领导科学

Chapter 1 : Leadership is Everyone's Business1 : Some leadership researchers have focused on the personality, physical traits, or behaviors of the leader.a. Trueb. False The correct answer is a2 : Researchers argue that organizational successes and failures often get falsely attributed to the leader, though the situation may have a greater impact on how the organization functions than does any individual, including the leader.a. Trueb. False The correct answer is a3 : Leadership is only an art, to be learned by emphasizing the practice of leadership.a. Trueb. False The correct answer is b4 : Great leaders sometimes seem larger than life.a. Trueb. False The correct answer is a5 : Natural talents or characteristics do not offer certain advantages or disadvantages to a leader.a. Trueb. False The correct answer is b6 : Individuals skeptically question whether leadership can develop through formal study, believing it can only be acquired through actual performance.a. Trueb. False The correct answer is a7 : Formal study and actual experience complement each other.a. Trueb. False The correct answer is a8 : People who do research on leadership actually __________.a. agree on what leadership is.b. disagree on what leadership is.c. introduce examples of leadership.d. apply definitions.e. make mistakes.The correct answer is b9 : __________ is a complex phenomenon involving the leader, the followers, and the situation.a. managementb. organizingc. planningd. leadershipe. trainingThe correct answer is d10 : The best way for you to begin to understand the complexities of leadership is to see some of the ways leadership has been __________.a. explainedb. taughtc. definedd. viewede. looked uponThe correct answer is c11 : One's definition of leadership might also influence just who is considered an appropriate__________ for study.a. teacherb. politicianc. managerd. CEOe. leaderThe correct answer is e12 : Some managers may be effective leaders without ever having taken a course or training program in leadership, and some scholars in the field of leadership may be relatively __________ leaders themselves.a. fantasticb. averagec. extra ordinaryd. Poore. fairThe correct answer is d13 : Leadership involves both __________ and __________ sides of human experiences.a. irrational/logicalb. bias/unbiac. rational/emotionald. thought/actione.planning/supervising The correct answer is c14 : Leadership includes actions and influences based on reason and logic as well as those based on __________ and __________.a. planning/promotingb. executing/denyingc. inspiration/passiond. timing/administratinge. accepting/rejecting The correct answer is c15 : A full appreciation of leadership involves looking at both sides of __________ .a. leadership practicesb. human naturec. gender differencesd. employment opportunitiese. organization strategy The correct answer is b16 : Some say leadership is fundamentally a value-choosing, and thus a value-leader, activity, whereas management is __________.a. alsob. in betweenc. notd. excludede. self-sufficientThe correct answer is c17 : Leadership and management compliment each other, and both are vital to organizational_____________.a. strategyb. goalsc. profitsd. successe. outcomes The correct answer is d18 : Recently both practitioners and scholars have emphasized the relatedness of leadership and__________ .a. powerb. strategyc. goalsd. managemente. followership The correct answer is e19 : Effective leadership must possess something more than just ___________.a. management practicesb. common sensec. organization strategyd. emotional feelingse. fair practices The correct answer is b20 : Natural talents or characteristics may offer certain advantages or disadvantages to a___________.a. managerb. co-workerc. researcherd. leadere. CEO The correct answer is d Chapter 2 : Leadership Involves an Interaction between the Leader, the Followers, and the Situation1 : If we use only leaders as the lens for understanding leadership, then we get a very limited view of the leadership process.a. Trueb. False The correct answer is a2 : An important aspect of the leader is how he or she achieved leadership status.a. Trueb. False The correct answer is a3 : The number of followers reporting to a leader has no significant implications.a. Trueb. False The correct answer is b4 : The nature of problems faced by many organizations is becoming so complex and the changes are becoming so rapid that more and more people are required to solve them.a. Trueb. False The correct answer is a5 : The difference between leaders and managers, or between leadership and management involve more than just names between types of individuals.a. Trueb. False The correct answer is b6 : Leaders create environments within which followers' innovations and creative contributions are not welcome.a. Trueb. False The correct answer is b7 : Managers are more likely to emphasize routinization and control of followers' behavior.a. Trueb. False The correct answer is a8 : Managers tend to decline the definitions of situations presented to them.a. Trueb. False The correct answer is b9 : Perhaps the