveness the bees displayB nests of nonaggressive bees have either a random or a clumped distribution, while nests of aggressive bees have a regular distributionC nests of nonaggressive bees are generally both closer together and more regularly distributed than those of aggressive beesD nests of aggressive bees tend to be more regular in shape than those of nonaggressive beesIn 1977 ecologists Stephen Hubbell and Leslie Johnson recorded a dramatic example of how social interactions can produce and enforce regular spacing in a population. They studied competition and nest spacing in populations ofstingless bees in tropical dry forests in Costa Rica. Though these bees do no sting, rival colonies of some species fight fiercely over potential nesting sites.Stingless bees are abundant in tropical and subtropical environments, where they gather nectar and pollen from a wide variety of flowers. They generally nest in trees and live in colonies made up of hundreds to thousands of workers. Hubbell and Johnson observed that some species of stingless bees are highly aggressive to members of their species from other colonies, while other species are not. Aggressive species usually forage in groups and feed mainly on flowers that occur in high-density clumps. Nonaggressive species feed singly or in small groups and on more widely distributed flowers.Hubbell and Johnson studied several species of stingless bees to determine whether there is a relationship between aggressiveness and patterns of colony distribution. They predicted that the colonies of aggressive species would show regular distributions, while those of nonaggressive species would show random or closely grouped (clumped) distribution. They concentrated their studies on a thirteen-hectare tract of tropical dry forest that contained numerous nests of nine species of stingless bees.4. According to paragraph 4, why did Hubbell and Johnson begin their study by mapping all the potential nest sites?A To determine whether the availability of potential nest sites played a role in the distribution of bee coloniesB To know exactly where in the study area the coloniesof all the different bee species were locatedC To be sure that suitable nesting sites were equallyavailable in all parts of the study areaD To find out whether different species of beespreferred different types of trees as potential nestsites5. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A The limited number of colonies was not due to the distribution or availability of potential nesting sites.B There was no lack of suitable trees or potential nesting sites in the study area.C The number of nests was directly related to the number or the distribution of suitable trees.D Neither the number nor the distribution of colonies could be explained by the availability of suitable nest sites.6. According to paragraph 5, Hubbell and Johnson determined A the order in which the colonies in the study area had been establishedB the level of aggressiveness of each of the nine speciesC the distribution pattern of the nests of five of the nine speciesD the number of colonies of each of the nine species7. Why does the author indicate that “The fifth species was not aggressive, and its nests were randomly distributed over the study area”?A To identify research results that contradicted Hubbell and Johnson's original hypothesisB To indicate that research results confirmed that nestThough Hubbell and Johnson were interested in how bee behavior might affect colony distributions, they recognized that the availability of potential nest sites for colonies could also affect distributions.So as one of the first steps in their study, they mapped the distributions of trees suitable for nesting. They found that potential nest trees were distributed randomly through the study area. They also found that the number of potential nest sites was muchgreater than the number of bee colonies. What did these measurements show the researchers? The number ofcoloniesinthe study area wasnotlimitedbyavailabilityof suitable trees, andaclumpedorregular distribution of colonies was not due toanunderlyingclumped or regulardistributionofpotential nest sites.Hubbell and Johnson mapped the nests of five of the nine species of stingless bees accurately, and the nests of four of these species were distributed regularly. All four species with regular nest distributions were highly aggressive to bees from other colonies of their own species. The fifth species was not aggressive, and its nests were randomly distributed over the study area.8. distribution was related to aggressiveness C To introduce the hypothesis that, within the same species, not all colonies are aggressive D To point out that both aggressive and nonaggressive species are equally successful at finding nest sitesThe phrase “insights into” in the passage is closest i n meaning to A tools to studyB opportunities forC evidence ofD an understanding of9. According to paragraph 6, what is one result of using pheromones to mark nest sites?A The use of pheromones tends to result in nest clumping.B Pheromones attract animals other than bees to prospective nest sites.C Pheromones tend to make bees aggressive.D Pheromones secreted by bees of one colony also attract bees of other colonies.10. The word “escalated” in the passage is closest in meaning toA intensifiedB transformedC combinedD lengthened11. Paragraph 7 supports which of the following ideas about fights over occupied nests?A They are more violent