乡村旅游与可持续发展【外文翻译】
乡村旅游外文翻译文献
乡村旅游外文翻译文献乡村旅游外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)翻译:Factors for success in rural tourism tourism developmentSince the 1970s,economic restructuring and farm crisis have reduced rural communities' economic development options, making older development strategies less viable and forcing many to look for nontraditional ways to sustain themselves. One of the most popular nontraditional rural development strategies has been tourism and its associated entrepreneurship rural development strategies has been tourism and its associated entrepreneurship opportunities because oftourism's ability to bring in dollars and to generate jobs and support retail growth. The purpose of this study was to identify and examine those factors that have helped rural communities successfully develop tourism and its entrepreneurship opportunities. Several focus groups were conducted with local businesspersons and leaders in six rural Illinois communities. The results clearly demonstrate the importance of the community approach to tourism development and that rural tourism development and entrepreneurship cannot work without the participation and collaboration of businesspersons directly and indirectly involved in tourism.Since the 1970s, economic restructuring and the farm crisis have severely reduced rural communities’economic opportunities.Economic restructuring has caused a loss of rural manufacturing plants and many jobs. The 1980s farm crisis in the Midwest also led to a decline in the numbers of farmers and restructured farm ownership, forcing some farm families to augment their incomes with off-farm jobs, to depart farming, or to declare bankruptcy. The farm crisis and the loss of manufacturing jobs had substantial ripple effects in rural communities. As rural joblessness rates rose above urban levels, real income growth stagnated in rural areas (Sears and Reid 1992). Many stores and agribusinesses disappeared from small rural towns. Not surprisingly, a 1992 statewide survey in Illinois found that 39% of rural residents perceived their economic prospects as worsening (Walzer 1993).These changes limited rural communities’economic development options, making older development strategies such as manufacturing less viable and forcing many to look for nontraditional ways to sustain themselves . One of the most popular nontraditional rural developmentstrategies has been tourism and its associated entrepreneurship opportunities (Edgell and Harbaugh 1993; Luloff et al. 1994). Rural areas have a special appeal to tourists because of the mystique associated with rural areas and their distinct cultural, historic, ethnic, and geographic characteristics (Edgell and Harbaugh 1993). Rural tourism also is less costly and easier to establish than other rural economic development strategies such as manufacturing. Rural tourism can be development strategies such as manufacturing. Rural tourism can be developed locally with participation from local government and small businesses, and its development is not necessarily dependent on outside firms or companies. Although tourism can be expensive to develop in certain cases (e.g., large resort areas) or can involve large firms and chains, rural tourism can be developed with relatively little investment credit, training, and capital. Hence, rural tourism can be less costly to develop as compared to other economic development strategies; additionally, rural tourism need not involve dependency on outside firms and their decisions on whether they want to be in an area. Rural tourism provides a base for these small businesses that might not otherwise be in rural communities because of their small populations. Tourism particularly helps two types of small businesses in rural areas—those directly involved in tourism (e.g., attractions and hotels/motels) and those indirectly involved in tourism (e.g., gas stations and grocery stores). Additionally, rural tourism works well with existing rural enterprises such as farms (e.g., U-Pick farms) and can generate important secondary income for farm households (Oppermann 1996).Nonetheless, rural tourism remains one of the few viable economic options for rural communities .Like other economic development strategies, rural tourism requires several components to be successful.Tourism development involves(1) attractions: the natural and manmade features both within and adjacent to a community; (2) promotion:the marketing of a community and its tourism attractions to potential tourists;(3) tourism infrastructure: access facilities (roads, airports, trains, and buses),water and power services, parking, signs, and recreation facilities; (4) services: lodging, restaurants, and the various retail businesses needed to take care of tourists’ needs; (5) hospitality: how tourists are treated by both community residents and employees in tourism businesses and attractions (Gunn 1988). Left out of this list are tourism entrepreneurs and their role in fostering these components.While the above components and a community’s assets are clearly important to tourism development, only the widespread participation and contribution of rural tourism entrepreneurs can ensure a broad-based foundation for successful tourism development. A research literature has emerged on how to best facilitate the development of tourism. One view, drawing heavily on the economic literature, argues that tourism and its associated entrepreneurship opportunities are best developed by helping and creating individuals businesses and then letting them compete in the marketplace for a review and description of this view). This view, however, has been critiqued because (1) it views tourism and tourism-related businesses as isolated from the larger community and its issues;(2) it does not recognize the interdependence of the various sectors and actors involved in tourism; and (3)most small tourism business, especially those in rural areas, do not have the individual resources to promote either themselves or the community as a tourist product (Gunn 1988; Murphy 1985; Palmer and Bejou 1995).Opposing this view is the community approach to tourism development and entrepreneurship (Murphy 1985). As its name implies, the approach argues that tourism is a community product and that, along with entrepreneurial skills and the presence of tourist businesses, it is also necessary to have the community and local capabilities (e.g., local leadership and formal and informal networks)directly involved in tourism development and promotion effort (Murphy 1985). While the community approach may be an effective way to develop and promote tourism, creating the necessary intercommunity cooperation and collaboration is a complex and difficult process. Businesses are asked to share resources while simultaneously competing. Local governments may see collaborating to develop tourism as risky, or they may be worried about losing control over local decision making (Huang and Stewart 1996; Jamal and Getz 1995). Because of these problems, research on collaboration and those factors that allow for community development of tourism is needed . The purpose of the present study is to identify and examine those factors that help rural communities successfully develop tourism and its entrepreneurship opportunities. The present study makes an additional contribution to the research literature by including rural tourism entrepreneurs, an overlooked group in rural tourism research (Stokowski 1990).乡村旅游发展成功因素作者：苏珊娜威尔逊，丹尼尔·朱莉和约翰国籍：美国出处：SAGE 出版社中文译文：20世纪70年代以来，经济体制的改革和农业危机使得农村社区经济发展的选择减少，同时促使老年人发展战略可行性降低，迫使人们去寻找非传统的方式来维持生计。
乡村旅游中英文对照外文翻译文献
乡村旅游中英文对照外文翻译文献Assessment of Rural Tourism in Turkey Using SWOT Analysisn:XXX。
located at the crossroads of Asia。
Europe。
and Africa。
covers an area of approximately 780,000 square kilometers and has a coastline of 8,000 kilometers。
According to the 2000 n census。
the country has a n of 67,803,927.with approximately 35% XXX has nearly 37,000 villages。
with two-thirds of them having pXXX。
one-third of XXX.Body:XXX years。
In order to assess the potential of rural tourism in XXX。
a SWOT (Strengths。
Weaknesses。
Opportunities。
and Threats) analysis was conducted.Strengths:Turkey has a rich cultural heritage。
with many XXX。
as well as natural beauty。
such as mountains。
forests。
XXX。
XXX。
XXX.XXX:One of the main XXX。
many rural areas lack access to basic services such as XXX。
XXX.Opportunities:There is a growing XXX has recognized this trend and has XXX。
乡村旅游和经济发展外文翻译文献
外文文献翻译(含：英文原文及中文译文)文献出处：Frederick M. Rural Tourism and Economic Development[J]. Economic Development Quarterly the Journal of American Economic Revitalization, 1993, 7(2):215-224.英文原文Rural Tourism and Economic DevelopmentM FrederickTourism is a popular economic development strategy. The author reviews three diverse books that study tourism from various social science perspectives ——economic, sociological, psychological, and anthropological. Ryan ’ s book is multidisciplinary in approach and covers all major topics of tourism; tourist experience; and marketing. Michal Smith details the negative affects of tourism development in rural areas of the southeastern United States. Finally, V alene Smith ’ s book presents international case studies that document cultural changes caused by tourism development. Despite their different focuses, all three books agree that tourism development has its benefits and costs and that changes to the destination areas are inevitable. Careful planning and marketing can lessen the harmful effects of tourism development.Tourism is an increasingly popular elixir to economic rural and urban underdevelopment. Its current prominence in the array of localeconomic development strategies can be traced to several features of the tourism industry. Tourism jobs are mostly low-skill jobs, which are a good fit with the job skills of many rural residents. Also, tourism has a potential for creating an export base that builds on favorable local advantages such as a pleasant climate or sites of historic or natural interest. More important, tourism strategies mesh with the current political philosophy and budget realities of minimizing government involvement and investment. The accommodations, restaurants, and entertainment activities that necessarily accompany tourism are assumed to be provided by the private sector. Critics of tourism as a development strategy cite its low-paying and dead-end jobs, its degradation of the local natural environment, and its potential corruption of local culture and customs. Further, not every jurisdiction in need of jobs and a tax base has tourism potential.The study of tourism, like much of the economic development literature, draws from a wide range of disciplines. The forte of economists is in addressing the affects of tourism on the local economy; however, economists fail to describe who tourists are or why they travel. Anthropologists ’ major contribution to defining and studying tourism is in examining the impacts of tourism on local culture. Psychologists are more likely to dwell on the motives for tourism, but they ignore the impacts. Clearly, the complete definition of tourism includes theeconomic, social, anthropological, and psychological viewpoints. One strength of Recreational Tourism: A social Science Perspective by Chris Ryan is its multidisciplinary approach to the study of tourism. In contrast, the case studies from around the world found in Hosts and Guests: The Anthropology of Tourism, edited by V alene Smith, dwell on tourism from the perspectives of history and anthropology, with its focus on the culture affects of tourism and tourism ’ s role in the acculturation process. Behind the Glitter: The Impact of Tourism on Rural Women in the Southeast, by Michal Smith, focuses on the economic and cultural effects of tourism in the rural Southeast.Benefits of tourismPerhaps chief among the advantages of tourism is that it is seen as obtainable, even for communities with minimal public resources. Most communities envision negligible public investments such as new roads, history markers, town cleanup, storefront rehabilitation, and marketing. The private sector is expected to provide hotels, motels, restaurants, entertainment, and other tourist accommodations.Second, tourism is a relatively easy-to-understand concept for the lay public and can, therefore, generate local support. Community pride leads residents to conclude that their home town has something to offer tourists. Tourism builds on perceived and existing local advantages or amenities, such as sites of historical interest, mountains and other placesof natural beauty, pleasant climates, or clean air. Tourism development uses these resources, which are “ free ” in the sense that the tourism industry has not paid for them. In some cases, these natural resources would have small economic value without tourism development. Mieczkowske cites the Alps, “ dying ” fishing or mill towns of New England and the Canadian Maritime provinces, and Caribbean islands as places where tourism has given economic value to natural amenities. Thus tourism can have a positive economic effect in such areas of otherwise low economic productivity.Third, decades of experience in smokestack chasing has been disappointing for many communities. The competition for manufacturing plants is intense and as long as manufacturing employment continues its downward trend, competition for the remaining plants will only increase. Also, tourism is perceived as a cleaner industry for the environment than is manufacturing.Fourth, rural tourism havens tend to be growth. This decade became known as the population turnaround as it was the first time in the history of the United States the population of rural areas grew at faster rates than urban areas. In Behind the Glitter, Smith found that 65 of the 84 rural tourism counties in her study of the Southeast had population growth equal to or exceeding the national rate of growth in the 1970s.,these nonmetropolitan counties grew 37.9% and in the 1980s, they grew at astill impressive rate of 24.6%.Fifth, tourism is a labor-intensive industry, creating large numbers of jobs that employ low-skill workers and youths, who may otherwise remain unemployed. The low-skilled nature of tourism jobs is ideal for economies with poorly educated or trained labor forces. These added jobs help cut welfare rolls and provide a source of tax revenue.Finally, tourism development means more income and profits for tourist-related businesses. Local income from tourist expenditures is mostly spent again in the local area, which leads to more local income, and perhaps, to more local jobs. Such indirect benefits of tourism are measured via regional economic impacts of tourism. Ryan’ s book has a section that introduces techniques used to measure the economic impacts of tourism. Many other studies also focus on measuring economic effects of tourism. In contrast, other sources of economic activity, particularly for remote counties, create relatively few direct and indirect benefits. For example, nuclear power plants, waste disposal sites, and many manufacturing plants create relatively few jobs and generate small amounts of local purchases.Aside from the fact that not all communities can be tourist havens, tourism development has its costs. It seems that every benefit of tourism development has a corresponding cost.中文译文乡村旅游和经济发展作者:弗雷德里克国籍:美国出处:SAGE 出版社旅游业是一种十分受欢迎的经济发展战略。
