温度控制的中英文文章
温度控制方面的外文翻译
445
r e m a i n s a m i n i m u m p a s s a g e for gas n e c e s s a r y for s t a b l e o p e r a t i o n of the b u r n e r s without s p u t t e r i n g of the f l a m e . In addition, for s a f e t y the IM 2/120 a c t u a t o r has l i m i t s w i t c h e s which p r e v e n t c o m p l e t e c l o s i n g of the a d j u s t i n g c o n t r o l . E x p e r i m e n t a l t e s t i n g of the a u t o m a t i c c o n t r o l s y s t e m showed that it w o r k s s t a b l y ; the e r r o r does not e x c e e d 10~ The s y s t e m was t e s t e d a l s o f o r its d i s t u r b a n c e by d e f l e c t i n g the b u r n e r s in the w a r m i n g zone. In this c a s e the m a x i m u m d e v i a t i o n of the t e m p e r a t u r e f r o m the p r e s c r i b e d was 25~ the t r a n s i e n t t i m e was 6 h, and the e r r o r in the s t e a d y s t a t e was 10~ D u r i n g this t i m e the p r e s s u r e in the b u r n e r s of the c o n t r o l zone r o s e : in the u p p e r b u r n e r s f r o m 0.165 to 0.255 gauge a t m and in the l o w e r f r o m 0.065 to 0.125 gauge a i m . The f u r n a c e on which the a u t o m a t i c t e m p r a t u r e c o n t r o l s y s t e m was i n t r o d u c e d has a length of 27 m, 8 p a i r s of injection b u r n e r s , and o p e r a t e s at a m a x i m u m t e m p e r a t u r e of 960~
温度控制系统论文中英文资料对照外文翻译
温度控制系统论文中英文资料对照外文翻
译
本文将介绍温度控制系统的关键技术，涉及环境温度探测、数
据处理、控制策略等内容。
以下是部分资料的中英文对照外文翻译。
环境温度探测
中文资料
传感器是环境温度控制系统的关键组件之一。
目前市场上主流
的温度传感器有热敏电阻、热电偶、红外线传感器等。
温度控制系
统还需要考虑传感器的输出精度和响应速度等因素。
英文资料
数据处理
中文资料
数据处理是温度控制系统的核心部分。
常用的数据处理方法有滤波、线性化处理、校准等。
数据处理的目的是提高控制精度和稳定性。
英文资料
控制策略
中文资料
控制策略主要包括开环控制和闭环控制。
其中，闭环控制具有更高的控制精度和稳定性，但需要采集反馈信号、进行数据处理等多个步骤。
英文资料
Control strategies mainly include open-loop control and closed-loop control. Among them, closed-loop control has higher control accuracy and stability, but requires multiple steps such as collecting feedback signals and data processing.。
可以调节温度作文英语
可以调节温度作文英语标题，The Importance of Temperature Control。
In our modern world, temperature control has become an integral aspect of our daily lives. From adjusting the thermostat in our homes to regulating the temperature ofour food, the ability to control temperature brings comfort, safety, and efficiency. In this essay, we will explore the significance of temperature control in various aspects oflife and its impact on society.First and foremost, temperature control plays a crucial role in maintaining a comfortable living environment. Whether it's during the scorching heat of summer or thebitter cold of winter, having the ability to adjust the temperature indoors ensures that individuals can escape extreme weather conditions and stay cozy and relaxed within their homes. This not only enhances the quality of life but also promotes overall well-being by reducing stress and discomfort.Moreover, temperature control is essential for preserving perishable goods and maintaining food safety. In industries such as agriculture, food processing, and healthcare, precise temperature regulation is critical for preserving the freshness and quality of products, preventing spoilage, and minimizing the risk of foodborne illnesses. From cold storage facilities to refrigerated transportation, temperature control technologies play a vital role in ensuring that food reaches consumers safely and remains safe for consumption.Furthermore, temperature control is indispensable in various industrial processes and manufacturing operations. Many industrial processes require specific temperature conditions to ensure optimal performance and product quality. For example, in the pharmaceutical industry, precise temperature control is necessary during drug manufacturing to maintain the stability and efficacy of medications. Similarly, in the electronics industry, controlling the temperature during the production of semiconductors and electronic components is essential toprevent defects and ensure product reliability.In addition to its practical applications, temperature control also has significant implications for energy efficiency and environmental sustainability. By optimizing temperature settings and implementing energy-efficient heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems, individuals and businesses can reduce energy consumption, lower utility costs, and minimize their carbon footprint. Moreover, advancements in renewable energy technologies, such as solar heating and geothermal cooling, offer sustainable alternatives for temperature control, further reducing reliance on fossil fuels and mitigating climate change.Furthermore, temperature control plays a critical rolein healthcare and medical treatment. From maintaining the right temperature in hospital environments to regulatingthe temperature of medical equipment and storage facilities, precise temperature control is essential for ensuringpatient comfort, preserving medications and vaccines, and facilitating medical procedures. In situations such assurgeries and intensive care units, maintaining optimal body temperature through methods like thermoregulation devices is crucial for patient safety and recovery.In conclusion, temperature control is an indispensable aspect of modern life with far-reaching implications for comfort, safety, efficiency, and sustainability. Whetherit's maintaining a comfortable indoor environment, preserving food and perishable goods, optimizing industrial processes, conserving energy, or promoting healthcare, the ability to regulate temperature plays a vital role in enhancing our quality of life and shaping the future of society.(Word count: 475)。
用温度,湿度控制 英语版
temperature sensor and including analog output and digital output two
types. Contact temperature sensor detection part and the tested object
In this paper, a general architecture of distributed temperature control system is put forward based on multi-sensor data fusion and CAN bus. A new method of multi-sensor data fusion based on parameter estimation is proposed for the distributed temperature control system. The major feature of the system is its generality, which is suitable for many fields of large scale temperature control. Experiment shows that this system possesses higher accuracy, reliability, good real—time characteristic and wide application prospect
microcomputer application system SOC design can have larger development.
单片机温度控制系统论文中英文资料对照外文翻译文献
单片机温度控制系统论文中英文资料对照外文翻译文献原文题目：Single-chip microcomputer temperature control system DescriptionThe at89s52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with 4K bytes of Flash Programmable and Erasable Read Only Memory (PEROM) and 128 bytes RAM. The device is manufactured using Atmel’s high density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry standard MCS-51™ instruction set and pinout. The chip combines a versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel at89s52 is a powerful microcomputer which provides a highly flexible and cost effective solution to many embedded control applications.Features:• Compatible with MCS-51™ Products• 4K Bytes of In-System Reprogrammable Flash Memory• Endurance: 1,000 Write/Erase Cycles• Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 24 MHz• Three-Level Program Memory Lock• 128 x 8-Bit Internal RAM• 32 Programmable I/O Lines• Two 16-Bit Timer/Counters• Six Interrupt Sources• Programmable Serial Channel• Low Power Idle and Po wer Down ModesThe at89s52 provides the following standard features: 4K bytes of Flash, 128 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, two 16-bit timer/counters, a five vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator and clock circuitry. In addition, the at89s52 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM,timer/counters, serial port and interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power Down Mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator disabling all other chip functions until the next hardware reset.Pin Description:VCC Supply voltage.GND Ground.Port 0Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bidirectional I/O port. As an output port each pin can sink eight TTL inputs. When is are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as high impedance inputs.Port 0 may also be configured to be the multiplexed loworder address/data bus during accesses to external program and data memory. In this mode P0 has internal pullups.Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash programming, and outputs the code bytes during program verification. External pullups are required during program verification.Port 1Port 1 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pullups. The Port 1 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins they are pulled high by the internal pullups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 1 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pullups.Port 1 also receives the low-order address bytes during Flash programming and verification.Port 2Port 2 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pullups. The Port 2 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 2 pins they are pulled high by the internal pullups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pullups.Port 2 emits the high-order address byte during fetches from external program memory and during accesses to external data memory that use 16-bit addresses (MOVX @ DPTR). In this application it uses strong internal pull-ups when emitting 1s. During accesses to external data memory that use 8-bit addresses (MOVX @ RI), Port 2 emits the contents of the P2 Special Function Register.Port 2 also receives the high-order address bits and some control signals during Flash programming and verification.Port 3Port 3 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pullups. The Port 3 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 3 pins they are pulled high by the internal pullups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the pullups.Port 3 also serves the functions of various special features of the at89s52 as listed below:Port pin alternate functionsP3.0 rxd (serial input port)P3.1 txd (serial output port)P3.2 ^int0 (external interrupt0)Port 3 also receivessome control signals forFlash programming andverification. RSTReset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is runningresets the device.ALE/PROGAddress Latch Enable output pulse for latching the low byte of the address duringaccesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG) during Flash programming.In normal operation ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator frequency, and may be used for external timing or clocking purposes. Note, however, that one ALE pulse is skipped during each access to external Data Memory.If desired, ALE operation can be disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR location 8EH. With the bit set, ALE is active only during a MOVX or MOVC instruction. Otherwise, the pin is weakly pulled high. Setting the ALE-disable bit has no effect if the microcontroller is in external execution mode.PSENProgram Store Enable is the read strobe to external program memory.When the at89s52 is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated twice each machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped during each access to external data memory.EA/VPPExternal Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device to fetch code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH. Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched on reset.EA should be strapped to VCC for internal program executions.This pin also receives the 12-volt programming enable voltage(VPP) during Flashprogramming, for parts that require 12-volt VPP.XTAL1Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit. XTAL2Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.Oscillator CharacteristicsXTAL1 and XTAL2 are the input and output, respectively, of an inverting amplifierwhich can be configured for use as an on-chip oscillator, as shown in Figure 1. Either a quartz crystal or ceramic resonator may be used. To drive the device from an external clock source, XTAL2 should be left unconnected while XTAL1 is driven as shown in Figure 2. There are no requirements on the duty cycle of the external clock signal, since the input to the internal clocking circuitry is through a divide-by-two flip-flop, but minimum and maximum voltage high and low time specifications must be observed. P3.3 ^int1 (external interrupt1) P3.4 t0 (timer0 external input) P3.5 t1 (timer1 external input) P3.6 ^WR (external data memory write strobe) P3.7^rd (external data memory read strobe)Idle ModeIn idle mode, the CPU puts itself to sleep while all the onchip peripherals remain active. The mode is invoked by software. The content of the on-chip RAM and all the special functions registers remain unchanged during this mode. The idle mode can be terminated by any enabled interrupt or by a hardware reset.It should be noted that when idle is terminated by a hard ware reset, the device normally resumes program execution, from where it left off, up to two machine cycles before the internal reset algorithm takes control. On-chip hardware inhibits access to internal RAM in this event, but access to the port pins is not inhibited. To eliminate the possibility of an unexpected write to a port pin when Idle is terminated by reset, the instruction following the one that invokes Idle should not be one that writes to a port pin or to external memory.Status of External Pins During Idle and Power Down Modesmode Program memory ALE ^psen Port0 Port1Port2Port3idle internal 1 1 data data data DataIdle External 1 1 float Data data Data Power down Internal 0 0 Data Data Data Data Power down External 0 0 float data Data data Power Down ModeIn the power down mode the oscillator is stopped, and the instruction that invokes power down is the last instruction executed. The on-chip RAM and Special Function Registers retain their values until the power down mode is terminated. The only exit from power down is a hardware reset. Reset redefines the SFRs but does not change the on-chip RAM. The reset should not be activated before VCC is restored to its normal operating level and must be held active long enough to allow the oscillator to restart and stabilize.Program Memory Lock BitsOn the chip are three lock bits which can be left unprogrammed (U) or can be programmed (P) to obtain the additional features listed in the table below:Lock Bit Protection ModesWhen lock bit 1 is programmed, the logic level at the EA pin is sampled and latchedduring reset. If the device is powered up without a reset, the latch initializes to a random value, and holds that value until reset is activated. It is necessary that the latched value of EA be in agreement with the current logic level at that pin in order for the device to function properly. Programming the Flash：The at89s52 is normally shipped with the on-chip Flash memory array in the erased state (that is, contents = FFH) and ready to be programmed.The programming interface accepts either a high-voltage (12-volt) or a low-voltage (VCC) program enable signal.The low voltage programming mode provides a convenient way to program the at89s52 inside the user’s system, while the high-voltage