than battles over unoccupied nest sites.B They mostly occur between colonies of different species.C They are more frequent than battles over unoccupied sites.D They last longer than battles over unoccupied sites do.The researchers also studied the process by which the aggressive species establish new colonies. Their observations provide insights into the mechanisms that establish and maintain the regular nest distribution of these species. Aggressive species apparently mark prospective nest sites with pheromones, chemical substances secreted by some animals for communication with other members of their species. The pheromone secreted by these stingless bees attracts and aggregates members of their colony to the prospective nest site; however, it also attracts workers from other nests.If workers from two different colonies arrive at the prospective nest at the same time, they may fight for possession. Fights may be escalated into protracted battles.The researchers observed battles over a nest tree that lasted for two weeks. Each dawn, fifteen to thirty workers from two competing colonies arrived at the contested nest site. The workers from the two colonies faced off in two swarms and displayed and fought with each other. In the displays, pairs of bees faced each other, slowly flew vertically to a height of about three meters, and then grappled each other to the ground. When the two bees hit the ground, they separated, faced off, and performed another aerial display. Bees did not appear to be injured in these fights, which were apparently ritualized. The two swarms abandoned the battle at about 8 or 9 A.M. each morning, only to re-form and begin again the next day just afterdawn. While this contest over an unoccupied nest site produced no obvious mortality, fights over occupied nests sometimes kill over 1,000 bees in a single battle.Though Hubbell and Johnson were interested in how bee behavior might affect colony distributions, they recognized that the availability of potential nest sites for colonies could also affect distributions.(So as one of the first steps in their study, they mapped the distributions of trees suitable for nesting. (They found that potential nest trees were distributed randomly through the study area. (They also found that the number of potential nest sites was much greater than the number of bee colonies. (What did these measurements show the researchers? The number of colonies in the study area was not limited by availability of suitable trees, and a clumped or regular distribution of colonies was not due to an underlying clumped or regular distribution of potential nest sites.12. Look at the four squares [(] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where does the sentence best fit? For example, a clumped distribution of nests might simply reflect a clumped distribution of suitable nesting sites.13.Select from the seven sentences below the three sentences that correctly characterize aggressive species of stingless bees and the two sentences that correctly characterize nonaggressive species.Answer ChoicesA. Nests are regularly distributedB. Nests are sometimes located close togetherC. Nests always occur in large clumpsD. Colonies are generally made up of fewer than 100 workerE. Members of a colony feed alone or in small groupsF. Bees feed mainly on flowers that grow in high-density clumpsNest spacing is maintained by fighting。
托福阅读TPO4原文+译文+答案
小编整理了托福TPO4阅读原文+译文+答案，希望备考TPO真题的同学一定要认真的看题、做题，多研究积累才能实现自我提升，预祝各位考生都取得理想的成绩。
Deer Populations of the Puget SoundTwo species of deer have been prevalent in the Puget Sound area ofWashington State in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. The black-taileddeer, a lowland, west-side cousin of the mule deer of eastern Washington, is nowthe most common. The other species, the Columbian white-tailed deer, in earliertimes was common in the open prairie country; it is now restricted to the low,marshy islands and flood plains along the lower Columbia River.在太平洋西北区的美国华盛顿州，有两种鹿在普吉特海湾非常普遍。
最常见的黑尾鹿是华盛顿东部杂交鹿在西部的表亲，它们生活在低地。
另一种哥伦比亚白尾鹿，从前在开阔的草原上很常见，而现在只能在低矮的沼泽岛屿地带和哥伦比亚河下游的河滩地区才能看到它们。
Nearly any kind of plant of the forest understory can be part of a deer'sdiet. Where the forest inhibits the growth of grass and other meadow plants, theblack-tailed deer browses on huckleberry, salal, dogwood, and almost any othershrub or herb. But this is fair-weather feeding. What keeps the black-taileddeer alive in the harsher seasons of plant decay and dormancy? One compensationfor not hibernating is the built-in urge to migrate. Deer may move fromhigh-elevation browse areas in summer down to the lowland areas in late fall.Even with snow on the ground, the high bushy understory is exposed; also snowand wind bring down leafy branches of cedar, hemlock, red alder, and otherarboreal fodder.森林里，几乎任何植物都是鹿的食物。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
