Analytical Method Section
土木工程专业英语词汇(整理版)
第一部分必须掌握，第二部分尽量掌握第一部分：1 Finite Element Method 有限单元法2 专业英语Specialty English3 水利工程Hydraulic Engineering4 土木工程Civil Engineering5 地下工程Underground Engineering6 岩土工程Geotechnical Engineering7 道路工程Road (Highway) Engineering8 桥梁工程Bridge Engineering9 隧道工程Tunnel Engineering10 工程力学Engineering Mechanics11 交通工程Traffic Engineering12 港口工程Port Engineering13 安全性safety17木结构timber structure18 砌体结构masonry structure19 混凝土结构concrete structure20 钢结构steelstructure21 钢-混凝土复合结构steel and concrete composite structure22 素混凝土plain concrete23 钢筋混凝土reinforced concrete24 钢筋rebar25 预应力混凝土pre-stressed concrete26 静定结构statically determinate structure27 超静定结构statically indeterminate structure28 桁架结构truss structure29 空间网架结构spatial grid structure30 近海工程offshore engineering31 静力学statics32运动学kinematics33 动力学dynamics34 简支梁simply supported beam35 固定支座fixed bearing36弹性力学elasticity37 塑性力学plasticity38 弹塑性力学elaso-plasticity39 断裂力学fracture Mechanics40 土力学soil mechanics41 水力学hydraulics42 流体力学fluid mechanics43 固体力学solid mechanics44 集中力concentrated force45 压力pressure46 静水压力hydrostatic pressure47 均布压力uniform pressure48 体力body force49 重力gravity50 线荷载line load51 弯矩bending moment52 torque 扭矩53 应力stress54 应变stain55 正应力normal stress56 剪应力shearing stress57 主应力principal stress58 变形deformation59 内力internal force60 偏移量挠度deflection61 settlement 沉降62 屈曲失稳buckle63 轴力axial force64 允许应力allowable stress65 疲劳分析fatigue analysis66 梁beam67 壳shell68 板plate69 桥bridge70 桩pile71 主动土压力active earth pressure72 被动土压力passive earth pressure73 承载力load-bearing capacity74 水位water Height75 位移displacement76 结构力学structural mechanics77 材料力学material mechanics78 经纬仪altometer79 水准仪level80 学科discipline81 子学科sub-discipline82 期刊journal ,periodical83文献literature84 ISSN International Standard Serial Number 国际标准刊号85 ISBN International Standard Book Number 国际标准书号86 卷volume87 期number 88 专着monograph89 会议论文集Proceeding90 学位论文thesis, dissertation91 专利patent92 档案档案室archive93 国际学术会议conference94 导师advisor95 学位论文答辩defense of thesis96 博士研究生doctorate student97 研究生postgraduate98 EI Engineering Index 工程索引99 SCI Science Citation Index 科学引文索引100ISTP Index to Science and Technology Proceedings 科学技术会议论文集索引101 题目title102 摘要abstract103 全文full-text104 参考文献reference105 联络单位、所属单位affiliation106 主题词Subject107 关键字keyword108 ASCE American Society of Civil Engineers 美国土木工程师协会109 FHWA Federal Highway Administration 联邦公路总署110 ISO International Standard Organization111 解析方法analytical method112 数值方法numerical method113 计算computation114 说明书instruction115 规范Specification, Code第二部分：岩土工程专业词汇1.geotechnical?engineering岩土工程?2.foundation?engineering基础工程3.soil,?earth土4.soil?mechanics土力学cyclic?loading周期荷载unloading卸载reloading再加载viscoelasticfoundation粘弹性地基?viscous?damping粘滞阻尼shearmodulus剪切模量?5.soil?dynamics土动力学6.stress?path应力路径?7.numerical geotechanics 数值岩土力学二. 土的分类 1.residual soil残积土 groundwater level地下水位 2.groundwater 地下水 groundwater table地下水位 3.clay minerals粘土矿物 4.secondary minerals次生矿物 ndslides滑坡 6.bore hole columnar section钻孔柱状图 7.engineering geologic investigation工程地质勘察 8.boulder 漂石 9.cobble卵石 10.gravel砂石 11.gravelly sand砾砂 12.coarse sand粗砂 13.medium sand中砂 14.fine sand细砂 15.silty sand粉土 16.clayey soil粘性土 17.clay粘土 18.silty clay粉质粘土 19.silt粉土 20.sandy silt砂质粉土 21.clayey silt粘质粉土 22.saturated soil饱和土 23.unsaturated soil非饱和土 24.fill (soil)填土 25.overconsolidated soil超固结土 26.normally consolidated soil正常固结土 27.underconsolidated soil欠固结土 28.zonal soil区域性土 29.soft clay软粘土 30.expansive (swelling) soil膨胀土 31.peat泥炭 32.loess黄土 33.frozen soil冻土 24.degree of saturation饱和度 25.dry unit weight干重度26.moist unit weight湿重度45.ISSMGE=International Society for Soil Mechanics and Geote chnical Engineering 国际土力学与岩土工程学会四. 渗透性和渗流1.Darcy’s law 达西定律2.piping管涌3.flowing soil流土4.sand boiling砂沸5.flow net流网6.seepage渗透（流）7.leakage渗流8.seepage pressure渗透压力9.permeability渗透性10.seepage force渗透力11.hydraulic gradient水力梯度 12.coefficient of permeability渗透系数五. 地基应力和变形1.soft soil软土2.(negative) skin friction of driven pile打入桩（负）摩阻力3.effective stress有效应力4.total stress总应力5.field vane shear strength十字板抗剪强度6.low activity低活性7.sensitivity灵敏度8.triaxial test三轴试验9.foundation design基础设计 10.recompaction再压缩11.bearing capacity承载力 12.soil mass土体13.contact stress (pressure)接触应力（压力）14.concentrated load集中荷载 15.a semi-infinite elastic solid半无限弹性体 16.homogeneous均质 17.isotropic各向同性 18.strip footing条基 19.square spread footing方形独立基础20.underlying soil (stratum ,strata)下卧层（土）21.dead load =sustained load恒载持续荷载 22.live load活载 23.short –term transient load短期瞬时荷载24.long-term transient load长期荷载 25.reduced load折算荷载 26.settlement沉降 27.deformation变形 28.casing套管 29.dike=dyke堤（防） 30.clay fraction粘粒粒组 31.physical properties物理性质 32.subgrade路基 33.well-graded soil级配良好土 34.poorly-graded soil级配不良土 35.normal stresses正应力 36.shear stresses剪应力 37.principal plane主平面38.major (intermediate, minor) principal stress最大（中、最小）主应力 39.Mohr-Coulomb failure condition摩尔-库仑破坏条件 40.FEM=finite element method有限元法41.limit equilibrium method极限平衡法42.pore water pressure孔隙水压力43.preconsolidation pressure先期固结压力44.modulus of compressibility压缩模量45.coefficent of compressibility压缩系数pression index压缩指数 47.swelling index回弹指数 48.geostatic stress自重应力 49.additional stress附加应力 50.total stress总应力 51.final settlement最终沉降 52.slip line滑动线六. 基坑开挖与降水 1 excavation开挖（挖方） 2 dewatering （基坑）降水 3 failure of foundation基坑失稳4 bracing of foundation pit基坑围护5 bottom heave=basal heave （基坑）底隆起6 retaining wall挡土墙7 pore-pressure distribution孔压分布8 dewatering method降低地下水位法9 well point system井点系统（轻型） 10 deep well point深井点 11 vacuum well point 真空井点 12 braced cuts支撑围护 13 braced excavation支撑开挖 14 braced sheeting支撑挡板七. 深基础--deep foundation 1.pile foundation桩基础1)cast –in-place灌注桩 diving casting cast-in-place pile沉管灌注桩 bored pile钻孔桩 special-shaped cast-in-place pile机控异型灌注桩 piles set into rock嵌岩灌注桩 rammed bulb pile夯扩桩2)belled pier foundation钻孔墩基础 drilled-pier foundation钻孔扩底墩 under-reamed bored pier3)precast concrete pile预制混凝土桩4)steel pile钢桩 steel pipe pile钢管桩 steel sheet pile钢板桩5)prestressed concrete pile预应力混凝土桩 prestressed concrete pipe pile预应力混凝土管桩 2.caisson foundation沉井（箱） 3.diaphragm wall地下连续墙截水墙 4.friction pile摩擦桩 5.end-bearing pile端承桩 6.shaft竖井；桩身 7.wave equation analysis波动方程分析 8.pile caps承台（桩帽） 9.bearing capacity of single pile单桩承载力 teral pile load test单桩横向载荷试验 11.ultimate lateral resistance of single pile单桩横向极限承载力 12.static load test of pile单桩竖向静荷载试验 13.vertical allowable load capacity单桩竖向容许承载力 14.low pile cap低桩承台 15.high-rise pile cap高桩承台 16.vertical ultimate uplift resistance of single pile单桩抗拔极限承载力 17.silent piling静力压桩 18.uplift pile抗拔桩 19.anti-slide pile抗滑桩20.pile groups群桩 21.efficiency factor of pile groups群桩效率系数（η）22.efficiency of pile groups群桩效应 23.dynamic pile testing桩基动测技术24.final set最后贯入度 25.dynamic load test of pile桩动荷载试验26.pile integrity test桩的完整性试验 27.pile head=butt桩头 28.pile tip=pile point=pile toe桩端（头） 29.pile spacing桩距30.pile plan桩位布置图 31.arrangement of piles =pile layout桩的布置32.group action群桩作用 33.end bearing=tip resistance桩端阻 34.skin(side) friction=shaft resistance桩侧阻35.pile cushion桩垫 36.pile driving(by vibration) （振动）打桩 37.pile pulling test拔桩试验 38.pile shoe桩靴 39.pile noise 打桩噪音 40.pile rig打桩机九. 固结consolidation1.Terzzaghi’s consolidation theory太沙基固结理论2.Barraon’s consolidation theory巴隆固结理论3.Biot’s consolidation theory比奥固结理论4.over consolidation ration (OCR)超固结比5.overconsolidation soil超固结土6.excess pore water pressure超孔压力7.multi-dimensional consolidation多维固结8.one-dimensional consolidation一维固结9.primary consolidation主固结10.secondary consolidation次固结11.degree of consolidation固结度 12.consolidation test固结试验 13.consolidation curve固结曲线 14.time factor Tv时间因子15.coefficient of consolidation固结系数16.preconsolidation pressure前期固结压力17.principle of effective stress有效应力原理18.consolidation under K0 condition K0固结十. 抗剪强度shear strength 1.undrained shear strength不排水抗剪强度2.residual strength残余强度3.long-term strength长期强度4.peak strength峰值强度5.shear strain rate剪切应变速率6.dilatation剪胀7.effective stress approach of shear strength 剪胀抗剪强度有效应力法 8.total stress approach of shear strength抗剪强度总应力法 9.Mohr-Coulomb theory莫尔－库仑理论 10.angle of internal friction内摩擦角 11.cohesion粘聚力 12.failure criterion破坏准则 13.vane strength十字板抗剪强度14.unconfined compression无侧限抗压强度15.effective stress failure envelop有效应力破坏包线16.effective stress strength parameter有效应力强度参数十一. 本构模型--constitutive model1.elastic model弹性模型2.nonlinear elastic model非线性弹性模型3.elastoplastic model弹塑性模型4.viscoelastic model粘弹性模型5.boundary surface model边界面模型6.Duncan-Chang model邓肯－张模型7.rigid plastic model刚塑性模型8.cap model盖帽模型9.work softening加工软化 10.work hardening加工硬化 11.Cambridge model剑桥模型 12.ideal elastoplastic model理想弹塑性模型 13.Mohr-Coulomb yield criterion莫尔－库仑屈服准则14.yield surface屈服面15.elastic half-space foundation model弹性半空间地基模型 16.elastic modulus弹性模量 17.Winkler foundation model文克尔地基模型十二. 地基承载力--bearing capacity of foundation soil1.punching shear failure冲剪破坏2.general shear failure整体剪切破化3.local shear failure局部剪切破坏4.state of limit equilibrium极限平衡状态5.critical edge pressure临塑荷载6.stability of foundation soil地基稳定性7.ultimate bearing capacity of foundation soil地基极限承载力 8.allowable bearing capacity of foundation soil地基容许承载力十三. 土压力--earth pressure1.active earth pressure主动土压力2.passive earth pressure被动土压力3.earth pressure at rest静止土压力4.Coulomb’s earth pressure theory库仑土压力理论5.Rankine’s earth pressure theory朗金土压力理论十四. 土坡稳定分析--slope stability analysis1.angle of repose休止角2.Bishop method毕肖普法3.safety factor of slope边坡稳定安全系数4.Fellenius method of slices费纽伦斯条分法5.Swedish circle method瑞典圆弧滑动法6.slices method条分法十五. 挡土墙--retaining wall1.stability of retaining wall挡土墙稳定性2.foundation wall基础墙3.counter retaining wall扶壁式挡土墙4.cantilever retaining wall悬臂式挡土墙5.cantilever sheet pile wall悬臂式板桩墙6.gravity retaining wall重力式挡土墙7.anchored plate retaining wall锚定板挡土墙8.anchored sheet pile wall锚定板板桩墙十六. 板桩结构物--sheet pile structure 1.steel sheet pile钢板桩 2.reinforced concrete sheet pile钢筋混凝土板桩 3.steel piles 钢桩 4.wooden sheet pile木板桩 5.timber piles木桩十七. 浅基础--shallow foundation 1.box foundation箱型基础 2.mat(raft) foundation片筏基础 3.strip foundation条形基础 4.spread footing扩展基础 pensated foundation补偿性基础 6.bearing stratum持力层 7.rigid foundation刚性基础 8.flexible foundation柔性基础9.embedded depth of foundation基础埋置深度 foundation pressure基底附加应力11.structure-foundation-soil interaction analysis上部结构－基础－地基共同作用分析十八. 土的动力性质--dynamic properties of soils1.dynamic strength of soils动强度2.wave velocity method波速法3.material damping材料阻尼4.geometric damping几何阻尼5.damping ratio阻尼比6.initial liquefaction初始液化7.natural period of soil site地基固有周期8.dynamic shear modulus of soils动剪切模量 9.dynamic ma二十. 地基基础抗震 1.earthquake engineering地震工程 2.soil dynamics土动力学 3.duration of earthquake地震持续时间 4.earthquake response spectrum地震反应谱 5.earthquake intensity地震烈度 6.earthquake magnitude震级 7.seismic predominant period地震卓越周期 8.maximum acceleration of earthquake地震最大加速度二十一. 室内土工实验 1.high pressure consolidation test高压固结试验 2.consolidation under K0 condition K0固结试验 3.falling head permeability变水头试验4.constant head permeability常水头渗透试验5.unconsolidated-undrained triaxial test不固结不排水试验(UU)6.consolidated undrained triaxial test固结不排水试验(CU)7.consolidated drained triaxial test固结排水试验(CD)paction test击实试验9.consolidated quick direct shear test固结快剪试验10.quick direct shear test快剪试验11.consolidated drained direct shear test慢剪试验12.sieve analysis筛分析 13.geotechnical model test土工模型试验 14.centrifugalmodel test离心模型试验15.direct shear apparatus直剪仪 16.direct shear test直剪试验 17.direct simple shear test直接单剪试验18.dynamic triaxial test三轴试验 19.dynamic simple shear动单剪 20.free（resonance）vibration column test自(共)振柱试验二十二. 原位测试1.standard penetration test (SPT)标准贯入试验 2.surface wave test (SWT)表面波试验 3.dynamic penetration test(DPT)动力触探试验 4.static cone penetration (SPT) 静力触探试验 5.plate loading test静力荷载试验 teral load test of pile 单桩横向载荷试验 7.static load test of pile 单桩竖向荷载试验 8.cross-hole test 跨孔试验 9.screw plate test螺旋板载荷试验 10.pressuremeter test旁压试验 11.light sounding轻便触探试验 12.deep settlement measurement深层沉降观测 13.vane shear test十字板剪切试验 14.field permeability test 现场渗透试验 15.in-situ pore water pressure measurement 原位孔隙水压量测 16.in-situ soil test原位试验。