乡村旅游与可持续发展中英文对照
外文文献RURAL TOURISM AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENTINTRODUCTIONRural tourism is a segment of the total tourist industry which is particularly important in Hungary, in a country with no spectacular natural attractions, without seaside, high mountains, rainforest or herds of exotic animals. However, its attractive cultural landscapes with small villages, thermal springs, rivers and lakes, combined with the traditional hospitality, are able to offer pleasant experiences to the kind of tourist who is looking for relaxation and recreation in a calm setting.On one hand, rural tourism development can play an important role in the diversification of the Hungarian tourist supply and in the creation of a more complex and colourful country image. On the other hand, rural tourism is not only the end, but the means to stimulate economic growth, to increase the viability of underdeveloped regions, and to improve the living standards of local populations.If rural tourism is to fulfil all these roles, it has to be developed in a way that ensures the long-term sustainability of the resources and that of the development progress itself. But what is a sustainable way of development in rural tourism ? How can sustainability be monitored and promoted in rural destinations ? This paper attempts to answer these questions by presenting the current situation of Hungarian rural tourism through indicators that are considered to be relevant for this type of tourism.SUSTAINABLE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT The concept of sustainable development was introduced by the World Commission on Environment and Development in the Brundtland Report in 1987, defining sustainable development as "development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs".Tourism is one of the foremost economic activities around the world, having transported more than 617 million people internationally and generated 448 billion USD in receipts in 1997 (WTO, 1998). It is a major economic force, having generated in 1996 an estimated 3,153.3 billion USD in gross output, creating employment for app. 255 million people, producing app.10.7 per cent of world gross domestic product, investing app. 766 billion USD in new facilitiesand equipment annually, and contributing more than app. 653.3 billion USD to global tax revenue (WTTC, 1996).The volume and significance of tourism clearly shows that it is not enough to develop new forms of "alternative" tourism in order to minimise the negative and maximise the positive impacts of tourism development. The whole sector must be developed and managed in a way that it does not damage the natural and socio-cultural environment and this is the responsibility of the world-wide tourism industry.Though the Brundtland report made no special reference to tourism, since its publication, the role of tourism in the process of continuously misusing the Earth's resources has been analysed and the concept of sustainable tourism appeared.Sustainable tourism has several - often seriously debated - definitions. According to the definition of the Federation of Nature and National Parks, sustainable tourism is "all forms of tourism development, management and activity that maintain the environmental, social and economic integrity and well-being of natural, built and cultural resources in perpetuity" (FNNP, 1993). A publication by the Tourism Concern and the World Wide Fund for Nature defines sustainable tourism as tourism which "operates within natural capacities for the regeneration and future productivity of natural resources; recognises the contribution that people and communities, customs and lifestyles, make to the tourism experience; accepts that these people must have an equitable share in the economic benefits of tourism; and is guided by the wishes of local people and communities in the host areas" (Tourism Concern & WWF, 1992).Though the existing definitions usually differ in their focus or level of elaborateness, the main message of the Brundtland Report seems to be more and more accepted by the tourism industry all over the world. However, the notion of sustainability is a very complex one and it has many ramifications (Mowforth & Munt, 1998).Ecological sustainability, which means that tourism development does not cause irreversible changes in a given destination's ecosystem, is the most commonly accepted dimension, since there is an obvious need all over the world to protect natural resources from the negative impacts of tourism activities. The general growth of environment-awareness has significantly contributed to this trend. Social sustainability refers to the ability of a community to absorb tourism (both the industry and the tourists themselves) without the creation of social disharmony. Cultural sustainability in the context of tourism assumes that a given community is able to retain or adapt their own distinctive cultural traits against the pressure of both the so-called "tourist culture" andthe "residual culture" of the visitors (Jafari, 1987). Economic sustainability refers to a level of economic gain from tourism that is sufficient to provide an appropriate income for the local community (compared to the inconvenience caused by the activities of the tourism sector) and to cover all the costs of any special measure taken to satisfy the tourists (thus a precondition of economic sustainability is the attractiveness of an area and the perceived high quality of its tourist supply: without being in a competitive position in the world market, no destination can be economically sustainable).The different aspects of sustainability do not compete, but must be seen as equally important. High level of economic profitability must not be considered as a tool to cover over the damage done to social or natural resources, but the relative fragile nature of these latter must not create a planning environment where economic considerations are not being taken (properly). Sustainable tourism development has to be economically viable and naturally and culturally sensitive at the same time.As we could see, inappropriate tourism development results in increasing stress on destinations and consequently in negative changes in the destinations' physical, economic and social-cultural characteristics. In order to avoid or minimise unfavourable impacts, decision-makers must be aware of all the factors that play a role in the development process. In the measurement of the progress that an individual destination is making towards sustainable tourism development, sustainability indicators are commonly accepted as one set of useful tools.INDICATORS OF SUSTAINABILITY"Indicators measure information with which decision-makers may reduce the chances of unknowingly taking poor decisions" (WTO, 1996). In other words, indicators are a set of useful measures of those factors that are important to the decision-makers (the relative significance of these factors depend on their relevance to the development objectives of a given destination, and on their importance to tourists)."Indicators are both a tool for management today and an investment in the future, since they reduce the risk of inadvertent damage to the resource base on which the [tourist] industry depends" (WTO, 1996).Based on different guidelines and recommendations (Tourism Concern & WWF, 1992; McCool & Watson, 1994; Murphy, 1994; Howie, 1996; Swarbrooke, 1996; WTO, 1996; Mowforth & Munt, 1998), the indicators suggested for the purpose of this study are the following (Table 1):THE CONCEPT OF RURAL TOURISMRural tourism is an old and a new phenomenon at the same time. Interest in countryside recreation started to grew already in the 19. century as a reaction to the stress of the increasing urbanization and industrialisation. The rural scene was admired by poets and artists. The new railway companies transported more and more tourists to the countryside. However, the rural tourism of our era is different: the number of tourists involved has increased significantly and tourism has developed in all types of countryside instead of being limited to areas of exceptional scenic beauty.Though it seems to be simple to define rural tourism as "tourism that takes place in the countryside", this definition does not include the complexity of the activity and the different forms and meanings developed in different countries. According to a broader definition, "rural tourism includes a range of activities, services and amenities provided by farmers and rural people to attract tourists to their area in order to generate extra income for their businesses" (Gannon, 1988, in te Kloeze, 1994). If this broader concept is accepted, rural tourism covers not only farm tourism or agritourism (which is generally what rural tourism means for most people), but also special interest nature holidays, touring in rural areas and residential tourism, and the services include - besides accommodation - events, festivities, outdoor recreation, production and sale of handicrafts and agricultural products, etc.The term "rural tourism" has different meanings in different countries. In Finland, for example, it usually means renting out cottages to visitors or providing catering services in the countryside. In Hungary, a special term of "village tourism" exists, indicating that only activities and services provided in villages are included in this kind of tourism (as we will see later, village tourism typically covers low-priced accommodation, involvement in agricultural or other local activities is not common). In Slovenia, the most important form of rural tourism is tourism onfamily farms, where guests stay either with the farmer family or in a guest house, but visiting farms to have a meal and explore the farmyard is also popular (Verbole, 1995). In the Netherlands, the rural tourist product means especially camping on the farm, with most farm services being linked to route-bound activities as cycling, walking or horse-riding (Peters et al, 1994). In Greece, the main provision of rural tourism product is bed and breakfast with accommodation in traditionally furnished rooms and with traditional breakfasts often based on home-made products. Complementary activities - currently still on a limited scale - include restaurants and refreshment facilities or the organisation of cultural and recreational activities (Turner, 1993).Rural tourism is one of the main priorities of tourism development in many European countries, including Hungary. The market for rural holidays is growing at the same time as the future of many rural regions is uncertain, due to changes in agricultural practice (including the effects of the Common Agricultural Policy in the EU) or the increasing attractiveness of urban living standards. Rural tourism seems to be an appropriate tool to revitalise the declining rural areas and to ensure their sustainable future by job retention or even job creation, increased job diversity, service retention, farm support, broadened cultural provision, landscape and nature conservation or the maintenance of rural arts and crafts as tourist attractions. Rural tourism often provides an incentive (and part of the necessary funding) for infrastructural development, which then contributes to the growth of other economic activities in rural areas. A specific benefit of rural tourism development can be the increasing number of opportunities for social interaction for local people who often live relatively isolated lives in agricultural communities (Swarbrooke, 1996).RURAL TOURISM AND SUSTAINABILITY Rural tourism is often considered to be intrinsically sustainable, for it attracts small number of visitors, there is no need for extensive infrastructural development, tourists are usually genuinely interested in the local culture and traditions. One of the main attraction of rural holidays is the personal interaction with local residents, so hosts and guests are able to share ideas and knowledge, and consequently tourism can fulfil its role as the "industry of peace", as a tool of mutual understanding.Nevertheless, if rural tourism development is analysed on a deeper level, certain doubts arise concerning intrinsic sustainability. The most significant issue to be investigated is theeconomic profitability of rural tourist services, since the demand is often seasonal, the occupancy rates are low and the investment required for creating or improving facilities for tourists is often high. In most rural tourist destinations it is quite unlikely that tourism can be viable as a sole source of income. Rural tourism can usually be only one of the income-generating alternatives in a region, so its role in sustainable development is highly influenced by the performances of other economic sectors (especially agriculture).Concerning environmental sustainability, experiences suggest that considerable investment needs to be undertaken in the environmental management of vulnerable natural assets in order to make rural tourism in any sense sustainable. Tourists are usually most attracted by the industrially least developed regions, which are particularly sensitive to human interference. In addition, managed agricultural landscapes do not always meet the expectations of tourists based on the images of "traditional rural" landscapes represented in the tourist literature and in promotional materials.Tourism development also influences the socio-cultural characteristics of rural destinations, both in positive and negative way (Keane & Quinn, 1990; Peters et al, 1994). As positive impacts, the following can be mentioned: rural tourism usually encourages better use of the available resources (like land, labour, capital, natural and cultural attractions), brings about socio-economic change, contributes to heritage protection and the conservation of the rural environment, provides more social contact for local people and increases their chance to learn about other cultures. As negative impacts, tourism in rural areas changes or damages the rural landscape and the natural and cultural values of a given region, rearranges social stratification (this can also be interpreted as a positive change in certain cases), puts additional pressure on the local community, changes their rhythm of life, threatens their privacy or results in the inauthentic presentation of local customs and traditions, adapted to the tourists’ wishes.。
乡村旅游与可持续发展外文资料翻译
⑤所译页码：Part2
RURAL TOURISM AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
INTRODUCTION
Rural tourism is a segment of the total tourist industry which is particularly important in Hungary, in a country with no spectacular natural attractions, without seaside, high mountains, rainforest or herds of exotic animals. However, its attractive cultural landscapes with small villages, thermal springs, rivers and lakes, combined with the traditional hospitality, are able to offer pleasant experiences to the kind of tourist who is looking for relaxation and recreation in a calm setting.
On one hand, rural tourism development can play an important role in the diversification of the Hungarian tourist supply and in the creation of a more complex and colourful country image. On the other hand, rural tourism is not only the end, but the means to stimulate economic growth, to increase the viability of underdeveloped regions, and to improve the living standards of local populations.