programming mode is compatible with conventional third party Flash or EPROM programmers.The at89s52 is shipped with either the high-voltage or low-voltage programming mode enabled. The respective top-side marking and device signature codes are listed in the following table.Vpp=12v Vpp=5vTop-side mark at89s52xxxxyywwat89s52xxxx-5yywwsignature (030H)=1EH(031H)=51H(032H)=FFH (030H)=1EH (031H)=51H (032H)=05HThe at89s52 code memory array is programmed byte-bybyte in either programming mode. To program any nonblank byte in the on-chip Flash Programmable and Erasable Read Only Memory, the entire memory must be erased using the Chip Erase Mode. Programming Algorithm:Before programming the at89s52, the address, data and control signals should be set up according to the Flash programming mode table and Figures 3 and 4. To program the at89s52, take the following steps.1. Input the desired memory location on the address lines.2. Input the appropriate data byte on the data lines.3. Activate the correct combination of control signals.4. Raise EA/VPP to 12V for the high-voltage programming mode.5. Pulse ALE/PROG once to program a byte in the Flash array or the lock bits. Thebyte-write cycle is self-timed and typically takes no more than 1.5 ms. Repeat steps 1 through 5, changing the address and data for the entire array or until the end of the object file is reached.Data Polling: The at89s52 features Data Polling to indicate the end of a write cycle. During a write cycle, an attempted read of the last byte written will result in the complement of the written datum on PO.7. Once the write cycle has been completed, true data are valid on all outputs, and the next cycle may begin. Data Polling may begin any time after a write cycle has been initiated.Ready/Busy: The progress of byte programming can also be monitored by theRDY/BSY output signal. P3.4 is pulled low after ALE goes high during programming to indicate BUSY. P3.4 is pulled high again when programming is done to indicate READY.Program Verify: If lock bits LB1 and LB2 have not been programmed, the programmed code data can be read back via the address and data lines for verification. The lock bits cannot be verified directly. Verification of the lock bits is achieved by observing that their features are enabled.Chip Erase: T he entire Flash Programmable and Erasable Read Only Memory array is erased electrically by using the proper combination of control signals and by holdingALE/PROG low for 10 ms. The code array is written with all “1”s. The chip erase operation must be executed before the code memory can be re-programmed.Reading the Signature Bytes: The signature bytes are read by the same procedure as a normal verification of locations 030H, 031H, and 032H, except that P3.6 and P3.7 must be pulled to a logic low. The values returned are as follows.(030H) = 1EH indicates manufactured by Atmel(031H) = 51H indicates 89C51(032H) = FFH indicates 12V programming(032H) = 05H indicates 5V programmingProgramming InterfaceEvery code byte in the Flash array can be written and the entire array can be erased by using the appropriate combination of control signals. The write operation cycle is selftimed and once initiated, will automatically time itself to completion.译文题目：单片机温度控制系统描述at89s52是美国ATMEL公司生产的低电压，高性能CMOS8位单片机，片内含4Kbytes 的快速可擦写的只读程序存储器（PEROM）和128 bytes 的随机存取数据存储器（RAM），器件采用ATMEL公司的高密度、非易失性存储技术生产，兼容标准MCS-51产品指令系统，片内置通用8位中央处理器（CPU）和flish存储单元，功能强大at89s52单片机可为您提供许多高性价比的应用场合，可灵活应用于各种控制领域。
温湿度控制中英文
外文原文Single chip microcomputer and the development of the temperature and humidity sensorAbstract:Temperature control system has been widely used over the past decades. In this paper, a general architecture of distributed temperature control system is put forward based on multi-sensor data fusion and CAN bus. A new method of multi-sensor data fusion based on parameter estimation is proposed for the distributed temperature control system. The major feature of the system is its generality, which is suitable for many fields of large scale temperature control. Experiment shows that this system possesses higher accuracy, reliability, good real—time characteristic and wide application prospectBorn in the 1970 s single chip microcomputer, and experience the SCM, MCU, SOC three phases.(1) SCM namely Single Chip computer stage, main is to seek out the monolithic forms of the embedded system best system structure. "Innovation mode" success, laid the SCM and general computer completely different development road.(2) MCU namely Micro Controller (Micro Controller Unit) stage, the main technological development direction is: expanding meet embedded application, the object system requirements of various peripheral circuit and interface circuit, dash forward show its object the intelligent control ability.(3) MCU is embedded system independent development way, to a key factor to the development of MCU stage, is to seek application system on a chip in the maximization of the solution; Therefore, special MCU development natural form the SOC tendency. With microelectronics technology, IC design, EDA tools development, based on the single chip microcomputer application system SOC design can have larger development.Temperature is a basic physical quantities, everything in nature is closely related with the process of temperature. The temperature sensoris the earliest development, the most widely used kind of sensor. From 17 th century people began to use temperature measuring. The temperature sensor there are four main types: thermocouple, thermal resistance, resistance temperature detector (RTD) and temperature sensor IC. IC temperature sensor and including analog output and digital output two types. Contact temperature sensor detection part and the tested object has a good contact, and calls the thermometer. The thermometer through the transmission or convection reach thermal equilibrium, thus make the thermometer and value can be measured directly says the temperature of the objects. General measurement precision. In a certain temperature range, the thermometer can also be measuring objects of internal temperature distribution. But for sports body, small target or heat capacity is very small objects will produce larger measurement error, commonly used a thermometer have two-metal thermometer, glass liquid thermometer, pressure type thermometer, resistance thermometers, thermistors and temperature difference electric dipole, etc. Contactless temperature sensor sensitive components and tested object each other is not contact, again say non-contact highlighted.it table. This instrument can be used to measure movement object, small goals and heat capacity small or temperature change quickly (transient) the surface temperature of the object, also can used for the measurement of the temperature distribution.Distributed temperature control system has been widely used in our daily life and production, including intelligent building, greenhouse, constant temperature workshop, large and medium granary, depot, and soon[1]. This kind of system should ensure that the environment temperaturecan be kept between two predefined limits. In the conventional temperature measurement systems we build a network through RS-485 Bus using a single-chip metering system based on temperature sensors. With the aid of the network, we can carry out centralized monitoring and controlling. However, when the monitoring area is much more widespread and transmission distance becomes farther, the disadvantages of RS-485 Bus become more obvious. In this situation, the transmission and response speed becomes lower, the anti-interference ability becomes worse. Therefore, we shouldseek out a new communication method to solve the problems produced by RS-485 Bus.During all the communication manners, the industrial control-oriented field bus technology can ensure that we can break through the limitation of traditional point to point communication mode and build up a real distributed control and centralized management system. As a serial communication protocol supporting distributed real-time control, CAN bus has much more merits than RS-485 Bus, such as better error correction ability, better real-time ability, lower cost and so on. Presently, it has been extensively used in the implementation of distributed measurement and control domains.With the development of sensory technology, more and more systems begin to adopt multi-sensor data fusion technology to improve their performances. Multi-sensor data fusion is a kind of paradigm for integrating the data from multiple sources to synthesize the newinformation so that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts [3][4][5].And it is a critical task both in the contemporary and future systems which have distributed networks of low-cost, resource-constrained sensors1.AVR devices profileA VR MCU is 1997 by ATMEL company developed of enhanced the built-in Flash RISC (Reduced Instruction Set CPU) Reduced Instruction Set high speed eight microcontroller. AVR single-chip can be widely used in computer external equipment, industrial real-time control, instrument and apparatus, communication equipment, household electrical appliances, etc. In 1997, the Atmel company Norway design center of Mr. A and V sir, the use of the new technology Atmel company Flash, to research the RISC reduced instruction set high speed eight microcontroller, hereinafter referred to as the AVR.Avr microcontroller characteristicsAVR microcontroller hardware structure take eight machine and 16 machine of compromise strategies that use local registers of deposit (32 register file) and monomer high-speed input/output scheme (i.e. input capture registers, output is matching register and the corresponding control logic). Improve the instruction execution speed (1 Mips/MHz), overcome the bottlenecks, and enhance the function; At the same time, reduce the cost of the management of foreign set, relative simplified the hardware structure, reduce the costs. So AVR microcomputer in the soft/hardware cost, speed, performance and cost many has made optimization balance, is a cost-effective microcontroller.AVR SCM's I/O line can be set on the all take pull-up resistors, set separately for input/output, can be set (initial) the high impedance input,driving ability (can save power drive devices) features, make the I/O mouth flexible and powerful and resources can be fully used.Single chip microcomputer automatic power AVR reset circuit, independent watchdog circuit, low voltage detection circuit BOD, multiple reset source (automatic reset and external reset and electricity, the watchdog reset, BOD reset), can be set to start delay to run the program, enhance the reliability of the embedded system.AVR SCM has a variety of province electricity sleep mode, and wide voltage operation (5-1.8 V), the anti-interference ability is strong, can reduce the average 8 bits of software anti-interference design work machine and the usage of the hardware.AVR microcontroller technology embodies the single-chip microcomputer collect A variety of devices including FLASH program memory, the watchdog, EEPROM, with/asynchronous serial mouth, TWI, SPI, A/D converter module, timer/counter, etc) and A variety of functions (enhance the reliability of the system, reduce the power consumption reduction of anti-interference sleep mode and many varieties of all categories interrupt system, with input and output is matching and capture the timer function of diversification, replace function with/counter the I/O port...) at A suit, fully embodies the microcontroller technology from "piece of self conduct war" to "chip systems SoC" the development direction of the transition.2.Integrated temperature sensorAD590Integrated temperature sensor AD590 to, its temperature resolution for the 0.3 degrees Celsius. The analog signal is output AD590 to, when the temperature of 0 degrees, output current 273.2 microamps, and current variation and temperature variation in a linear relationship, temperature, and once every change, the output current change 1 microamps, the temperature sensor of working temperature range is-30 degrees-150 degrees. If use AD590 to make the temperature sensor, sensor peripheral circuit is simple, just put sampling resistance and AD590 to link and then to amplify the signal, and then using voltage comparator compared to output voltage, voltage comparator output signals can be directly as PLC the input signal.3.Humidity sensorThere are many ways of measuring the air humidity, its principle isbased on certain material from the surrounding air absorb water caused by physical or chemical properties of the change, indirectly from the material of water quantity and the surrounding air humidity. Capacitive and resistive and wet go up wet type according to its original susceptibility were macromolecule material moisture absorption after the dielectric constant and resistivity and volume change and humidity measurementSolution a: the HOS-201 wet sensors. HOS-201 wet sensor for high humidity sensor switches, it's the job of the voltage of ac 1 V the following, frequency for frequency 50 HZ ~ 1 KHZ, humidity measurement range of 0 ~ 100% RH, working temperature range is 0 ~ 50 ℃, impedance in 75% RH (25 ℃) for 1 M Ω. The sensor is used to switch the sensor, not on the wideband range detection humidity, therefore, mainly for the judgment or under more than e. humidity level. However, the sensor to a certain range, have a good use of the linear, and can be effectively using the linear characteristics.Scheme ii: the HS1100 / HS1101 humidity sensor. HS1100 / HS1101 capacitance sensor, in a circuit of equivalent to a capacitor, it has the capacity as the air humidity increases while. Do not need to complete interchangeability of calibration, high reliability and long-term stability, fast response time, patent design of solid polymer structure, the top contact (HS1100) and lateral contact (HS1101) two kinds of packaging products, apply to linear output voltage and frequency output two circuit, is suitable for making automatic assembly line of the plugin and automatic assembly process, etc.Relative humidity at 1%-100% RH range; The capacity to change by 16 pF 200 pF, the error is not more than plus or minus 2% RH; Response time less than 5 S; The temperature coefficient is 0.04 pF / ℃. Visible is higher accuracy.A comprehensive comparison of scheme and scheme ii, plan one although meet the precision and the requirements of the measure humidity range, but its limited to certain scope, have a good use of the linear, and can be effectively using the linear characteristics. And still do not have in this design system of temperature-30 to 50 ℃ request, so we chose this design as the second scheme humidity sensor.4.MC14433 A/D converterMC14433 is three and A half double integral type of the A/D converter, with high precision, good anti-jamming performance advantages, its shortcoming is conversion rate low, about 1-10 times/SEC. Without the requirement of high speed switching occasions, for example, in low speed data acquisition system, is widely used. MC14433A a/D converter and domestic product 5 G14433 are all the same, can be interchanged.5.Multi-sensor data fusonThe aim to use data fusion in the distributed temperature control system is to