仪器分析常见术语英汉对照
仪器分析常见术语英汉对照以下是仪器分析常见术语的英汉对照：1. Accuracy 精密度/准确度2. Analyte 分析物3. Analytical method 分析方法4. Analyte concentration 分析物浓度5. Assay 测定6. Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) 原子吸收光谱法7. Automation 自动化8. Background signal 背景信号9. Baseline 基线10. Calibration 校准11. Chromatography 色谱法12. Control sample 控制样品13. Detector 探测器14. Dissolution 溶解度15. Electrochemical analysis 电化学分析16. Environmental analysis 环境分析17. Flame photometry 火焰光度法18. Flow rate 流速19. Gas chromatography 气相色谱法20. Gravimetric analysis 重量法21. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) 高效液相色谱法22. Immunoassay 免疫分析23. Limit of detection (LOD) 检测限24. Limit of quantitation (LOQ) 定量限25. Mass spectrometry 质谱法26. Method validation 方法验证27. Mobile phase 流动相28. Molecular spectroscopy 分子光谱学29. NMR spectroscopy 核磁共振光谱30. Optical emission spectroscopy (OES) 光电发射光谱法32. Precision 精密度33. Quantitative analysis 定量分析34. Quality control 质量控制35. Reagent blank 试剂空白36. Recovery rate 回收率37. Reference material 参考物质38. Reproducibility 重复性40. Sample preparation 样品制备41. Sensitivity 灵敏度42. Signal-to-noise ratio 信噪比43. Standard curve 标准曲线44. Standard deviation 标准偏差45. Standard solution 标准溶液46. Titration 滴定法47. Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis) 紫外可见光谱法48. Validation 验证这些术语是仪器分析中常见的术语，用于描述仪器分析的原理、方法、过程和结果。
石油词汇英语翻译(QR)
石油词汇英语翻译(QR)Q check 质量检查Q deconvolution Q反褶积Q value Q值；品质因数Q wave 勒夫波Q 第四纪q 公担Q 夸脱Q 量q 品质因数q 问题Q-band Q频带Q-joint Q 节理Q-law 品质因素定律Q-meter Q 表Q-mode cluster analysis Q型聚类分析Q-qualit 品质因数Q-RING 方形环Q. 夸德q.e. 这就是Q.I 质量指标Qa 二次淬火的QA 象限角QA 质量保证qb 速断；高速断路器Qc 快速检查QC 质量控制QD 俯角QED 证完QEF 这就是所要作的QEI 这就是所要找的qf 品质因数QFT 定量荧光分析法QISAM 队列索引顺序存取法ql. 公担；英制重量单位qlty 质Qp 更新世；更新统QPL 产品一览表qquasi-section 假剖面qr 四分之一；一刻钟QR 质量要求QRC 快速反应能力QRC 快速换装闸板型qt 夸脱QT 快速测试qt 数量QTC 鉴定试验试件QTR 检验合格报告qtr 四分之一qty 量qtz 石英qtze 石英岩quad word 四倍长字quad 四倍的；四重的；四个部分形成的quad 四边的quad 四角形quad 四路多工的；四倍的quad 象限quad. 四角形quadded cable 四线电缆quadr- 四Quadracypris 方星介属Quadraeculina 四字粉属quadrangle 四边形quadrangular 四边形的quadrant angle 象限角quadrant antenna 正方形天线quadrant depression 俯角quadrant elevation 仰角quadrant tooth 扇形轮齿quadrant valve 扇形阀quadrantal diagram 象限图quadrantal 象限的quadraphonics 四轨录音放音；四声道立体声quadrate 正方形；使成正方形；四等分quadratic approximation 二次逼近quadratic component 二次谐波quadratic criterion 二次准则quadratic curve 二次曲线quadratic damping 平方阻尼quadratic detection 平方律检波quadratic discriminant 二次方程判别式quadratic equation 二次方程quadratic expression 二次表达式quadratic form 二次型quadratic function 二次函数quadratic interpolation 二次插值quadratic mean deviation 中误差quadratic mean 均方值；有效值quadratic programming 二次规划quadratic root 平方根quadratic spline 二次样条quadratic sum 平方和quadratic surface 二次曲面quadratic transformation 二次变换quadratic variation 二次变分quadratic 二次方程式；二次项；二次的；平方的；象限的；方形的quadratin free number 无平方因子数quadratron 热阴极四极管quadrature analysis 正交分析quadrature component 正交分量quadrature filtering 90度相移滤波quadrature formula 求积公式quadrature network 无功电路quadrature spectrum 正交谱quadrature trace 正交道quadrature 求面积；求积分；正交；转象差；90度相位差quadrennial 连续四年的时间；每四年一次的事件；第四周年；连续四年的；每四年一次的quadri- 四quadric cone 二次锥面quadric stress 曲面应力quadric surface 二次曲面quadric 二次quadricorrelator 自动调节相位线路quadrilateral 四边形quadrille paper 方格纸quadrillion 1×1024quadrinomial 四项式quadripole 四极quadripolymer 四单体共聚物quadrivalence =quadrivalency 四价quadrntnt 四分之一圆；扇形体；象限仪；象限；扇形齿轮；四分仪quadrode 四极管quadru- 四quadruple block 四轮滑车quadruple board platform 二层台quadruple chain drive 四排链的传动quadruple coincidence set 四等分器quadruple completion 四层同时完成quadruple 四倍；四倍的；四重的；由四部分组成的；四路的；四工的；四倍地；成四倍；以四乘quadruple-action hand pump 四作用手摇泵quadrupler 四倍器；四频器；乘四装置；四倍乘数quadruplet 四件一套的东西quadruplex 四路多工系统；四倍的；四重的；四路多工的quadruplicate 一式四份的一份；一式四份；四倍的；四重的；四次方的；一式四份的quadruplication 放大四倍；反复四次quadrupole 四极quafric curve 二次曲线quafric of revolution 回转二次曲面quagmire 沼泽quake center 震中quake sheet 地震岩席quake 震动；颤抖qual. 定性的qual.anal. 定性分析qualia quale的复数qualification approval test 资格合格考试qualification certificate 资格证书qualification examination 资格审查qualification rate 合格率qualification test report 检验合格报告qualification test 资格考试qualification 资格qualificative 限定的qualified acceptance 有条件承兑qualified driller 合格司钻qualified part 合格零件qualified person 合格人员qualified product list 产品一览表qualified 合格的qualifier 合格的物；修饰词；限定词qualimeter X射线硬度测量仪qualitative analysis 定性分析qualitative assay 定性测定qualitative carbon steel 优质碳钢qualitative comparison 质量比较qualitative curve 定性曲线qualitative determination 定性测定qualitative examination 定性研究qualitative filter paper 定性滤纸qualitative formation evaluation 定性地层评价qualitative indication 定性指示qualitative interpretation 定性解释qualitative observation 定性观察qualitative respones data 定性响应数据qualitative scenarios 定性情景qualitative scheme 定性方法qualitative spectral scan 定性全谱扫描qualitative steel 优质钢qualitative stratigraphic corrrelation 定性地层对比qualitative tendency 特性趋势qualitative test 定性测试qualitative 定性的quality assessment 质量评价quality assurance provision 质量保证条例quality assurance 质量保证quality certificate 品质证书quality check 质量检查quality claim 品质索赔quality control by attributes 按固定指标控制quality control 质量控制quality determination 质量测定quality discrepancy record 质量不合规定的记录quality factor 品质因素quality grade 质量等级quality gravel 优质砾石quality index 质量指标quality inspection 质量检验quality leadership 质量领先quality level 质量水平quality loss 质量损耗quality management 质量管理quality matetrial 优质材料quality mind 质量意识quality monitoring 质量监测quality of balance 平衡度quality reduction 质量下降quality requirements 质量要求quality specification 质量标准quality standard 质量标准quality steel 优质钢quality supervision 质量监督quality 质量qualutative model 定性模型quan. 定量的quant. anal 定量分析quant. 定量的quant. 定量地quant. 数量quanta quantum的复数quantification 定时化；定量评价；量化quantifiter 量词；计量器quantifying risk 风险定量quantile 分位点数quantimeter 剂量计quantitative analysis 定量分析quantitative assay 定量测定quantitative assessment 定量评定quantitative change 量变quantitative check 定时检查quantitative classification 定量分类quantitative comparison 定量比较quantitative criterion 定量标准quantitative data 定量数据quantitative determination 定量测定quantitative evaluation 定量评价quantitative examination 定量研究quantitative filter paper 定量滤纸quantitative forecast 定量预报quantitative formation evaluation 定量地层评价quantitative geochemistry 定量地球化学quantitative geology 定量地质学quantitative index 数量指标quantitative interpretation 定量解释quantitative lithologic data 定量岩性资料quantitative measurement 定量测定quantitative paper chromatography 定量纸色谱法quantitative relation 数量关系quantitative reserve assessment 定时储量评定quantitative scenarios 定量情景quantitative seismic stratigraphy 定量地震地层学quantitative spectrograhic analysis 定量光谱分析quantitative spectrography 定量光谱学quantitative stratigraphy 定量地层学quantitative test 定量分析quantitative 定量的quantities uplifted 增加的数量quantity claim 数量索赔quantity control valve 油量控制阀quantity determination 数量确定法quantity discount 折扣量quantity estimate sheet 工作量估算表quantity loss 数量损耗quantity meter 总流量表quantity of heat 热量quantity of information 信息量quantity of injected water 注入水量quantity of precipitation 降水量quantity of remaining recoverable oil 剩余可采油量quantity production 大量生产quantity sheet 工程数量表quantity 量quantivalency 化合价quantivalent 多价的quantivative approach 定量方法quantization 量子化；数字化；分层quantometer 光量计quantum chemistry 量子化学quantum detector 量子探测器quantum effect 量子效应quantum efficiency 量子效率quantum energy 量子能quantum frequency standard 量子频率标准quantum mechanics 量子力学quantum of action 作用量子quantum optics 量子光学quantum theory 量子论quantum-mechanical theory 量子力学理论quanxtizer 数字转换器；量化器quaqavsal dome 圆形穹隆quaquaversal fold 穹状褶皱quaquaversal structure 穹状构造quaquaversal 穹状圆项；由中心向四方扩散的quaquavsal dip 穹倾斜quar 砂岩quarantine buoy 检疫浮标quarantine 检疫；隔离；隔离区；对…进行检疫quark 夸克学quarkonics 夸克学quarry stone 乱石；毛石quarry 石场；菱形的玻璃片；消息的来源；采；搜索；追求物quart 夸脱；一夸脱的容器quart- 四quart. 季度的；四分之一的；每季的；季刊quartation 析银法；；四分法quarter bend 90度弯管quarter deck 艉甲板quarter 四分之一；四分之一元；四等分；季度；一刻钟；方位；四个主要点中的一点；象限；方向；地区；方面；地区；住处；船的后部；相互垂直；弦；把…分为四部分；把…四等分；使与机器连接部quarter-life 四分之一寿命quarter-turn ball valve 直角回转球阀quarter-turn belt 直角回转皮带quarter-wave filter 四分之一波长滤波器quarter-wave 四分之一波长的quarterbost 宿营船quartering sea 船尾浪quartering 四等分；四分取样法；间柱；成直角的quarterline 四等分线quarterly account 季度报表quarterly report 季报quarterly 季刊；季度的；每季的；四分之一的；一季一次的；每季的quartermadter corps line 军用油管线quartern 四等分quarternary 四元的quartet 四人一组；四件一套；四重线quartic 四次的quartile 四分位数quartimax method 四次幂极大法quartimin method 四次幂极小法quarto 四开；四开本；四开的quartz anorthosite 石英斜长岩quartz crystal oscillator gauge 石英晶体振荡压力计quartz crystal 石英晶体quartz dioite 石英闪长岩quartz disoultion 石英辉长岩quartz fiber gravimeter 石英丝重力仪quartz fiber horizontal magnetometer 石英丝水平磁力仪quartz gabbro 石英辉长岩quartz gauge 石英压力计quartz knife edge 石英刀口quartz magnetometer 石英磁力仪quartz montzonite 石岩二长岩quartz monzobiorite 石英二长闪长岩quartz monzogabbro 石岩二长辉长岩quartz oscillator 石英晶体振荡器quartz sand 石英砂quartz sinter 硅华quartz spring gravimeter 石英弹簧式重力仪quartz syenite 石英正长岩quartz T variometer 石英T磁变仪quartz torsion fiber 石岩扭丝quartz 石英quartzarenite 石英砂屑岩quartzification 石英化quartzifous 石英质的quartzite 石英岩quartzitic grit 石英岩质粗砂岩quartzitic sandstone 石英岩质砂岩quartzmengwacke 石英蒙瓦克岩quartzo-feldspathic hornfels 石英长石质角岩quartzolite 硅英岩quartzose arkose 石英长石砂岩quartzose conglomerate 石英质砾岩quartzose laterite 石英质粗砂岩quartzose limestone 石英质灰岩quartzose sandstone 石英砂岩quartzose 石英质quartzwacke 石英瓦克岩quartzy sandstone 石英质砂岩quasi laminar flow 拟层状流quasi one-dimensional flow 准一维流动quasi particle 准粒子quasi shear-wave 准横波quasi steady state flow 准稳态流动quasi thixotropy 准触变性quasi- 似quasi-analog 拟quasi-analytical method 准解析法quasi-competent sands 半坚实砂层quasi-conductor 半导体quasi-coordinates 准坐标quasi-criterion 准评判准则quasi-cyclic code 准循环码quasi-dispersive wave group 准频散波群quasi-dry sample 低含水岩样quasi-elastic scattering 准弹性散射quasi-elastic 准弹性的quasi-equilibrium 准平衡quasi-ergodic principle 准各态遍历原理quasi-factor 拟因子quasi-flexural fold 拟挠曲褶皱quasi-fluid 似流体quasi-friction 准摩擦quasi-geologic joint 似地质节理quasi-gradiometer 准梯度仪quasi-gravity 准重力quasi-group 拟群quasi-homogeneous 准均质的quasi-instruction 拟指令quasi-isostatic displacement 准均衡位移quasi-linear 拟线性的quasi-linearization 拟线性化quasi-longitudinal wave 准纵波quasi-marine 准海成的quasi-Newton method 拟牛顿法quasi-optical 准光的quasi-optimal solution 准优解quasi-ordered system 拟序系统quasi-orthogonal 准正交的quasi-periodic 拟周期的quasi-periodicity 准周期quasi-plastic flow 半朵性流quasi-polynomials 准多项式quasi-random access memory 准随机存取存储器quasi-random 拟随机quasi-single phase flow 准单相流动quasi-sorted 半筛选的quasi-stability 准稳定性quasi-stagnant water 准停滞水quasi-static analysis 准静态分析quasi-static displacement 拟静态驱替quasi-static 似静定的quasi-stationary channel flow 准稳定槽流quasi-stationary oscillation 似稳振荡quasi-stationary 似稳定的quasi-steady state 准稳定态quasi-transverse wave 类横波quasi-variable 准变数quasi-viscous 准粘性的quasicraton 准克拉通quasicrystal 准晶体Quasiendothyra 似内卷虫属Quasifusulina 似纺锤NFDA3属quasimoney 准货币quasiorthogonal code 准正交码quasiperfect network 