《旅游业的可持续发展》高中生英语作文
《旅游业的可持续发展》高中生英语作文Title: Sustainable Development of T ourismTourism, as a global industry, has been growing exponentially over the past few decades, bringing both economic benefits and challenges to destinations worldwide.The sustainable development of tourism is crucial for preserving the environment, protecting cultural heritage, and ensuring the well-being of local communities.This essay will explore the key aspects of sustainable tourism and discuss the measures that can be taken to achieve it.First and foremost, sustainable tourism should prioritize the protection of the environment.Tourist destinations are often characterized by their natural beauty, unique ecosystems, and biodiversity.It is essential to minimize the negative impact of tourism on these valuable resources.This can be achieved by promoting eco-friendly practices, such as using renewable energy sources, reducing waste, and implementing conservation programs.Additionally, tourism businesses should adopt sustainable practices in their operations, such as using local products, supporting community-based initiatives, and hiring local staff.Another important aspect of sustainable tourism is the preservation of cultural heritage.T ourists are attracted to destinations because of their rich cultural experiences, traditional crafts, and historical sites.It is crucial to strike a balance between promoting cultural tourism and safeguardinglocal traditions.This can be done by supporting local artists and craftsmen, promoting cultural exchange programs, and discouraging the sale of counterfeit cultural products.Furthermore, tourism authorities should collaborate with local communities to develop sustainable cultural tourism projects that benefit the locals.Furthermore, sustainable tourism should prioritize the well-being of local communities.T ourism can bring employment opportunities, improved infrastructure, and increased revenue to host communities.However, it can also lead to overcrowding, inflation, and environmental degradation.To address these challenges, tourism development should be accompanied by measures to ensure the equitable distribution of benefits and the empowerment of local communities.This can be achieved through community-based tourism initiatives, capacity-building programs, and the promotion of local participation in tourism planning and decision-making processes.In conclusion, the sustainable development of tourism is a complex challenge that requires the collaboration of all stakeholders.By prioritizing environmental protection, cultural preservation, and community well-being, we can ensure that tourism continues to grow in a responsible and sustainable manner.It is up to governments, tourism businesses, and tourists themselves to adopt sustainable practices and support initiatives that promote the long-term viability of touristdestinations.Only through collective efforts can we ensure that tourism remains a force for good in the world.中文翻译：标题：旅游业的可持续发展旅游业作为一个全球性的产业，在过去的几十年里一直在快速增长，给世界各地的目的地带来了经济利益和挑战。
高中英语作文旅游业的可持续发展
高中英语作文旅游业的可持续发展【中英文实用版】Tourism is an essential industry that brings significant economic benefits to many countries around the world.However, it is crucial to ensure that tourism is sustainable to protect the environment, preserve cultural heritage, and provide long-term benefits to local communities.One of the main challenges of sustainable tourism is to minimize the negative impact on the environment.Tourist destinations should adopt practices that reduce carbon emissions, protect natural resources, and preserve ecosystems.For example, hotels and resorts can use renewable energy sources, such as solar or wind power, and implement water conservation programs.Tour operators can promote eco-friendly transportation options, such as electric vehicles or自行车, and encourage tourists to follow the 'leave no trace' principle.Another important aspect of sustainable tourism is the protection of cultural heritage.Tourist destinations should promote cultural exchange and understanding, rather than cultural appropriation and exploitation.This can be done by supporting local artists and craftsmen, preserving historical sites, and providing opportunities for tourists to learn about the local culture.For example, tourists can participate in cultural workshops or festivals, and visit museums and heritage sites that are managed by local communities.Furthermore, sustainable tourism should provide economic benefits to local communities.Tourist destinations should encourage local participation in the tourism industry, by supporting small businesses, providing training and education, and creating job opportunities.This can help to reduce poverty and inequality, and promote economic development in the region.For example, tourists can stay in locally-owned hotels or guesthouses, and eat at locally-run restaurants.In conclusion, sustainable tourism is essential to protect the environment, preserve cultural heritage, and provide economic benefits to local communities.Tourist destinations should adopt practices that minimize the negative impact on the environment, promote cultural exchange and understanding, and encourage local participation in the tourism industry.By doing so, we can ensure that tourism continues to be a positive force for change around the world.。
乡村旅游与可持续发展中英文对照
外文文献RURAL TOURISM AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENTINTRODUCTIONRural tourism is a segment of the total tourist industry which is particularly important in Hungary, in a country with no spectacular natural attractions, without seaside, high mountains, rainforest or herds of exotic animals. However, its attractive cultural landscapes with small villages, thermal springs, rivers and lakes, combined with the traditional hospitality, are able to offer pleasant experiences to the kind of tourist who is looking for relaxation and recreation in a calm setting.On one hand, rural tourism development can play an important role in the diversification of the Hungarian tourist supply and in the creation of a more complex and colourful country image. On the other hand, rural tourism is not only the end, but the means to stimulate economic growth, to increase the viability of underdeveloped regions, and to improve the living standards of local populations.If rural tourism is to fulfil all these roles, it has to be developed in a way that ensures the long-term sustainability of the resources and that of the development progress itself. But what is a sustainable way of development in rural tourism ? How can sustainability be monitored and promoted in rural destinations ? This paper attempts to answer these questions by presenting the current situation of Hungarian rural tourism through indicators that are considered to be relevant for this type of tourism.SUSTAINABLE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT The concept of sustainable development was introduced by the World Commission on Environment and Development in the Brundtland Report in 1987, defining sustainable development as "development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs".Tourism is one of the foremost economic activities around the world, having transported more than 617 million people internationally and generated 448 billionUSD in receipts in 1997 (WTO, 1998). It is a major economic force, having generated in 1996 an estimated 3,153.3 billion USD in gross output, creating employment for app. 255 million people, producing app. 10.7 per cent of world gross domestic product, investing app. 766 billion USD in new facilities and equipment annually, and contributing more than app. 653.3 billion USD to global tax revenue (WTTC, 1996).The volume and significance of tourism clearly shows that it is not enough to develop new forms of "alternative" tourism in order to minimise the negative and maximise the positive impacts of tourism development. The whole sector must be developed and managed in a way that it does not damage the natural and socio-cultural environment and this is the responsibility of the world-wide tourism industry.Though the Brundtland report made no special reference to tourism, since its publication, the role of tourism in the process of continuously misusing the Earth's resources has been analysed and the concept of sustainable tourism appeared.Sustainable tourism has several - often seriously debated - definitions. According to the definition of the Federation of Nature and National Parks, sustainable tourism is "all forms of tourism development, management and activity that maintain the environmental, social and economic integrity and well-being of natural, built and cultural resources in perpetuity" (FNNP, 1993). A publication by the Tourism Concern and the World Wide Fund for Nature defines sustainable tourism as tourism which "operates within natural capacities for the regeneration and future productivity of natural resources; recognises the contribution that people and communities, customs and lifestyles, make to the tourism experience; accepts that these people must have an equitable share in the economic benefits of tourism; and is guided by the wishes of local people and communities in the host areas" (Tourism Concern & WWF, 1992).Though the existing definitions usually differ in their focus or level of elaborateness, the main message of the Brundtland Report seems to be more and more accepted by the tourism industry all over the world. However, the notion of sustainability is a very complex one and it has many ramifications (Mowforth & Munt, 1998).Ecological sustainability, which means that tourism development does not cause irreversible changes in a given destination's ecosystem, is the most commonly accepted dimension, since there is an obvious need all over the world to protect natural resources from the negative impacts of tourism activities. The general growth of environment-awareness has significantly contributed to this trend. Social sustainability refers to the ability of a community to absorb tourism (both the industry and the tourists themselves) without the creation of social disharmony. Cultural sustainability in the context of tourism assumes that a given community is able to retain or adapt their own distinctive cultural traits against the pressure of both the so-called "tourist culture" and the "residual culture" of the visitors (Jafari, 1987). Economic sustainability refers to a level of economic gain from tourism that is sufficient to provide an appropriate income for the local community (compared to the inconvenience caused by the activities of the tourism sector) and to cover all the costs of any special measure taken to satisfy the tourists (thus a precondition of economic sustainability is the attractiveness of an area and the perceived high quality of its tourist supply: without being in a competitive position in the world market, no destination can be economically sustainable).The different aspects of sustainability do not compete, but must be seen as equally important. High level of economic profitability must not be considered as a tool to cover over the damage done to social or natural resources, but the relative fragile nature of these latter must not create a planning environment where economic considerations are not being taken (properly). Sustainable tourism development has to be economically viable and naturally and culturally sensitive at the same time.As we could see, inappropriate tourism development results in increasing stress on destinations and consequently in negative changes in the destinations' physical, economic and social-cultural characteristics. In order to avoid or minimise unfavourable impacts, decision-makers must be aware of all the factors that play a role in the development process. In the measurement of the progress that an individual destination is making towards sustainable tourism development, sustainability indicators are commonly accepted as one set of useful tools.INDICATORS OF SUSTAINABILITY"Indicators measure information with which decision-makers may reduce the chances of unknowingly taking poor decisions" (WTO, 1996). In other words, indicators are a set of useful measures of those factors that are important to the decision-makers (the relative significance of these factors depend on their relevance to the development objectives of a given destination, and on their importance to tourists)."Indicators are both a tool for management today and an investment in the future, since they reduce the risk of inadvertent damage to the resource base on which the [tourist] industry depends" (WTO, 1996).Based on different guidelines and recommendations (Tourism Concern & WWF, 1992; McCool & Watson, 1994; Murphy, 1994; Howie, 1996; Swarbrooke, 1996; WTO, 1996; Mowforth & Munt, 1998), the indicators suggested for the purpose of this study are the following (Table 1):THE CONCEPT OF RURAL TOURISMRural tourism is an old and a new phenomenon at the same time. Interest in countryside recreation started to grew already in the 19. century as a reaction to the stress of the increasing urbanization and industrialisation. The rural scene was admired by poets and artists. The new railway companies transported more and more tourists to the countryside. However, the rural tourism of our era is different:the number of tourists involved has increased significantly and tourism has developed in all types of countryside instead of being limited to areas of exceptional scenic beauty.Though it seems to be simple to define rural tourism as "tourism that takes place in the countryside", this definition does not include the complexity of the activity and the different forms and meanings developed in different countries. According to a broader definition, "rural tourism includes a range of activities, services and amenities provided by farmers and rural people to attract tourists to their area in order to generate extra income for their businesses" (Gannon, 1988, in te Kloeze, 1994). If this broader concept is accepted, rural tourism covers not only farm tourism or agritourism (which is generally what rural tourism means for most people), but also special interest nature holidays, touring in rural areas and residential tourism, and the services include - besides accommodation - events, festivities, outdoor recreation, production and sale of handicrafts and agricultural products, etc.The term "rural tourism" has different meanings in different countries. In Finland, for example, it usually means renting out cottages to visitors or providing catering services in the countryside. In Hungary, a special term of "village tourism" exists, indicating that only activities and services provided in villages are included in this kind of tourism (as we will see later, village tourism typically covers low-priced accommodation, involvement in agricultural or other local activities is not common). In Slovenia, the most important form of rural tourism is tourism on family farms, where guests stay either with the farmer family or in a guest house, but visiting farms to have a meal and explore the farmyard is also popular (Verbole, 1995). In the Netherlands, the rural tourist product means especially camping on the farm, with most farm services being linked to route-bound activities as cycling, walking or horse-riding (Peters et al, 1994). In Greece, the main provision of rural tourism product is bed and breakfast with accommodation in traditionally furnished rooms and with traditional breakfasts often based on home-made products. Complementary activities - currently still on a limited scale - include restaurants and refreshment facilities or the organisation of cultural and recreational activities (Turner, 1993).Rural tourism is one of the main priorities of tourism development in many European countries, including Hungary. The market for rural holidays is growing at the same time as the future of many rural regions is uncertain, due to changes in agricultural practice (including the effects of the Common Agricultural Policy in the EU) or the increasing attractiveness of urban living standards. Rural tourism seems to be an appropriate tool to revitalise the declining rural areas and to ensure their sustainable future by job retention or even job creation, increased job diversity, service retention, farm support, broadened cultural provision, landscape and nature conservation or the maintenance of rural arts and crafts as tourist attractions. Rural tourism often provides an incentive (and part of the necessary funding) for infrastructural development, which then contributes to the growth of other economic activities in rural areas. A specific benefit of rural tourism development can be the increasing number of opportunities for social interaction for local people who often live relatively isolated lives in agricultural communities (Swarbrooke, 1996).RURAL TOURISM AND SUSTAINABILITY Rural tourism is often considered to be intrinsically sustainable, for it attracts small number of visitors, there is no need for extensive infrastructural development, tourists are usually genuinely interested in the local culture and traditions. One of the main attraction of rural holidays is the personal interaction with local residents, so hosts and guests are able to share ideas and knowledge, and consequently tourism can fulfil its role as the "industry of peace", as a tool of mutual understanding.Nevertheless, if rural tourism development is analysed on a deeper level, certain doubts arise concerning intrinsic sustainability. The most significant issue to be investigated is the economic profitability of rural tourist services, since the demand is often seasonal, the occupancy rates are low and the investment required for creating or improving facilities for tourists is often high. In most rural tourist destinations it is quite unlikely that tourism can be viable as a sole source of income. Rural tourism can usually be only one of the income-generating alternatives in a region, so its role in sustainable development is highly influencedby the performances of other economic sectors (especially agriculture).Concerning environmental sustainability, experiences suggest that considerable investment needs to be undertaken in the environmental management of vulnerable natural assets in order to make rural tourism in any sense sustainable. Tourists are usually most attracted by the industrially least developed regions, which are particularly sensitive to human interference. In addition, managed agricultural landscapes do not always meet the expectations of tourists based on the images of "traditional rural" landscapes represented in the tourist literature and in promotional materials.Tourism development also influences the socio-cultural characteristics of rural destinations, both in positive and negative way (Keane & Quinn, 1990; Peters et al, 1994). As positive impacts, the following can be mentioned: rural tourism usually encourages better use of the available resources (like land, labour, capital, natural and cultural attractions), brings about socio-economic change, contributes to heritage protection and the conservation of the rural environment, provides more social contact for local people and increases their chance to learn about other cultures. As negative impacts, tourism in rural areas changes or damages the rural landscape and the natural and cultural values of a given region, rearranges social stratification (this can also be interpreted as a positive change in certain cases), puts additional pressure on the local community, changes their rhythm of life, threatens their privacy or results in the inauthentic presentation of local customs and traditions, adapted to the tourists’ wishes.外文文献译文乡村旅游与可持续发展导言乡村旅游是总体旅游业的一部分，在匈牙利这样一个国家显得特别重要。