eliminate the uncertainty, gain a more precise and reliable value than the arithmetical mean of the measured data from finite sensors. Furthermore, when some of the sensors become invalid in the temperature sensor groups, the intelligent CAN node can still obtain the accurate temperature value by fusing the information from the other valid sensors.5.1. Consistency verification of the measured dataDuring the process of temperature measurement in our designed distributed temperature control system, measurement error comes into being inevitably because of the influence of the paroxysmal disturb or the equipment fault. So we should eliminate the careless mistake before data fusion.We can eliminate the measurement errors by using scatter diagram method in the system equipped with little amount of sensors. Parametersto represent the data distribution structure include median—TM, upperquartile number—Fv , lower quartile number—FLand quartiledispersion—dF.It is supposed that each sensor in the temperature control systemproceeds temperature measurement independently. In the system, there are eight sensors in each temperature sensor group of the intelligent CAN node. So we can obtain eight temperature values in each CAN node at the same time. We arrange the collected temperature data in a sequence from small to large:T 1, T 2, …, T 8In the sequence, T 1 is the limit inferior and T 8 is the limit superior.We define the median —T M as:(1)The upper quartile —F v is the median of the interval [T M , T 8].The lowerquartile number —F L is the median of the interval [T 1, T M ].The dispersion of the quartile is:（2）We suppose that the data is an aberration one if the distance from the median is greater than adF, that is, the estimation interval of invalid data is:(3)In the formula, a is a constant, which is dependent on the system measurement error, commonly its value is to be 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and so on. The rest values in the measurement column are considered as to be the valid ones with consistency. And the Single-Chip in the intelligent CAN node will fuse the consistent measurement value to obtain a fusion result6.The research significanceThe collection of temperature and humidity monitoring in daily life has a wide range of USES, the temperature and humidity monitor based on this and design, the biggest advantage is that it can display the current temperature and humidity measurement, and the current temperature and preset temperature carries on the comparison, more than when the current temperature and humidity preset temperature alarm, realize the historicaldata monitoring, collection and analysis purposes. The temperature and humidity monitoring alarm low power consumption, can use the minimal resource for different temperature for high precision measurement, reliable performance, convenient operation information, complex work through software programming to complete, easy to get results, in actual use for the ideal effect. This design has realized to the real-time control of the temperature, flexible control precision and reliability, high, can meet the product preliminary test the requirements of the aging. In the processing of constant temperature and heating temperature, formed a complete set of control plan, can transplantation for constant temperature, heating the house and equipment many aspects. Therefore, this design research results and the design idea can be good in other design transplantation, did it and the actual good union, with strong practical significance.译文单片机及温湿度传感器的发展摘要：在过去的几十年，温度控制系统已经被广泛的应用。
单片机温度控制系统外文翻译_外文文献_英文文献_中英翻译
Design of the Temperature Control System Based on AT89C51ABSTRACTThe principle and functions of the temperature control system based on micro controller AT89C51 are studied, and the temperature measurement unit consists of the 1-Wire bus digital temperature sensor DS18B20. The system can be expected to detect the preset temperature, display time and save monitoring data. An alarm will be given by system if the temperature exceeds the upper and lower limit value of the temperature which can be set discretionarily and then automatic control is achieved, thus the temperature is achieved monitoring intelligently within a certain range. Basing on principle of the system, it is easy to make a variety of other non-linear control systems so long as the software design is reasonably changed. The system has been proved to be accurate, reliable and satisfied through field practice.KEYWORDS: AT89C51; micro controller; DS18B20; temperature1 INTRODUCTIONTemperature is a very important parameter in human life. In the modern society, temperature control (TC) is not only used in industrial production, but also widely used in other fields. With the improvement of the life quality, we can find the TC appliance in hotels, factories and home as well. And the trend that TC will better serve the whole society, so it is of great significance to measure and control the temperature. Based on the AT89C51 and temperature sensor DS18B20, this system controls the condition temperature intelligently. The temperature can be set discretionarily within a certain range. The system can show the time on LCD, and save monitoring data; and automatically control the temperature when the conditiontemperature exceeds the upper and lower limit value. By doing so it is to keep the temperature unchanged. The system is of high anti-jamming, high control precision and flexible design; it also fits the rugged environment. It is mainly used in people's life to improve the quality of the work and life. It is also versatile, so that it can be convenient to extend the use of the system. So the design is of profound importance. The general design, hardware design and software design of the system are covered.1.1 IntroductionThe 8-bit AT89C51 CHMOS microcontrollers are designed to handle high-speed calculations and fast input/output operations. MCS 51 microcontrollers are typically used for high-speed event control systems. Commercial applications include modems, motor-control systems, printers, photocopiers, air conditioner control systems, disk drives, and medical instruments. The automotive industry use MCS 51 microcontrollers in engine-control systems, airbags, suspension systems, and antilock braking systems (ABS). The AT89C51 is especially well suited to applications that benefit from its processing speed and enhanced on-chip peripheral functions set, such as automotive power-train control, vehicle dynamic suspension, antilock braking, and stability control applications. Because of these critical applications, the market requires a reliable cost-effective controller with a low interrupt latency response, ability to service the high number of time and event driven integrated peripherals needed in real time applications, and a CPU with above average processing power in a single package. The financial and legal risk of having devices that operate unpredictably is very high. Once in the market, particularly in mission critical applications such as an autopilot or anti-lock braking system, mistakes are financially prohibitive. Redesign costs can run as high as a $500K, much more if the fix means 2 back annotating it across a product family that share the same core and/or peripheral design flaw. In addition, field replacements ofcomponents is extremely expensive, as the devices are typically sealed in modules with a total value several times that of the component. To mitigate these problems, it is essential that comprehensive testing of the controllers be carried out at both the component level and system level under worst case environmental and voltage conditions. This complete and thorough validation necessitates not only a well-defined process but also a proper environment and tools to facilitate and execute the mission successfully. Intel Chandler Platform Engineering group provides post silicon system validation (SV) of various micro-controllers and processors. The system validation process can be broken into three major parts. The type of the device and its application requirements determine which types of testing are performed on the device.1.2 The AT89C51 provides the following standard features4Kbytes of Flash, 128 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, two 16-bittimer/counters, a five vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duple ser-ial port, on-chip oscillator and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89C51 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port and interrupt sys -tem to continue functioning. The Power-down Mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscil–lator disabling all other chip functions until the next hardware reset.1.3Pin DescriptionVCC Supply voltage.GND Ground.Port 0：Port 0 is an 8-bit open-drain bi-directional I/O port. As an output port, each pin can sink eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, thepins can be used as high impedance inputs. Port 0 may also be configured to be the multiplexed low order address/data bus during accesses to external program and data memory. In this mode P0 has internal pull ups. Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash programming, and outputs the code bytes during program verification. External pull ups are required during program verification.Port 1：Port 1 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull ups. The Port 1 output buffers can sink/so -urce four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins they are pulled high by the internal pull ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 1 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pullups. Port 1 also receives the low-order address bytes during Flash programming and verification.Port 2：Port 2 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull ups. The Port 2 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 2 pins they are pulled high by the internal pull ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull ups. Port 2 emits the high-order address byte during fetches from external program memory and during accesses to Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull ups. Port 2 emits the high-order address byte during fetches from external program memory and during accesses to external data memory that use 16-bit addresses (MOVX@DPTR). In this application, it uses strong internal pull-ups when emitting 1s. During accesses to external data memory that use 8-bit addresses (MOVX @ RI), Port 2 emits the contents of the P2 Special Function Register. Port 2 also receives the high-order address bits and some control signals durin Flash programming and verification.Port 3：Port 3 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull ups. The Port 3 output buffers can sink/sou -rce four TTL inputs. When 1s are written toPort 3 pins they are pulled high by the internal pull ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the pull ups.Port 3 also serves the functions of various special features of the AT89C51 as listed below:RST：Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running resets the device.ALE/PROG：Address Latch Enable output pulse for latching the low byte of the address during accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG) during Flash programming. In normal operation ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator frequency, and may be used for external timing or clocking purposes. Note, however, that one ALE pulse is skipped duri-ng each access to external Data Memory. If desired, ALE operation can be disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR location 8EH. With the bit set, ALE is active only during a MOVX or MOVC instruction. Otherwise, the pin is weakly pulled high. Setting the ALE-disable bit has no effect if the microcontroller is in external execution mode.PSEN：Program Store Enable is the read strobe to external program memory. When theAT89C51 is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated twice each machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped during each access to external data memory.EA/VPP：External Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device to fetch code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH. Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched on reset. EA should be strapped to VCC for internal program executions. This pin alsreceives the 12-volt programming enable voltage (VPP) during Flash programming, for parts that require 12-volt VPP.XTAL1：Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit.XTAL2 ：Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier. Oscillator CharacteristicsXTAL1 and XTAL2 are the input and output, respectively, of an inverting amplifier which can be configured for use as an on-chip oscillator, as shown in Figure 1. Either a quartz crystal or ceramic resonator may be used. To drive the device from an external clock source, XTAL2 should be left unconnected while XTAL1 is driven as shown in Figure 2.There are no requirements on the duty cycle of the external clock signal, since the input to the internal clocking circuitry is through a divide-by-two flip-flop, but minimum and maximum voltage high and low time specifications must be observed. Idle Mode In idle mode, the CPU puts itself to sleep while all the on chip peripherals remain active. The mode is invoked by software. The content of the on-chip RAM and all the special functions registers remain unchanged during this mode. The idle mode can be terminated by any enabled interrupt or by a hardware reset. It should be noted that when idle is terminated by a hard ware reset, the device normally resumes program execution, from where it left off, up to two machine cycles before the internal reset algorithm takes control. On-chip hardware inhibits access to internal RAM in this event, but access to the port pins is not inhibited. To eliminate the possibility of an unexpected write to a port pin when Idle is terminated by reset, the instruction following the one that invokes Idle should not be one that writes to a port pin or to external memory.Power-down ModeIn the power-down mode, the oscillator is stopped, and the instruction that invokes power-down is the last instruction executed. The on-chip RAM and Special Function Registers retain their values until the power-down mode is terminated. The only exit from power-down is a hardware reset. Reset redefines the SFRS butdoes not change the on-chip RAM. The reset should not be activated before VCC is restored to its normal operating level and must be held active long enough to allow the oscillator to restart and stabilize. The AT89C51 code memory array is programmed byte-by byte in either programming mode. To program any nonblank byte in the on-chip Flash Memory, the entire memory must be erased using the Chip Erase Mode.2 Programming AlgorithmBefore programming the AT89C51, the address, data and control signals should be set up according to the Flash programming mode table and Figure 3 and Figure 4. To program the AT89C51, take the following steps.1. Input the desired memory location on the address lines.2. Input the appropriate data byte on the data lines.3. Activate the correct combination of control signals.4. Raise EA/VPP to 12V for the high-voltage programming mode.5. Pulse ALE/PROG once to program a byte in the Flash array or the lock bits. The byte-write cycle is self-timed and typically takes no more than 1.5 ms. Repeat steps 1 through 5, changing the address and data for the entire array or until the end of the object file is reached. Data Polling: The AT89C51 features Data Polling to indicate the end of a write cycle. During a write cycle, an attempted read of the last byte written will result in the complement of the written datum on PO.7. Once the write cycle has been completed, true data are valid on all outputs, and the next cycle may begin. Data Polling may begin any time after a write cycle has been initiated.2.1Ready/Busy:The progress of byte programming can also be monitored by the RDY/BSY output signal. P3.4 is pulled low after ALE goes high during programming to indicate BUSY. P3.4 is pulled high again when programming is done to indicate READY.Program Verify:If lock bits LB1 and LB2 have not been programmed, the programmed code data can be read back via the address and data lines for verification. The lock bits cannot be verified directly. Verification of the lock bits is achieved by observing that their features are enabled.2.2 Chip Erase:The entire Flash array is erased electrically by using the proper combination of control signals and by holding ALE/PROG low for 10 ms. The code array is written with all “1”s. The chip erase operation must be executed before the code memory can be re-programmed.2.3 Reading the Signature Bytes:The signature bytes are read by the same procedure as a normal verification of locations 030H, 031H, and 032H, except that P3.6 and P3.7 must be pulled to a logic low. The values returned areas follows.