准理想网络quasiseller 准卖主quatation 行情表quater- 四分之一quaterdenary 十四进制的quatermary 四；四个一组quaternary ammonium polymer 季铵聚合物quaternary ammonium 季铵quaternary carbon atom 季碳原子quaternary gain 四进制增益Quaternary geanticline 第四纪地背斜Quaternary glaciation 第四纪冰期Quaternary ice age 第四纪冰期Quaternary period 第四纪quaternary sediment 四组分沉积物Quaternary system 第四系quaternary system 四元系统Quaternary 第四纪第四系quaternion 四个一组；四人一组；四元数；四元法quaternity 四位一体；四人一组quaver 颤音；震动；颤抖；发颤音quay 码头qucidiao 缺次调queen 王后；女王；大石板quefrency domain 同态频率域quefrency 同态频率quench aging 淬火时效quench alloy steel 淬硬合金钢quench bath 淬火浴quench condensation 急冷凝quench duct 骤冷丝室quench hardening 粹火硬化quench oil 淬火油；急冷油quench tower 急冷塔quench zone 急冷段quench 淬火；急冷quenchant 淬火剂quenched and tempered steel 调质钢quenched combustion 急冷燃烧quenched water 急冷水quencher 扑灭者；熄灭器；淬灭剂；灭火器；灭弧器；减震器；阻尼器quenching agent 淬火剂quenching bath 淬化浴quenching crack 淬火裂纹quenching effect 骤冷效应quenching medium 淬火剂quenching oil column 急冷油塔quenching stack 骤冷甬道quenching strain 淬火应变quenching system 急冷系统quenching temperature 淬火温度quenching water column 骤冷水塔quenching 淬火quenchometer 冷却速度试验器querceta quercetum的复数Quercoidites 栎粉属quernstone 含铁砾质砂岩Querwellen wave 奎威林波query language 询问语言query 质问；疑问；询价；请问；疑问号；询问quest for oil 找油quest 探索；寻找；要求；追求question 问题；难题；议题；疑问句；可能性；询问questionable productive zone 可疑生产层questionable 可疑的questionary 询问的questionnaire 调查表queue anticline 背斜尾queue discipline 排队规则queue empty 队列空queue full 队列满queue priority 队列优先权queue 发辫；行列；梳成辫子；排队queued access method 队列存取法queued indexed sequential access method 排队索引按序存取法queued sequential access method 排队按序存取法queuing network 排队网络queuing theory 排队论queuing 排队quibinary code 五-二码quick access 快速存取quick acting 快动作的quick ash 烟道尘quick bleed 快排开关quick burning fuse 速燃引信quick cement 快凝水泥quick clay 过敏性粘土quick closing safety valve 快闭安全阀quick connector 快速连接器quick cooling 快速冷却quick coupler 快速连接器quick coupling 快速管箍quick current assets 速动资产quick depletion 速递减quick disconnection 速断开quick exhaust valve 快速放空阀quick freezing 速冻quick ground 流砂土quick hardening 快硬的quick lock 速关锁装置quick look scaler 快速直观解释比例尺quick open cover 快速开启盖quick opening shock valve 快开冲击阀quick ratio 速动比quick relealse 快松quick return motion 速回运动quick run 快速的quick setting cement 快凝水泥quick setting mortar 快凝灰浆quick solder 速熔焊料quick start 快启动quick talking cement 快凝水泥quick test 快速试验quick turn 急转弯quick union 快接接头quick 快的quick-acting coupling 快速接头quick-acting fuse 速燃引信quick-acting valve 快动作启闭阀quick-adjustsing 快速调整的quick-break switch 急断开关quick-break 速断quick-breaking emulsion 易破坏乳状液quick-change plug container 快卸式水泥头quick-change 快速调换的quick-closing lock 快关闭装置quick-closing valve 快关阀quick-detach 速拆卸quick-disconnect 速折卸的quick-drying lacquer 快干漆quick-drying oil 快干油quick-opening flow characteristic 快开流动特性quick-opening valve 快开阀quick-operating 快动的quick-reading flow sheet 简化流程quick-release coupling 快卸接头quick-release valve 快泄阀quick-replaceable 快速更换的quick-setting 快凝quick-speed 快速quick-stick test 快粘试验quick-wear part 易损零件quick-wearing 快磨损quicklime 生石灰quicklook interpretation 快速直观解释quicklook playback 快速直观回放quicklook 快速直观quicksand type formation 流砂型地层quicksand 流砂；动荡和捉摸不定的事物quicksilver 水银；汞；涂水银于QUICKTRAN 快速翻译程序quiddity 本质；遁辞quiescence 静止；沉寂quiescent condition 静止状态quiescent current 静态电流quiescent interval 间歇时间quiescent layer 静止层quiescent load 静负荷quiescent point 静态工作点quiescent tank 静水沉降池quiescent 静止的quiet day 无磁扰日quiet magnetic zone 地磁平静区quiet well 安静井quieter 消音装置quietus 偿清；解除；静止状态quilitative method 定性方法quill 羽毛；钻轴；衬套；导火线；做管状的褶子；卷在线轴上quilt 用垫料填塞；被；被状物；缝quin- 五quinary digit 五进制数字quinary notation 十五进制的quinary 五个一套；五的；五个的；五个一套的；第五位的；五进制的quindenary 奎宁；金鸡纳碱Quinguerhabdus 五角棒石quinine 奎诺酊quinoidine 喹啉quinoline 喹啉quinolinic acid 喹啉酸quinone 醌quinqu 五quint 五件一套；五度quintal 公担quintessence 精髓；典型；本位quintete 五人一组；五件一套；五重线quintic 五次的quintuple 五倍量；五个一套；成五倍；五的；五倍的quintupler 五倍器quintuplet 五人一组quintuplicate 五倍的数；使成五倍；作成一式五份；五倍的；五重的quintuplication 五倍quintupling 五倍quioning 外角构件；挤紧；楔紧quire 一刀；对折的一叠纸quirk 突然弯曲；遁辞；弯曲quisqueite 高硫钒沥青；硫沥青quit flowing pressure 停喷压力quit 离开；退出；放弃；解除；偿清；停止quiver 颤声；一闪；颤动；摇动quiverful 大量的quiz 知识测验；难题quizzes quiz的复数Qujionlepis 曲靖鱼属qun 群qunatum 量；量子；和quoin 外角；角落；隅石；楔形支持物；夹紧quorum 法律顾问quot 引用的；开价的quot 引用语；行市；估价单quota agreement 生产限额协议quota allocation of production 生产配额quota cost 定额成本quota of budget 预算定额quota of budgetary estimate 概率定额quota of capital construction 基本建设定额quota system 限额进出口制quota 份额quotation of prices 报价quotation 引证quote 引号；引文；引用；把…放在引号内；报quoteworthy 有引用价值的quotient convergence factor 比值收敛因子quotient group 商群quotient of difference 增量比quotient 商数；份额quotient-difference algorithm 商差算法quotient-multiplier register 乘数商数寄存器quotiety 率quotoent system 限额进出口制qv 见qwasi-time domain method 伪时域法QWERTY keyboard QWERTY盘R a T 抽油杆和油管R and M 修理与维护r c 橡胶包裹的r c 遥控R wave R波R 半径R 比r 残余的R 第三纪R 电阻率R 范围r 竿r 河流R 基R 接收器R 兰金度数R 雷诺数R 列氏温度r 伦琴R 逆动r 稀有的R 右R 原始的R 阻力R&D 研究与发展R' 圆半径弧分数R'' 雷氏秒数R'' 圆半径弧秒数R-C coupling 阻容耦合R-C 阻容的r-equivalent 伦琴当量R-M spread 研究法-马达法辛烷值差R-mode factor analysis R-型因子分析R-mode space R-型空间R-mode statistical method R-型统计法r-number r值R-signal 电阻性信号r-strategist 特化种R-unit 伦琴单位R. 半径R. 比R. 后R. 江R. 铁道R. 已注册的R. 右r.a.l 左右R.A.S 英国皇家航空协会R.C 旋转变流机R.C 研究中心R.C 阻容R.C.E.E.A. 无线电通信及电子学工程协会R.F.U. 随时可使用的R.H. 相对湿度R.H. 右r.h.s. 右方R.I. 保留指数R.I. 放射性同位素R.I. 放射性同位素指示剂R.I. 复现指数R.M.T. 读取磁带R.N. 雷诺数R.P.C. 遥控台R.T. 放射性同位素指示剂R.T. 射线探伤访验R.T.C. 自记式温度控制器RA 放射性RA 辐射RA 记录准确度Ra 镭RA 洛氏硬度A级RA 实数加RA 随机存取RA 作用半径raabsite 钠闪云煌岩RAB tool 钻头处电阻率测井仪rabbet 插孔rabbit 清管器rabble 搅拌棒rabbler 刮九Rabinowinwitsch model 拉宾诺维奇模race knife 划线刀race rotation 空转race 赛跑RACE 随机存取计算机设备raceme 外消旋体racemization 外消旋作用raceway 电缆管道racheting device 棘轮装置racing 空转；急转rack and gear drive 齿条-齿轮传动rack and gear jack 齿条-齿轮式千斤rack and pinion jack 齿条-小齿轮千斤顶rack and pinion 齿条-小齿轮rack back 在井架中排立钻杆rack bar sluice valve 齿条式闸门阀rack circle 圆齿条rack earth 机壳地线rack jack 齿条式千斤顶rack mechanism 齿条机构rack of barrels 桶堆rack pipe 排管rack pricing 离炼厂定价rack rail 齿轨rack rent 高额地租rack tooth 齿条齿rack up 排放完rack wheel 棘轮rack 架racker 排管器racking arm 系管臂racking back 在井架中排立钻杆racking board 二层台racking capacity 排立根量racking cone 钻杆排置锥座racking of drill pipe 钻杆排放racking of drum 堆桶racking pipe 排管racking platform 二层台racking 架；震动racon 雷达信标Rad 放射的RAD 快速存取磁盘rad 拉德rad. 半径rad. 根数rad. 弧度rad. 无线电rad. 无线电报rad. 无线电员radac 快速数字自动计算radan 多普勒雷达自动导航radar altimeter 雷达测高仪radar antenna 雷达天线radar band 雷达波段radar base map 雷达导航图radar beacon 雷达信标radar beam 雷达波束radar buoy 雷达浮标radar coverage 雷达覆盖范围radar depression angle 雷达俯角radar doppler 多普勒雷达radar imaginary 雷达成象radar indicated face 雷达显示表面radar interaction 雷达干扰radar jamming 雷达干扰radar map 雷达地图radar mapping 雷达地形显示图radar mast 雷达天线杆radar microwave technique 雷达微波技术radar mosaic 雷达综合图radar navigation 雷达导航radar performance figure 雷达性能指标radar photography 雷达摄影术radar pilotage 雷达领航radar presentation 雷达显示radar range finder 雷达测距仪radar reflection interval 雷达反射时间间隔radar reflection 雷达反射radar reflectivity 雷达反射率radar remote sensing 雷达遥感radar resolution 雷达分辨率radar responder 雷达应答器radar return 雷达回波radar scanning 雷达扫描radar shadow 雷达盲区radar surveying 雷达测量radar target 雷达目标radar 雷达radar-probing system 雷达探测系统radar-rock units 雷达岩石单位radar-transparency 雷达透视radargrammetry 雷达测量radarman 雷达员radarphototheodolite 雷达摄影经纬仪radarscope photography 雷达摄影学radarscope 雷达示波器RADD 列地址radechon 雷得康管radiac 放射性检测仪radiacmeter 核辐射剂量计radiagraph 活动焰切机radial adaptive multiple suppression 径向自适应压制多次波radial advance 径向推进radial air-cooled engine 星型气冷式发动机radial angle 径向角radial arm bearing 横力臂支承radial arm 旋臂radial array 径向排列radial bearing disk 止推轴承盘radial bearing lower drive sub 下部径向轴承传动接头radial bearing upper drive sub 上部径向轴承传动接头radial bearing 径向轴承radial bore length 水平井眼长度radial characteristic 径向特性radial circular flow 径向环流radial clearance 径向间隙radial component 径向部分radial conductive heat transfer 径向热导传热radial coning 径向锥进radial coordinates 径向坐标radial crack 放射状裂隙radial crushing strength 中心破碎强度radial davit 转动式吊艇杆radial differential temperature log 径向微差井温测井radial displacement 径向驱替radial drilling machine 旋臂钻床radial engine 星型发动机radial feed 径向给进radial flow tray 径流塔板radial flow 径向流radial fluid flow 平面径向流radial force 径向力radial gradient 径向梯度radial groove 径向沟槽radial height 径向高度radial histogram 径向直方图radial impeller pump 径向叶轮泵radial inward flow 径向向内流radial load 径向载荷radial migration 辐射迁移radial multiple-suppression method 径向多次压制法radial node 径向结点radial outward flow 径向向外流radial packing 径向盘根radial piston motor 径向活塞马达radial play 径向间隙radial plunger pump 径向柱塞泵radial reactor 径向反应器radial refraction 径向折射radial resolution 径向分辨率radial response 径向响应radial rift 放射断陷radial shaft seal ring 径向轴密封环radial shooting 径向激反radial shrinkage 径向收缩radial slot 沿径槽radial steady-state flow equation 径向稳定流动方程radial steam-front advance 径向蒸汽前缘推进radial strain 径向应变radial stress 径向应力radial support bearing 径向支承轴承radial survey 径向观测radial symmetry 径向对称radial thrust bearing 径向止推轴承radial tolerance 径向容许偏差radial trace 径向记录道radial turbine 径流式涡轮radial velocity 径向速度radial vibration 径向振动radial waterflooding 环状注水radial wire cord tire 钢丝子午线轮胎radial wobble 径向震摆radial 辐向的radial-inlet impeller 径向进口式叶轮radialization 辐射；放射radian frequency 角频率radian measure 弧度radian 弧度radiance contour map 辐射外形图；发光度外形图radiance 光亮度；辐射率；辐射性能radiancy =radianceradiant coil 辐射段炉管radiant energy 辐射能radiant flux density 辐射能量密度radiant heat sensor 辐射热传感器radiant heat zone 辐射热带radiant heat 辐射热radiant heater 辐射式加热炉radiant intensity 辐射强度radiant matter 辐射物radiant power 辐射功率radiant quantity 辐射量radiant rays 辐射线radiant section 辐射段radiant surface absorptivity 辐射表面吸收率radiant temperature sensitivity 辐射热感温灵敏度radiant tube 辐射管radiant type fiber 辐射型纤维radiant wall tubes 辐射壁管radiant 辐射源radiant-type furnace 辐射炉radiaoctive family 放射系Radiastarte 射华蛤属radiate 放射radiated noise 辐射噪声radiated solar energy 辐射太阳能radiated structure 射状构造radiated wave 辐射波radiating body 辐射体radiating heat 辐射热radiating matter 放射物质radiation absorber 辐射吸收剂radiation balance 辐射平衡radiation belt 辐射带radiation characteristic 辐射特性radiation chemistry 放射化学radiation counter 辐射计数器radiation crosslinking 辐射交联radiation damage 辐射线损伤radiation degradation 辐射降解radiation detector 辐射探测器radiation dosimetry 辐射剂量测定法radiation ecology 辐射生态学radiation effect 辐射效应radiation efficiency 辐射效率radiation energy 辐射能radiation estimator 辐射剂量计radiation grafting 辐射接枝radiation heat transfer 辐射热传递radiation heat 辐射热radiation heater 辐射加热器radiation induced crosslinking 辐射诱导交联radiation induced grafting 辐射诱导接枝radiation initiation 辐射引发radiation intensity 辐射强度radiation ionization 辐射电离radiation level 辐射强度radiation logging 放射性测井radiation loss 辐射损失radiation method 辐射法radiation pattern 辐射模式；辐射特性图radiation peak 辐射最大值；辐射峰值radiation polymerization 放射聚合radiation pyrometer 辐射高温计radiation resistance 抗辐射性radiation resistant finish 防辐射整理radiation section 辐射段radiation sensitizer 辐射敏化剂radiation shield 辐射屏蔽radiation source 辐射源radiation temperature 辐射温度radiation wall thinkness measure device 辐射测壁厚仪radiation 辐射radiation-free zone 无辐照区域radiation-generating machine 辐射发生器radiation-initiated crosslinking 辐射诱导交联radiation-initiated polymerization 辐射引发聚合radiationless transition 无辐射跃迁radiationmeter 放射线计Radiatisporites 辐毛大孢属radiator shutter 散热器风门片radiator 辐射体radiator-type cooling unit 散热器式冷却装置radical catalyst 游离基催化剂radical copolymerization 游离基共聚合radical expression 根式radical four-spot patern 基本四点井网radical polymerization 游离基聚合radical scavenger 游离基清除剂radical sedimentation basin 辐流式沉淀池radical sign 根号radical 基radical-anion initiator 游离基-阴离子引发剂radicand 被开方数radication 开方radices radix的复数radicle 基；根radii radius 