乡村旅游外文翻译文献
乡村旅游外文翻译文献乡村旅游外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)翻译:Factors for success in rural tourism tourism developmentSince the 1970s,economic restructuring and farm crisis have reduced rural communities' economic development options, making older development strategies less viable and forcing many to look for nontraditional ways to sustain themselves. One of the most popular nontraditional rural development strategies has been tourism and its associated entrepreneurship rural development strategies has been tourism and its associated entrepreneurship opportunities because oftourism's ability to bring in dollars and to generate jobs and support retail growth. The purpose of this study was to identify and examine those factors that have helped rural communities successfully develop tourism and its entrepreneurship opportunities. Several focus groups were conducted with local businesspersons and leaders in six rural Illinois communities. The results clearly demonstrate the importance of the community approach to tourism development and that rural tourism development and entrepreneurship cannot work without the participation and collaboration of businesspersons directly and indirectly involved in tourism.Since the 1970s, economic restructuring and the farm crisis have severely reduced rural communities’economic opportunities.Economic restructuring has caused a loss of rural manufacturing plants and many jobs. The 1980s farm crisis in the Midwest also led to a decline in the numbers of farmers and restructured farm ownership, forcing some farm families to augment their incomes with off-farm jobs, to depart farming, or to declare bankruptcy. The farm crisis and the loss of manufacturing jobs had substantial ripple effects in rural communities. As rural joblessness rates rose above urban levels, real income growth stagnated in rural areas (Sears and Reid 1992). Many stores and agribusinesses disappeared from small rural towns. Not surprisingly, a 1992 statewide survey in Illinois found that 39% of rural residents perceived their economic prospects as worsening (Walzer 1993).These changes limited rural communities’economic development options, making older development strategies such as manufacturing less viable and forcing many to look for nontraditional ways to sustain themselves . One of the most popular nontraditional rural developmentstrategies has been tourism and its associated entrepreneurship opportunities (Edgell and Harbaugh 1993; Luloff et al. 1994). Rural areas have a special appeal to tourists because of the mystique associated with rural areas and their distinct cultural, historic, ethnic, and geographic characteristics (Edgell and Harbaugh 1993). Rural tourism also is less costly and easier to establish than other rural economic development strategies such as manufacturing. Rural tourism can be development strategies such as manufacturing. Rural tourism can be developed locally with participation from local government and small businesses, and its development is not necessarily dependent on outside firms or companies. Although tourism can be expensive to develop in certain cases (e.g., large resort areas) or can involve large firms and chains, rural tourism can be developed with relatively little investment credit, training, and capital. Hence, rural tourism can be less costly to develop as compared to other economic development strategies; additionally, rural tourism need not involve dependency on outside firms and their decisions on whether they want to be in an area. Rural tourism provides a base for these small businesses that might not otherwise be in rural communities because of their small populations. Tourism particularly helps two types of small businesses in rural areas—those directly involved in tourism (e.g., attractions and hotels/motels) and those indirectly involved in tourism (e.g., gas stations and grocery stores). Additionally, rural tourism works well with existing rural enterprises such as farms (e.g., U-Pick farms) and can generate important secondary income for farm households (Oppermann 1996).Nonetheless, rural tourism remains one of the few viable economic options for rural communities .Like other economic development strategies, rural tourism requires several components to be successful.Tourism development involves(1) attractions: the natural and manmade features both within and adjacent to a community; (2) promotion:the marketing of a community and its tourism attractions to potential tourists;(3) tourism infrastructure: access facilities (roads, airports, trains, and buses),water and power services, parking, signs, and recreation facilities; (4) services: lodging, restaurants, and the various retail businesses needed to take care of tourists’ needs; (5) hospitality: how tourists are treated by both community residents and employees in tourism businesses and attractions (Gunn 1988). Left out of this list are tourism entrepreneurs and their role in fostering these components.While the above components and a community’s assets are clearly important to tourism development, only the widespread participation and contribution of rural tourism entrepreneurs can ensure a broad-based foundation for successful tourism development. A research literature has emerged on how to best facilitate the development of tourism. One view, drawing heavily on the economic literature, argues that tourism and its associated entrepreneurship opportunities are best developed by helping and creating individuals businesses and then letting them compete in the marketplace for a review and description of this view). This view, however, has been critiqued because (1) it views tourism and tourism-related businesses as isolated from the larger community and its issues;(2) it does not recognize the interdependence of the various sectors and actors involved in tourism; and (3)most small tourism business, especially those in rural areas, do not have the individual resources to promote either themselves or the community as a tourist product (Gunn 1988; Murphy 1985; Palmer and Bejou 1995).Opposing this view is the community approach to tourism development and entrepreneurship (Murphy 1985). As its name implies, the approach argues that tourism is a community product and that, along with entrepreneurial skills and the presence of tourist businesses, it is also necessary to have the community and local capabilities (e.g., local leadership and formal and informal networks)directly involved in tourism development and promotion effort (Murphy 1985). While the community approach may be an effective way to develop and promote tourism, creating the necessary intercommunity cooperation and collaboration is a complex and difficult process. Businesses are asked to share resources while simultaneously competing. Local governments may see collaborating to develop tourism as risky, or they may be worried about losing control over local decision making (Huang and Stewart 1996; Jamal and Getz 1995). Because of these problems, research on collaboration and those factors that allow for community development of tourism is needed . The purpose of the present study is to identify and examine those factors that help rural communities successfully develop tourism and its entrepreneurship opportunities. The present study makes an additional contribution to the research literature by including rural tourism entrepreneurs, an overlooked group in rural tourism research (Stokowski 1990).乡村旅游发展成功因素作者：苏珊娜威尔逊，丹尼尔·朱莉和约翰国籍：美国出处：SAGE 出版社中文译文：20世纪70年代以来，经济体制的改革和农业危机使得农村社区经济发展的选择减少，同时促使老年人发展战略可行性降低，迫使人们去寻找非传统的方式来维持生计。
(浅析乡村旅游与可持续发展)RURAL TOURISM AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT INTRODUCTION
The concept of sustainable development was introduced by the WorldCommission on Environment and Development in the Brundtland Report in 1987defining sustainable development asquotedevelopment that meets the needs of thepresent without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their ownneedsquot. Tourism is one of the foremost economic activities around the world havingtransported more than 617 million people internationally and generated 448 billionUSD in receipts in 1997 WTO 1998. It is a major economic force havinggenerated in 1996 an estimated 3153.3 billion USD in gross output creatingemployment for app. 255 million people producing app. 10.7 per cent of worldgross domestic product investing app. 766 billion USD in new facilities andequipment annually and contributing more than app. 653.3 billion USD to globaltax revenue WTTC 1996. The volume and significance of tourism clearly shows that it is not enough todevelop new forms ofquotealternativequotetourism in order tominimizethe negative andmaximizethe positive impacts of tourism development. The whole sector must bedeveloped and managed in a way that it does not damage the natural andsocio-cultural environment and this is the responsibility of the world-wide tourismindustry. Though the Brundtland report made no special reference to tourism since itspublication the role of tourism in the process of continuously misusing theEarth’sresources has beenanalyzedand the concept of sustainable tourism appeared. Sustainable tourism has several - often seriously debated - definitions.According to the definition of the Federation of Nature and National Parkssustainable tourism isquoteall forms of tourism development management and activitythat maintain the environmental social and economic integrity and well-being ofnatural built and cultural resources in perpetuityquoteFNNP 1993.
旅游景点可持续发展旅游目的地外文文献翻译2013年译文5100多字
文献出处：Sharpley, Richard. "The research on sustainable development of tourism" [J]Journal o f Sustainable tourism 2013，8（01）：9-21原文The research on sustainable development of tourismSharpley, RichardAbstractSustainable development of the ecological environment is closely related to the social and economic development. A good ecological environment is the foundation for survival of the human beings and development, and the objective environment for development of tourism. At present, development of the tourist resources in all places catches equal importance to the economic, social and environmental benefits. With the rapid economic development of our country, however, its conflict against the ecological environment gets aggravated and in some areas, the ecological environment even continues to deteriorate. For many years, tourism has been regarded as the "smoke-free industry". But the negative effect upon the tourist places due to development of tourism has been an indisputable fact. Vigorous advocation of the Central Committee for building a conservation-minded society and developing the cyclic economy symbolizes that China's strategy of sustainable development has ushered in a new stage and sustainable development of the tourist places will surely become an important issue.Travel agencies (tourist team-forming agency) are tourist enterprises comparatively far from the tourist places but most closely linked in economy and information. They exert broad and profound influences directly or indirectly on the tourist places. The influences may be active, including efforts taken to organize thenation-wide ecological tourist activities to attract and guide the market environment of the source visitors, and promote the sustainable development of the tourist places. The influences may be negative, too, if the design of the short-term tourist lines or unhealthy tourist activities to attract large numbers of tourists, which can produce negative effects on the tourist places. This thesis proceeds from the day-to-day businesses of travel agencies to the probe of its active role in sustainable development of the tourist spots and means of controlling the negative influences.Keywords : tourism area, sustainable development, protection of the environment1 IntroductionSustainable development of tourism is a global issue within the tourist circle today. The sustainable development of tourism has been proposed and accepted quickly and widely in time of the rapid expansion and prosperity of the tourist industry when crisis starts to be exposed. People have discovered many new issues, for example, "depletion of tourist resources appears" along the shores of Mediterranean Sea in Europe. Only in such cases can people come to know that adherence to sustainable development is the workable principle for developing tourism. The sustainable development of the tourist places has been regarded as a theory to maintain and enhance the future development opportunity and satisfy the various demands of the present tourists and residents in the tourist spots. Its essence is to integrate tourism with the nature, cultures and the living environment of us human beings, coordinate with and balance the mutual relationships and unify the objectives of economic development with those of social development on a global scale. With the rapid development of tourism, tourists have not only created substantial economic returns for the tourist places but also aggravated the negative effects. How to coordinate the relations between tourist spots and the tourists, strengthen the technical management of the tourists by the tourist departments and try every way to reduce and control the tourists' negative effects upon the tourist places has already become a issuewhich cannot be ignored. Tourists are both the livelihood and service objects of the tourist places. In order to receive a certain quantity of tourists to achieve the economic objectives, develop, protect and publicize the protection of the tourist spots, the tourist places provide the tourists with tourist experiences, accommodation, catering, entertainment and other consumptions in return for economic benefits and economic inflows. But their capacity of self maintenance and self development has been weakened. Tourist spots serve as the media for tourists to experience the tourist targets and satisfy their own physical and spiritual requirements. It is in the tourist atmospheres that the tourists obtain the physical and spiritual pleasure through understanding, appreciation of and participation in various landscapes. Sometimes, there may be opposition between the tourist places and the tourists.2 Influences from the Travel Agencies' Businesses upon the Environment of Tourist placesBusinesses of the travel agencies exert both active and negative effects on the environment of the tourist places and the specific results vary with the related main bodies and interrelations concerning sustainable development of the tourist places. 2. 1 Active EffectsTravel agencies' design of the tourist lines plays a pivotal role in stimulating the economic development of the tourist spots. At the same time, development of the tourist industry can increase the employment and solve the issue related to the surplus laborers. In countries of developed tourism, employment for tourism accounts for 7%~10% of that for the whole country, and in our country, there are more and more people employed into the tourist industry. Tourism can provide job vacancies for more people, especially the non-professional people. Therefore, it plays a special role in development of economy and stability of the society.The travel agencies can organize the inbound tourism to attract foreign visitors to the domestic tourist spots, publicize the tourist images to the whole world, serve as the medium for the local economic development and play an important role in attracting capitals from other areas of our country and foreign countries. The touristdevelopment can promote the local infrastructure construction, optimize the life of the local people, speed up the construction of communications and contribute to the local traffic convenience, and create more favorable health facilities and medical conditions.Travel agencies can design the tourist lines of sustainable development and minimize the damages to the environment so as to maximize the economic benefits, protect the environment, ecological diversification and the living environment for wildlife and prevent the further disruption to the ecological environment.2. 2 Negative EffectsIt is often the case that the travel agencies seek for instant success and quick profits during their business operation, especially in the environment-sensitive regions, where large-scale development of tourism is not scientifically conducted. The developers are too optimistic to realize the latent negative effect from the blind rush for tourist development, only resulting in huge losses and damages to the environment.Too large a size of the tourist team organized by the travel agencies will mean a great pressure to the ecological environment and bring about negative effects to the development of the regional tourism. Visitors are of different backgrounds. They enjoy different awareness and moral consciousness and have different knowledge on environmental protection. If marketers of the travel agencies fail to treat them differently, the part of visitors who lack the awareness of environmental protection may cause great negative effects on the ecological environment. The main results include: depletion of the tourist resources, deterioration of the tourist environment, traffic congestion and over-load bearing reception of tourists, a silent and subtle transforming influence on the value senses, social outlook and morality of the local residents. If no correct guidance is made, the local national cultures and daily life may be externalized, even affecting stability of the social order.3. Operating Strategy of Travel Agencies Based on Sustainable Development of the Tourist Spots3. 