(030H) = 1EH indicates manufactured by Atmel(031H) = 51H indicates 89C51(032H) = FFH indicates 12V programming(032H) = 05H indicates 5V programming2.4 Programming InterfaceEvery code byte in the Flash array can be written and the entire array can be erased by using the appropriate combination of control signals. The write operation cycle is self timed and once initiated, will automatically time itself to completion.A microcomputer interface converts information between two forms. Outside themicrocomputer the information handled by an electronic system exists as a physical signal, but within the program, it is represented numerically. The function of any interface can be broken down into a number of operations which modify the data in some way, so that the process of conversion between the external and internal forms is carried out in a number of steps. An analog-to-digital converter(ADC) is used to convert a continuously variable signal to a corresponding digital form which can take any one of a fixed number of possible binary values. If the output of the transducer does not vary continuously, no ADC is necessary. In this case the signal conditioning section must convert the incoming signal to a form which can be connected directly to the next part of the interface, the input/output section of the microcomputer itself. Output interfaces take a similar form, the obvious difference being that here the flow of information is in the opposite direction; it is passed from the program to the outside world. In this case the program may call an output subroutine which supervises the operation of the interface and performs the scaling numbers which may be needed for digital-to-analog converter(DAC). This subroutine passes information in turn to an output device which produces a corresponding electrical signal, which could be converted into analog form using a DAC. Finally the signal is conditioned(usually amplified) to a form suitable for operating an actuator. The signals used within microcomputer circuits are almost always too small to be connected directly to the outside world”and some kind of interface must be used to translate them to a more appropriate form. The design of section of interface circuits is one of the most important tasks facing the engineer wishing to apply microcomputers. We have seen that in microcomputers information is represented as discrete patterns of bits; this digital form is most useful when the microcomputer is to be connected to equipment which can only be switched on or off, where each bit might represent the state of a switch or actuator. To solve real-world problems, a microcontroller must have more than just a CPU, a program, and a data memory. In addition, it must contain hardware allowing the CPU to access information from the outside world. Once theCPU gathers information and processes the data, it must also be able to effect change on some portion of the outside world. These hardware devices, called peripherals, are the CPU’s window to the outside.The most basic form of peripheral available on microcontrollers is the general purpose I70 port. Each of the I/O pins can be used as either an input or an output. The function of each pin is determined by setting or clearing corresponding bits in a corresponding data direction register during the initialization stage of a program. Each output pin may be driven to either a logic one or a logic zero by using CPU instructions to pin may be viewed (or read.) by the CPU using program instructions. Some type of serial unit is included on microcontrollers to allow the CPU to communicate bit-serially with external devices. Using a bit serial format instead of bit-parallel format requires fewer I/O pins to perform the communication function, which makes it less expensive, but slower. Serial transmissions are performed either synchronously or asynchronously.3 SYSTEM GENERAL DESIGNThe hardware block diagram of the TC is shown in Fig. 1. The system hardware includes the micro controller, temperature detection circuit, keyboard control circuit, clock circuit, Display, alarm, drive circuit and external RAM. Based on the AT89C51, the DS18B20 will transfer the temperature signal detected to digital signal. And the signal is sent to the micro controller for processing. At last the temperature value is showed on the LCD 12232F. These steps are used to achieve the temperature detection. Using the keyboard interface chip HD7279 to set the temperature value, using the micro controller to keep a certain temperature, and using the LCD to show the preset value for controlling the temperature. In addition, the clock chip DS1302 is used to show time and the external RAM 6264 is used to save the monitoring data. An alarm will be given by buzzer in time if the temperature exceeds the upper and lower limit value of the temperature.3.1 HARDWARE DESIGNA. Micro controllerThe AT89C51 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit micro controller with 4K bytes of in-system programmable Flash memory. The device is manufactured using At mel’s high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry-standard 80C51 instruction set and pin out. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with in-system programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the At mel AT89C51 is a powerful micro controller which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications. Minimum system of the micro controller is shown in Fig. 2. In order to save monitoring data, the 6264 is used as an external RAM. It is a static RAM chip, low-power with 8K bytes memory.B. Temperature Detection CircuitThe temperature sensor is the key part in the system. The Dallas DS18B20 is used, which supports the 1-Wire bus interface, and the ON-BOARD Patented is used internally. All the sensor parts and the converting circuit are integrated in integrated circuit like a transistor [1]. Its measure range is -55℃~125 ℃, and the precision between -10℃~85℃is ±0.5℃[2 ,3]. The temperature collected by the DS18B20 is transmitted in the 1-Wire bus way, and this highly raises the system anti-jamming and makes it fit in situ temperature measurement of the rugged environment [4]. There are two power supply ways for the DS18B20. The first is external power supply: the first pin of the DS18B20 is connected to the ground; the second pin serves as signal wire and the third is connected to the power. The second way is parasite power supply [5]. As the parasite power supply will lead to the complexity of the hardware circuit, the difficulty of the software controland the performance degradation of the chip, etc. But the DS18B20(s) can be connected to the I/O port of the micro controller in the external power supply way and it is more popular. Therefore the external power supply is used and the second pin is connected to the pin P1.3 of the AT89S51. Actually, if there are multipoint to be detected, the DS18B20(s) can be connected to the 1-Wire bus. But when the number is over 8, there is a concern to the driving and the more complex software design as well as the length of the 1-Wire bus. Normally it is no more than 50m. To achieve distant control, the system can be designed in to a wireless one to breakthe length limit of the 1-Wire bus [6].C. LCD CircuitThe LCD 12232F is used, which can be used to show characters, temperature value and time, and supply a friendly display interface. The 12232F is a LCD with 8192 128×32 pixels Chinese character database and 128 16×8 pixels A SCII character set graphics. It mainly consists of row drive/column drive and 128×32 full lattice LCD with the function of displaying graphics as well as 7.5×2 Chinese characters. It is in a parallel or serial mode to connect to external CPU [7]. In order to economize the hardware resource, the 12232F should be connected to the AT89S51 in serial mode with only 4 output ports used. The LCD grayscale can be changed by adjusting the variable resistor connected the pin Vlcd of the LCD. CLK is used to transmit serial communication clock. SID is used to transmit serial data. CS is used to enable control the LCD. L+ is used to control the LCD backlight power.D. Clock CircuitThe Dallas DS18B20 is used, which is a high performance, low-power and real-time clock chip with RAM. The DS18B20 serves in the system with calendar clock and is used to monitor the time. The time data is read and processed by the AT89C51 and then displayed by the LCD. Also the time can be adjusted by the keyboard. TheDS18B20 crystal oscillator is set at 32768Hz, and the recommended compensation capacitance is 6pF. The oscillator frequency is lower, so it might be possible not to connect the capacitor, and this would not make a big difference to the time precision. The backup power supply can be connected to a 3.6V rechargeable battery.E. Keyboard Control CircuitThe keyboard interface in the system is driven by the HD7279A which has a +5V single power supply and which is connected to the keyboard and display without using any active-device. According to the basic requirements and functions of the system, only 6 buttons are needed. The system's functions are set by the AT89C51 receiving the entered data. In order to save the external resistor, the 1×6 keyboard is used, and the keyboard codes are defined as: 07H, 0FH, 17H, 1FH, 27H, 2FH. The order can be read out by reading the code instruction. HD7279A is connected to the AT89S51 in serial mode and only 4 ports are need. As shown in Fig. 6, DIG0~DIG5 and DP are respectively the column lines and row line ports of the six keys which achieve keyboard monitoring, decoding and key codes identification.F. Alarm CircuitIn order to simplify the circuit and convenient debugging, a 5V automatic buzzer is used in the alarm circuit [8]. And this make the software programming simplified. As shown in Fig. 7, it is controlled by the PNP transistor 9012 whose base is connected to the pin P2.5 of the AT89C51. When the temperature exceeds the upper and lower limit value, the P2.5 output low level which makes the transistor be on and then an alarm is given by the buzzer.G. Drive CircuitA step motor is used as the drive device to control the temperature. The four-phase and eight-beat pulse distribution mode is used to drive motor and thesimple delay program is used to handle the time interval between the pulses to obtain different rotational speed. There are two output states for the step motor. One: when the temperature is over the upper value, the motor rotates reversely (to low the temperature), while when lower than the lower limit value, the motor rotates normally (to raise the temperature); besides not equals the preset value. Two: when the temperature is at somewhere between the two ends and equals the preset value, the motor stops. These steps are used to achieve the temperature control. In addition, the motor speed can also be adjusted by relative buttons. As shown in Fig. 8, the code data is input through ports A11~A8 (be P2.3~P2.0) of the AT89C51 and inverted output by the inverter 74LS04. Finally it is amplified by the power amplifier 2803A to power the motor.3.2 SOFTWARE DESIGNAccording to the general design requirement and hardware circuit principle of the system, as well as the improvement of the program readability, transferability and the convenient debugging, the software design is modularized. The system flow mainly includes the following 8 steps: POST (Power-on self-test), system initiation, temperature detection, alarm handling, temperature control, clock chip DS18B20 operation, LCD and keyboard operation. The main program flow is shown in Fig. 9. Give a little analysis to the above 8 tasks, it is easy to find out that the last five tasks require the real time operation. But to the temperature detection it can be achieved with timer0 timing 1 second, that is to say temperature detection occurs per second. The system initiation includes global variable definition, RAM initiation, special function register initiation and peripheral equipment initiation. Global variable definition mainly finishes the interface definition of external interface chip connected to the AT89C51, and special definition of some memory units. RAM initiation mainly refers to RAM processing. For example when the system is electrified the time code will be stored in theinternal unit address or the scintillation flag will be cleared. The special function register initiation includes loading the initial value of timer and opening the interrupt. For example, when the system is electrified the timer is initialized. The peripheral equipment initiation refers to set the initial value of peripheral equipment. For example, when the system is electrified, the LCD should be initialized, the start-up display should be called, the temperature conversion command should be issued firstly and the clock chip DS18B20 should also be initialized. The alarm handling is mainly the lowering and the raising of temperature to make the temperature remain with the preset range. When the temperature is between the upper and the lower limit value, it goes to temperature control handling, that is to say the temperature need to be raised or lowered according to the preset value. By doing so make the condition temperature equal to the preset value and hence to reach the temperature target.4 CONCLUSIONThe temperature control system has the advantages of friendly human-computer interaction interface, simple hardware, low cost, high temperature control precision (error in the range of ±1 ℃), convenience and versatility, etc. It c an be widely used in the occasions with -55℃to 125℃range, and there is a certain practical value.温度控制系统的设计摘要研究了基于AT89C51单片机温度控制系统的原理和功能，温度测量单元由单总线数字温度传感器DS18B20构成。