first researcher formally to recognize the importance of the leader, follower, and situation in the leadership process was ____________.a. Colin Powellb. Joseph Hellerc. Fred Fiedlerd. Zig Zieglere. Abraham MaslowThe correct answer is c10 : ____________ describes two kinds of relationships and how they affect the types of power and influence tactics leader use.a. Leader-Manager Exchange Theoryb. Leader-Member Exchange Theoryc. Leader-Follower Exchange Theoryd. Leader-Partner Exchange Theorye. Leader-Committee Exchange Theory The correct answer is b11 : ____________ followers are the "yes people" of organizations.a. Alienated followersb. Conformist followersc. Passive followers.d. Pragmatist followerse. Exemplary followers The correct answer is b12 : ____________ habitually point out all the negative aspects of the organization to others.a. Conformist followersb. Passive followersc. Pragmatist followersd. Exemplary followerse. Alienated followers The correct answer is e13 : ____________ followers display none of the characteristics of the exemplary follower.a. Passiveb. Pragmatistc. Exemplaryd. Alientatede. Conformist The correct answer is a14 : ____________ followers present a consistent picture to both leaders and coworkers of being independent, innovative, and willing to stand up to superiors.a. Pragmatistb. Exemplaryc. Alientatedd. Conformiste. Passive The correct answer is b15 : ____________ followers are rarely committed to their group's work goals, but they have learned not to make waves.a. Pragmatistb. Exemplaryc. Alientatedd. Conformiste. PassiveThe correct answer is a16 : The nature of followers' motivation to do their work is also ____________.a. ethicalb. changingc. importantd. suppliede. channeledThe correct answer is c17 : _______________ leadership, a trend in how women lead, focuses on achieving results through enhancing employees' self-worth and motivating them to perform at a higher level.a. Interactiveb. Innovativec. Listeningd. Pioneeringe. ChallengingThe correct answer is a18 : ____________ are more likely to motivate others with extrinsic consequences.a. Leadersb. Followersc. Managersd. Individualse. InteractorsThe correct answer is c19 : Fairhomn (1991) argued that organizations may need ____________ different kinds of people at the helm.a. threeb. twoc. fourd. sixe. eightThe correct answer is b20 : The three domains of leadership interaction are:a. leader, follower, situationb. manager, leader, followerc. follower, leader, situationd. none of the abovee. all of the above The correct answer is aChapter 3 : Leadership is Developed through Education and Experience1 : Making the most of experience is key to developing one's leadership ability.a. Trueb. False The correct answer is a2 : The most productive way to develop as a leader is to travel along the spiral of experience.a. Trueb. False The correct answer is a3 : Experience is not just a matter of what events happen to you; it also depends on how you perceive those events.a. Trueb. False The correct answer is a4 : Perceptual sets do not influence what we attend to or do not attend to, what we observe or do not observe.a. Trueb. False The correct answer is b5 : Another perceptional variable that can affect our actions is the self-fulfilling prophecy.a. Trueb. False The correct answer is a6 : Perhaps the least important component of the action-observation-reflection model is reflection.a. Trueb. False The correct answer is b7 : Another way to conceptualize reflection in leadership development involves thinking frames.a. Trueb. False The correct answer is a8 : The people you associate with can stimulate development in many ways.a. Trueb. False The correct answer is a9 : Fundamental attribution error is:a. a tendency to underestimated the dispositional causes of behavior and overestimate the environmental causes when others fail.b. a tendency to overestimate the dispositional causes of behavior and underestimate the environmental causes when others fail.c. a tendency to underestimate the dispositional outcomes of behavior and overestimate the environmental and enrichment when others succeed.d. all of the above. e. none of the above. The correct answer is b10 : Self-serving bias is:a. the tendency to make external attributions for one's own success.b. the tendency to make external attributions for one's own career path.c. the tendency to make external attributions for one's own failures, yet make internal attributions for one's successes.d. none of the above. e. all of the above. The correct answer is c11 : The actor/observer difference refers:a. to the fact that people who are observing an action are much more likely than the actor to make the fundamental attribution error.b. to the fact that people who are observing an action are much more likely than the actor to make the fundamental multiple error.c. to the fact that people who are observing an action are much more likely than the actor to make the fundamental perspective error.d. all of the above. e. none of the above. The correct answer is a12 : Reflection is important because:a. it can provide leaders with a variety of