1 Strengthen the management of the operating process of travel agenciesTravel agencies, as the intermediate link of visitors' tourist demand to the relevant tourist supplies within the tourist industrial aggregates, are directly connected with the environment, and its ecological orientation exerts a direct influence on the ecological environment of the tourist places. After entry into WTO, travel agencies have taken up the multi-aspect and diversified operation and realized the transition from intermediaries to enterprise entities. In such a trend, travel agencies will take more frequent participation into the environment and the influence from their ecological orientations on the environmental changes will increase, too. Moreover, travel agencies' ecological orientations serve as a guide to the tourists' behaviors, attitudes of the local residents and the business operating orientations of tourist enterprises. Therefore, sustainable development of the industry of tourism should start with efforts by the travel agencies. The marketing concept of sustainable development for travel agencies is to build up the friendly properties towards the ecological environment during the operating process based on the guiding ideology of ecologicalization. On the basis of this concept, marketing of the travel agencies should attach great importance to the sustainable management of the marketing concept, design of products and process management.Using the feeling of tourist well-being achieved by individual tourists we evaluate indirectly the competitive ability of the tourist area to offer a compound tourist site attractiveness. The methodology employed here uses individual survey questionnaires on the tourists' evaluation of the quality of tourist facilities and attributes in a given area (the ‘regional tourist profile’) as the basis for constructing an aggregate expression for the relative attractiveness of that area. Using various multidimensional statistical techniques an estimation of the competitive attractiveness of the Southern regions in Italy is pursued. We also compare our findings with quantitative results on tourist competitiveness values obtained in a related previous study on tourist competitiveness in Italian regions. Finally, the paper highlights the need to use micro and macro data to analyse tourist attractiveness and to identify policies for improving regional tourist competitiveness.Besides satisfying the visitors' requirements, travel agencies should also strengthen their management of the tourist behaviors. Before the normal start of tourist activities, travel agencies should take up pre-tour education to the visitors, including their codes of conducts for and matters needing attention to sustainable tourism, environmental policies, laws and regulations of the tourist spots, cautions for getting along properly with the local residents, and respect of others' privacy and dignity.Upon completion of the tourist activities, the travel agencies should conclude the experience and subsequent influence of the whole tourist process on the future visitors. After the tourist activities are over, the travel agencies should make timely summaries, accumulate good experience, analyze the successes and advocate them in the future work. Meanwhile, it is necessary to find out the weaknesses and improve them in the future tourist activities. On the other hand, travel agencies can seek feedback information from the visitors, including their experience during the tour, their comments on whether or not the tour is properly organized, whether or not the tourist purposes have been realized and whether or not they have been inspired or learned something during the tourist activities. For visitors engaged in sustainable tours, when they return to their real life, the education on environmental protection and ecological knowledge they have received during the tour will surely influence their life styles, working attitude and way of act. Generally, they pay more attention to protection of the environment and stimulate people around them with their oral publicity and practical actions to support and participate in protection of the environment so that the force for environmental protection will continue to expand, contributing to the promotion of awareness of environmental protection of the whole society.The travel agencies should strengthen their relations with the communities of the tourist places, win their supports to and understanding of the sustainable development of tourism. Local people of greater influences may be employed as tour guides of sustainable development so that visitors can both enjoy the beautiful sceneries of the nature and get better melted into the local cultural atmosphere. In this way, the tourist places of sustainable development will also serve as a beautiful classroom wherevisitors can improve their ecological awareness.The tourist product of sustainable development is only one of the many tourist products operated by the travel agencies. Travel agencies should not only give emphasis to protection of the environment when operating the tourist product of sustainable development but also attach awareness of environmental protection to other tourist products so that visitors who have not purchased the tourist product of sustainable development can also receive education on environmental protection and more and more people will join in the environmental forces and have sustainable tourist development deep-rooted in their mind.3.2 Promote the Awareness of Internal Employees in Environmental ProtectionThe travel agencies must offer overall education to their internal employees so that they can understand and master the tourist thoughts of sustainable development. Employees of the travel agencies must be first armed up with overall technical knowledge because this is the foundation for them to improve the visitors' quality of tourist experience. Second, tourist employees, especially those in direct contact with the visitors, should learn the science of public relations and communicate with the visitors correctly. They should share the awareness of environmental protection, understand the local conditions and situations and be familiar with the contents of sustainable development and their implementation. At the same time, they should know how to guide the visitors to minimize the negative effect to the environment during their tour.Discretionary time consumption has become an important activity for many people in a modern welfare society. As a consequence, the leisure sector has become a prominent economic industry in the Western world. The rise in disposable income and in free time in recent decades has created the foundation for a new lifestyle, where recreation and tourism have become major elements of consumer behaviour. Today, in many regions and countries, tourism is regarded as one of the major growth industries that deserve due policy attention. Clearly, tourism has become a global socio-economic phenomenon in a mobile world.The new trend in modern tourism towards non-traditional and remotedestinations is likely an expression of the passage from mass tourism to a new age of tourism, and illustrates a change in the attitudes and needs of many tourists towards tailor-made tourist facilities ([Fayos–Solà, 1996] and [Poon, 1993]). Nowadays, isolated or previously unknown destinations have become places to be explored, since they meet the tourists' expectations: namely, a unique or special leisure experience based on a specific tourist destination profile.A tourist destination (e.g. city, region or site) is at present often no longer seen as a set of distinct natural, cultural, artistic or environmental resources, but as an overall appealing product available in a certain area: a complex and integrated portfolio of services offered by a destination that supplies a holiday experience which meets the needs of the tourist. A tourist destination thus produces a compound package of tourist services based on its indigenous supply potential. This may also create fierce competition between traditional destinations seeking to maintain and expand their market share and new destinations that are trying to acquire a significant and growing market share. The success of tourist destinations thus depends on their regional tourist competitiveness in terms of the attractiveness characteristics (or quality profile) that make up the tourist strength of a certain area (see also [Agrawal, 1997], [Butler, 1980] and [Hovinen, 2002]).The dynamic nature of tourist channel competition requires destinations to be able to combine and manage their tourist resources in order to gain competitive advantage (see Teece, Pisano, & Shuen, 1997). The new needs of tourists impose destinations constantly to reconfigure, gain, and dispose of attractive resource able to meet the demand of a shifting market. This has led to the concept of dynamic capabilities; viz. organisation's processes (in our case tourist destination) that “integrate, reconfigure, gain and release resources to match and even create market change” (Eisenhardt & Martin, 2000: p. 1107).In the tourist field competition among territorial areas is usually not centred on the single aspects of the tourist product (environmental resources, transportation, tourism services, hospitality, etc.), but on the tourist destination as an integrated and compound set of tourist facilities for the clientTherefore, employees of the travel agencies must receive the training on awareness of environmental protection. First, either the administrators or the ordinary employees must build up their long-term concept of sustainable development, exercise their obligation of preservation of the ecological environment and promote the coordinated development of ecology with economy. Second, the resource-friendly sense of value must be established because for the travel agencies, uncontrolled consumption of tourist resources today means the loss of a foundation for enterprise development tomorrow. Third, build up the legal concept of environmental protection and consciously regulate the enterprise behaviors with laws and regulations. Fourth, establish the moral concept of environmental protection. The Central Government has already brought environmental protection into the category of socialist ideological and ethical progress. Modern tourist enterprises should perform their social responsibility, conscientiously abide by the social morality and endeavor to advocate the advanced cultures of our country. Only on basis of the above concepts can the travel agencies usher in harmonious development with the society and environment.3.3 Guide the Visitors in Protection of the EnvironmentDuring the design of tourist products, the travel agencies should fully listen to the opinions of the regional ecological researchers and the natural protecting bodies. It is better to employ the local people to operate the hotels and visitors should be suggested not purchasing the local and special products which may affect the natural environment. Guide the visitors to communicate properly with the local people and organize various public benefit activities conducive to protection of the ecological environment. If we want more people to support the environmental protection, the tour guide should be an environmentalist. Tour guides should use their rich ecological and environmental knowledge to influence and educate the visitors to tour happily through the beautiful sceneries, tourist knowledge and social responsibility.There should be the concept of guiding the visitor to protect the nature. Designers of the tour (travel agencies and design bodies) should share clear ecological concepts and the tour leaders and guides should educate the visitors timely in protection of the environment. Selection of different tour lines will exert differentinfluences on the bearing capacity of the resource environment (for example, avoid the tour peak time). Therefore, travel agencies should select tourist places with conditions for ecological tours and avoid the fragile and sensitive ecological regions. The number of visitors for each team must be controlled within the acceptable scope. Effective management can be conducted more easily of the smaller tour groups and reduce the artificial affections and damages to the ecological environment.ConclusionDevelopment of tourism must be based on the bearing capacity of the ecological environment and agree with the economic conditions and social morality of the tour places. Sustainable development is a guiding method for overall management of the resources for the purpose of preventing various resources from being damaged and protecting the natural and cultural resources. With the overall development of economy and tourism, the travel agencies are playing a more and more prominent role in their intermediary functions, especially their connections of the tourist places with the tourist sources. Therefore, the travel agencies should assume their due responsibility in the sustainable development of and benefit from the regional tourism so as to realize the sustainable development of both the tourist products and the images of the travel agencies.译文旅游景点可持续发展研究夏普利·理查德摘要生态环境的可持续发展与社会经济发展息息相关，良好的生态环境既是人类赖以生存的环境和发展的源泉，同时也是旅游业发展的客观环境。
乡村旅游与可持续发展中英文对照
乡村旅游与可持续发展中英文对照Rural Tourism and Sustainable DevelopmentIntroduction引言乡村旅游已经成为全球旅游业内的一个重要部门。
它为旅行者提供了探索乡村地区自然和文化遗产的独特体验和机会。
然而，旅游业的迅速增长引发了人们对其对环境、当地社区和传统做法的影响的担忧。
因此，保证乡村旅游以可持续的方式发展，平衡经济增长与环境和社会考虑因素的关系至关重要。
Environmental Impact环境影响One of the key concerns regarding tourism development is its impact on the environment. Rural areas often have fragile ecosystems that can be easily disrupted by an influx of tourists. The construction of infrastructure, such as hotels and roads,can lead to deforestation, soil erosion, and habitat destruction. Moreover, the increased consumption of water and energy bytourists can exacerbate resource scarcity and pollution.关于旅游业发展的一个重要问题是其对环境的影响。
乡村地区往往拥有容易受到游客涌入干扰的脆弱生态系统。
基础设施的建设，比如酒店和道路，可能导致森林砍伐、土壤侵蚀和栖息地破坏。
此外，游客对水和能源的消耗增加可能加剧资源稀缺和污染问题。
为了减轻这些影响，有必要在乡村旅游中实施可持续的做法。
这可以包括利用可再生能源为住宿设施，促进垃圾处理和回收计划，并鼓励游客参与环保活动。
乡村旅游和经济发展外文翻译文献
乡村旅游和经济发展外文翻译文献乡村旅游和经济发展外文翻译文献Rural Tourism and Economic DevelopmentTourism is a popular economic development strategy. The author reviews three diverse books that study tourism from various social science perspectives——economic, sociological,psychological,and anthropological.Ryan’s book is multidisciplinary in approach and covers all major topics of tourism;tourist experience;and marketing.Michal Smith details the negative affects of tourism development in rural areas of the southeastern United States.Finally,Valene Smith’s book presents international case studies that document cultural changes caused by tourism development. Despite their different focuses, all three books agree that tourism development has its benefits and costs and that changes to the destination areas are inevitable. Careful planning and marketing can lessen the harmful effects of tourism development.Tourism is an increasingly popular elixir to economic rural and urban underdevelopment. Its current prominence in the array of local economic development strategies can be traced to several features of the tourism industry. Tourism jobs are mostly low-skill jobs, which are a good fit with the job skills of many rural residents. Also, tourism has a potential for creating an export base that builds on favorable local advantages such as a pleasant climate or sites of historic or natural interest. More important, tourism strategies mesh with the current political philosophy and budget realities ofminimizing government involvement and investment. The accommodations,restaurants,and entertainment activities that necessarily accompany tourism are assumed to be provided by the private sector. Critics of tourism as a development strategy cite its low-paying and dead-end jobs, its degradation of the local natural environment, and its potential corruption of local culture and customs. Further, not every jurisdiction in need of jobs and a tax base has tourism potential.The study of tourism, like much of the economic development literature, draws from a wide range of disciplines. The forte of economists is in addressing the affects of tourism on the local economy;however,economists fail to describe who tourists are or why they travel.Anthropologists’major contribution to defining and studying tourism is in examining the impacts of tourism on local culture. Psychologists are more likely to dwell on the motives for tourism, but they ignore the impacts. Clearly, the complete definition of tourism includes the economic,social,anthropological,and psychological viewpoints. One strength of Recreational Tourism: A social Science Perspective by Chris Ryan is its multidisciplinary approach to the study of tourism. In contrast, the case studies from around the world found in Hosts and Guests:TheAnthropology of Tourism, edited by Valene Smith, dwell on tourism from the perspectives of history and anthropology, with its focus on the culture affects of tourism and tourism’s role in the acculturation process. Behind the Glitter: The Impact of Tourism on Rural Women in the Southeast, by Michal Smith, focuses on the economic and cultural effects of tourism in the rural Southeast.Benefits of tourismPerhaps chief among the advantages of tourism is that it is seen as obtainable, even for communities with minimal public resources. Most communities envision negligible public investments such as new roads, history markers, town cleanup, storefront rehabilitation, and marketing. The private sector is expected to provide hotels, motels, restaurants, entertainment, and other tourist accommodations.Second, tourism is a relatively easy-to-understand concept for the lay public and can, therefore, generate local support. Community pride leads residents to conclude that their home town has something to offer tourists.Tourism builds on perceived and existing local advantages or amenities, such as sites of historical interest, mountains and other places of natural beauty,pleasant climates,or clean air.Tourismdevelopment uses these resources, which are “free” i n the sense that the tourism industry has not paid for them. In some cases, these natural resources would have small economic value without tourism development.Mieczkowske cites the Alps,“dying” fishing or mill towns of New England and the Canadian Maritime provinces,and Caribbean islands as places where tourism has given economic value to natural amenities. Thus tourism can have a positive economic effect in such areas of otherwise low economic productivity.Third, decades of experience in smokestack chasing has been disappointing for many communities.The competition for manufacturing plants is intense and as long as manufacturing employment continues its downward trend, competition for the remaining plants will only increase.Also,tourism is perceived as a cleaner industry for the environment than is manufacturing.Fourth, rural tourism havens tend to be growth. This decade became known as the population turnaround as it was the first time in the history of the United States the population of rural areas grew at faster rates than urban areas. In Behind the Glitter, Smith found that 65 of the 84 rural tourism counties in her study of the Southeast had population growth equal toor exceeding the national rate of growth in the 1970s.,these nonmetropolitan counties grew 37.9% and in the 1980s, they grew at a still impressive rate of 24.6%.Fifth, tourism is a labor-intensive industry, creating large numbers of jobs that employ low-skill workers and youths, who may otherwise remain unemployed. The low-skilled nature of tourism jobs is ideal for economies with poorly educated or trained labor forces. These added jobs help cut welfare rolls and provide a source of tax revenue.Finally, tourism development means more income and profits for tourist-related businesses.Local income from tourist expenditures is mostly spent again in the local area, which leads to more local income, and perhaps, to more local jobs. Such indirect benefits of tourism are measured via regional economic impacts of tourism. Ryan’s book has a section that introduces techniques used to measure the economic impacts of tourism. Many other studies also focus on measuring economic effects of tourism. In contrast, other sources of economic activity, particularly for remote counties, create relatively few direct and indirect benefits. For example, nuclear power plants, waste disposal sites, and many manufacturing plantscreate relatively few jobs and generate small amounts of local purchases.Aside from the fact that not all communities can be tourist havens, tourism development has its costs. It seems that every benefit of tourism development has a corresponding cost.乡村旅游和经济发展作者：弗雷德里克国籍：美国出处：SAGE 出版社旅游业是一种十分受欢迎的经济发展战略。
（浅析乡村旅游与可持续发展）RURALTOURISMANDSUSTAI..