的复数radio detection 无线电检测radio direction finder 无线电测向仪radio direction finding 无线电测向radio distance-measuring 无线电测距radio echo sounding 无线电回波探测radio electronics 无线电电子学radio emission 无线电发射radio engineering 无线电工程radio examination X射线透视法radio facsimile 无线电传真radio finder 无线电测向仪radio frequency 射频radio indicator 放射性同位素指示剂radio interference 无线电干扰radio interferometry 无线电干涉测量radio modulation 无线电调制radio modulator 无线电调制器radio navigation aids 无线电导航设备radio navigation transmitter 无线电导航发射机radio navigation 无线电导航radio pager unit 无线电呼唤装置radio position fixing 无线电定位radio positioning 无线电定位radio prospecting 放射性勘探radio reception 无线电接收radio relay station 无线电中继站radio research ship 无线电通信试验船radio responder 无线电应答器radio scanner 无线电扫描仪radio scattering 射电散射radio sonobuoy 无线电声呐浮标radio spectrum 射频频谱radio station 无线电台radio survey 无线电测量radio telemetering 无线电遥测；无线电遥测的radio telemetry buoy 无线电遥测浮标radio telemetry seismic data acquisition system 无线电遥测地震数字采集系统radio teletype 电传打字机radio thin-layer chromatography 放射薄层色谱法radio tick 无线电报时信号radio tower 无线电天线塔radio transceiver system 无线电收发系统radio transmission 无线电发射radio transmitter 无线电发射机radio wave propagation 无线电波传播radio 无线电radio- 放射radio-altimeter 无线电测高计radio-apparatus 无线电台radio-controlled pump station 无线电控制泵站radio-direction-finder method 无线电测定方位法radio-fixing 无线电定位radio-frequency amplifier 高频放大器radio-frequency choke 射频扼流圈radio-frequency coil 高频线圈radio-frequency drying 高频干燥radio-frequency field 射频场radio-frequency formation heating 地层射频加热radio-frequency interference 射频干扰radio-frequency location system 射频定位系统radio-frequency oscillator 射频振荡器radio-frequency reading 用高频扫描快速读出radio-frequency signal 高频率信号radio-halo 放射晕radio-label 放射性同位素示踪radio-link 无线电通信联络radio-micrometer 高灵敏度辐射计radio-microwave telemetering system 无线电-微波遥测系统radio-positioning navigation 无线电定位导航radio-positioning network 无线电定位网格radio-positioning station 无线电定位台radioacoustics 无线电声学radioactinium 放射性锕radioactivation analysis 活化分析；放射活化分析radioactive age determination 放射性年龄测定radioactive anomaly 放射性异常radioactive ash 放射性尘埃radioactive bullet 放射性子弹radioactive bulletlocator 放射性子弹定位器radioactive carbon dating 放射性碳年代测定法radioactive cement 放射性水泥radioactive chain 放射性衰变链radioactive concentration 放射性浓度radioactive constant 放射常数radioactive contamination 放射性污染radioactive decay 放射性衰变radioactive density meter 放射性密度计radioactive detector 放射性检测器radioactive disintegration 放射性衰变radioactive drug 放射性制剂radioactive element 放射性元素radioactive foil 放射性金属薄片radioactive heat 放射性热radioactive indicator 放射性指示剂radioactive isotope equipped go-devil 放射性同位素刮管器radioactive isotope 放射性同位素radioactive leak 放射性泄漏radioactive logging 放射性测井radioactive mineral 放射性矿物radioactive nucleus 放射性核radioactive nuclide 放射性核素radioactive occurrence 放射性矿床radioactive pollutant 放射性污染物radioactive prospecting 放射性勘探radioactive source 放射性源radioactive standardization 放射性标准化radioactive static eliminator 放射性静电消除器radioactive tracer log 放射性示踪剂测井radioactive tracer survey 放射性示踪物测量法radioactive tracer 放射性指示剂；放射性示踪剂radioactive transformation 放射性转化；放射性蜕变radioactive waste 放射性废物radioactive well logging 放射性测井radioactive 放射性的radioactive-tracer method 放射性示踪法radioactive-tracer-fibre 放射性示踪纤维radioactivity anomaly 放射性异常radioactivity background 放射性本底radioactivity decay 放射性衰变radioactivity equilibrium 放射性平衡radioactivity indicator 放射性强度指示器radioactivity level 放射性能级radioactivity log 放射性测井radioactivity prospecting 放射性勘探radioactivity standard 放射性标准radioactivity survey 放射性勘探radioactivity well logging 放射性测井radioactivity 放射性；放射radioalarm equipment 无线电报警器radioamplifier 高频放大器radioanalysis 放射性分析radioanalytical chemistry 放射分析化学radioassay 放射性检验radioastronomy 射电天文学radioautocontrol 无线电自动控制器radioautogram 无线电传真radioautograph 放射自显影radioautography 放射自显影术radiobeacon buoy 无线电浮航标radiobeacon 无线电信标radiobeam 无线电电波radiobearing 无线电方位radiobiochemistry 放射生物地球化学radiobiology 放射生物学radiobroadcast 无线电广播；用无线电广播radiocall sign 无线电呼号radiocarbon age 放射性碳年龄radiocarbon C14 放射性碳radiocarbon chronology 放射性碳测定年代法radiocarbon dating 放射性碳测定年龄radiocarbon stratigraphy 放射性碳地层学radiocarbon tracer 放射性碳示踪物radioceramic 高频瓷radiocesium 放射性铯radiochannel 波道radiochemicak analysis 放射化学分析radiochemistry 放射化学radiochromatogram 放射性色谱图radiochromatograph 辐射色层分离谱。
化验室基础知识
2. 标定法 先称取一定量试剂配成接近所需浓度
的溶液，然后用另一种标准溶液比较滴定 或用基准物质标定的方法确定溶液的准确 浓度。如，NaOH易吸收空气中的水分和二 氧化碳，因此标准溶液的浓度需要通过标
定法确定。
NaOH 浓HCl KMnO4
易吸收水分和二氧化碳 易挥发 易分解
比较滴定计算：c1V1 = c2V2 标定计算：
处理实验数据，计算与评价实验结果。
工业分析的特点
采样 工业生产中原料、产品等的量是很大
的，往往以千、万吨计，而其组成又很不 均匀，但在进行分析时却只能测定其中很 小的一部分，因此，正确采取能够代表全 部物料的平均组成的少量样品，是工业分 析中的重要环节，是获得准确分析结果的 先决条件。
采样－－ 从大量的分析对象中抽取有 一定代表性的一部分样品作为分析材料， 这项工作叫采样。
例：用邻苯二甲酸氢钾（ＭKHP＝204.22）为基准物 质标定25ｍＬ0.1mol/L NaOH溶液，需称取多少 克KHP？
m C V M KHC8H4O4
NaOH NaOH KHC8H4O4
0.125103 204.22
0.51g
三、标准溶液浓度的表示方法
1. 物质的量浓度 C Bn V BM m B V (mo L l1)
物质对待测组份可能会产生干扰，因此， 在研究和选择工业分析方法时，必须考虑 共存组分的影响，并且采取相应的措施消 除其干扰。
方法：掩蔽和分离
工业分析的一个重要作用，是用来指导和 控制主产的正常进行，因此，必须快速、 准确地得到分析结果，在符合生产所要求 的准确度的前提下，提高分析速度也是很 重要的，有时不一定要达到分析方法所能 达到的最高准确度。
二、标准溶液的配制 标准溶液具有准确的浓度。
土木工程专业英语词汇
第一部分必须掌握，第二部分尽量掌握第一部分：1 Finite Element Method 有限单元法2 专业英语Specialty English3 水利工程Hydraulic Engineering4 土木工程Civil Engineering5 地下工程Underground Engineering6 岩土工程Geotechnical Engineering7 道路工程Road (Highway) Engineering8 桥梁工程Bridge Engineering9 隧道工程Tunnel Engineering10 工程力学Engineering Mechanics11 交通工程Traffic Engineering12 港口工程Port Engineering13 安全性safety17木结构timber structure18 砌体结构masonry structure19 混凝土结构concrete structure20 钢结构steelstructure21 钢-混凝土复合结构steel and concrete composite structure22 素混凝土plain concrete23 钢筋混凝土reinforced concrete24 钢筋rebar25 预应力混凝土pre-stressed concrete26 静定结构statically determinate structure27 超静定结构statically indeterminate structure28 桁架结构truss structure29 空间网架结构spatial grid structure30 近海工程offshore engineering31 静力学statics32运动学kinematics33 动力学dynamics34 简支梁simply supported beam35 固定支座fixed bearing36弹性力学elasticity37 塑性力学plasticity38 弹塑性力学elaso-plasticity39 断裂力学fracture Mechanics40 土力学soil mechanics41 水力学hydraulics42 流体力学fluid mechanics43 固体力学solid mechanics44 集中力concentrated force45 压力pressure46 静水压力hydrostatic pressure47 均布压力uniform pressure48 体力body force 49 重力gravity50 线荷载line load51 弯矩bending moment52 torque 扭矩53 应力stress54 应变stain55 正应力normal stress56 剪应力shearing stress57 主应力principal stress58 变形deformation59 内力internal force60 偏移量挠度deflection61 settlement 沉降62 屈曲失稳buckle63 轴力axial force64 允许应力allowable stress65 疲劳分析fatigue analysis66 梁beam67 壳shell68 板plate69 桥bridge70 桩pile71 主动土压力active earth pressure72 被动土压力passive earth pressure73 承载力load-bearing capacity74 水位water Height75 位移displacement76 结构力学structural mechanics77 材料力学material mechanics78 经纬仪altometer79 水准仪level80 学科discipline81 子学科sub-discipline82 期刊journal ,periodical83文献literature84 ISSN International Standard Serial Number 国际标准刊号85 ISBN International Standard Book Number 国际标准书号86 卷volume87 期number 88 专着monograph89 会议论文集Proceeding90 学位论文thesis, dissertation91 专利patent92 档案档案室archive93 国际学术会议conference94 导师advisor95 学位论文答辩defense of thesis96 博士研究生doctorate student97 研究生postgraduate98 EI Engineering Index 工程索引99 SCI Science Citation Index 科学引文索引100ISTP Index to Science and Technology Proceedings 科学术会议论文集索引101 题目title102 摘要abstract103 全文full-text104 参考文献reference105 联络单位、所属单位affiliation106 主题词Subject107 关键字keyword108 ASCE American Society of Civil Engineers 美国土木工程师协会109 FHWA Federal Highway Administration 联邦公路总署110 ISO International Standard Organization111 解析方法analytical method112 数值方法numerical method113 计算computation114 说明书instruction115 规范Specification, Code第二部分：岩土工程专业词汇1.geotechnical?engineering岩土工程?2.foundation?engineering基础工程3.soil,?earth土4.soil?mechanics土力学?????????cyclic?loading周期荷载?unloading卸载?reloading再加载?viscoelastic?foundation粘弹性地基?viscous?damping粘滞阻尼?shear?modulus剪切模量?5.soil?dynamics土动力学6.stress?path应力路径?7.numerical geotechanics 数值岩土力学二. 土的分类 1.residual soil残积土 groundwater level地下水位 2.groundwater 地下水 groundwater table地下水位 3.clay minerals粘土矿物 4.secondary minerals次生矿物 ndslides滑坡 6.bore hole columnar section钻孔柱状图 7.engineering geologic investigation工程地质勘察 8.boulder 漂石 9.cobble卵石 10.gravel砂石 11.gravelly sand砾砂 12.coarse sand粗砂 13.medium sand中砂 14.fine sand细砂 15.silty sand粉土 16.clayey soil粘性土 17.clay粘土 18.silty clay粉质粘土 19.silt粉土 20.sandy silt砂质粉土 21.clayey silt粘质粉土 22.saturated soil饱和土 23.unsaturated soil非饱和土 24.fill (soil)填土 25.overconsolidated soil超固结土 26.normally consolidated soil正常固结土 27.underconsolidated soil欠固结土 28.zonal soil区域性土 29.soft clay软粘土 30.expansive (swelling) soil膨胀土 31.peat泥炭 32.loess黄土 33.frozen soil冻土 24.degree of saturation饱和度 25.dry unit weight干重度26.moist unit weight湿重度45.ISSMGE=International Society for Soil Mechanics and Geote chnical Engineering 国际土力学与岩土工程学会四. 渗透性和渗流1.Darcy’s law 达西定律2.piping管涌3.flowing soil流土4.sand boiling砂沸5.flow net流网6.seepage渗透（流）7.leakage渗流8.seepage pressure渗透压力9.permeability渗透性10.seepage force渗透力11.hydraulic gradient水力梯度 12.coefficient of permeability 透系数五. 地基应力和变形1.soft soil软土2.(negative) skin friction of driven pile打入（负）摩阻力3.effective stress有效应力4.total stress总应力5.field vane shear strength十字板抗剪强度6.low activity低活性7.sensitivity灵敏度8.triaxial test三轴验9.foundation design基础设计 10.recompaction再压11.bearing capacity承载力 12.soil mass土体13.contact stress (pressure)接触应力（压力）14.concentrated load集中荷载 15.a semi-infinite elastic solid 无限弹性体 16.homogeneous均质 17.isotropic各向性 18.strip footing条基 19.square spread footing方形独立基20.underlying soil (stratum ,strata)下卧层（土）21.dead load =sustained load恒载持续荷载 22.live load载 23.short –term transient load短期瞬时荷载24.long-term transient load长期荷载 25.reduced load折算载 26.settlement沉降 27.deformation变形 28.casing管 29.dike=dyke堤（防） 30.clay fraction粘粒组 31.physical properties物理性质 32.subgrade基 33.well-graded soil级配良好土 34.poorly-graded soil级配良土 35.normal stresses正应力 36.shear stresses剪力 37.principal plane主平面38.major (intermediate, minor) principal stress最大（中、最小主应力 39.Mohr-Coulomb failure condition摩尔-库仑破坏件 40.FEM=finite element method有限元法41.limit equilibrium method极限平衡法42.pore water pressure孔隙水压力43.preconsolidation pressure先期固结压力44.modulus of compressibility压缩模量45.coefficent of compressibility压缩系数pression index压缩指数 47.swelling index回弹数 48.geostatic stress自重应力 49.additional stress附加力 50.total stress总应力 51.final settlement最终降 52.slip line滑动线六. 基坑开挖与降水 1 excavation开挖（挖方） 2 dewater （基坑）降水 3 failure of foundation基坑失稳4 bracing of foundation pit基坑围护5 bottom heave=basal heave （基坑）底隆起6 retaining wall挡土墙7 pore-pressure distribution孔压布8 dewatering method降低地下水位法9 well point system 点系统（轻型） 10 deep well point深井点 11 vacuum well po 真空井点 12 braced cuts支撑围护 13 braced excavation支撑挖 14 braced sheeting支撑挡板七. 深基础--deep foundation 1.pile foundation桩基础1)cast –in-place灌注桩 diving casting cast-in-place pile沉管注桩 bored pile钻孔桩 special-shaped cast-in-place pile机控型灌注桩 piles set into rock嵌岩灌注桩 rammed bulb pile夯桩2)belled pier foundation钻孔墩基础 drilled-pier foundation钻孔扩底墩 under-reamed bored pier3)precast concrete pile预制混凝土桩4)steel pile钢桩 steel pipe pile钢管桩 steel sheet pile钢桩5)prestressed concrete pile预应力混凝土桩 prestressed concrete pipe pile预应力混凝土管桩 2.caisson foundation沉井（箱） 3.diaphragm wall地下连续墙截水墙 4.friction pile摩擦桩 5.end-bearing pile端承桩 6.shaft竖井；桩身 7.wave equation analysis波动方程分析 8.pile caps承台（桩帽） 9.bearing capacity of single pile单桩承载力 teral pile load test单桩横向载荷试验 11.ultimate lateral resistance of single pile单桩横向极限承载力 12.static load test of pile单桩竖向静荷载试验 13.vertical allowable load capacity单桩竖向容许承载力 14.low pile cap低桩承台 15.high-rise pile cap高桩承台 16.vertical ultimate uplift resistance of single pile单桩抗拔极限承载力 17.silent piling静力压桩 18.uplift pile抗拔桩 19.anti-slide pile抗滑桩20.pile groups群桩 21.efficiency factor of pile groups群桩效率系数（η）22.efficiency of pile groups群桩效应 23.dynamic pile testing桩基动测技术24.final set最后贯入度 25.dynamic load test of pile桩动荷载试验26.pile integrity test桩的完整性试验 27.pile head=butt桩头 28.pile tip=pile point=pile toe桩端（头） 29.pile spacing桩距30.pile plan桩位布置图 31.arrangement of piles =pile layout桩的布置32.group action群桩作用 33.end bearing=tip resistance桩端阻 34.skin(side) friction=shaft resistance桩侧阻35.pile cushion桩垫 36.pile driving(by vibration) （振动）打桩 37.pile pulling test拔桩试验 38.pile shoe桩靴 39.pile noise 打桩噪音 40.pile rig打桩机九. 