insights into how to frame problems differently, look at situations from multiple perspectives or better understand subordinates.b. it can provide leaders with limited insights into how to frame problems differently, look at situations from multiple perspectives, or better understand subordinates.c. it can provide leaders with no insights into how to frame problems differently, look at situations from multiple perspectives, or better understand subordinates.d. it can take out of the ordinary experience to focus one's attention on developmental challenges.e. it will clarify the value of reflection. The correct answer is a13 : Double-loop learning involves:a. a willingness to confront one's own views and an invitation to others to do so too.b. a kind of learning between the individual and the environment.c. interaction with others and the environment.d. public testing of ideas against valid information.e. learning between the corporation and it clients. The correct answer is a14 : A boss, especially a very good or very bad one, can be a powerful catalyst for ___________ .a. strengthb. motivationc. growthd. declinee. negotiationThe correct answer is c15 : ___________ are highly placed, powerful individuals who develop relatively long lasting relationships with younger colleagues whose professional careers are influenced and furthered as a result.a. Leadersb. Managersc. Mentorsd. Negotiatorse. ColleaguesThe correct answer is c16 : ___________ is seen as a general responsibility of all executives toward managers who report to them.a. Executive leadingb. Executive managingc. Executive meetingd. Executive coachinge. Executive mentoring The correct answer is d17 : ___________ is a popular methodology in leadership course pedagogy.a. Case studiesb. Individual feedbackc. Role playingd. Leadership experiencese. Developmental experiences The correct answer is c18 : Simulations and ___________ are other methods of training.a. meetingsb. discussionsc. evaluationsd. exercisese. games The correct answer is e19 : ___________ and leaderless group discussions are techniques used to help leaders develop.a. Learning opportunitiesb. Training programsc. Collegiate parachutesd. In-basket exercisese. Action observation The correct answer is d20 : Perhaps the best way to guarantee that a leadership program will be useful to you and your organization is to adopt ________________ to leadership training.a. a participative approachb. an open approachc. a popular approachd. a systematic approache. a simple approach The correct answer is dChapter 4 : Assessing Leadership and Measuring its Effects1 : A competency model is the set of skills, knowledge, abilities, or other attributes that are relevant to successful performance in a particular job.a. Trueb. False The correct answer is a2 : Leadership researchers have indicated that biographical questionnaires, personality inventories, mental abilities tests, and interest inventories cannot do a very good job predicting future leadership effectiveness.a. Trueb. False The correct answer is b3 : We usually do not differentiate between successful and unsuccessful leaders by the behaviors they exhibit or the attributes they possess; rather, we are likely to consider whether their followers are productive or satisfied.a. Trueb. False The correct answer is a4 : The better performance appraisal forms typically include no features.a. Trueb. False The correct answer is b5 : The most common qualitative approach of evaluating leaders is the case study.a. Trueb. False The correct answer is a6 : The two major quantitative approaches include correlational studies and correlation coefficients.a. Trueb. False The correct answer is b7 : A description of a "laboratory" experiment on leadership may help make the distinction between independent and dependent variables a bit clearer.a. Trueb. False The correct answer is a8 : The scientific alternative to leadership maxims is leadership theory.a. Trueb. False The correct answer is a9 : The tension between discovering the "truth" about a leadership question and being able to apply is learned is what we call the ___________.a. practice-theory gapb. practice-research gap.c. practice-tension gap.d. practice-requirements gape. none of the above. The correct answer is b10 : The troubadour tradition is:a. found in articles using data and statistics to make inferences about leadership.b. usually used by those who are leadership researchers, not leaders in the field.c. a popular method of telling stories about leadership, usually in the form of reminiscences and opinions of former leaders.d. a reliable way to learn about what works in leadership.e. none of the above.The correct answer is c11 : Under representation of women in executive levels is ___________.a. the glass ceiling effort.b. the result of no women applying.c. the glass ceiling effect.d. sexual harassmente. none of the above The correct answer is c12 : In structured interviews, the interviewera. does not follow a set of questionsb. is spontaneous with the intervieweec. asks the leader a predetermined set of questionsd. asks limited questionse. asks