【王鑫托福阅读】托福TPO4-2阅读文本TPO4TPO4-2 Cave Art in Europe1. The word “marked” in the passage is closest in meaning toA. considerableB. surprisingC. limitedD. adequate2. Paragraph 1 supports which of the following statements about painting in Europe?A. It is much older than painting in Australia.BIt is as much as 28,000 years old.A. It is not as old as painting in southern Africa.B. It is much more than 30,000 years old.3. The word “principal” in the passage is closest in meaning toA. majorB. likelyC. well protectedD. distinct4. According to paragraph 2, what makes some researchers think that certain cave paintings were connected with magical-religious activities?A. The paintings were located where many people could easily see them, allowing groups of people to participate in the magical-religious activities.B. Upper Paleolithic people shared similar beliefs with contemporary peoples who use paintings of animals in their magical-religious rituals.C. Evidence of magical-religious activities has been found in galleries immediately off the inhabited areas of caves.D. The paintings were found in hard-to-reach places away from the inhabited parts of the cave.carvings, and then paintings, from sites dating back to the Upper Paleolithic period. We might expect that early artistic efforts would be crude, but the cave paintings of Spain and southern France show a marked degree of skill. So do the naturalistic paintings on slabs of stone excavated in southern Africa. Some of those slabs appear to have been painted as much as28.0 years ago, which suggests that painting in Africa is as old as painting in Europe. But painting may be even older than that. The early Australians may have painted on the walls of rock shelters and cliff faces at least 30,000 years ago, and maybe as much as60.0 years ago.The researchers Peter Ucko and Andree Rosenfeld identified three principal locations of paintings in the caves of western Europe: (1) in obviously inhabited rock shelters and cave entrances; (2) in galleries immediately off the inhabited areas of caves; and (3) in the inner reaches of caves, whose difficulty of access has been interpreted by some as a sign thatmagical-religious activities were performed there.5. The word “trappings” in the passage is closest in The earliest discovered traces of art are beads and meaning to110A. conditionsB. problemsC. influencesD. decorations6. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A. Upper Paleolithic people, like many contemporary peoples, believed that if they drew a human image in their cave art, it would cause death or injury.B. Many contemporary people believe that the drawing of a human image can cause death or injury, so they, like Upper Paleolithic people, rarely depicted human figures in their cave art.C. If Upper Paleolithic people, like many contemporary peoples, believed that the drawing of a human image could cause death or injury, this belief might explain why human figures are rarely depicted in cave art.D. Although many contemporary peoples believe that the drawing of a human image can cause death or injury, researchers cannot explain why Upper Paleolithic people rarely depicted human figures in their cave art.7. According to paragraph 3, scholars explained chips in the painted figures of animals by proposing thatA. Upper Paleolithic artists used marks to record the animals they had seenB. the paintings were inspired by the need to increase the supply of animals for huntingC. the artists had removed rough spots on the cave wallsD. Upper Paleolithic people used the paintings to increase their luck at huntingThe subjects of the paintings are mostly animals. The paintings rest on bare walls, with no backdrops or environmental trappings. Perhaps, like many contemporary peoples, Upper Paleolithic men and women believed that the drawing of a human image could cause death or injury, and if that were indeed their belief, it might explain why human figures are rarely depicted in cave art. Another explanation for the focus on animals might be that these people sought to improve their luck at hunting. This theory is suggested by evidence of chips in the painted figures, perhaps made by spears thrown at the drawings. But if improving their hunting luck was the chief motivation for the paintings, it is difficult to explain why only a few show signs of having been speared. Perhaps the paintings were inspired by the need to increase the supply of animals. Cave art seems to have reached a peak toward the end of the Upper Paleolithic period, when the herds of game were decreasing.8. Why does the author mention that Upper Paleolithic cave art seemed to have “reached a peak toward th eend of the Upper Paleolithic period, when the herds of game were decreasing” ?A. To argue that Upper Paleolithic art ceased to include animals when herds of game became scarceB. To provide support for the idea that the aim of the paintings was to increase the supply of animals for huntingC. To emphasize the continued improvement in the quality of cave art throughout the Upper Paleolithic periodD. To show the direct connection between the decrease in herds of game and the end of the Upper Paleolithic period9. According to paragraph 4, scholars believe that wild cattle, horses, and mammoths are the animals most frequently portrayed in cave paintings for all of the following reasons EXCEPT:A. These animals were difficult to hunt because their unpredictable behavior.B. People preferred these animals for their meat andC. The painters admired the beauty of these large animals.D. People feared these animals because of their size and speed.10. According to paragraph 4, which of the following may best represent the attitude of hunters toward deer and reindeer in the Upper Paleolithic period?A. Hunters did not fear deer and reindeers as much as they did large game animals such as horses and mammoths.B. Hunters were not interested in hunting deer and reindeer because of their size and speed.C. Hunters preferred the meat and hides of deer and reindeer to those of other animals.D. Hunters avoided deer and reindeer because