固结consolidation1.Terzzaghi’s consolidation theory太沙基固结理论2.Barraon’s consolidation theory巴隆固结理论3.Biot’s consolidation theory比奥固结理论4.over consolidation ration (OCR)超固结比5.overconsolidation soil超固结土6.excess pore water pressure超孔压力7.multi-dimensional consolidation多维固结8.one-dimensional consolidation一维固结9.primary consolidation主固结10.secondary consolidation次固结11.degree of consolidation固结度 12.consolidation test固结试验 13.consolidation curve固结曲线 14.time factor Tv时间因子15.coefficient of consolidation固结系数16.preconsolidation pressure前期固结压力17.principle of effective stress有效应力原理18.consolidation under K0 condition K0固结十. 抗剪强度shear strength 1.undrained shear strength不排水抗剪强度2.residual strength残余强度3.long-term strength长期强度4.peak strength峰值强度5.shear strain rate剪切应变速率6.dilatation剪胀7.effective stress approach of shear strength 剪胀抗剪强度有效应力法 8.total stress approach of shear strength抗剪强度总应力法 9.Mohr-Coulomb theory莫尔－库仑理论 10.angle of internal friction内摩擦角 11.cohesion粘力 12.failure criterion破坏准则 13.vane strength十字板抗剪度14.unconfined compression无侧限抗压强度15.effective stress failure envelop有效应力破坏包线16.effective stress strength parameter有效应力强度参数十一. 本构模型--constitutive model1.elastic model弹性模型2.nonlinear elastic model非线性弹模型3.elastoplastic model弹塑性模型4.viscoelastic model粘弹性型5.boundary surface model边界面模型6.Duncan-Chang model邓肯－张模型7.rigid plastic model 塑性模型8.cap model盖帽模型9.work softening加工化 10.work hardening加工硬化 11.Cambridge model剑桥型 12.ideal elastoplastic model理想弹塑性型 13.Mohr-Coulomb yield criterion莫尔－库仑屈服准则14.yield surface屈服面15.elastic half-space foundation model弹性半空间地基型 16.elastic modulus弹性模量 17.Winkler foundation model 克尔地基模型十二. 地基承载力--bearing capacity of foundation soil 1.punching shear failure冲剪破坏 2.general shear failure整体切破化 3.local shear failure局部剪切坏 4.state of limit equilibrium极限平衡状态5.critical edge pressure临塑荷载6.stability of foundation soil地基稳定性7.ultimate bearing capacity of foundation soil地基极限承力 8.allowable bearing capacity of foundation soil地基容许承力十三. 土压力--earth pressure1.active earth pressure主动土压力2.passive earth pressure被土压力3.earth pressure at rest静止土力 4.Coulomb’s earth pressure theory库仑土压力论5.Rankine’s earth pressure theory朗金土压力理论十四. 土坡稳定分析--slope stability analysis1.angle of repose休止角2.Bishop method毕肖法3.safety factor of slope边坡稳定安全数4.Fellenius method of slices费纽伦斯条法5.Swedish circle method瑞典圆弧滑动法6.slices method 分法十五. 挡土墙--retaining wall1.stability of retaining wall挡土墙稳定性2.foundation wall基础墙3.counter retaining wall扶壁式挡墙4.cantilever retaining wall悬臂式挡土墙5.cantilever sheet pile wall悬臂式板桩墙6.gravity retaining wall重力式挡土墙7.anchored plate retaining wall锚定板挡土墙8.anchored sheet pile wall锚定板板桩墙十六. 板桩结构物--sheet pile structure 1.steel sheet pile钢桩 2.reinforced concrete sheet pile钢筋混凝土板桩 3.steel pi 钢桩 4.wooden sheet pile木板桩 5.timber piles木桩十七. 浅基础--shallow foundation 1.box foundation箱型础 2.mat(raft) foundation片筏基础 3.strip foundation条形础 4.spread footing扩展基础 pensated foundation补偿基础 6.bearing stratum持力层 7.rigid foundation刚性基础 8.flexible foundation柔性基础9.embedded depth of foundation基础埋置深度 foundation pressure基底附加应力11.structure-foundation-soil interaction analysis上部结构－基础－地基共同作用分析十八. 土的动力性质--dynamic properties of soils1.dynamic strength of soils动强度2.wave velocity method波速法3.material damping材料阻尼4.geometric damping几何阻尼5.damping ratio阻尼比6.initial liquefaction初始液化7.natural period of soil site地基固有周期8.dynamic shear modulus of soils动剪切模量 9.dynamic ma二十. 地基基础抗震 1.earthquake engineering地震工程 2.soil dynamics土动力学 3.duration of earthquake地震持续时间 4.earthquake response spectrum地震反应谱 5.earthquake intensity地震烈度 6.earthquake magnitude震级 7.seismic predominant period地震卓越周期 8.maximum acceleration of earthquake地震最大加速度二十一. 室内土工实验 1.high pressure consolidation test高压固结试验 2.consolidation under K0 condition K0固结试验 3.falling head permeability变水头试验4.constant head permeability常水头渗透试验5.unconsolidated-undrained triaxial test不固结不排水试验(UU)6.consolidated undrained triaxial test固结不排水试验(CU)7.consolidated drained triaxial test固结排水试验(CD)paction test击实试验9.consolidated quick direct shear test固结快剪试验10.quick direct shear test快剪试验11.consolidated drained direct shear test慢剪试验12.sieve analysis筛分析 13.geotechnical model test土工模型试验 14.centrifugalmodel test离心模型试验15.direct shear apparatus直剪仪 16.direct shear test直剪试验 17.direct simple shear test直接单剪试验18.dynamic triaxial test三轴试验 19.dynamic simple shear动单剪 20.free（resonance）vibration column test自(共)振柱试验二十二. 原位测试1.standard penetration test (SPT)标准贯入试验 2.surface wave test (SWT)表面波试验 3.dynamic penetration test(DPT)动力触探试验 4.static cone penetration (SPT) 静力触探试验 5.plate loading test静力荷载试验 teral load test of pile 单桩横向载荷试验 7.static load test of pile 单桩竖向荷载试验 8.cross-hole test 跨孔试验 9.screw plate test螺旋板载荷试验 10.pressuremeter test旁压试验 11.light sounding轻便触探试验 12.deep settlement measurement深层沉降观测 13.vane shear test十字板剪切试验 14.field permeability test 现场渗透试验 15.in-situ pore water pressure measurement 原位孔隙水压量测 16.in-situ soil test原位试验。
HPLC方法验证及方案
SECTION XV SECTION 15 Analytical Methods(TYPICAL ANALYTICAL METHOD VALIDATION)1.PURPOSET he purpose of this Standard Analytical Procedure is to demonstrate the procedure required to validate in-house HPLC analytical methods and to show that the methods are stability-indicating. Methods based on the USP but modified for stability indicating test purposes require full in-house validation.This procedure ensures that the Product Development Process and Process Qualification Batch analysis is based on a foundation of Good Laboratory Practice using validated test procedures.2.RESPONSIBILITYThe Head of Analytical Development in coordination with the managers of QC and Regulatory Affairs at the proposed manufacturing site.3.FREQUENCYFor each non-compendial analytical method intended for ANDA (or OTC ANDA) manufactured products.For Stability-Indicating Assays and limit testing of impurities that may be based on compendial methods. Each Product strength will follow the full method validation procedure.4.PROCEDURE[a].Method ValidationNon-compendial methods validation will follow the USP direction for parameters needed for the validation of test methods.Typical parameters for validating assays and other non-compendial analytical methods designed for providing quantitative results shall include :• Accuracy• Recovery• Precision ( System reproducibility, Method reproducibility )• Specificity• Linearity• Range• Ruggedness (different analyst s / days /different equipment models / columns) [b].Placebo Analysis.A mixture of non-actives (placebo) shall be prepared and subjected to analysis.No interfering peaks shall be observed in the graph of the placebo chromatogram.[c].The stability of the Standard solution is assessed by re-injection of the standard solution after24 x n hours (where n = number of days the Standard will be used).Standard Preparation for AssayComparison of standard solutions for Assay of Active material, injected after one month and freshly prepared demonstrate that the standard solutions are stable and does not lose its quality after one month if refrigerated.Standard Preparation for ImpurityComparison of standard solutions of Guanine, injected after one month and freshly prepared demonstrate that the standard solutions are stable and does not lose its quality after 1 month if refrigerated.Name of standards Storage conditions Difference. relativeto freshly preparedstandard[Active] 100%4°C<2%[Impurity] 100%4°C<2%Standard Solutions are stored at controlled temperatures and light conditions as per labeling.[d].Stability Indicating Procedures.For the Stability Indicating Method, the product sample shall include forced degradation by stressed analysis. Conditions of concentration and reaction time may vary depending on the active drug substance and drug product e.g. :• Oxidation-(H2O2 plus standing time).• Base Hydrolysis-(NaOH x N plus standing time).• Acid Hydrolysis-(HCl conc. plus standing time).• Sun light-(24 hours standing time).• Heat-(x degrees C).Summary of Stability Indicating ResultsStressed Conditions Temp.Time Raw Material;Tablets(°C)(hr)RemainingSubstance.(%)Peak Purity,(Figure)RemainingSubstance(%)PeakPurity,(Figure)Solution heating9012100.2pure98pure Solid heating160 2101.3pure92pure Sunlight 765 w/m24014101.1pure84.8pure 3,3N Sodium Hydroxide701099.8pure100.2pure 10%Hydrogen Peroxide37 377.5pure90.5pure 5% Hydrochloric Acid Room2079.7pure78.6pure[e]Specificity and Suitability (Resolution and Tailing Factors).When a satisfactory separations of all the degradation peaks have been achieved through the forced degradation reactions, a Resolution Factor (according to the USP requirements) between the main active peak and the nearest degradant peak is calculated using the USP formula.A Tailing Factor (according to the USP formula) is calculated for the main active peak.[f] System Suitability TestA mixture of [Active] AS. standard at the concentration about [0.1]mg/mL and of [Impurity] AS. standard at the concentration about [0.01]mg/mL according to Method SI-1000 was prepared and injected into the HPLC system.For chromatogram obtained the following values were calculated (according to USP):1. Relative Retention Time for [Impurity] peakRRT = RT [Impurity] = 2.65 =0.31RT [Active] 8.452. Tailing factor for [Active] peakT=W2=94.2= 1.1f 0.05 fThe values depict the specificity of the method for resolution between the main peak and impurity peak. (values shown for demonstrations purposes).Peak PurityThe photo diode-array is used for the evaluation of the stability indicating nature of the assay method number SI-1000 for [000]mg and [000]mg tablets using a Waters 996™ Unit, controlled by the chromatography manager Millennium 2010™.Peak purity and match results are reported as:Purity Angle is a measure of spectral non-homogeneity across a peak - i.e. the weighed average of all Spectral Contrast Angles calculated by comparing all spectra in the integrated peak against the peak apex spectrum.Purity Threshold is the sum of Noise Angle and Solvent Angle. It is the limit of detection of shape differences between two spectra.Match Angle is a comparison of the spectrum at the peak apex against a library spectrum.Match Threshold is the sum of the Match Noise Angle and Match Solvent Angle. Noise Angle is a measure of spectral non-homogeneity caused by system noise.Peak Purity (Cont.)Solvent Angle is a measure of spectral non-homogeneity caused by solvent composition.It the purity angle is smaller than the purity threshold and the match angle is smaller than the match threshold, this indicates that no significant differences between spectra are detected. There is no spectroscopic evidence for co-elution and the peak is considered pure.