no questions The correct answer is c13 : In unstructured interviews, the interviewera. asks the leader a set of questionsb. asks the leader a predetermined set of questionsc. asks limited questionsd. does not follow a predetermined set of questionse. does not ask questions The correct answer is d14 : ___________ probably represent the most sophisticated and expensive method for assessing leadership potential.a. Career centersb. Counseling centersc. Assessment centersd. Goodwill centerse. Technical centers The correct answer is c15 : Case studies are:a. an in-depth analysis of a particular leader's activities.b. an in-depth analysis of all leader's activities.c. a general analysis of a particular leader's activities.d. a general analysis of all leader's activities.e. not analysis relatedThe correct answer is a16 : The independent variable isa. what the researcher manipulatesb. what the researcher testsc. what the researcher manipulates or varies to test the hypothesisd. what makes casual influences about leadershipe. when variables correlate with inferences The correct answer is c17 : The dependent variable isa. usually some measure of leadership effectiveness.b. a hypothesis of leadership effectiveness.c. a correlated function of leadership.d. a variable between inferences.e. a sort of manipulation. The correct answer is a18 : Maxims area. general opinions that give leaders valuable advice about leadership.b. general opinions about management.c. personal opinions that can give leaders valuable advice abut leadership.d. inferences.e. usually never right. The correct answer is c19 : The scientific alternative to leadership maxims is ___________.a. management cultureb. leadership theoryc. scientific experimentsd. leadership effectivenesse. labor relations The correct answer is b20 : The following are acceptable ways to evaluate leadership success:a. in-basket exercisesb. subordinates' ratingsc. unit performance measuresd. maximse. both B and C The correct answer is eChapter 5 : Power and Influence1 : Power has been defined as the capacity to produce effects on others, or the potential to destroy others.a. Trueb. False The correct answer is b2 : Influence is the degree of actual change in a target's person's attitudes, values, beliefs, or behavior.a. Trueb. False The correct answer is a3 : Leaders and followers never use a variety of tactics to influence each other's attitudes or behaviors.a. Trueb. False The correct answer is b4 : Choice of clothing can affect one's power and influence.a. Trueb. False The correct answer is a5 : One way to counteract the problems stemming from a lack of expertise is to weaken interpersonal ties with subordinates.a. Trueb. False The correct answer is b6 : Another way to look at referent power is in terms of the role friendships play in making things happen.a. Trueb. False The correct answer is a7 : Coercive power is the opposite of reward power.a. Trueb. False The correct answer is a8 : A person's need for power will determine how much they can motivate others.a. Trueb. False The correct answer is a9 : Influence tactics are:a. rational persuasion, pressure tactics, and ingratiation.b. ingratiation, personalized power, and socialized power.c. based on the idea of reward power.d. consultation, personal appeals, and inspirational appeals.e. both A and D. The correct answer is e10 : Influence tactics are the overt behaviors exhibited by one person to:a. motivate another.b. influence another.c. attack another.d. mentor another.e. discipline another. The correct answer is b11 : The phrase pecking order refers to the status differentials between members of a:a. department.b. group.c. organization.d. gender.e. symbol.The correct answer is b12 : Expert power is demonstrated by:a. words.b. awards.c. relational skills.d. being able to influence others with your knowledge. e. none of the above.The correct answer is d13 : __________ is the power of a person's organizational role.a. referent powerb. social powerc. expert powerd. legitimate powere. reward power The correct answer is d14 : __________ refers to the potential influence one has to the strength of the relationship between the leader and the followers.a. Legitimate powerb. Referent powerc. Reward powerd. Coercive powere. Social power The correct answer is b15 : __________ depends on a person's ability to grant desired resources.a. Social powerb. Reward powerc. Referent powerd. Coercive powere. Legitimate power The correct answer is b16 : Development of this power is a two-way street:a. Expert powerb. Referent powerc. Coercive powerd. Reward powere. Legitimate powerThe correct answer is b17 : __________ is the potential to influence others through the administration of negative sanctions or the removal of positive events.a. Coercive powerb. Expert powerc. Reward powerd. Legitimate powere. Social power The correct answer is a18 : __________ occurs when an agent uses logical arguments or factual evidence to influence others.a. Coalition tacticsb. Personal appealsc. Pressure tacticd. Rational persuasione. Legitimizing tactics The correct answer is d19 : __________ occurs