RURAL TOURISM AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT INTRODUCTION(浅析乡村旅游与可持续发展)【INTRODUCTION】Rural tourism is a segment of the total tourist industry which is particularly important in Hungary in a country with no spectacular natural attractions without t seaside high mountains rainforest or herds of exotic animals. However its attractive cultural landscapes with small villages thermal springs rivers and lakes combined with the traditional hospitality are able to offer pleasant experiences to the kind of tourist who is looking for relaxation and recreation in a calm setting. On one hand rural tourism development can play an important role in the diversification of the Hungarian(匈牙利人的) tourist supply and in the creation of a more complex and colorful country image. On the other hand rural tourism is not only the end but the means to stimulate economic growth to increase the viability of under developed regions and to improve the living standards of local populations. If rural tourism is to fulfill all these roles it has to be developed in a way that ensures the long-term sustainability of the resources and that of the development progress itself. But what is a sustainable way of development in rural tourism how can sustainability be monitored and promoted in rural destinations this paper attempts to answer these questions by presenting the current situation of Hungarian rural tourism through indicators that are considered to be relevant for this type of tourism. SUSTAINABLE TOURISM DEVELOPMENTThe concept of sustainable development was introduced by the World Commission on Environment and Development in the Brundtland Report in 1987 defining sustainable development as quote development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs quot. Tourism is one of the foremost economic activities around the world having transported more than 617 million people internationally and generated 448 billion USD in receipts in 1997 WTO 1998. It is a major economic force having generated in 1996 an estimated 3153.3 billion USD in gross output creating employment for app. 255 million people producing app. 10.7 per cent of world gross domestic product investing app. 766 billion USD in new facilities and equipment annually and contributing more than app. 653.3 billion USD to global tax revenue WTTC 1996. The volume and significance of tourism clearly shows that it is not enough to develop new forms of quote alternative quote tourism in order to minimize the negative and maximize the positive impacts of tourism development. The whole sector must be developed and managed in a way that it does not damage the natural and socio-cultural environment and this is the responsibility of the world-wide tourism industry. Though the Brundtland report made no special reference to tourism since its publication the role of tourism in the process of continuously misusing the Earth’s resources has been analyzed and the concept of sustainable tourism appeared.Sustainable tourism has several - often seriously debated - definitions. According to the definition of the Federation of Nature and National Parks sustainable tourism is quote all forms of tourism development management and activity that maintain the environmental social and economic integrity and well-being of natural built and cultural resources in perpetuity quote FNNP 1993.A publication by the Tourism Concern and the World Wide Fund for Nature defines sustainable tourism as tourism which quote operates within natural capacities for the regeneration and future productivity of natural resources recognizes the contribution that people and communities customs and lifestyles make to the tourism experience accepts that these people must have an equitable share in the economic benefits of tourism and is guided by the wishes of local people and communities in the host are as quote Tourism Concern amp WWF 1992. Though the existing definitions usually differ inàtieir focuS or levem of el`borateness thd mahn massage of dhe`BR)ndt land Report seems to be more and moru accapted by 4he vourism indusdry all over the woRld> Louever the nktikf of susTainebility is a rery complex one and it has many ramifications Mow forth Amp Munt 1998. Ecologibal sustainability which means thaT tourism develorment does not aause irreversIble changes an a given desténations ecosystem is the most commonly accepved diíension since there is an /böious ~eed all gver t(e world to protect nattrad reso}rces fr•o thu negAtive impacts of to}rism activities. The general growth og environíent-awareness h!s sigoificantly contribuTed xo this trend. Social sus|ainability refers$to the abilidy(of a coomunity ôo absorb tousism Bovh the industrq and the touvists v(emselves without tje creation of socIal disharmony.C5ltural sustainabimity an the context •f tourism assumes that a given goimunity is abne to reV ain mr adapt thuir own äiStinctive cultural traits again3t the pressure of both the so-called qunte tourisu cul|ure quote and tje qeote residual culture quote of the visitors(Javari 1887. Economic suspainaBility refers to(a level of economic gain!fro- to}rysm that ir stfficient to provide an appropriate income for the local sommunity compared to the inconV enience caused by the activities of the tourism sector an` to cover all the costs of any special measure take* to saticfy the tourists thus e pzecondition of economic su3tainability is the attractiveness of an(areq and th% pebc%i6dd high quality of its tourkst supply: without beiþg in a competitive posation in the world market no desti~atiol can be economiãalìy sUstainable. The differenp asp%cps of susvainabili|y do not comtetåbut mest be seen as equally importalt. Hiwh level of economic prïfitábility must oot be consieeredpcs a tool uo`cover over thg damage done to social or naôural resourbes but thu reìative fbagile nature of these datter must not crgate a plannilg environment where economic considerations are not being take~ properìy. Sustainable to}rism de~elopme~t has to be econo}ically viable and naturclly and!culturally {ensitive at the same time. As(we could see ibappropriate tourism development results in increasing stò%ss kn destinqtions and konsequentny in negatire cHanges in the destinctions ph}sican economic$ant sociál-cemôural chavactepistics. In order to avoid or minimiZeµ.favoráble impacts decision-makers!must be eware of all the fact•rs t`at p,ay a(rolein the development process. In the measubmmenT of thu progress(uhat"an individual destinavion is making towards sustainablu to}rism developmejt sustainabilit} iodicctors are commonly accepted as one set of usefum tools.INDIAA TORS OF SUSTAINACILITYQ}ota0Indiãato2s measure informAtiïn with which decision-makers may red}ce the chances of unknowingly(takkNo pgor decismons quote WTO 1996. In other wïrds éndicators are`a set og eseful íe!sures of those fictors that are )mportant to dhe dagision-makers the relative significance of these fActors depend on their relevance to the developm%nt objektivås of`a given des|ination end on their importancd v• tourists quote .Indiaator{!are both a tool for management today anä`an investment in the f5tuRe since they Reduce the risk of inadverpent dcmage do Their sourcí base on which the touzist iîdustry depends quote WTO 1996n0based oo different guidelines and rdcommenli4ions V ourism Concesn amp WWF!1992 McCool amp Watson 1994 Murphy 1995 Howie 1996`S•drbrook%1986 WTO 9997 Mow forth amp Munt(998 the indicators suggested fo2!thg puppose of this study are the following Table1: Table 1 - Indicators of Sustainability in Rural Tourism Indicator Measure1. Stress - Number of visitors/tourists per annum/season2. Social stress - Ratio of visitor/tourist numbers to local population perineum/season3. Attractiveness - List of natural and cultural resources - Rate of attractiveness of natural and cultural resources4. Planning process - Existence of local/regional plan for development5. Tourism planning - Existence of local/regional plan for tourism development process6. Crea pòotection - Cqôegory of protection - Percentage of protectd` area compared to the whole territgry of the destinatioN7. Lïcál involvemeLt - Ratio of!dhe number og locally owned touRist businesses to the total number of ôourist businaw{es8. Loãal control - Existence of fozm#l(measures purlic hearing coMmunity meeting local refdren$um to ensure local control over developmenu planning and imple-entatioî9. Employment - Numbe2 of jobr c2eated in pourism full-vime equivalent -(Ratio of loccl employee nwmber to the numbur ov guest workers10. Tourism - Proportion of total tax income Ge~erated by tourism only contvibution to the local economy11. Åconomic - Share of dyfferent economi# activities in the toval tax diversity income12. Energy - Ratio of renewable enezgy souVce{ to non-renÅwablåconsõmption`eoergy sources conSumption13. Waste - peRcentagåof households with pr/per sewqge system managemend - Percentage of waste rece`vine"treatment•14. Education and - Persentage of local people invo|ved in tourism with training professional training and education - Distribution of tourism employees by education - Percentage oftourism employees and local people participating in on-the-job training in a given time period14. Education and - Persentage of local people invo|ved in tourism with training professional training and education - Distribution of tourism employees by education - Percentage of tourism employees and local people participating in on-the-job training in a given time period15. Local satisfaction - Overall perception of tourisms impacts in local community16. Tourist - Overall satisfaction of tourists concerning the quality and satisfaction the value/price ratio of the complex tourist product - Percentage/change of repeat visits compared to first-time visitsTHE CONCEPT OF RURAL TOURISMRural tourism is an old and a new phenomenon at the same time. Interest in countryside recreation started to grew already in the 19 century as a reaction to the stress of the increasing urbanization and industrialization. The rural scene was admired by poets and artists. The new railway companies transported more and more tourists to the countryside. However the rural tourism of our era is different: the number of tourists involved has increased significantly and tourism has developed in all types of countryside instead of being limited to areas of exceptional scenic beauty. Though it seems to be simple to define rural tourism as quote tourism that takes place in the country side quote this definition does not include the complexity of the activity and the different forms and meanings developed in different countries. According to a broader definition quote rural tourism includes a range of activities services and amenities provided by farmers and rural people to attract tourists to their area in order to generate extra income for their businesses quote Gannon 1988 into Klotz 1994. If this broader concept is accepted rural tourism covers not only farm tourism or agritourism which is generally what rural tourism means for most people but also special interest nature holidays touring in rural areas and residential tourism and the services include - besides accommodation –events festivities outdoor recreation production and sale of handicrafts and agricultural products etc. The term quote rural tourism quote has different meanings in different countries. In Finland for example it usually means renting out cottages to visitors or providing catering services in the countryside. In Hungary a special term of quote village tourism quote exists indicating that only activities and services provided in villages are included in this kind of tourism as we will see later village tourism typically covers low-priced accommodation involvement in agricultural or other local activities is not common. In Slovenia the most important form of rural tourism is tourism on family farms where guests stay either with the farmer family or in a guest house but visiting farms to have a meal and explore the farmyard is also popular V erbole 1995. In the Netherlands the rural tourist product means especially camping on the farm with most farm services being linked to route-bound activities as cycling walking or horse-riding Peters et al 1994. In Greece the main provision of rural tourism product is bed and breakfastwith accommodation in traditionally furnished rooms and with traditional breakfast soften based on home-made products. Complementary activities - currently still on a limited scale - include restaurants and refreshment facilities or the organization of cultural and recreational activities Turner 1993.Rural tourism is one of the main priorities of tourism development in many European countries including Hungary. The market for rural holidays is growing at the same time as the future of many rural regions is uncertain d ue to changes in agricultural practice including the effects of the Common Agricultural Policy in the EU or the increasing attractiveness of urban living standards. Rural tourism seems to be an appropriate tool to revitalize the declining rural areas and to ensure their sustainable future by job retention or even