[f]Relative Retention Time of Main and Additional peaks.Each stressed analysis shall indicate the percentage by which the Main peak is decreased as well as the RRT for any other Additional peaks.If the RRT of an Additional peak corresponds to a known degradant/impurity etc. it shall be stated.The peak purity of the main peak shall be given for each stressed analysis (where possible).[g].Validation of limit testing for impurity methods shall include :*Specificity*Detection Limit(DL)*Quantitation Limit(QL)Detection Limit (DL)The detection limit of an individual analytical procedure is the lowest amount of analyte in a sample which can be detested but not necessary quantitated as an exact value.Quantitation Limit(QL)The Quantitation limit of an individual analytical procedure is the lowest amount of analyte in a sample which can be quantitatively determined with suitable precision and accuracy. Used in the determination of impurities and or degradation products.[h].Contents of a typical HPLC Analytical Validation Protocolrefer Method No. A-0340-01-1299Validation of HPLC Analytical MethodMethod No: A-0340-01-1299[1]Introduction - A brief description is given of the following parameters :*Method and Edition # used*Batch # of samples tested (test the lowest and the highest label strength)*Type of detector used to analyze stressed samples*Stress testing of Standard solution to determine origin of Additional peaks.[2]System Reproducibility - PrecisionTen replicate (single) injections of the standard solution at the nominal concentration described in the method is performed and the RSD calculated. The Results (sample # and peak areas) are tabulated. The Average Peak Area, SD and RSD are shown in the table. Target values for RSD = 0.5 to 1.0(Keep this standard solution for the stability of Standard Solutions - Point 9)SYSTEM REPRODUCIBILITYSAMPLE No.PEAK AREAS1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.Average Peak Area Standard Deviation Relative Standard Deviation === 0.5 - 1.0[3]Method Reproducibility - PrecisionThe full analytical method # is carried out and repeated Ten times on the finished product (batch #) and the RSD is calculated. Two HPLC injections are performed per method assay and the peak areas are averaged. The Results (assay %) are tabulated. The Average Assay %, SD and RSD are calculated and shown in the tabulations. Target values for RSD = 1.5 to 3.0.METHOD REPRODUCIBILITYSAMPLE NoBatch No:ASSAY %12345678910Average Assay % Standard Deviation Relative Standard Deviation.=== 1.5 - 3.0[4]AccuracyThe Accuracy of an analytical procedure expresses the closeness of agreement between the true value and the value found.Ten replicate (single) injections of the standard solution at the nominal concentration of x mg/100 mL as described in the Analytical Method / Ed # [00] is made and the percent deviation from the true values as determined from the linear regression line is calculated.The Results (Peak areas and % accuracy) are tabulated.The Mean, SD and C.of.V are shown in the tabulations[4]Accuracy (continued).A C C U R A C YINJECTIONNo PEAKAREACALCULATEDCONC.%ACCURACY12345678910Mean (% Accuracy) =Standard Deviation =% Coef. of Variation =[5]Recovery (Extraction time)The extraction efficiency is demonstrated by varying the extraction time of prepared sample solutions as described in the analytical method #. Two HPLC injections are performed per method assay and the peak areas are averaged. The extraction time suitable to ensure complete extraction is highlighted.Not less than three different extraction times are used namely 0.5 T, T and 1.5 T (where T is the extraction time of the method).[5]Recovery (Extraction time - tabulations continued).The Results (Extraction time and Assay %) are tabulated as shown.RECOVERY - EXTRACTION% ASSAYTIME IN MINUTESBatch No:0.5 TT1.5 T[6]Recovery (spiked placebo samples).Five spiked admixtures of the active substance and the non-active vehicle (placebo) at concentrations of about 50 % to 150 % of the stated concentration required by the assay procedure is prepared and analyzed to show the percentage active recovery. Two HPLC injections are performed per method assay and the peak areas are averaged.The Results (Theoretical conc. Actual conc. and % recovery ) are tabulated.The Average Recovery, SD and the % Coefficient of Variation are given.[6]Recovery (spiked placebo samples tables - continued).T he recovery results are shown graphically (peak area Vs conc. (mg/100 mL). These results also show extraction method and detector linearity.RECOVERYStandard solution mg/100mL Peak Area =CONC. Theoretical (mg/100ml)PEAK AREAFOUNDCONC.FOUND(mg/100ml)PERCENTAGERECOVERY5075100125150Mean (% Recovery) =Standard Deviation =% Coef of Variation =The Linear Regression value, Slope and Y-Intercept are shown in the GRAPH. The placebo chromatogram (vehicle only) is shown to highlight the absence of Additional Peaks[7]Linearity and range.T he linearity on an analytical procedure is its ability (within a given range) to obtain test results which are directly proportional to the concentration (amount) of the analyte in the test sample.F ive Standard solutions in a concentration range of (about) 50 % to 150 % of the stated concentration required by the assay procedure are prepared and analyzed by the stated method.T wo HPLC injections are performed per method assay and the peak areas are averaged.[7]Linearity and range - (continued).T he Area count and concentration range is plotted. Linear regression analysis willdemonstrate the acceptability of the method for quantitative analysis over the full spectrum of the concentration range. Detector linearity is demonstrated.The Results (Range conc. and peak areas ) are tabulated.LINEARITY AND R A N G ECONC. Batch No:PEAK AREAS50 %75 %100 %125 %150 %Linear RegressionY-Intercept Slope ===The results are shown graphically (peak area Vs range conc. (mg/100 mL).GRAPH OF LINEARITYConc. mg/100mLPe akAre a200004000060000800001000001200000255075100125150[8]RUGGEDNESS&Robustness.Ruggedness measures the lack of ex ternal influence on the test results whereas robustness measures the lack of in ternal influences on the test results.The Robustness of an analytical procedure is a measure of its capacity to remain unaffected by small but deliberate variations in method parameters and thus providing an indication of its reliability normal usage.The method may be evaluated for specificity using two different columns. No differences in specificity, selectivity or column performance should be observed. RobustnessRobustness determinations are essential when transferring analytical methods from the development laboratory to the commercial plant quality control laboratory. There may usually be a difference in columns or HPLC machine models used. Deliberate variations according to the following table were made to the critical parameters of the method such as column, flow rate and concentration of [organic acid] in the mobile phase. Using the System Suitability solution and LOQ solution as the Test Solutions the performance of the method was evaluated. Column 1: Phenomenex Bondclone 10µ, C-18, 300 x 3.9mm (OOH-2117-CD) Column 2: Waters µ-Bondapak 10µ, C-18, 300 x 3.9mm (27324)C O ND I T I O N RE S U L T SConditionNo.Column Flow RatemL/minBufferConc. (%)RRT T f RSDbet. LOQ of[Active]RSDbet. LOQ of[Impurity]11 2.50.10.3 1.1<10<1021 2.20.10.3 1.1<10<1031 2.80.10.3 1.1<10<1041 2.50.150.3 1.1<10<1052 2.50.10.3 1.1<10<10Notes on different terms frequently used:INTERMEDIATE PRECISIONT he analytical variation expressed between laboratories on different days; with different equipment; or different analysts is known as - intermediate precision. REPRODUCIBILITY (INTRA-LAB)T his intra-laboratory precision or the precision between laboratories is known as reproducibility or more specifically - intra-laboratory reproducibility. Both the above are ruggedness - and a USP requirement.[8]RUGGEDNESS&Robustness- (Tabulations - continued).The Results (Average assay % for Analyst 1 and 2 ) are tabulated.RUGGEDNESSANALYSTNo 1%ASSAYColumn IANALYSTNo 2%ASSAYColumn 212345678910Mean (% Accuracy) =Standard Deviation =% Coef of Variation =R obustness.The evaluation of robustness should be finalized at the end of the development phase - around the time of the process qualification lot manufacture. The robustness evaluation should be developed with the commercial laboratory equipment in mind. It should show the reliability of an analysis with respect to deliberate variations in the method parameters A consequence of robustness evaluation is that a series of system suitability parameters are established to ensure that the validity of the analytical procedure is maintained whenever used.Robustness is defined by both the USP and the ICH Tripartite guidelines as "a measure of its capacity to remain unaffected by small but deliberate variations in method parameters and provides an indication of its reliability during normal use " Robustness is defined both in the USP and ICH, but is not required.[9]Stability of Standard solutionsRe-chromatography of ten replicate single injections of the same standard solution (which have been allowed to stand for x hours ) against freshly prepared Standards showed no significant differences from the original results.STABILITY OF STANDARD SOLUTIONSmg/100mL Initial Analysis(Date)mg/100mL Repeat Analysis 2nd (Date)1 injection2 injection3 injection4 injection5 injection6 injection7 injection8 injection9 injection10 injection1 injection2 injection3 injection4 injection5 injection6 injection7 injection8 injection9 injection10 injectionMeanStandard Deviation Relative Standard Dev.=== NMT 2.0 %[10]Typical Chromatograms.Representative chromatograms of the following traces are routinely provided:-♦ System Suitability♦ Standard Solution♦ Drug Product♦ placeboTypical ChromatogramsWhen R epresentative Chromatograms are displayed - all peaks are LABELED with the peak name and RRT.R epresentative chromatogramDrug Product[11]Conclusion .(Closing Statement)A n appropriate conclusion should be given stating clearly that:“The method # IAG00-005 Ed. No [00] is shown to be accurate and precise for carrying out assay analysis as part of the Assay and Stability Studies for the Drug Product conforming to the formula as shown in Appendix 1”[12]References and Appendixes.A cknowledgment to references as well as attachments such as the drug productformula are attached at the end of the validation protocol.I t is important to emphasize that analytical validation applies to a drug formula anda set manufacturing procedure. Extraneous peaks and processing stresses are specific to a manufacturing procedure, equipment used and the nature of the excipients.References:1. "Validation of compendial methods" USP 23 <1225> USPC Rockville Maryland USA 1994.2. USP/NF XXIII USPC Rockville Maryland USA 1994.3. Scale up and Post approval Changes Manufacturing and Controls In vitro Dissolution and In Vivo Bioequivalence Documentation CEDER 1995 (SUPAC)4. International Conference on Harmonization "Guidelines on validation of Analytical Procedures:Definitions and Terminology; Federal Register (March 1, 1995.)5. ASTM Standard Guide For Conducting Ruggedness Tests E1169 American Society for testing Materials Philadelphia 1989.6. G. Kateman and L. Buydens, T he Ruggedness Test Quality Control in the Analytical chemistryJohn Wiley and Sons NY 2nd Edition 1993, pp118 125.Label the peakclearlyName and Retention time (8.78 min)。