温度控制系统中英文对照外文翻译文献
温度控制系统中英文对照外文翻译文献温度控制系统中英文对照外文翻译文献温度控制系统中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)译文:温度控制系统的设计摘要：研究了基于AT89S 51单片机温度控制系统的原理和功能，温度测量单元由单总线数字温度传感器DS18B 20构成。
该系统可进行温度设定，时间显示和保存监测数据。
如果温度超过任意设置的上限和下限值，系统将报警并可以和自动控制的实现，从而达到温度监测智能一定范围内。
基于系统的原理，很容易使其他各种非线性控制系统，只要软件设计合理的改变。
该系统已被证明是准确的，可靠和满意通过现场实践。
践。
关键词：单片机；温度；温度关键词：单片机；温度；温度I. 导言温度是在人类生活中非常重要的参数。
在现代社会中，温度控制（TC TC）不仅用于工业生产，还广泛应用于其它领域。
随着生活质量的提）不仅用于工业生产，还广泛应用于其它领域。
随着生活质量的提高，我们可以发现在酒店，工厂和家庭，以及比赛设备。
而比赛的趋势将更好地服务于整个社会，因此它具有十分重要的意义测量和控制温度。
度。
在AT89S51AT89S51单片机和温度传感器单片机和温度传感器DS18B20DS18B20的基础上，系统环境的基础上，系统环境温度智能控制。
温度可设定在一定范围内动任意。
该系统可以显示在液晶显示屏的时间，并保存监测数据，并自动地控制温度，当环境温度超过上限和下限的值。
这样做是为了保持温度不变。
该系统具有很高的抗干扰能力，控制精度高，灵活的设计，它也非常适合这个恶劣的环境。
它主要应用于人们的生活，改善工作和生活质量。
这也是通用的，因此它可以方便地扩大使用该系统。
因此，设计具有深刻的重要性。
一般的设计，硬件设计和软件系统的设计都包括在内。
设计，硬件设计和软件系统的设计都包括在内。
II. 系统总体设计该系统硬件包括微控制器，温度检测电路，键盘控制电路，时钟电路，显示，报警，驱动电路和外部RAM RAM。
基于单片机的温度控制外文文献及中文翻译
Temperature Control Using a Microcontroller: An Interdisciplinary Undergraduate Engineering Design ProjectJames S. McDonaldDepartment of Engineering ScienceTrinity UniversitySan Antonio, TX 78212Abstract：This paper describes an interdisciplinary design project which was done under the author’s supervision by a group of four senior students in the Department of Engineering Science at Trinity University. The objective of the project was to develop a temperature control system for an air-filled chamber. The system was to allow entry of a desired chamber temperature in a prescribed range and to exhibit overshoot and steady-state temperature error of less than 1 degree Kelvin in the actual chamber temperature step response. The details of the design developed by this group of students, based on a Motorola MC68HC05 family microcontroller, are described. The pedagogical value of the problem is also discussed through a description of some of the key steps in the design process. It is shown that the solution requires broad knowledge drawn from several engineering disciplines including electrical, mechanical, and control systems engineering.1 IntroductionThe design project which is the subject of this paper originated from a real-world application.A prototype of a microscope slide dryer had been developed around an OmegaTM modelCN-390 temperature controller, and the objective was to develop a custom temperature control system to replace the Omega system. The motivation was that a custom controller targeted specifically for the application should be able to achieve the same functionality at a much lower cost, as the Omega system is unnecessarily versatile and equipped to handle a wide variety of applications.The mechanical layout of the slide dryer prototype is shown in Figure 1. The main element of the dryer is a large, insulated, air-filled chamber in which microscope slides, each with a tissue sample encased in paraffin, can be set on caddies. In order that the paraffin maintain the proper consistency, the temperature in the slide chamber must be maintained at a desired (constant) temperature. A second chamber (the electronics enclosure) houses a resistive heater and the temperature controller, and a fan mounted on the end of the dryer blows air across the heater, carrying heat into the slide chamber. This design project was carried out during academic year 1996–97 by four students under the author’s supervision as a Senior Design project in the Department of Engineering Science at Trinity University. The purpose of this paper isto describe the problem and the students’ solution in some detail, and to discuss some of the pedagogical opportunities offered by an interdisciplinary design project of this type. The students’ own report was presented at the 1997 Nat ional Conference on Undergraduate Research [1]. Section 2 gives a more detailed statement of the problem, including performance specifications, and Section 3 describes the students’ design. Section 4 makes up the bulk of the paper, and discusses in some detail several aspects of the design process which offer unique pedagogical opportunities. Finally, Section 5 offers some conclusions.2 Problem StatementThe basic idea of the project is to replace the relevant parts of the functionality of an Omega CN-390 temperature controller using a custom-designed system. The application dictates that temperature settings are usually kept constant for long periods of time, but it’s nonetheless important that step changes be tracked in a “reasonable” manner. Thus the mai n requirements boil down to·allowing a chamber temperature set-point to be entered,·displaying both set-point and actual temperatures, and·tracking step changes in set-point temperature with acceptable rise time, steady-state error, and overshoot.Although not explicitly a part of the specifications in Table 1, it was clear that the customer desired digital displays of set-point and actual temperatures, and that set-point temperature entry should be digital as well (as opposed to, say, through a potentiometer setting).3 System DesignThe requirements for digital temperature displays and setpoint entry alone are enough to dictate that a microcontrollerbased design is likely the most appropriate. Figure 2 shows a block diagram of the students’ design.The microcontroller, a MotorolaMC68HC705B16 (6805 for short), is the heart of the system. It accepts inputs from a simple four-key keypad which allow specification of the set-point temperature, and it displays both set-point and measured chamber temperatures using two-digit seven-segment LED displays controlled by a display driver. All these inputs and outputs are accommodated by parallel ports on the 6805. Chamber temperature is sensed using apre-calibrated thermistor and input via one of the 6805’s an alog-to-digital inputs. Finally, a pulse-width modulation (PWM) output on the 6805 is used to drive a relay which switches line power to the resistive heater off and on.Figure 3 shows a more detailed schematic of the electronics and their interfacing to the 6805. The keypad, a Storm 3K041103, has four keys which are interfaced to pins PA0{ PA3 of Port A, configured as inputs. One key functions as a mode switch. Two modes are supported: set mode and run mode. In set mode two of the other keys are used to specify the set-point temperature: one increments it and one decrements. The fourth key is unused at present. The LED displays are driven by a Harris Semiconductor ICM7212 display driver interfaced to pins PB0{PB6 of Port B, configured as outputs. The temperature-sensing thermistor drives, through a voltage divider, pin AN0 (one of eight analog inputs). Finally, pin PLMA (one of two PWM outputs) drives the heater relay.Software on the 6805 implements the temperature control algorithm, maintains the temperature displays, and alters the set-point in response to keypad inputs. Because it is not complete at this writing, software will not be discussed in detail in this paper. The control algorithm in particular has not been determined, but it is likely to be a simple proportional controller and certainly not more complex than a PID. Some control design issues will be discussed in Section 4, however.4 The Design ProcessAlthough essentially the project is just to build a thermostat, it presents many nice pedagogical opportunities. The knowledge and experience base of a senior engineering undergraduate are just enough to bring him or her to the brink of a solution to various aspects of the problem. Yet, in each case, realworld considerations complicate the situation significantly.Fortunately these complications are not insurmountable, and the result is a very beneficial design experience. The remainder of this section looks at a few aspects of the problem which present the type of learning opportunity just described. Section 4.1 discusses some of the features of a simplified mathematical model of the thermal properties of the system and how it can beeasily validated experimentally. Section 4.2 describes how realistic control algorithm designs can be arrived at using introductory concepts in control design. Section 4.3 points out some important deficiencies of such a simplified modeling/control design process and how they can be overcome through simulation. Finally, Section 4.4 gives an overview of some of the microcontroller-related design issues which arise and learning opportunities offered.4.1 MathematicalModelLumped-element thermal systems are described in almost any introductory linear control systems text, and just this sort of model is applicable to the slide dryer problem. Figure 4 shows a second-order lumped-element thermal model of the slide dryer. The state variables are the temperatures Ta of the air in the box and Tb of the box itself. The inputs to the system are the power output q(t) of the heater and the ambient temperature T¥. ma and mb are the masses of the air and the box, respectively, and Ca and Cb their specific heats. μ1 and μ2 are heat transfer coefficients from the air to the box and from the box to the external world, respectively.It’s not hard to show that the (linearized) state equationscorresponding to Figure 4 areTaking Laplace transforms of (1) and (2) and solving for Ta(s), which is the output of interest, gives the following open-loop model of the thermal system:where K is a constant and D(s) is a second-order polynomial.K, tz, and the coefficients ofD(s) are functions of the variousparameters appearing in (1) and (2).Of course the various parameters in (1) and (2) are completely unknown, but it’s not hard to show that, reg ardless of their values, D(s) has two real zeros. Therefore the main transfer function of interest (which isthe one from Q(s), since we’ll assume constant ambient temperature) can be writtenMoreover, it’s not too hard to show that 1=tp1 <1=tz <1=tp2, i.e., that the zero lies between the two poles. Both of these are excellent exercises for the student, and the result is the openloop pole-zero diagram of Figure 5.Obtaining a complete thermal model, then, is reduced to identifying the constant K and the three unknown time constants in (3). Four unknown parameters is quite a few, but simple experiments show that 1=tp1 _ 1=tz;1=tp2 so that tz;tp2 _ 0 are good approximations. Thus the open-loop system is essentially first-order and can therefore be written(where the subscript p1 has been dropped).Simple open-loop step response experiments show that,for a wide range of initial temperatures and heat inputs, K _0:14 _=W and t _ 295 s.14.2 Control System DesignUsing the first-order model of (4) for the open-loop transfer function Gaq(s) and assuming for the moment that linear control of the heater power output q(t) is possible, the block diagram of Figure 6 represents the closed-loop system. Td(s) is the desired, or set-point, temperature,C(s) is the compensator transfer function, and Q(s) is the heater output in watts.Given this simple situation, introductory linear control design tools such as the root locus method can be used to arrive at a C(s) which meets the step response requirements on rise time, steady-state error, and overshoot specified in Table 1. The upshot, of course, is that a proportional controller with sufficient gain can meet all specifications. Overshoot is impossible, and increasing gains decreases both steady-state error and rise time.Unfortunately, sufficient gain to meet the specifications may require larger heat outputs than the heater is capable of producing. This was indeed the case for this system, and the result is that the rise time specification cannot be met. It is quite revealing to the student how useful such an oversimplified model, carefully arrived at, can be in determining overall performance limitations.4.3 Simulation ModelGross performance and its limitations can be determined using the simplified model of Figure 6, but there are a number of other aspects of the closed-loop system whose effects on performance are not so simply modeled. Chief among these are·quantization error in analog-to-digital conversion of the measured temperature and· the use of PWM to control the heater.Both of these are nonlinear and time-varying effects, and the only practical way to study them is through simulation (or experiment, of course).Figure 7 shows a SimulinkTM block diagram of the closed-loop system which incorporates these effects. A/D converter quantization and saturation are modeled using standard Simulink quantizer and saturation blocks. Modeling PWM is more complicated and requires a customS-function to represent it.This simulation model has proven particularly useful in gauging the effects of varying thebasic PWM parameters and hence selecting them appropriately. (I.e., the longer the period, the larger the temperature error PWM introduces. On the other hand, a long period is desirable to avoid excessive relay “chatter,” among other things.) PWM is often difficult for students to grasp, and the simulation model allows an exploration of its operation and effects which is quite revealing.4.4 The MicrocontrollerSimple closed-loop control, keypad reading, and display control are some of the classic applications of microcontrollers, and this project incorporates all three. It is therefore an excellent all-around exercise in microcontroller applications. In addition, because the project isto produce an actual packaged pro totype, it won’t do to use a simple evaluation board with theI/O pins jumpered to the target system. Instead, it’s necessary to develop a complete embedded application. This entails the choice of an appropriate part from the broad range offered in a typical microcontroller family and learning to use a fairly sophisticated development environment. Finally, a custom printed-circuit board for the microcontroller and peripherals must be designed and fabricated.Microcontroller Selection. In view of existing local expertise, the Motorola line of microcontrollers was chosen for this project. Still, this does not narrow the choice down much. A fairly disciplined study of system requirements is necessary to specify which microcontroller, out of scores of variants, is required for the job. This is difficult for students, as they generally lack the experience and intuition needed as well as the perseverance to wade through manufacturers’ selection guides.Part of the problem is in choosing methods for interfacing the various peripherals (e.g., what kind of display driver should be used?). A study of relevant Motorola application notes [2, 3, 4] proved very helpful in understandingwhat basic approaches are available, and what microcontroller/peripheral combinations should be considered.The MC68HC705B16 was finally chosen on the basis of its availableA/D inputs and PWMoutputs as well as 24 digital I/O lines. In retrospect this is probably overkill, as only oneA/D channel, one PWM channel, and 11 I/O pins are actually required (see Figure 3). The decision was made to err on the safe side because a complete development system specific to the chosen part was necessary, and the project budget did not permit a second such system to be purchased should the firstprove inadequate.Microcontroller Application Development. Breadboarding of the peripheral hardware, development of microcontroller software, and final debugging and testing of a customprinted-circuit board for the microcontroller and peripherals all require a development environment of some kind. The choice of a development environment, like that of themicrocontroller itself, can be bewildering and requires some faculty expertise. Motorola makes three grades of development environment ranging from simple evaluation boards (at around $100) to full-blown real-time in-circuit emulators (at more like $7500). The middle option was chosen for this project: the MMEVS, which consists of _ a platform board (which supports all 6805-family parts), _ an emulator module (specific to B-series parts), and _ a cable and target head adapter (package-specific). Overall, the system costs about $900 and provides, with some limitations, in-circuit emulation capability. It also comes with the simple but sufficient software development environment RAPID [5].Students find learning to use this type of system challenging, but the experience they gain in real-world microcontroller application development greatly exceeds the typical first-course experience using simple evaluation boards.Printed-Circuit Board. The layout of a simple (though definitely not trivial) printed-circuit board is another practical learning opportunity presented by this project. The final board layout, with package outlines, is shown (at 50% of actual size) in Figure 8. The relative simplicity of the circuit makes manual placement and routing practical—in fact, it likely gives better results than automatic in an application like this—and the student is therefore exposed to fundamental issues of printed-circuit layout and basic design rules. The layout software used was the very nice package pcb,2 and the board was fabricated in-house with the aid of our staff electronics technician.中文翻译：单片机温度控制：一个跨学科的本科生工程设计项目JamesS.McDonald工程科学系三一大学德克萨斯州圣安东尼奥市78212摘要：本文所描述的是作者领导由四个三一大学高年级学生组成的团队进行的一个跨学科工程项目的设计。