job creation increased job diversity service retention farm support broadened cultural provision landscape and nature conservation or the maintenance of rural arts and crafts as tourist attractions. Rural tourism often provides an incentive and part of the necessary funding for infrastructural development which then contributes to the growth of other economic activities in rural areas. A specific benefit of rural tourism development can be the increasing number of opportunities for social interaction for local people who often live relatively isolated lives in agricultural communities Swab rooked 1996. RURAL TOURISM AND SUSTAINABILITYRural tourism is often considered to be intrinsically sustainable for it attracts small number of visitors there is no need for extensive infrastructural development tourists are usually genuinely interested in the local culture and traditions. One of the main attractions of rural holidays is the personal interaction with local residents so hosts and guests are able to share ideas and knowledge and consequently tourism can fulfill its role as the quote industry of peace quote as a tool of mutual understanding. Nevertheless if rural tourism development is analyzed on a deeper level certain doubts arise concerning intrinsic sustainability.The most significant issue to be investigated is the economic profitability of rural tourist services since the demand is often seasonal the occupancy rates are low and the investment required for creating or improving facilities for tourists is often high. In most rural tourist destinations it is quite unlikely that tourism can be viable as a sole source of income. Rural tourism can usually be only one of the income-generating alternatives in a region so its role in sustainable development is highly influenced by the performances of other economic sectors especially agriculture.Concerning environmental sustainability experiences suggest that considerable investment needs to be undertaken in the environmental management of vulnerable natural assets in order to make rural tourism in any sense sustainable. Tourists are usually most attracted by the industrially least developed regions which are particularly sensitive to human interference. In addition managed agricultural landscapes do not always meet the expectations of tourists based on the images of quote traditional rural quote landscapes represented in the tourist literature and in promotional materials. Tourism development also influences the socio-culturalcharacteristics of rural destinations both in positive and negative way.。
乡村旅游可持续发展外文翻译文献
乡村旅游可持续发展外文翻译文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)外文:RURAL TOURISM AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENTINTRODUCTIONRural tourism is a segment of the total tourist industry which is particularly important in Hungary, in a country with no spectacular natural attractions, without seaside, high mountains, rainforest or herds of exotic animals. However, its attractive cultural landscapes with small villages, thermal springs, rivers and lakes, combined with the traditional hospitality, are able to offer pleasant experiences to the kind of tourist who is looking for relaxation and recreation in a calm setting.On one hand, rural tourism development can play an important role in the diversification of the Hungarian tourist supply and in the creation of a more complex and colourful country image. On the other hand, rural tourism is not only the end, but the means to stimulate economic growth, to increase the viability of underdeveloped regions, and to improve the living standards of local populations.If rural tourism is to fulfil all these roles, it has to be developed in a way that ensures the long-term sustainability of the resources and that of the development progress itself. But what is a sustainable way of development in rural tourism ? How can sustainability be monitored and promoted in rural destinations ? This paper attempts to answer these questions by presenting the current situation of Hungarian rural tourism through indicators that are considered to be relevant for this type of tourism.SUSTAINABLE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT The concept of sustainable development was introduced by the World Commission on Environment and Development in the Brundtland Report in 1987, defining sustainable development as "development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs".Tourism is one of the foremost economic activities around the world, having transported more than 617 million people internationally and generated 448 billion USD in receipts in 1997 (WTO, 1998). It is a major economic force, having generated in 1996 an estimated 3,153.3 billion USD in gross output, creating employment for app. 255 million people, producing app. 10.7 per cent of world gross domestic product, investing app. 766 billion USD in new facilities and equipment annually, and contributing more than app. 653.3 billion USD to global tax revenue (WTTC, 1996).The volume and significance of tourism clearly shows that it is not enough to develop new forms of "alternative" tourism in order to minimise the negative and maximise the positive impacts of tourism development. The whole sector must be developed and managed in a way that it does not damage the natural and socio-cultural environment and this is the responsibility of the world-wide tourismindustry.Though the Brundtland report made no special reference to tourism, since its publication, the role of tourism in the process of continuously misusing the Earth's resources has been analysed and the concept of sustainable tourism appeared.Sustainable tourism has several - often seriously debated - definitions. According to the definition of the Federation of Nature and National Parks, sustainable tourism is "all forms of tourism development, management and activity that maintain the environmental, social and economic integrity and well-being of natural, built and cultural resources in perpetuity" (FNNP, 1993). A publication by the Tourism Concern and the World Wide Fund for Nature defines sustainable tourism as tourism which "operates within natural capacities for the regeneration and future productivity of natural resources; recognises the contribution that people and communities, customs and lifestyles, make to the tourism experience; accepts that these people must have an equitable share in the economic benefits of tourism; and is guided by the wishes of local people and communities in the host areas" (Tourism Concern & WWF, 1992).Though the existing definitions usually differ in their focus or level of elaborateness, the main message of the Brundtland Report seems to be more and more accepted by the tourism industry all over the world. However, the notion of sustainability is a very complex one and it has many ramifications (Mowforth & Munt, 1998).Ecological sustainability, which means that tourism development does not cause irreversible changes in a given destination's ecosystem, is the most commonly accepted dimension, since there is an obvious need all over the world to protect natural resources from the negative impacts of tourism activities. The general growth of environment-awareness has significantly contributed to this trend. Social sustainability refers to the ability of a community to absorb tourism (both the industry and the tourists themselves) without the creation of social disharmony. Cultural sustainability in the context of tourism assumes that a given community is able to retain or adapt their own distinctive cultural traits against the pressure of both the so-called "tourist culture" and the "residual culture" of the visitors (Jafari, 1987). Economic sustainability refers to a level of economic gainfrom tourism that is sufficient to provide an appropriate income for the local community (compared to the inconvenience caused by the activities of the tourism sector) and to cover all the costs of any special measure taken to satisfy the tourists (thus a precondition of economic sustainability is the attractiveness of an area and the perceived high quality of its tourist supply: without being in a competitive position in the world market, no destination can be economically sustainable).The different aspects of sustainability do not compete, but must be seen as equally important. High level of economic profitability must not be considered as a tool to cover over the damage done to social or natural resources, but the relative fragile nature of these latter must not create a planning environment where economic considerations are not being taken (properly). Sustainable tourism development has to be economically viable and naturally and culturally sensitive at the same time.As we could see, inappropriate tourism development results in increasing stress on destinations and consequently in negative changes in the destinations' physical, economic and social-cultural characteristics. In order to avoid or minimise unfavourable impacts, decision-makers must be aware of all the factors that play a role in the development process. In the measurement of the progress that an individual destination is making towards sustainable tourism development, sustainability indicators are commonly accepted as one set of useful tools.INDICATORS OF SUSTAINABILITY"Indicators measure information with which decision-makers may reduce the chances of unknowingly taking poor decisions" (WTO, 1996). In other words, indicators are a set of useful measures of those factors that are important to the decision-makers (the relative significance of these factors depend on their relevance to the development objectives of a given destination, and on their importance to tourists)."Indicators are both a tool for management today and an investment in the future, since they reduce the risk of inadvertent damage to the resource base on which the [tourist] industry depends" (WTO, 1996).Based on different guidelines and recommendations (Tourism Concern & WWF, 1992; McCool & Watson, 1994; Murphy, 1994; Howie, 1996; Swarbrooke,1996; WTO, 1996; Mowforth & Munt, 1998), the indicators suggested for the purpose of this study are the following (Table 1):THE CONCEPT OF RURAL TOURISMRural tourism is an old and a new phenomenon at the same time. Interest in countryside recreation started to grew already in the 19. century as a reaction to the stress of the increasing urbanization and industrialisation. The rural scene was admired by poets and artists. The new railway companies transported more and more tourists to the countryside. However, the rural tourism of our era is different: the number of tourists involved has increased significantly and tourism has developed in all types of countryside instead of being limited to areas of exceptional scenic beauty.Though it seems to be simple to define rural tourism as "tourism that takes place in the countryside", this definition does not include the complexity of the activity and the different forms and meanings developed in different countries. According to a broader definition, "rural tourism includes a range of activities, services and amenities provided by farmers and rural people to attract tourists to their area in order to generate extra income for their businesses" (Gannon, 1988, in te Kloeze, 1994). If this broader concept is accepted, rural tourism covers not only farm tourism or agritourism (which is generally what rural tourism means for most people), but also special interest nature holidays, touring in rural areas andresidential tourism, and the services include - besides accommodation - events, festivities, outdoor recreation, production and sale of handicrafts and agricultural products, etc.The term "rural tourism" has different meanings in different countries. In Finland, for example, it usually means renting out cottages to visitors or providing catering services in the countryside. In Hungary, a special term of "village tourism" exists, indicating that only activities and services provided in villages are included in this kind of tourism (as we will see later, village tourism typically covers low-priced accommodation, involvement in agricultural or other local activities is not common). In Slovenia, the most important form of rural tourism is tourism on family farms, where guests stay either with the farmer family or in a guest house, but visiting farms to have a meal and explore the farmyard is also popular (Verbole, 1995). In the Netherlands, the rural tourist product means especially camping on the farm, with most farm services being linked to route-bound activities as cycling, walking or horse-riding (Peters et al, 1994). In Greece, the main provision of rural tourism product is bed and breakfast with accommodation in traditionally furnished rooms and with traditional breakfasts often based on home-made products. Complementary activities - currently still on a limited scale - include restaurants and refreshment facilities or the organisation of cultural and recreational activities (Turner, 1993).Rural tourism is one of the main priorities of tourism development in many European countries, including Hungary. The market for