中国药典2020年版 9100分析方法转移指导原则
9100分析方法转移指导原则分析方法转移（analytical method transfer），是一个文件记录和实验确认的过程，目的是证明一个实验室（方法接收实验室）在采用另一实验室（方法建立实验室）建立并经过验证的非法定分析方法检测样品时，该实验室有能力成功地操作该方法，检测结果与方法建立实验室检测结果一致。
分析方法转移是保证不同实验室之间获得一致、可靠和准确检测结果的一个重要环节，同时也是对实验室检测能力的一个重要评估。
本指导原则总结了可能存在的分析方法转移的类型和转移方案的内容等。
本指导原则不提供统计方法相关信息，也不包含微生物和生物分析方法的转移。
一、转移类型分析方法转移可通过多种途径实现。
最常用的方法是相同批次均一样品的比对试验或专门制备用于测试样品的检测结果的比对试验。
其他方法包括：实验室间共同验证、接收方对分析方法进行完全或部分验证和合理的转移豁免。
分析方法转移实验、转移范围和执行策略制订要依据接收方经验和知识、样品复杂性和特殊性、分析过程的风险评估。
1.比对试验比对试验是分析方法转移时最常用的方法，需要接收方和转移方共同对预先确定数量的同一批次样品进行分析。
也可以采用其它方法，如：在样品中加入某个杂质的回收率实验，接收方能够达到预先制定的可接受标准。
分析时要依据已被批准的转移方案，此方案包括明确列出的细节、使用的样品、预先制定的验收标准和可允许的偏差。
检测结果符合预先制订的可接受标准是确保接收方有资格运行该方法的必要条件。
2.两个或多个实验室间共同验证执行分析方法验证的实验室要具备运行该分析方法的资格。
转移方可与接收方一起进行实验室间的共同验证工作，包括接收方可作为转移方分析方法验证团队的一部分，从而获得重现性评估数据。
共同验证要按照预先批准的转移或验证方案进行，方案中需说明具体方法、所使用样品和预定的可接受标准。
通则9101《分析方法验证指导原则》对分析方法验证指标选择提供了指导意见。
中国药典2020年版 9101 分析方法验证指导原则
9101分析方法验证指导原则分析方法验证（analytical method validation）的目的是证明建立的方法适合于相应检测要求。
在建立药品质量标准、变更药品生产工艺和制剂组分、修订原分析方法时，需对分析方法进行验证。
生物制品质量控制中采用的方法包括理化分析方法和生物学测定方法，其中理化分析方法的验证原则与化学药品基本相同，所以可参照本指导原则进行，但在进行具体验证时还需要结合生物制品的特点考虑；相对于理化分析方法而言，生物学测定方法存在更多的影响因素，因此本指导原则不涉及生物学测定方法验证的内容。
验证的分析项目：鉴别试验、杂质检查（限度或定量分析）、含量测定（包括特性参数和含量/效价测定，其中特性参数如：药物溶出度、释放度等）。
验证的指标有：专属性、准确度、精密度（包括重复性、中间精密度和重现性）、检测限、定量限、线性、范围、耐用性。
在分析方法中，须用标准物质进行试验。
由于分析方法具有各自的特点中，并随分析对象而变化，因此需要视具体情况拟订验证的指标。
表1列出的分析项目和相应的验证指标可供参考。
表1检验项目和验证指标项目内容鉴别杂质测定含量测定-特性参数-含量或效价测定定量限度专属性②++++准确度-+-+精密度重复性-+-+中间精密度-+①-+①检测限（LOD）--③+-定量限(LOQ)-+--线性-+-+范围-+-+耐用性++++ 1已有重现性验证，不需要验证中间精密度；2如一种方法不够专属，可用其他分析方法予以补充；3视具体情况予以验证。
方法学验证内容如下：一、专属性专属性系指在其他成分（如杂质、降解产物、辅料等）可能存在下，采用的分析方法能正确测定出被测物的能力。
鉴别反应、杂质检査和含量测定方法，均应考察其专属性。
如方法专属性不强，应采用一种或多种不同原理的方法予以补充。
1.鉴别反应应能区分可能共存的物质或结构相似的化合物。
不含被测成分的供试品，以及结构相似或组分中的有关化合物，应均呈阴性反应。
剑桥雅思4Test2听力Section 3答案+解析
剑桥雅思4Test2听力Section 3答案+解析谈话场景：作业场景。
人物关系：同学之间。
谈话话题：谈论如何写论文，如何收集数据，以及查阅参考书。
交际与语言表达1. 这部分是关于三位学生课外研讨研究方法和作业情况的对话。
在海外学习生活中，团队合作很重要，跟几位同学组成一个学习小组( study group), 就作业、调查方法、参考书目或遇到的问题等进行小组讨论( group discussion)，互相学习、取长补短。
2. 论文研究方法有调查法( interview, survey, research, investigation,questionnaire)、观察法( observation)、实验法( experiment) 和分析法( analytical method)，了解这些方法的优缺点不仅有利于答题，也有益于在国外学习生活。
3. “As long as you design the questionnaire properly in the first place, the data will be fine.”只要一开始设计合适的问卷，那么收集的数据就不会有问题。
“in the first place”意思是“首先，起初”，例如： Many valuable drugs have been recognized first as poisons. 许多珍贵的药物最初都被人当作毒药。
4. “Another drawback I remember it mentioned was that questionnaire data tends not to reveal anything unexpected, because it is limited to the questions fixed in advance by the researcher.”我记得文章中提到的另外一个缺陷在于调查问卷的数据不太可能揭示出乎意料之外的内容，因为问卷仅限于研究者事先确定好的问题。
pa_eng
Section 1 General considerations
steroid skeleton type、classification
Section 2Identification
2.2 Test for free hydrazine in Isoniazide
2.3 Assay: Alkalimetric and acidimetric、Redox titration and Colorimetric method
课程名称
授课方式
Theoretical Course
授课对象
3.2 test of related substances in chlorpromazine
3.3 assay
alkalimeteic and non-aqueous alkalimetric、
UV-spetrophotometric、redox titration、colorimetry、
electrochemical and chromatography method
No.6
（2 hrs）
Section 5 General limit tests for generic impurities（4）
Limit test for clarity of solution、Limit test for color of solution and readily carbonizable sustances、Limit test for residue on ignition、Limit test for loss on drying、Limit test for residual solvents
C07 Effective 2006-01-20 加拿大标准测试方法-关于涂层中的总汞
Part B: Test Methods Section, Method C-07DETERMINATION OF TOTAL MERCURY IN SURFACE COATING M ATERIALSAND APPLIED COATINGS 351SCOPE1.1This m ethod describes a general procedure for the determ ination of the total mercurycontent in surface coating materials and applied coatings, as applicable to item 9(d) ofPart I of Schedule I to the Hazardous Products Act and the Surface Coating MaterialsRegulation (SOR 2005).2APPLICABLE DOCUMENTS2.1M. Lanouette, “Determination of Total Mercury in Paints and Applied Coatings by directanalysis without any wet chemistry pretreatment steps using a Mercury Analyzer. MethodDevelopment.” Project # 2001-06232.2EPA Method 7473 Mercury in solids and solutions by Thermal Decom position,Am algam ation, and Atomic Absorption Spectrophotom etry.2.3AOAC O fficial Methods of Analysis, 14th Edition, Sections 25.131 - 25.145 (1984).2.4ASTM Standard Test Method D3624 - 85a.2.5W.R. Hatch and W.L. Ott, Determination of Sub-Microgram Quantities of Mercury byAtom ic Absorption Spectrophotom etry, Anal. Chem., Vol.40, No.14, p 2085 (1968).2.6 B. Marchand, “Determination of leachable cadmium, barium, antimony, selenium andarsenic in decorative or protective coatings” Project #2000-0596, 2001-01-24.2.7 B. Séguin, M. Charette “Determination of Total Mercury in Paints and Applied Coatings”Project #2002-06982.8M. Charette, “Determination of Total Mercury in Surface Coating Materials and AppliedCoatings” Project #2005-0882.2.9W orking Instructions for Leco AMA254 Mercury Analyzer, S34 (2006)2.10Instruction Manual for AMA254 Advanced Mercury Analyzer, LECO Corporation3REAGENTS AND APPARATUS3.1Acetone (HPLC grade, Fisher Scientific) 13.2Tetrahydrofuran (HPLC grade, Fisher Scientific) 13.3Muffle Furnace. (0-1100/C)3.4NIST 1633b,U.S. Department of Com merce, National Institute of Standards andTechnology. Certified value (see Certificate of Analysis)Standard used for low-level calibration curve.3.5NIST 2709, U.S. Department of Com merce, National Institute of Standards andTechnology. Certified value (see Certificate of Analysis)Standard used for high-level calibration curve.3.6NIST 2582, U.S. Department of Com merce, National Institute of Standards andTechnology. No Certified value for MercuryStandard used for daily verification of high-level calibration curve.3.7NIST 2685b, U.S. Department of Com merce, National Institute of Standards andTechnology. Certified value (see Certificate of Analysis)Standard used for daily verification of low-level calibration curve.1Where applicable, suitable equivalent reagents and materials may be used.Part B: Test Methods Section, Method C-07DETERMINATION OF TOTAL MERCURY IN SURFACE COATING M ATERIALSAND APPLIED COATINGS 353.8Advanced Mercury Analyzer AMA254, LECO C orporation.3.9AS254 Solid Sample Autoloader for small or large nickel sample boats.3.10Desiccator.3.11Scalpel or other suitable stainless steel blade tool.3.12Nickel boat.3.13Air convection oven.3.14Analytical balance4EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE4.1Preparation of equipment4.1.1W ash the supplies for measurement, i.e., sample boats, tweezers, spatulas andsteel blades with distilled water in an ultrasonic bath for at least 20 minutes.4.1.2Rinse with Millipore deionized water.4.1.3Bake the supplies for m easurem ent in the muffle furnace for at least 1 hour at300°C prior to analysis.4.1.4Cover supplies for m easurem ent with aluminum foil once they are bak ed toprevent possible contam ination from laboratory dust.4.2For liquid paints:4.2.1Mix the sam ple thoroughly for at least 5 minutes.4.2.2Apply liquid paint on a glass plate with a foam paint brush or other suitableapplicator.4.2.3Dry the sample in the convection air oven at 60°C for at least 1hour.4.2.4Scrape off the applied coating from the plate with a scalpel or other suitablestainless steel blade.4.2.5Transfer the recovered coating in a weighing vessel and dry to constant mass(±2%) in an air convection oven at 60°C for at least 1 hour.4.2.6Rem ove the vessel from the oven and cool to ambient temperature in adesiccator.4.2.7Transfer about 50 mg of the dried coating into a sample boat and weigh to thenearest 1 mg.4.3For applied coatings:4.3.1Scrape off the applied coating from the article under test with a scalpel or othersuitable stainless steel blade, being careful not to remove any of the underlyingsubstrate m aterial.4.3.2Place the removed coating in a weighing vessel4.3.3Dry the sample to constant mass (±2%) in an air convection oven at 60°C for atleast 1 hour.4.3.4Rem ove the vessel from the oven and cool to ambient temperature in adesiccator.4.3.5Transfer about 50 m g of the dried coating into a sam ple boat and weigh to thenearest 1 mg.Part B: Test Methods Section, Method C-07DETERMINATION OF TOTAL MERCURY IN SURFACE COATING M ATERIALSAND APPLIED COATINGS 35 Alternatively, remove the coating with a suitable solvent2, and collect into a weighing vessel.Evaporate the solvent from the removed coating, then dry in an air convection oven at 60°C for at least 1 hour. Resume from step 4.3.44.4For control samples:4.4.1Do not dry the standard reference material (NIST 1633b, NIST 2685b) asindicated on the certificate of analysis.4.4.2Transfer about 75 mg of the SRM 1633b and about 50 mg of 2685b into sam pleboats and weight to the nearest 1 mg.4.4.3Paint control NIST 2582 (High level calibration curve check)4.4.3.1Dry to constant mass (± 2%) in an air convection oven at 60°C for at least1 hour.4.4.3.2Rem ove the vessel from the oven and cool to ambient temperature in adesiccator.4.4.3.3Accurately transfer 8 to 10 (<10m g) of the dried control into a sam pleboat and weigh to the nearest 1 mg5CALIBRATION5.1Calibration curveThe calibration of the instrument is done annually. In addition, the calibration is performedeach time the catalytic tube is replaced.Prepare a calibration curve by weighing into a sample boat to the nearest 1 mg intriplicate the approximate m ass of the standard according to the following table.2THF m ay be used to facilitate the rem oval of the applied coating. T hese solvents, however, should not be used if the test article's substrate material is a plastic.3These concentration may vary with the concentration value rep orted on the certificate of analysis from NIST.Part B: Test Methods Section, Method C-07DETERMINATION OF TOTAL MERCURY IN SURFACE COATING M ATERIALSAND APPLIED COATINGS 355.2Daily verification of calibration curve5.2.1For low level mercury:- W eigh standard #3 in triplicate- Test the standard as a regular sample not as a standard.