自动化专业外文翻译----温度控制简介和PID控制器
毕业设计（论文）外文资料翻译系别：电气工程系专业：电气工程及其自动化班级：姓名：学号：外文出处：Specialized English For ArchitecturalElectric Engineering and Automation附件：1、外文原文；2、外文资料翻译译文。
1、外文原文Introductions to temperature control and PID controllersProcess control system.Automatic process control is concerned with maintaining process variables temperatures pressures flows compositions, and the like at some desired operation value. Processes are dynamic in nature. Changes are always occurring, and if actions are nottaken, the important process variables-those related to safety, product quality, and production rates-will not achieve design conditions.In order to fix ideas, let us consider a heat exchanger in which a process stream is heated by condensing steam. The process is sketched in Fig.1Fig. 1 Heat exchangerThe purpose of this unit is to heat the process fluid from some inlet temperature, Ti(t), up to a certain desired outlet temperature, T(t). As mentioned, the heating medium is condensing steam.The energy gained by the process fluid is equal to the heat released by the steam, provided there are no heat losses to surroundings, iii that is, the heat exchanger andpiping are well insulated.In this process there are many variables that can change, causing the outlet temperature to deviate from its desired value. [21 If this happens, some action must be taken to correct for this deviation. That is, the objective is to control the outlet process temperature to maintain its desired value.One way to accomplish this objective is by first measuring the temperature T(t) , then comparing it to its desired value, and, based on this comparison, deciding what to do to correct for any deviation. The flow of steam can be used to correct for the deviation. This is, if the temperature is above its desired value, then the steam valve can be throttled back to cut the stearr flow (energy) to the heat exchanger. If the temperature is below its desired value, then the steam valve could be opened some more to increase the steam flow (energy) to the exchanger. All of these can be done manually by the operator, and since the procedure is fairly straightforward, it should present no problem. However, since in most process plants there are hundreds of variables that must be maintained at some desired value, this correction procedure would required a tremendous number of operators. Consequently, we would like to accomplish this control automatically. That is, we want to have instnnnents that control the variables wJtbom requ)ring intervention from the operator. (si This is what we mean by automatic process control.To accomplish ~his objective a control system must be designed and implemented.A possible control system and its basic components are shown in Fig.2.Fig. 2 Heat exchanger control loopThe first thing to do is to measure the outlet temperaVare of the process stream. A sensor (thermocouple, thermistors, etc) does this. This sensor is connected physically to a transmitter, which takes the output from the sensor and converts it to a signal strong enough to be transmitter to a controller. The controller then receives the signal, which is related to the temperature, and compares it with desired value. Depending on this comparison, the controller decides what to do to maintain the temperature at its desired value. Base on this decision, the controller then sends another signal to final control element, which in turn manipulates the steam flow.The preceding paragraph presents the four basic components of all control systems. They are(1) sensor, also often called the primary element.(2) transmitter, also called the secondary element.(3) controller, the "brain" of the control system.(4) final control system, often a control valve but not always. Other common final control elements are variable speed pumps, conveyors, and electric motors.The importance of these components is that they perform the three basic operations that must be present in every control system. These operations are(1) Measurement (M) : Measuring the variable to be controlled is usually done bythe combination of sensor and transmitter.(2) Decision (D): Based on the measurement, the controller must then decide what to do to maintain the variable at its desired value.(3) Action (A): As a result of the controller's decision, the system must then take an action. This is usually accomplished by the final control element.As mentioned, these three operations, M, D, and A, must be present in every control system.PID controllers can be stand-alone controllers (also called single loop controllers), controllers in PLCs, embedded controllers, or software in Visual Basic or C# computer programs.PID controllers are process controllers with the following characteristics:Continuous process controlAnalog input (also known as "measuremem" or "Process Variable" or "PV")Analog output (referred to simply as "output")Setpoint (SP)Proportional (P), Integral (I), and/or Derivative (D) constantsExamples of "continuous process control" are temperature, pressure, flow, and level control. For example, controlling the heating of a tank. For simple control, you have two temperature limit sensors (one low and one high) and then switch the heater on when the low temperature limit sensor tums on and then mm the heater off when the temperature rises to the high temperature limit sensor. This is similar to most home air conditioning & heating thermostats.In contrast, the PID controller would receive input as the actual temperature and control a valve that regulates the flow of gas to the heater. The PID controller automatically finds the correct (constant) flow of gas to the heater that keeps the temperature steady at the setpoint. Instead of the temperature bouncing back and forth between two points, the temperature is held steady. If the setpoint is lowered, then the PID controller automatically reduces the amount of gas flowing to the heater. If the setpoint is raised, then the PID controller automatically increases the amount of gas flowing to the heater. Likewise the PID controller would automatically for hot, sunnydays (when it is hotter outside the heater) and for cold, cloudy days.The analog input (measurement) is called the "process variable" or "PV". You want the PV to be a highly accurate indication of the process parameter you are trying to control. For example, if you want to maintain a temperature of + or -- one degree then we typically strive for at least ten times that or one-tenth of a degree. If the analog input is a 12 bit analog input and the temperature range for the sensor is 0 to 400 degrees then our "theoretical" accuracy is calculated to be 400 degrees divided by 4,096 (12 bits) =0.09765625 degrees. [~] We say "theoretical" because it would assume there was no noise and error in our temperature sensor, wiring, and analog converter. There are other assumptions such as linearity, etc.. The point being--with 1/10 of a degree "theoretical" accuracy--even with the usual amount of noise and other problems-- one degree of accuracy should easily be attainable.The analog output is often simply referred to as "output". Often this is given as 0~100 percent. In this heating example, it would mean the valve is totally closed (0%) or totally open (100%).The setpoint (SP) is simply--what process value do you want. In this example--what temperature do you want the process at?The PID controller's job is to maintain the output at a level so that there is no difference (error) between the process variable (PV) and the setpoint (SP).In Fig. 3, the valve could be controlling the gas going to a heater, the chilling of a cooler, the pressure in a pipe, the flow through a pipe, the level in a tank, or any other process control system. What the PID controller is looking at is the difference (or "error") between the PV and the SP.P，I，&DDifference error PID controlprocessvariableFig .3 PIDcontrolIt looks at the absolute error and the rate of change of error. Absolute error means--is there a big difference in the PV and SP or a little difference? Rate of change of error means--is the difference between the PV or SP getting smaller or larger as time goes on.When there is a "process upset", meaning, when the process variable or the setpoint quickly changes--the PID controller has to quickly change the output to get the process variable back equal to the setpoint. If you have a walk-in cooler with a PID controller and someone opens the door and walks in, the temperature (process variable) could rise very quickly. Therefore the PID controller has to increase the cooling (output) to compensate for this rise in temperature.Once the PID controller has the process variable equal to the setpoint, a good PID controller will not vary the output. You want the output to be very steady (not changing) . If the valve (motor, or other control element) is constantly changing, instead of maintaining a constant value, this could cause more wear on the control element.So there are these two contradictory goals. Fast response (fast change in output) when there is a "process upset", but slow response (steady output) when the PV is close to the setpoint.Note that the output often goes past (over shoots) the steady-state output to get the process back to the setpoint. For example, a cooler may normally have its cooling valve open 34% to maintain zero degrees (after the cooler has been closed up and the temperature settled down). If someone opens the cooler, walks in, walks around to find something, then walks back out, and then closes the cooler door--the PID controller is freaking out because the temperature may have raised 20 degrees! So it may crank the cooling valve open to 50, 75, or even 100 percent--to hurry up and cool the cooler back down--before slowly closing the cooling valve back down to 34 percent.Let's think about how to design a PID controller.We focus on the difference (error) between the process variable (PV) and the setpoint (SP). There are three ways we can view the error.The absolute errorThis means how big is the difference between the PV and SP. If there is a small difference between the PV and the SP--then let's make a small change in the output. If there is a large difference in the PV and SP--then let's make a large change in the output. Absolute error is the "proportional" (P) component of the PID controller.The sum of errors over timeGive us a minute and we will show why simply looking at the absolute error (proportional) only is a problem. The sum of errors over time is important and is called the "integral" (I) component of the PID controller. Every time we run the PID algorithm we add the latest error to the sum of errors. In other words Sum of Errors = Error 1 q- Error2 + Error3 + Error4 + ....The dead timeDead time refers to the delay between making a change in the output and seeing the change reflected in the PV. The classical example is getting your oven at the right temperature. When you first mm on the heat, it takes a while for the oven to "heat up". This is the dead time. If you set an initial temperature, wait for the oven to reach the initial temperature, and then you determine that you set the wrong temperature--then it will take a while for the oven to reach the new temperature setpoint. This is also referred to as the "derivative" (D) component of the PID controller. This holds some future changes back because the changes in the output have been made but are not reflected in the process variable yet.Absolute Error/ProportionalOne of the first ideas people usually have about designing an automatic process controller is what we call "proportional". Meaning, if the difference between the PV and SP is small--then let's make a small correction to the output. If the difference between the PV and SP is large-- then let's make a larger correction to the output. Thisidea certainly makes sense.We simulated a proportional only controller in Microsoft Excel. Fig.4 is the chart showing the results of the first simulation (DEADTIME = 0, proportional only): Proportional and Integral ControllersThe integral portion of the PID controller accounts for the offset problem in a proportional only controller. We have another Excel spreadsheet that simulates a PID controller with proportional and integral control. Here (Fig. 5) is a chart of the first simulation with proportional and integral (DEADTIME :0, proportional = 0.4).As you can tell, the PI controller is much better than just the P controller. However, dead time of zero (as shown in the graph) is not common.Fig .4 The simulation chartDerivative ControlDerivative control takes into consideration that if you change the output, then it takes tim for that change to be reflected in the input (PV).For example, let's take heating of the oven.Fig.5The simulation chartIf we start turning up the gas flow, it will take time for the heat to be produced, the heat to flow around the oven, and for the temperature sensor to detect the increased heat. Derivative control sort of "holds back" the PID controller because some increase in temperature will occur without needing to increase the output further. Setting the derivative constant correctly allows you to become more aggressive with the P & Iconstants.2、外文资料翻译译文温度控制简介和PID控制器过程控制系统自动过程控制系统是指将被控量为温度、压力、流量、成份等类型的过程变量保持在理想的运行值的系统。