of their natural weapons, such as horns.The particular symbolic significance of the cave paintings in southwestern France is more explicitly revealed, perhaps, by the results of a study conducted by researchers Patricia Rice and Ann Paterson. The data they present suggest that the animals portrayed in the cave paintings were mostly the ones that the painters preferred for meat and for materials such as hides. For example, wild cattle (bovines) and horses are portrayed more often than we would expect by chance, probably because they were larger and heavier (meatier) than other animals in the environment. In addition, the paintings mostly portray animals that the painters may have feared the most because of their size, speed, natural weapons such as tusks and horns, and the unpredictability of their behavior. That is, mammoths, bovines, and horses are portrayed more often than deer and reindeer. Thus, the paintings are consistent with the idea that the art is related to the importance of hunting in the economy of Upper Paleolithic people. Consistent with this idea, according to the investigators, is the fact that the art of the cultural period that followed the Upper Paleolithic also seems to reflect how people got their food. But in that period,when getting food no longer depended on hunting large game animals (because they were becoming extinct), the art ceased to focus on portrayals of animals.11. According to paragraph 4, what change is evident in the art of the period following the UpperPaleolithic?A. This new art starts to depict small animals rather than large ones.B. This new art ceases to reflect the ways in which people obtained their food.C. This new art no longer consists mostly of representations of animals.D. This new art begins to show the importance of hunting to the economy.Upper Paleolithic art paintings. Many shaftsconfined to cave and similar objects of animals. The12. According to paragraph 5, which of the following has been used as evidence to suggest that Upper Paleolithic people were capable of complex thought and conscious awareness of their environment?A. They engraved animal figures on the shafts of spears and other objects.B. They may have used engraved signs to record the phases of the Moon.C. Their figurines represented the human female in exaggerated form.D. They may have used figurines to portray an ideal type or to express a desire for fertility.v was not of spearswere decorated with figures anthropologist Alexander Marshack has an interesting interpretation of some of the engravings made during the Upper Paleolithic. He believes that as far back as30,0 B.C., hunters may have used a system of notation, engraved on bone and stone, to mark phases of the Moon. If this is true, it would mean that Upper Paleolithic people were capable of complex thought and were consciously aware of their environment. In addition to other artworks, figurines representing the human female in exaggerated form have also been found at Upper Paleolithic sites. It has been suggested that these figurines were an ideal type or an expression of a desire for fertility.The subjects of the paintings are mostly animals. The paintings rest on bare walls, with no backdrops or environmental trappings. Perhaps, like many contemporary peoples, Upper Paleolithic men and women believed that the drawing of a human image could cause death or injury, and if that were indeed their belief, itmight explain why human figures are rarely depicted in cave art. Another explanation for the focus on animals might be that these people sought to improve their luck at hunting. ■This theory is suggested by evidence ofchips in the painted figures, perhaps made by spears thrown at the drawings. ■But if improving their hunting luck was the chief motivation for the paintings, it is difficult to explain why only a few show signs of having been speared._ Perhaps the paintings were inspired by the need to increase the supply of animals. Cave art seems toTPO阅读左右排版鑫哥出品•必属精品更多资料请关注公共微信号：wangxintoefi 课程咨询电话：4000528683 have reached a peak toward the end of the Upper Paleolithic period, when the herds of game were decreasing. ■13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit?Therefore, if the paintings were connected with hunting, some other explanation is needed.14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that explain the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points. Upper Paleolithic cave paintings in Western Europe are among humanity’ s earliest artistic efforts.A. Researchers have proposed several different explanations for the fact that animals were the most common subjects in the cave paintings.B. The art of the cultural period that followed the Upper Paleolithic ceased to portray large game animals and focused instead on the kinds of animals that people of that period preferred to hunt.C. Some researchers believe that the paintings found in France provide more explicit evidence of their symbolic significance than those found in Spain, southern Africa, and Australia.D. The cave paintings focus on portraying animals without also depicting the natural environments in which these animals are typically found.E. Some researchers have argued that the cave paintings mostly portrayed large animals that provided Upper Paleolithic people with meat and materials.F. Besides cave paintings, Upper Paleolithic people produced several other kinds of artwork, one of which has been thought to provide evidence of complex thought.。