- Verify that the standards must be measured within 10% of their certified valuesfor the curve to be considered valid.5.2.3The results of the daily verification are added to the control chart and should thetest result be outside the warning limits, the quality control procedure should beenforced as per section 8.2.1.6DETERMINATION6.1Use m ethod Mercury Analysis from the LECO software according to the W orkingInstructions for the instrument with the following parameters:6.2Analysis of blanks6.2.1Leave empty (no sample boat) the first and the last sample location on theautosampler for each run to verify any contamination in the system.6.2.2Install one clean em pty boat on the autosam pler after the first em pty sam plelocation and before the last empty sample location. Results should indicate lessthan 5 ppb of Hg.6.3Analysis of samplesAnalyse each sample in triplicate whenever applicable. If necessary, take a smaller testsample in order to ensure that the absorbance measurement is taken within theinstrument's linear dynamic range (low cell peak must be #0.8).6.4Analysis of controlAnalyse certified material (NIST 2685b for low concentration or NIST 2582 for highconcentration) after nine analyses are completed (3 sam ples).Part B: Test Methods Section, Method C-07DETERMINATION OF TOTAL MERCURY IN SURFACE COATING M ATERIALSAND APPLIED COATINGS 354The standard deviation (s) of the test results may be calculated according to the following equation, where:x i is the result of each individual determination, x ) is the average of the replicate determinations and n is the total number of replicates.7REPORTING7.1The concentration of mercury in the sample is calculated by the Mercury Analyzer LECO software and reported as ppb on the instrument printout. The results are modified to bepresented in mg/kg by dividing by 1000.7.2W here applicable, the average (x.x) of replicate determinations and the standard deviation(s) of replicate determinations (s for n > 2) will be calculated 4, and the result of analysisreported in the following form at:7.3W henever mercury is not detected, the result shall be reported as less than the limit ofquantitation as presented in Section 11.8QUALITY CONTROL PROCEDURE 8.1In order to ensure the proper operation of the available instrumentation and that theprecision and accuracy of the analytical measurem ents meet the specifications of themethod, the following quality control procedures shall be conducted concurrently with theanalysis of the test sample.8.2The normal and correct operation of the Mercury Analyzer apparatus shall be verifiedaccording to the following guidelines:8.2.1Record the concentration of the control (NIST 2685 and NIST 2582) in theanalytical instrument's QC logbook. Verify that the measurement is within thewarning limits (±2×s) and does not exceed the control limits (±3×s). If this controlmeasurement falls within control lim its, a note shall be entered in the test sam plefile to the effect that the instrument calibration was found to be "within control".Should the test results be outside of the lim its, the entire analytical procedure shallbe repeated. Should the instrument be found in a state of disrepair or out ofcalibration, the Mercury Analyzer shall imm ediately be repaired and/or re-calibratedto meet the prescribed operating conditions prior to proceeding with the analysis.Part B: Test Methods Section, Method C-07DETERMINATION OF TOTAL MERCURY IN SURFACE COATING M ATERIALSAND APPLIED COATINGS 359PRECISION AND BIAS9.1RepeatabilityThe deviation between replicate test results, as obtained on N IST 1633b standardreference material by the same analyst with the same instrument under constant operatingconditions, should, in the normal and correct operation of the test method, not differ morethan 6.67% (2.8 × %CV) rep eatability limit at a 95% probability level.9.2ReproducibilityThe difference between two independent test results, as obtained by different analystsworking in two different laboratories on identical test material, should, in the normal andcorrect operation of the test method, not differ more than 11.79 (2.8 × %CV)reproducibility lim it at a 95% probability level.9.3BiasThere is no bias observed for the analysis of the standard reference m aterial.10LIMIT OF DETECTIONThe limit of detection (LOD) of this method, as determine by Mercury Analyzer, has beencalculated to be 2.6 × 10-2 mg/kg Hg. (2 × 1.645 × s)11LIMIT OF QUANTITATIONThe limit of quantitation (LOQ) of this method, as determined by Mercury Analyzer, has beencalculated to be 7.8 × 10-2 mg/kg Hg. All results below LOQ should be reported as < 7.8 × 10-2mg/kg Hg.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . END . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .。
USP〈1225〉药典规程的验证(中英文对照)
<1225>V ALIDATION OF COMPENDIAL PROCEDURES药典规程的验证Test procedures for assessment of the quality levels of pharmaceutical articles are subject to various requirements. According to Section 501 of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, assays and specifications in monographs of the United States Pharmacopeia and the National Formulary constitute legal standards. The Current Good Manufacturing Practice regulations [21 CFR 211.194(a)] require that test methods, which are used for assessing compliance of pharmaceutical articles with established specifications, must meet proper standards of accuracy and reliability. Also, according to these regulations [21 CFR 211.194(a)(2)], users of analytical methods described in USP-NF are not required to validate the accuracy and reliability of these methods, but merely verify their suitability under actual conditions of use. Recognizing the legal status of USP and NF standards, it is essential, therefore, that proposal for adoption of new or revised compendial analytical procedures be supported by sufficient laboratory data to document their validity.用于评价药物质量水平的测试规程受到多种要求的影响。
分析方法转移指导原则
分析方法转移指导原则分析方法转移（analytical method transfer），是一个文件记录和实验确认的过程，目的是证明一个实验室（方法接收实验室）在采用另一实验室（方法建立实验室）建立并经过验证的非法定分析方法检测样品时，该实验室有能力成功地操作该方法，检测结果与方法建立实验室检测结果一致。
分析方法转移是保证不同实验室之间获得一致、可靠和准确检测结果的一个重要环节，同时也是对实验室检测能力的一个重要评估。
本指导原则总结了可能存在的分析方法转移的类型和转移方案的内容等。
本指导原则不提供统计方法相关信息，也不包含微生物和生物分析方法的转移。
一、转移类型分析方法转移可通过多种途径实现。
最常用的方法是比对相同批次均一样品或比对专门制备用于测试的样品的检测结果。
最常用的方法是相同批次均一样品的比对试验或专门制备用于测试的样品的检测结果的比对试验。
其他方法包括：实验室间共同验证、接收方对分析方法进行完全或部分验证和合理的转移豁免。
分析方法转移实验、转移范围和执行策略制订要依据接收方经验和知识、样品复杂性和特殊性、分析过程的风险评估。
1. 比对试验比对试验是分析方法转移时最常用的方法，需要接收方和转移方共同对预先确定数量的同一批次样品进行分析。
也可以采用其它方法，如：在样品中加入某个杂质的回收率实验，接收方能够达到预先制定的可接受标准。
分析时要依据已被批准的转移方案，此方案包括明确列出的细节、使用的样品、预先制定的验收标准和可允许的偏差。
检测结果符合预先制订的可接受标准是确保接收方有资格运行该方法的必要条件。
2. 两个或多个实验室间共同验证执行分析方法验证的实验室要具备实施该分析方法的资格。
转移方可与接收方一起进行实验室间的共同验证工作，包括接收方可作为转移方分析方法验证团队的一部分，从而获得重现性评价数据。
共同验证要按照预先批准的转移或验证方案进行，方案中需说明具体方法、所使用样品和预定的可接受标准。
质控品基础知识
LEVEY-JENNINGS 控制图
LEVEY-JENNINGS 控制图
• 在绘制 Levey-Jennings 控制图时，通常使用标准差。 Levey-Jennings 控制图用于绘制连续（批与批、天与 天）的质量控制值。对每个控制品的水平与项目建立 一个图。首先是计算决定限值和范围。这些限值为均 值±1s、均值±2s、与均值±3s。参照上例：
实验室质量控制基础
沈坤雪
QSD Product Manager Bio-Rad
名词定义
分析方法（Analytical method）：分析物被检测的方法 偏倚（Bias）：检测结果对可接受的参考值的系统、有方向的偏离 • 变异系数（Coefficient of variation） • 1）相对精密度的度量 • 2）作为非阴性特性，为标准差对均值的比率 • 变异系数比率（Coefficient of variation ratio[CVR]） • 1）实验室月变异系数除以方法学组月变异系数的比率 • 2）估计方法学组精密度
• 该规则主要证实较小的系统误差或分析偏倚。它们通常不具有临床的显著性或相关 性。可以进行校准或仪器保养等消除这些分析偏倚。
• 使用31S较41S可检出更小的分析偏倚，因此，被认为对分析误差更灵敏。
如何计算控制值的平均值
• 对每个水平的控制品至少收集 20 个控制值。数据来自 20 批检测结 果，以反映不同次校准、试剂或试剂批号更换、操作人员技术、检 验场地的温度/湿度、每天/每周保养等变异。所有新的控制品应与 以往证实的控制品结果作比较( 平行性观察) 。
MBAL培训手册
MBAL培训手册INTEGRATED PRODUCTION MODELLINGMBAL北京阳光杰科科技目录1.概述 (1)1.1物质平稳方程简介 (1)1.2工作流程 (1)2.数据预备 (1)3 .建立差不多模型 (2)3.1新建工区 (2)3.2系统选项 (2)3.3 PVT数据 (3)3.4输入油藏数据 (5)4.历史拟合 (8)4.1历史拟合 (8)4.2敏锐性分析 (13)4.3模拟 (13)5.推测 (14)5.1相渗拟合 (14)5.2验证相渗正确性 (15)5.3无井模型推测 (19)5.4有井模型推测 (21)5.5推测达到目标产量需要的井数 (29)6.多油藏模型 (31)6.1初始化模型 (31)6.2第一个油藏的历史拟合 (32)6.3拟合第一个油藏的参数 (33)6.4两个油藏同时拟合 (34)MBAL模块功能简介MBAL模块集成了大量经典的油气藏动态分析方法，包括：物质平稳法、多层合采产量劈分、蒙特卡洛模拟、递减曲线分析、水驱前缘法、气藏典型曲线法等。
IPM对物质平稳的应用进行了进展和创新，不仅能对油气藏进行常规的储量和压力复算，还能基于历史拟合对以后的注水、注气、亏空填充等进行动态推测。
MBAL充分发挥了物质平稳方法的方便和快捷功能，专门是针对复杂的地质条件（如断块、岩性、裂缝性油藏），它更是必不可少的分析工具。
MBAL支持：●多个油气储层连通模拟●断层封堵性和开启时机模拟●双孔、双渗模型●气体的循环注入●强大的解析水体拟合功能●各类油气藏：带气顶的饱和油藏、欠饱和油藏、气藏、凝析气藏等。
1.概述1.1物质平稳方程简介物质平稳方程是零维的数学模型，要紧功能在于：确定油气藏原始地质储量；判定油气藏驱动机理；测算油气藏天然水侵量的大小；在给定产量的条件下推测油藏以后的压力动态。
关于一个统一水动力学系统的油藏，在建立它的物质平稳方程式时，应当遵循下列差不多假设：（1）油藏的储层物性和流体物性是均质的，各向同性的；（2）相同时刻内油藏各点的地层压力都处于平稳状态，并是相等的和一致的；（3）在整个开发过程中，油藏保持热动力学平稳，即地层温度保持为常数。
仪器分析的分析过程
仪器分析中要区分分析技术(analytical technigue)和分析方法(analyticalmethod)两个概念。
分析技术是指采用什么样的手段来达到分析的目的，如采用光谱分析或是色谱分析等手段。
分析方法是指利用某种分析技术，解决某一分析题的方法和过程。
仪器分析的分析技术是通过分析方法来实现的。
分析方法可通过下列分析过程来描述:样品一取得物质物理或物理化学性质信息一进行数学处理一得到物质的组成和结构并进行研究和解释《分析仪器(硬件)》《计算机(软件)}首先，要了解样品性质和分析目的，根据分析信息，选取合理的分析手段和建立适当的分析方法，按照分析方法的要求对样品进行前处理。
然后根据分析手段所选用的分析仪器，进行测定，取得被测物的分析信息，对分析信号进行数学处理。
从分析数据中提取有用的信息，将其表达为分析工作者所盆要的形式，如物质的组成、含量、结构等信息，并对此有用信息进一步进行研究、解释和利用。
以达到分析的目的。
一个完整的分析方法应包括取样、样品的预处理(溶样、分离、提纯和制备)、仪器测定、数据处理、结果表达、提供分析报告、对结果进行研究和解释等过程。
缺少或忽略哪一过程，都可能对分析结果的质最产生严爪的后果。
分析仪器(analytical instrument)是实现产生分析信号、获取分析信号和处理分析信号、提供分析报告的基础，是仪器分析的主要组件。
一、分析仪摇的甚本结构分析仪器的基本结构见图1.10/分析仪器的基本结构一般包含四个部分:分析信号发生器、信号检测器、信号处理器和结果显示器。
分析信号发生器的作用在于将待测样品中的某种物理或物理化学特征信息产生和转变为原分析信号.原分析信号在信号检测器中被检测并转变为转换信号(一般转变为电信号)，信号处理器将转换信号处理，提取有用信息，成为分析结果信号，输出到起信号表达作用的结果显示器，以图形、数据等形式显示或打印出来.现代的分析仪器一般都配备计算机.具有控制整机的操作、数据处理、储存、检索和显示等功能。
analytical methods文章类型
analytical methods文章类型摘要：一、引言1.分析方法的定义和重要性2.不同领域的分析方法二、科学分析方法1.科学研究的基本过程2.观察、假设和实验3.数据分析与解释三、社会科学分析方法1.社会科学的研究方法2.定性和定量研究方法3.社会统计学与数据分析四、商业分析方法1.商业分析的基本概念2.财务分析与市场分析3.商业决策与战略分析五、数据分析技术1.数据挖掘与知识发现2.数据可视化与报告3.人工智能与大数据分析六、分析方法在实际应用中的挑战与趋势1.数据质量与可信度2.方法选择与适用性3.跨学科研究与创新正文：分析方法是指在研究过程中对数据进行收集、整理、分析、解释的一系列技术手段，其目的在于揭示事物的内在规律、关联关系和趋势变化。
分析方法在各个领域都具有重要意义，包括科学研究、社会科学、商业分析等。
下面我们将从不同领域的角度来探讨分析方法的应用。
在科学研究领域，分析方法是揭示自然规律、探索未知领域的重要工具。
科学研究的基本过程包括观察现象、提出假设、设计实验、收集数据、分析数据和得出结论。
在这一过程中，分析方法起到了关键作用。
通过对实验数据进行严谨的分析，科学家们可以验证假设的正确性，从而推动科学的发展。
在社会科学领域，分析方法涉及到定性和定量研究方法。
定性研究方法主要依赖于文字描述和分析，例如访谈、案例研究等；定量研究方法则侧重于数值数据和统计分析，例如问卷调查、实验研究等。
社会科学分析方法旨在揭示社会现象背后的规律和机制，为政策制定和实施提供理论依据。
商业分析方法关注企业经营管理的各个方面，包括财务分析、市场分析、竞争分析等。
通过对企业内外部数据的收集和分析，商业分析可以帮助企业更好地了解市场环境、优化资源配置、提高经营效益。
商业分析方法在企业战略制定、运营管理和投资决策等方面具有广泛应用。
随着信息技术的发展，数据分析技术在各个领域得到了广泛应用。
数据挖掘技术可以从大量数据中挖掘出有价值的信息和知识；数据可视化技术可以将复杂数据以直观图形的方式呈现出来；人工智能和大数据分析技术为科学研究、商业决策等领域提供了全新的分析手段。
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- 依分析方法用途之不同而異 -
2013/12/26
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確效項目之定義
準確度
分析所得的結果與真值的吻合度
精確度
相同均質檢品的多次取樣，於相同條件下，量測 結果的一致性。可由重複性、中間精密度、及再 現性三個層次來考量。
重複性：短時間間隔下的精密度 中間精密度：試驗室內變異的精密度- 不同分析員或儀器 再現性：不同實驗室間的精密度
確效項目之定義
耐變性
評估分析方法不受方法參數輕微變異所影響的能 力。若參數易受影響，則須適當控制，以確定其 於例行工作時之可靠性
例：移動相的溶劑比例、酸鹼度、離子強度、溫度等
系統適用性
用以保證層析系統品質的測試
例：理論板數、拖尾因素、解析度、及重複性
樣品溶液的安定性
確定樣品於分析前，不會發生各類劣化現象
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確效項目之定義
專一性
確保被分析物不會受到不純物、分解產物、或合 成中間體之干擾。若方法缺乏專一性，可由其他 方法輔助
Limit of Detection (LOD)
指分析物能被辨識，但未必能被正確定量的最低 濃度
Limit of Quantitation (LOQ)
指分析物能被精確與準確定量的最低濃度
不一定符合預期標準。 任何可提供製程或分析方法開發方向與意見的結 果，即為有意義的結果 必須具有可信度、代表性、合理性、及可追溯性
例：實驗過程與參數，須記錄完整詳實，以玆證明
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分析方法的分類與說明
鑑別測試
將樣品的分析結果與標準品比對
純度測試
測量一般不純物與無機、有機不純物 區分為定量與限度試驗兩類
分析方法之發展目的與確效
台灣神隆股份有限公司 陳惠君
2013/12/26
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Questions
清楚明白每一個樣品之分析目的與每次分析 期望獲得的資訊嗎？ 分析方法依發展目的之不同，可區分為幾類？
何謂好的分析方法？ 如何確定？
何謂有意義的分析結果？ 如何得到？
2013/12/26
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討論與意見交流
分析的目的
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鑑別與純度試驗的確效項目
鑑別試驗
專一性
純度試驗
定量試驗
準確度、精確度、重複性、再現性、專一性、最低定量濃 度、線性、範圍、及耐變性
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
限度試驗
專一性、最低檢測濃度
2013/12/26
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含量與溶離試驗的確效項目
含量試驗
準確度、精確度、重複性、再現性、專一性、、 線性、範圍、及耐變性
品質測試
外觀、熔點、水含量、離子含量、晶型、顆粒大 小、及微生物含量測試
含量測試
2013/12/26
以HPLC 、 GC 、 UV 、或滴定方式定量
5
好的分析方法之定義
如何得知與判斷分析方法的好或壞？
分析方法的好壞，並非依個人主觀判斷， 而是須 依據標準規範所提及的相關測試予以評估 評估項目
準確度、精確度、重複性、再線性、專一性、最低檢測濃 度(LOD) 、最低定量濃度(LOQ) 、線性、範圍、耐變性、 及耐用性
2013/12/26 8
確效項目之定義
線性
一系列不同濃度之同成分，其濃度與分析對應之訊 號值間的線性關係
範圍
具有精密度、準確度、與線性關係的分析物濃度範 圍
耐用性
評估在正常可預期的操作條件下，實驗室間與分析 人員間分析結果的再現性
例：不同實驗室、分析人員、儀器、試劑、及時間之再現性
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溶離與藥物釋放試驗
精密度
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得到正確、可信的分析資料，用以協助製程開發 及樣品品質之監測與規格建立
分析方法之分類
鑑別、純度、品質、含量、溶離或藥物釋放試驗 樣品測試項目之涵蓋範圍，須視合成部門之需要 或此樣品的用途而定
2013/12/26
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討論與意見交流
好的分析方法
必須可提供具再現性、正確性、及所需資料的分 析方法
有意義的結果