温度控制外文文献
The Application of The One-chip Computer DuringTemperature ControlAbstractPractical application of one-chip computer in heat-treatment furnace is listed,and detailed i ntroduction is given to the compositions and the main functions of WDY-1temperature co ntrol meter.Keywords：One-chip computer;control;temperature.1、ForewordThe monolithic microcomputer is,because it which is born along with the ultra large scale integrated circuit technology development has the volume young,the function is strong,the price compared to the higher characteristic,therefore widely applies to the electronic instrument,the domestic electric appliances,the energy conservation installment, the military installment,the robot,the industry control and so on many domains,causes the product miniaturization,the intellectualization,both enhanced the product function and the quality,and reduced the cost,simplified the design.This article mainly introduces the monolithic integrated circuit in temperature control application.The east wind car company gear box factory hot engineering course does not have the muffle furnace,mainly uses in the gear box gear,the axis class components cementation heat treatment working procedure.Originally with the XWB self-balancing recording instrument control temperature,two types controls the warm way,enables to have the big inertia non-muffle furnace temperature fluctuation to be big,the error reaches±10℃about.And the measuring appliance use environment teaches badly,the oil smoke,the dust often cause the measuring appliance the mechanical drive partial deactivation,not only service work load big,moreover the product quality is not easy to guarantee.Along with the national economy development,the automobile industry unceasingly expands,the produce market competition is intense,superior win and the inferior wash out.From this, we pass through the earnest investigation and study and the design,sought one kind tocontrol the warm method well,that is this article introduced WDY-1warm controlled the meter to substitute for the XWB self-balancing recording instrument.2、The WDY-1temperature bomb introductionThe WDY-1temperature bomb introduced this instrument uses the American Intel Corporation eight monolithic integrated circuits to take the control core,matches by other import integrated circuits,in addition to the software design,has carefully realized the measuring appliance intellectualization.May with sensor coordination use and so on the thermo-element,thermal resistance,carry on the precision measurement to in the0~1600℃scope each electric heating stove temperature,simultaneously,four LED monitor direct tracking demonstration is controlled the object the temperature value,the accuracy high, the demonstration clear,stable is reliable,easy to operate.The entire measuring appliance principle of work is:By8,031monolithic integrated circuits controls,according to the procedure which establishes in advance to the thermo-element signal(namely was fixed time measured signal)carries on the sampling, and automatically carries on zero to float the adjustment,finally demonstrated measured the temperature value,simultaneously presses supposes the definite value,measured the temperature value,the temperature change speed,automatically carries on the PID parameter from and the operation,and outputs the0~10mA controlling current,matches by the host return route realization temperature control.3、WDY-1warm controls the meter the survey and the control actionThis warm controls the meter to be the intellectualized measuring appliance,the measuring accuracy0.2level,demonstrated resolution1℃,the control precision0.5level, the control mode is the PID algorithm,the hypothesis way for the direct temperature value hypothesis,simultaneously has ultra heats and breaks the partner to report to the police, thus the internal electric circuit quite are many,under the main circuit and each link function introduced on this measuring instrument in.（1）Thermo-elementModel WRN,divides number K,measured warm scope0~1300℃,may the long-firing operation in0~1000℃,the short time work to1300℃,is one kind of survey temperature signal sensor,its positive electrode is the nickel alloy,the cathode is the nickel silicon alloy.When use directly admits according to the request without the muffle furnace,the nickel-nickel silicon took one kind of standard thermo-element,in measured when takes, its cold end temperature T0=0℃(in practical application must through compensate realization),according to obtains through looks up the table,may the direct readout hot end temperature value.Obviously,the thermo-element in stove position certainly is not free,its hot end locates the position must accurately reflect the furnace temperature.Moreover, thermo-element performance quality direct influence heat treatment work piece quality, therefore,must regularly carry on the inspection,the replacement to the thermo-element.（2）Pretreats the electric circuitIts function includes:Compensates to the thermo-element signal cold end;Breaks the partner to report to the police the protection;Three extremely filters.The cold end compensating circuit mainly for always flows the electric bridge,Rt is the copper resistance,is a standard thermal resistance,when temperature change,the Rt resistance number will change,therefore will lay aside Rt in the thermo-element cold end,will let its feeling cold end temperature the change.When temperature=0℃,the bridge pressure outputs U0=0V,if temperature increment,then Rt changes in a big way,causes the bridge to press the output to be bigger than zero,presses the output value from this the bridge is the thermo-element cold end temperature corresponds热电势.Breaks the partner to report to the police through8,031outputs controls four LED monitor simultaneously to glitter demonstrated"E"or the buzzer reports to the police).（3）enlarges and the cut electric circuit is composed by the4066B four double throw switches and two levels of operational amplifiers.First,under8,031controls,the simulation signal enlarges after two levels enters A/D to transform,completes the simulation and the digital place transformation in8031.Then,thesignal prepares for,the final thermo-element signal input enlarges,delivers the A/D transformation.Obviously,this electric circuit function is:Signal enlargement collects which the thermo-element,as well as transforms the simulation under the monolithic integrated circuit control into the digital place.（4）the a/d conversion electric circuit is composed by the4066B four double throw switches and the LM358low power losses double operational amplifier.The transformation principle is the fraction transforms,the entire process divides into three stages,(1)stops the time:Eliminates on the integrator the zero-bias voltage.(2):Will enlarge after the simulation voltage signal in time T1(T1will be definite value)in the integral;(3)counter:To the standard voltage reverse integral,the simulation voltage which like this inputs transforms if the mean value to have the direct ratio the time-gap,finally will use the clock pulse and the counter this time is separated transforms the digital signal [1].（5）the driving plate definite value electric circuit uses for to establish the craft temperature.8,243is composed by3driving plates and the special-purpose I/O expansions chip,3have covered the actual temperature use scope,through the driving plate direct hypothesis temperature value,using the driving plate interior electronic contact,separately the temperature which on,ten,hundred,thousand initializes sends in8,243chips,then the basis monolithic integrated circuit instruction,supposes the definite value to send in8,031 memories.（6）the display circuit by the74LS247seven sections of decoders,a74LS139pair of24 decoder,74LS05six each piece of and four LED monitor is composed.8,031monolithic integrated circuits the thermo-element temperature signal which must demonstrate through the P1.0~P1.3mouth deliver74LS247,delivers seven sections of digital monitors after the decoding,then by8,031P1.4~P1.5mouth output position gating signal,chooses the position again which passes must demonstrate.Four monitors take turns from the units place to thousand to lighten in turn,each demonstration time1ms,demonstrated the actual（7）the digital-analog conversion electric circuit transforms the PID operation digital quantity the corresponding simulation quantity,transforms after the enlargement and V/I obtains0~10mA the electric current continuous signal to take the output control.（8）the RS-232communication connection the monolithic integrated circuit front end took machine carries on the data acquisition or the pretreatment,obtains after the level switching circuit with the TTL level compatible signal voltage,finally information storage which will gather through the RS-232communication connection electric circuit to system machine in[2],in order to next inquiry or backup.4、controls rules choice and analyzes（1）to measure the object the characteristic this article temperature request all maintains the definite value in any time(or in stipulation erroneous scope),but as a result of the outside influence,for example,the material joins,the supply voltage undulation and so on, can enable the furnace temperature to have the certain degree the change.（2）controls the rule the choice basis to measure the object the characteristic,must choose one kind of control rule,enable the furnace temperature to have the change tendency to limit from time to time,this system uses from the PID adjustment.When WDY-1warm controlled the meter just the thrust build-up,some will fly upwards the opportunity,the instrument outputs100%,caused the stove temperature according to compare the steep slope to rise to about given value80%(satisfies rapid request),then acted according to the stove the temperature rate of change,the temperature deviation as well as the pure lag characteristic,directly according to beforehand laid aside in the memory the experience form,found out corresponding the PID parameter,thus the realization controlled variable automatic process,according to the PID operation and the output,realized the stove temperature automatic control(to satisfy not static difference request).At the same time,this process has also omitted the instrument initial trouble,the easy to operate.5、concluding remark this warm control the meter from to design to the application,environment request and so on.The practice proved that,WDY-1warm controls the meter control precision quite to be high,moreover saves the manpower,and is equipped with ultra temperately breaks the partner to report to the police,has the question to be able to discover immediately.Moreover,this instrument and the suitable execution coordination may with measure the object composes the PID furnace temperature regulator system[3], through the automatic control,inputs the electric stove the voltage nearly to be allowed not to have inertia makes the corresponding change,causes the furnace temperature control in to suppose in the definite value.。
调节体温的重要性英语作文
调节体温的重要性英语作文Maintaining the right body temperature is crucial for our overall health and well-being. Our bodies function best within a narrow temperature range, and any significant deviation can have serious consequences. 。
When our body temperature is too high, it can lead to heat exhaustion or heat stroke, which can be life-threatening. On the other hand, when our body temperature drops too low, it can result in hypothermia, causing our organs to fail and leading to death if not treated promptly. 。
Our body's ability to regulate its temperature is essential for carrying out everyday activities. Whether we are exercising, working, or simply going about our daily tasks, our body needs to maintain a stable internal temperature to function optimally. 。
In addition to our immediate well-being, maintainingthe right body temperature is also crucial for our long-term health. Prolonged exposure to extreme temperatures, whether hot or cold, can have detrimental effects on our cardiovascular system, immune system, and overall metabolic function. 。
家庭如何调节温度英语作文
家庭如何调节温度英语作文英文回答：Temperature Regulation in the Home。
Maintaining a comfortable temperature in the home is essential for the well-being of its occupants. There are a variety of ways to achieve this, ranging from simple and inexpensive measures to more sophisticated and costly solutions.Simple and Inexpensive Methods:Open windows and doors: Allowing fresh air to circulate through the home can help to cool it down during warm weather. However, this method is not effective when the outdoor temperature is higher than the indoor temperature.Use fans: Ceiling fans and portable fans can help tocirculate air and create a cooling breeze.Hang wet towels or sheets: Evaporating water can help to cool the air.Draw curtains or blinds: Blocking out sunlight can help to prevent the home from overheating.More Sophisticated and Costly Solutions:Air conditioning: Air conditioners are the most effective way to cool a home. However, they can be expensive to purchase and operate.Heat pumps: Heat pumps can both heat and cool a home, making them a more efficient option than air conditioners.Geothermal heating and cooling: Geothermal systems use the earth's constant temperature to heat and cool homes. This is a very efficient and environmentally friendly option, but it can be expensive to install.Other Considerations:In addition to using the methods above, there are a number of other factors that can affect the temperature in the home. These include:Insulation: Good insulation can help to keep the home warm in the winter and cool in the summer.Air sealing: Sealing gaps around windows, doors, and other openings can prevent air from leaking out and help to maintain a comfortable temperature.Landscaping: Planting trees and shrubs around the home can help to shade it from the sun and reduce heat gain.By taking into account all of these factors, homeowners can create a comfortable and energy-efficient living environment.中文回答：家庭如何调节温度。
家庭如何调节温度英语作文
家庭如何调节温度英语作文Title: Strategies for Regulating Home Temperature。