when agents ask targets to participate in planning an activity.a. Exchangeb. Legitimizing tacticsc. Consultationd. Pressure tacticse. Inspirational appeals. The correct answer is c20 : __________ occur when agents make requests based on their position or authority.a. Pressure tacticsb. Legitimizing tacticsc. Coalition tacticsd. Exchange practicese. Consultation appealsThe correct answer is bChapter 6 : Leadership and Values1 : Leaders should internalize a strong set of ethics.a. Trueb. False The correct answer is a2 : Leaders who demonstrate empathy encourage trust among their followers.a. Trueb. False The correct answer is a3 : Values play a key role in how people react to work situations.a. Trueb. False The correct answer is a4 : Values are impressed upon us through a variety of different experiences, people, and social interactions.a. Trueb. False The correct answer is a5 : Values do not affect leader's perceptions of situations or their choices.a. Trueb. False The correct answer is b6 : Darley's law explains that ethical problems are inherent in any system that uses quantitative performance measures to determine rewards.a. Trueb. False The correct answer is a7 : Douglas McGregor identified two contrasting sets of assumptions people make about human nature, Theory X and Theory Z.a. Trueb. False The correct answer is b8 : Culture refers to the learned behaviors characterizing the total way of life of members in any given society.a. Trueb. False The correct answer is a9 : Principle-centered leadership postulates a fundamental _______________ between the personal, interpersonal, managerial, and organizational levels of leadership.a. Dissonanceb. Conflictc. Tensiond. Interdependencee. Confusion The correct answer is d10 : ________ involves reinterpreting otherwise immoral behavior in terms of a higher purpose.a. Moral justificationb. Advantageous comparisonc. Attribution of blamed. Diffusion of responsibilitye. None of the above The correct answer is a11 : The GLOBE research program addresses the question of:a. Ethics and moral standards in organizationsb. Moral leadershipc. Universality of effective leadershipd. Ethics across culturese. All of the above The correct answer is c12 : A person with strong _____________ values would more likely be involved in entrepreneurship:a. Recognitionb. Traditionc. Powerd. Commercee. ScienceThe correct answer is d13 : Someone with an emphasis on ________________ values would more likely enjoy a hospitality or entertainment career.a. Hedonismb. Securityc. Aestheticsd. Recognitione. AltruisticThe correct answer is a14 : ________ involves reinterpreting otherwise immoral behavior to defuse or disguise.a. Moral justificationb. Advantageous comparisonc. Euphemistic labelingd. Dehumanizatione. Darley's law The correct answer is c15 : ________ is another way of avoiding the moral consequences of one's behavior by implying that others deserve such behavior.a. Diffusionb. Distortionc. Attributiond. Dehumanizatione. DisplacementThe correct answer is d16 : Declaring innocence of wrongdoing because of obedience to orders is an example of:.a. moral justificationb. dehumanizationc. displacement of responsibilityd. diffusion of responsibilitye. attribution of blame The correct answer is c17 : Elements of cultural frameworks include:a. sources of ethical reasoningb. sources of identityc. means of acquiring knowledged. interpersonal relationse. both B and C The correct answer is e18 : The United States culture emphasizes:a. Individualism and mobilityb. Community and collectivityc. Family of origin traditionsd. Structure and traditionalismThe correct answer is a19 : It can be helpful to see one's own ________ through the eyes of another.a. systemb. habitsc. cultured. leadershipe. all of the aboveThe correct answer is c20 : A potential cultural conflict or misunderstanding can be seen in the case of orientation to________ .a. leadershipb. authorityc. responsibilityd. attributese. harmonyThe correct answer is bChapter 7 : Leadership Traits1 : Personality is fairly ambiguous.a. Trueb. False The correct answer is a2 : Personality traits are useful concepts for explaining why people act fairly consistently from one situation to the next.a. Trueb. False The correct answer is a3 : Strong situations never minimize the effects traits have on behavior.a. Trueb. False The correct answer is b4 : Agreeableness is also known as empathy, friendliness, or the need for affiliation.a. Trueb. False The correct answer is a5 : Leaders higher in intellect tend to be less imaginative, broad-minded, and curious.a. Trueb. False The correct answer is b6 : Traits refer to recurring regularities or trends in a person's behavior.a. Trueb. False The correct answer is b7 : One very popular personality typology involves psychological preferences.a. Trueb. False The correct answer is a8 : The judging-and-perceiving dimension is one of four dimensions articulated by Myers and McCaulley.a. Trueb. False The correct answer is a9 : Creative intelligence involves these components:a. synthetic abilityb. practical intelligencec. intrinsic motivationd. personality types。