rural holidays is growing at the same time as the future of many rural regions is uncertain, due to changes in agricultural practice (including the effects of the Common Agricultural Policy in the EU) or the increasing attractiveness of urban living standards. Rural tourism seems to be an appropriate tool to revitalise the declining rural areas and to ensure their sustainable future by job retention or even job creation, increased job diversity, service retention, farm support, broadened cultural provision, landscape and nature conservation or the maintenance of rural arts and crafts as tourist attractions. Rural tourism often provides an incentive (and part of the necessary funding) for infrastructural development, which then contributes to the growth of other economic activities in rural areas. A specific benefit of rural tourismdevelopment can be the increasing number of opportunities for social interaction for local people who often live relatively isolated lives in agricultural communities (Swarbrooke, 1996).RURAL TOURISM AND SUSTAINABILITY Rural tourism is often considered to be intrinsically sustainable, for it attracts small number of visitors, there is no need for extensive infrastructural development, tourists are usually genuinely interested in the local culture and traditions. One of the main attraction of rural holidays is the personal interaction with local residents, so hosts and guests are able to share ideas and knowledge, and consequently tourism can fulfil its role as the "industry of peace", as a tool of mutual understanding.Nevertheless, if rural tourism development is analysed on a deeper level, certain doubts arise concerning intrinsic sustainability. The most significant issue to be investigated is the economic profitability of rural tourist services, since the demand is often seasonal, the occupancy rates are low and the investment required for creating or improving facilities for tourists is often high. In most rural tourist destinations it is quite unlikely that tourism can be viable as a sole source of income. Rural tourism can usually be only one of the income-generating alternatives in a region, so its role in sustainable development is highly influenced by the performances of other economic sectors (especially agriculture).Concerning environmental sustainability, experiences suggest that considerable investment needs to be undertaken in the environmental management of vulnerable natural assets in order to make rural tourism in any sense sustainable. Tourists are usually most attracted by the industrially least developed regions, which are particularly sensitive to human interference. In addition, managed agricultural landscapes do not always meet the expectations of tourists based on the images of "traditional rural" landscapes represented in the tourist literature and in promotional materials.Tourism development also influences the socio-cultural characteristics of rural destinations, both in positive and negative way (Keane & Quinn, 1990; Peters et al, 1994). As positive impacts, the following can be mentioned: rural tourismusually encourages better use of the available resources (like land, labour, capital, natural and cultural attractions), brings about socio-economic change, contributes to heritage protection and the conservation of the rural environment, provides more social contact for local people and increases their chance to learn about other cultures. As negative impacts, tourism in rural areas changes or damages the rural landscape and the natural and cultural values of a given region, rearranges social stratification (this can also be interpreted as a positive change in certain cases), puts additional pressure on the local community, changes their rhythm of life, threatens their privacy or results in the inauthentic presentation of local customs and traditions, adapted to the tourists’ wishes.译文:乡村旅游与可持续发展导言乡村旅游是总体旅游业的一部分，在匈牙利这样一个国家显得特别重要。
促进村庄可持续发展的英语作文
促进村庄可持续发展的英语作文Promoting Sustainable Development in Rural AreasRural areas play a crucial role in the overall development of a country. They are the backbone of the agricultural sector, providing essential resources and sustaining the livelihoods of a significant portion of the population. However, many rural communities face unique challenges that hinder their progress towards sustainable development. In this essay, we will explore strategies and initiatives that can be implemented to promote sustainable development in rural areas.One of the primary pillars of sustainable development in rural areas is the promotion of sustainable agriculture. Traditional farming practices often rely heavily on the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, which can have detrimental effects on the environment and human health. Encouraging the adoption of organic farming techniques and precision agriculture can help reduce the environmental impact of agricultural activities while maintaining high yields. This can be achieved through farmer education programs, subsidies for organic inputs, and the establishment of local markets for organic produce.Another key aspect of sustainable development in rural areas is the diversification of economic activities. Reliance on a single industry, such as agriculture, can make rural communities vulnerable to market fluctuations and economic downturns. Promoting the development of small-scale industries, ecotourism, and cottage industries can help create new employment opportunities and generate additional sources of income for rural residents. This can be supported through the provision of microfinance, skills training, and the development of rural infrastructure such as roads, electricity, and communication networks.Sustainable development in rural areas also requires investment in renewable energy sources. Many rural communities lack access to reliable and affordable energy, which can hinder their social and economic progress. Promoting the use of solar, wind, and hydropower can not only improve energy access but also reduce the carbon footprint of rural areas. Governments can incentivize the adoption of renewable energy technologies through subsidies, tax credits, and the development of off-grid energy solutions.Improving access to healthcare and education is another crucial aspect of sustainable development in rural areas. Rural populations often face significant disparities in healthcare and educational services compared to their urban counterparts. Establishing mobilehealth clinics, telemedicine services, and community-based healthcare programs can help address the healthcare needs of rural residents. Similarly, investing in rural schools, providing teacher training, and implementing digital learning solutions can enhance educational opportunities and improve literacy rates in rural areas.Sustainable development in rural areas also requires the active participation and empowerment of local communities. Encouraging community-based decision-making, promoting local leadership, and fostering a sense of ownership and responsibility can help ensure that development initiatives are tailored to the specific needs and aspirations of rural communities. This can be achieved through the establishment of village development committees, the involvement of community members in project planning and implementation, and the provision of capacity-building programs.Finally, the integration of traditional knowledge and practices with modern technological advancements can play a crucial role in promoting sustainable development in rural areas. Many rural communities possess a wealth of traditional ecological knowledge, which can be leveraged to develop sustainable resource management practices and innovative solutions to local challenges. By combining traditional wisdom with modern scientific and technological innovations, rural communities can create more resilient and sustainable livelihoods.In conclusion, promoting sustainable development in rural areas requires a multifaceted approach that addresses economic, social, environmental, and governance-related challenges. By focusing on sustainable agriculture, diversifying economic activities, investing in renewable energy, improving access to healthcare and education, empowering local communities, and integrating traditional knowledge with modern solutions, we can pave the way for a more prosperous and sustainable future for rural areas. This holistic approach to rural development will not only benefit the rural population but also contribute to the overall sustainable development of the country as a whole.。
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外文翻译译文标题：乡村旅游与可持续发展资料来源: 亚诺什学院 - 布达佩斯经济科学大学作者：塔玛拉拉茨 - 拉斯洛坡格左引言乡村旅游是旅游产业的一个部分，这在匈牙利显得尤为重要。
在一个国家没有壮观的自然景观，没有海滨、高山、雨林、珍奇动物的情况下，迷人的村庄、温泉、河流和湖泊这些旅游资源可以利用起来。
优美环境与当地人们传统的热情接待相结合，能够提供给游客愉快的体验，让游客在安静的环境中得到放松并且欣赏到文化景观。
一方面，乡村旅游业的发展使匈牙利旅游资源呈现多样化，使国家形象更加多姿多彩。
另一方面，乡村旅游是刺激经济增长的一种手段，促进了欠发达地区的产业发展，并改善当地居民的生活水平。
如果乡村旅游要发挥其真正的作用，在某种程度上得到进一步的发展，那么在其自身发展的基础上，就要确保资源的长期可持续性发展。
那么，什么是乡村旅游的可持续发展方式？如何对其可持续性进行监测来达到促进农村发展的目的？本文试图回答这些问题，并且通过提出匈牙利乡村旅游指标来了解被认为是这种类型的旅游的目前情况。
旅游业可持续发展可持续发展的概念是由世界环境与发展委员会在1987年的布伦特兰报告中关提出来的，可持续发展定义为“发展，以满足当代人的需求又不损害子孙后代能满足自己的需要”。
旅游业是世界各地最重要的经济活动之一，1997年世界各地国际运送超过6.17亿人，年收益产生448亿美元（WTO，1998年），这是一个重要的经济力量。
1996年产生生产总值3153.3亿美元，为255万人创造就业机会，参与生产应用程序。
旅游业生产值占到世界10.7%的国内生产总值，766亿美元用于投资应用程序，每年都在更新设施和设备，全球税收达到653.3亿美元（WTTC，1996年）。
旅游业的规模和旅游意义清楚地表明，当前旅游资源的开发是不够的，要开发“另类”的旅游发展新形式，以尽量减少其消极影响，最大限度地发挥旅游产生的积极影响。
这是整个行业必须开发和管理的一种新方式，它不会破坏自然和社会文化环境，是全球范围内旅游业的责任。
布伦特兰报告中虽然没有特别提到旅游，但报告公布以来，在旅游业不断滥用地球资源的过程中，人们对报告的作用进行了分析，可持续旅游的概念开始出现。
经过认真的考虑，可持续发展旅游通常有几个定义。
根据联合会的性质和国家公园的定义，可持续发展旅游是“旅游业的发展，管理和活动的所有形式，建筑与文化资源的环境，保持永久的自然，维护社会和经济的完整性”（FNNP，1993年）。
一个关注旅游的世界自然基金会定义的可持续发展旅游为“经营范围内对自然资源的再生利用和未来生产力的自然开发能力；旅游区的人民和社区，习俗和生活方式，使游客感受旅游体验；公平地分享旅游业的经济利益，旅游的发展遵循当地人民的意愿”（旅游关注和世界自然基金会，1992年）的指导。
现有的定义，通常其重点或水平不同，布伦特兰报告的主要信息似乎受越来越多的世界各地的旅游业所接受。
然而，可持续发展的概念是非常复杂的，它有许多分支（莫夫莫顿，1998年）。
生态的可持续性，意味着旅游业的发展不会在一个给定目标的生态系统中造成不可逆转的变化。
这是世界各地最普遍接受的层面，因为有一个明显需要保护自然资源，规范旅游活动的目标。
环境意识的普遍增长，已大大促进了这一趋势。
社会可持续发展是指一个地区的旅游吸收能力（包括产业和游客本身）达到创造社会和谐的目标。
文化旅游可持续发展的背景下，一个给定的地区能够保留或适应自己独特的文化特征，对所谓的“旅游文化”和“剩余文化”的保留发展很重要（贾法里，1987年）。
旅游经济可持续发展是指在旅游业的经济收益足以提供当给地人民的前提下，使游客的旅游开销更加合理（经济可持续发展的先决条件是一个地区的吸引力和有感知的高品质的旅游供应）。
可持续发展的不同方面没有冲突，但必须视为同等重要。
高水平的经济效益不得被视为一种工具来损害社会和自然资源，但后者的相对脆弱性，绝不能造成环境的破坏。
旅游业的可持续发展，不仅要在经济上具有可行性，也要适应自然和文化敏感性。
正如我们所看到的，不恰当的旅游发展结果，会增加旅游目的地的压力，使旅游目的地的经济和社会文化特征产生消极的变化。
为了避免或减少不利影响，决策者必须意识到，在发展过程中发挥作用的所有因素，可持续发展指标是一套公认的有用的工具。
可持续发展的指标“指标衡量信息与决策者可能减少不知情的情况下采取决策失误的机会”（WTO，1996年）。
换句话说，指标是一套有用的措施，这些因素是重要的决策者（这些因素的相对重要性取决于他们与一个给定的发展目标的相关性，以及他们对游客的重要性）。
“指标是一个工具，用于管理今天和未来的投资，因为它们能减少风险和不慎损失”（WTO，1996年）。
根据不同的指导方针和建议（旅游关注和世界自然基金会（WWF）1992年；麦库尔和沃森，1994年，墨菲，1994年；豪伊，1996年；夏闻博克，1996年；世界贸易组织，1996年；莫夫莫顿，1998年），提出了以下几种指标（表1）：表1 - 乡村旅游指标测量可持续发展指标指标测量1：压力- 访客/游客人数（每年/季）2：社会压力- 访客/游客人数比当地居民（每年/季）3：吸引力- 自然和文化资源的名单- 自然和文化资源的吸引力率4：规划的过程- 存在地方/区域发展规划5：旅游规划的过程- 存在地方/区域旅游发展规划6：区域保护- 保护分类- 保护区的百分比相比，领土的目的地7：当地参与- 本地旅游企业与旅游企业总数的比例8：本地控制- 存在正式的措施（公开听证会，社区会议，地方公投），以确保对当地的发展规划和实施控制9：就业- 旅游业创造的职位（相当于全职）- 当地雇员人数的比例，10：仅旅游对当地经济的贡献- 旅游业所产生的收入占总税收的比例11：经济的多样性- 不同的经济活动，在总税收收入的百分比12：能源消耗- 非可再生能源可再生能源的比例（消费）13：废物管理- 适当的污水处理系统的家庭的百分比- 废物接受管理的百分比14：教育和培训- 当地群众参与旅游专业培训和教育的百分比- 教育- 旅游从业人员的分布在给定时间内参加在职培训旅游从业人员的百分比（和当地人民）15：本地满意-当地社区对旅游业影响的整体感知16：游客满意度- 复杂的旅游产品的质量和价值、价格，游客的总体满意度- 百分比变化/重复访问相比，首次访问乡村旅游的概念乡村旅游是一种古老而又崭新的旅游方式。
19世纪，人们对于农村休闲的兴趣开始增长，这是在城市化和工业化进程中人们释放压力的一种方式。
农村的景象受到诗人和艺术家的赞美。
然而，在我们这个时代，新的铁路公司把越来越多的游客送到乡村，不同的是：游客数量显著增加，在所有类型的农村地区，参与了旅游的发展，而不是只限于杰出的风景名胜区。
虽然它似乎被简单的定义为“旅游发生在农村”，这个定义不包括活动的复杂性和在不同国家的不同形式和不同开发的意义。
根据更广泛的定义，“乡村旅游包括一系列的活动，农民和农村的人为了吸引游客到他们的地区，提供的服务和设施，为他们的企业产生的额外收入”（甘农，1988年）。
如果这一更广泛的概念是可以接受的，乡村旅游覆盖不仅农场旅游或休闲观光农业（通常是乡村旅游对于大多数人来说意味着什么），而且还涉及在农村地区自然度假，住宅旅游，服务包括庆祝活动，户外休闲，手工业和农产品的生产和销售等。
“乡村旅游”一词已在不同国家有不同的含义。
例如，在芬兰，它通常是指出租别墅给游客或在农村地区提供餐饮服务。
在匈牙利，一个特殊术语“乡村旅游”的长期存在，表明这是一种旅游活动和提供服务的方式，在乡村存在这种旅游业（我们稍后将看到，乡村旅游通常包括价格低廉的住宿，参与性农业或其他不常见的当地活动）。
在斯洛文尼亚，乡村旅游的最重要的形式是家庭农场的旅游，客人入住在农民家庭，或在家里做客，但参观农场，就餐，探索农家也很受欢迎（渥博，1995年）。
在荷兰，乡村旅游意味着大多数农场服务与露营相结合的活动，如骑自行车，步行或骑马（皮特，1994年）。
在希腊，乡村旅游主要提供床和早餐，传统家具的房间和传统的早餐通常是自制的产品。
补充活动，目前仍然在有限的范围包内，包括提神设施活动和组织文化娱乐活动等（特纳，1993年）。
在欧洲许多国家，乡村旅游是旅游业发展的主要优先任务之一，包括匈牙利。
农村假日市场增长的同时，由于农业在实践中的变化（包括欧盟共同农业政策的影响）或使城市生活魅力增加，许多农村地区的未来是不确定的。
乡村旅游似乎是一个适当的工具，复兴农村的衰退，甚至创造就业机会，增加就业的多样性。
为确保其可持续发展的未来，就要扩大文化，景观的自然保护，或维护农村艺术和手工艺品。
乡村旅游往往提供了基础设施（和必要的一部分资金），而这又促进了农村地区的其他经济活动的增长。
乡村旅游发展有其具体的好处，为当地群众提供社会交流机会，他们往往生活在农业社会这种相对隔离的生活环境下（夏博克，1996年）。
乡村旅游与可持续发展乡村旅游通常被认为其内在是具有可持续发展性的，它吸引的游客数量小，不需要广泛的基建发展，游客真正的兴趣通常是当地的文化和传统。
农村假期的主要景点之一，是与当地居民的人际互动，使主人和来宾能够分享创意和知识，因此旅游业能够履行其作为“和平产业”的作用，作为一钟相互了解的工具。
然而，如果对乡村旅游的发展进行更深层次的分析，出现了一些内在的关于可持续性发展的疑问。
被调查的最显著的问题是乡村旅游服务的经济效益，因为需求往往是季节性的，全年平均入住率较低，为游客创造或改善设施所需的投资往往是高的。
在大多数农村的旅游目的地，旅游业可以作为唯一的收入来源，这是不太可能的。
乡村旅游通常可以选择只有一种收入来源的地区发展，其在可持续发展中的作用可以影响其他经济部门（特别是农业）。
关于环境的可持续发展，经验表明，任何意义上的可持续发展，需要相当大的投资，才能使乡村旅游在环境脆弱的情况下对自然资产进行管理。
通常最吸引游客的地区都是工业最不发达的地区，人为投资管理对于这些地区存在困难。
此外，管理的农业景观不总是能满足游客的期望，现实景观有别于基于“传统的农村”为代表的山水旅游文学和宣传材料的图像。
旅游业的发展也影响着农村目的地的社会文化特征，无论是正面还是负面的影响（基恩和奎因，1990年；皮特，1994年）。
作为正面的影响，以下可以说明：乡村旅游通常鼓励更好地利用现有的资源（如土地，劳动力，资本，自然和文化景点），带来了社会经济变化，有利于遗产和农村环境的保护，为当地人民提供了更多的社会的接触和提高自我的机会，了解了其他文化。
作为负面影响，旅游在一定程度上会造成农村的变化，损害农村景观，破坏农村的自然环境和文化价值，重新排列社会分层（在某些情况下，这也可以解释作为一个积极的变化），对当地社区造成额外的压力，改变他们的生活节奏，威胁到他们的隐私，为了适应游客的意愿，创造业绩，对当地的习俗和传统不真实的演绎等。