In our modern homes, maintaining a comfortable temperature is essential for creating a pleasant living environment. There are various methods and technologies available to regulate temperature effectively. Here, wewill explore some strategies for adjusting home temperature:1. Insulation: Proper insulation is crucial for maintaining a consistent temperature inside the home. Insulating materials such as fiberglass, foam, or cellulose can be installed in walls, attics, and floors to prevent heat loss during cold weather and heat gain during hot weather.2. Sealing Drafts: Check windows, doors, and other openings for drafts that can let cold air in during winter and hot air in during summer. Seal any gaps or cracks with weather stripping or caulking to improve energy efficiencyand temperature control.3. Thermostat Control: Invest in a programmable thermostat or a smart thermostat that allows you to set different temperature levels for various times of the day. Programming your thermostat to lower the temperature at night or when you're away can help save energy without sacrificing comfort.4. Natural Ventilation: Take advantage of natural ventilation by opening windows and doors strategically. Cross-ventilation, where windows on opposite sides of the house are opened, can promote airflow and cool down the interior during hot weather. Similarly, opening windows at night can allow cool air to circulate and lower indoor temperatures.5. Ceiling Fans: Ceiling fans can help circulate air and distribute heat more evenly throughout the room. In summer, set the fan to rotate counterclockwise to create a cooling breeze, while in winter, set it to rotate clockwise at a low speed to push warm air down from the ceiling.6. Window Treatments: Install blinds, curtains, or shades to block out direct sunlight during the hottestparts of the day. Light-colored window coverings canreflect sunlight and heat, helping to keep interiors cooler. Additionally, insulated curtains can provide an extra layer of insulation to trap heat during colder months.7. Efficient HVAC Systems: Ensure your heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems areproperly maintained and in good working condition.Regularly change air filters, clean ducts, and schedule professional maintenance to maximize efficiency and performance. Consider upgrading to energy-efficient HVAC units if your current system is outdated.8. Utilize Thermal Mass: Thermal mass materials such as concrete, brick, or tile can absorb and store heat during the day and release it slowly at night, helping to regulate indoor temperatures. Incorporating these materials intoyour home's design or decor can contribute to better temperature control.9. Zoning: If possible, implement zoning systems that allow you to control the temperature in different areas or zones of your home independently. This enables you to heator cool specific areas based on occupancy and preferences, optimizing comfort and energy usage.10. Alternative Heating and Cooling: Explorealternative methods of heating and cooling, such as geothermal heat pumps, solar panels, or radiant floor heating. While these options may require upfront investment, they can offer long-term energy savings and environmental benefits.By implementing these strategies, you can effectively regulate the temperature in your home, creating a comfortable and energy-efficient living space for you and your family. Whether it's keeping cool in the summer or staying warm in the winter, there are plenty of options available to suit your needs and preferences.。
智能温度调控器作文
智能温度调控器作文英文回答：A smart thermostat is an electronic device that automatically controls the heating and cooling of a building. It does this by measuring the temperature in the building and comparing it to a set point. If the temperature is too high, the thermostat will turn on theair conditioning. If the temperature is too low, the thermostat will turn on the heat.Smart thermostats are more energy-efficient than traditional thermostats. This is because they can learn the heating and cooling patterns of a building and adjust the temperature accordingly. For example, a smart thermostat may know that the temperature in the building tends to drop at night. In order to save energy, the thermostat will lower the temperature at night when people are less likely to be using the building.Smart thermostats are also more convenient than traditional thermostats. This is because they can be controlled remotely from a smartphone or tablet. This means that you can adjust the temperature in your building from anywhere, at any time.There are many different types of smart thermostats on the market. Some of the most popular brands include Nest, Ecobee, and Honeywell. Each brand offers a variety of different models, so you can find one that fits your needs and budget.If you are looking for a way to save energy and make your home more comfortable, a smart thermostat is a great option. Smart thermostats are easy to install and use, and they can provide significant savings on your energy bills.中文回答：智能温控器是一种电子设备，可以自动控制建筑物的供暖和制冷。
温度控制系统的设计-毕业设计外文文献翻译
Design of the Temperature Control System Based on AT89C51ABSTRACTThe principle and functions of the temperature control system based on micro controller AT89C51 are studied, and the temperature measurement unit consists of the 1-Wire bus digital temperature sensor DS18B20. The system can be expected to detect the preset temperature, display time and save monitoring data. An alarm will be given by system if the temperature exceeds the upper and lower limit value of the temperature which can be set discretionarily and then automatic control is achieved, thus the temperature is achieved monitoring intelligently within a certain range. Basing on principle of the system, it is easy to make a variety of other non-linear control systems so long as the software design is reasonably changed. The system has been proved to be accurate, reliable and satisfied through field practice. KEYWORDS: AT89C51; micro controller; DS18B20; temperature1 INTRODUCTIONTemperature is a very important parameter in human life. In the modern society, temperature control (TC) is not only used in industrial production, but also widely used in other fields. With the improvement of the life quality, we can find the TC appliance in hotels, factories and home as well. And the trend that TC will better serve the whole society, so it is of great significance to measure and control the temperature. Based on the AT89C51 and temperature sensor DS18B20, this system controls the condition temperature intelligently. The temperature can be set discretionarily within a certain range. The system can show the time on LCD, and save monitoring data; and automatically control the temperature when the condition temperature exceeds the upper and lower limit value. By doing so it is to keep the temperature unchanged. The system is of high anti-jamming, high control precision and flexible design; it also fits the rugged environment. It is mainly used in people's life to improve the quality of the work and life. It is also versatile, so that it can be convenient to extend the use of the system. So the design is of profound importance. The general design, hardware design and software design of the system are covered.1.1 IntroductionThe 8-bit AT89C51 CHMOS microcontrollers are designed to handle high-speed calculations and fast input/output operations. MCS 51 microcontrollers are typically used for high-speed event control systems. Commercial applications include modems, motor-control systems, printers, photocopiers, air conditioner control systems, disk drives, and medical instruments. The automotive industry use MCS 51 microcontrollers in engine-control systems, airbags, suspension systems, and antilock braking systems (ABS). The AT89C51 is especially well suited to applications that benefit from its processing speed and enhanced on-chip peripheral functions set, such as automotive power-train control, vehicle dynamic suspension, antilock braking, and stability control applications. Because of these critical applications, the market requires a reliable cost-effective controller with a low interrupt latency response, ability to service the high number of time and event driven integrated peripherals needed in real time applications, and a CPU with above average processing power in a single package. The financial and legal risk of having devices that operate unpredictably is very high. Once in the market, particularly in mission critical applications such as an autopilot or anti-lock braking system, mistakes are financially prohibitive. Redesign costs can run as high as a $500K, much more if the fix means 2 back annotating it across a product family that share the same core and/or peripheral design flaw. In addition, field replacements of components is extremely expensive, as the devices are typically sealed in modules with a total value several times that of the component. To mitigate these problems, it is essential that comprehensive testing of the controllers be carried out at both the component level and system level under worst case environmental and voltage conditions. This complete and thorough validation necessitates not only a well-defined process but also a proper environment and tools to facilitate and execute the mission successfully. Intel Chandler Platform Engineering group provides post silicon system validation (SV) of various micro-controllers and processors. The system validation process can be broken into three major parts. The type of the device and its application requirements determine which types of testing are performed on the device.1.2 The AT89C51 provides the following standard features4Kbytes of Flash, 128 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, two 16-bittimer/counters, a five vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duple ser-ial port, on-chip oscillatorand clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89C51 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port and interrupt sys -tem to continue functioning. The Power-down Mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscil–lator disabling all other chip functions until the next hardware reset.1.3Pin DescriptionVCC Supply voltage.GND Ground.Port 0：Port 0 is an 8-bit open-drain bi-directional I/O port. As an output port, each pin can sink eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as high impedance inputs. Port 0 may also be configured to be the multiplexed low order address/data bus during accesses to external program and data memory. In this mode P0 has internal pull ups. Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash programming, and outputs the code bytes during program verification. External pull ups are required during program verification.Port 1：Port 1 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull ups. The Port 1 output buffers can sink/so -urce four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins they are pulled high by the internal pull ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 1 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pullups. Port 1 also receives the low-order address bytes during Flash programming and verification.Port 2：Port 2 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull ups. The Port 2 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 2 pins they are pulled high by the internal pull ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull ups. Port 2 emits the high-order address byte during fetches from external program memory and during accesses to Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull ups. Port 2 emits the high-order address byte during fetches from external program memory and during accesses to external data memory that use 16-bit addresses (MOVX@DPTR). In this application, it uses strong internal pull-ups when emitting 1s. During accesses to external data memory that use 8-bit addresses (MOVX @ RI), Port 2 emits the contents of the P2 Special Function Register. Port 2 also receives the high-orderaddress bits and some control signals durin Flash programming and verification.Port 3：Port 3 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull ups. The Port 3 output buffers can sink/sou -rce four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 3 pins they are pulled high by the internal pull ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the pull ups.Port 3 also serves the functions of various special features of the AT89C51 as listed below:RST：Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running resets the device.ALE/PROG：Address Latch Enable output pulse for latching the low byte of the address during accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG) during Flash programming. In normal operation ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator frequency, and may be used for external timing or clocking purposes. Note, however, that one ALE pulse is skipped duri-ng each access to external Data Memory. If desired, ALE operation can be disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR location 8EH. With the bit set, ALE is active only during a MOVX or MOVC instruction. Otherwise, the pin is weakly pulled high. Setting the ALE-disable bit has no effect if the microcontroller is in external execution mode.PSEN：Program Store Enable is the read strobe to external program memory. When theAT89C51 is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated twice each machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped during each access to external data memory.EA/VPP：External Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device to fetch code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH. Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched on reset. EA should be strapped to VCC for internal program executions. This pin alsreceives the 12-volt programming enable voltage (VPP) during Flash programming, for parts that require 12-volt VPP.XTAL1：Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit.XTAL2 ：Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier. Oscillator CharacteristicsXTAL1 and XTAL2 are the input and output, respectively, of an inverting amplifier which can be configured for use as an on-chip oscillator, as shownin Figure 1. Either a quartz crystal or ceramic resonator may be used. To drive the device from an external clock source, XTAL2 should be left unconnected while XTAL1 is driven as shown in Figure 2.There are no requirements on the duty cycle of the external clock signal, since the input to the internal clocking circuitry is through a divide-by-two flip-flop, but minimum and maximum voltage high and low time specifications must be observed. Idle Mode In idle mode, the CPU puts itself to sleep while all the on chip peripherals remain active. The mode is invoked by software. The content of the on-chip RAM and all the special functions registers remain unchanged during this mode. The idle mode can be terminated by any enabled interrupt or by a hardware reset. It should be noted that when idle is terminated by a hard ware reset, the device normally resumes program execution, from where it left off, up to two machine cycles before the internal reset algorithm takes control. On-chip hardware inhibits access to internal RAM in this event, but access to the port pins is not inhibited. To eliminate the possibility of an unexpected write to a port pin when Idle is terminated by reset, the instruction following the one that invokes Idle should not be one that writes to a port pin or to external memory.Power-down ModeIn the power-down mode, the oscillator is stopped, and the instruction that invokes power-down is the last instruction executed. The on-chip RAM and Special Function Registers retain their values until the power-down mode is terminated. The only exit from power-down is a hardware reset. Reset redefines the SFRS but does not change the on-chip RAM. The reset should not be activated before VCC is restored to its normal operating level and must be held active long enough to allow the oscillator to restart and stabilize. The AT89C51 code memory array is programmed byte-by byte in either programming mode. To program any nonblank byte in the on-chip Flash Memory, the entire memory must be erased using the Chip Erase Mode.2 Programming AlgorithmBefore programming the AT89C51, the address, data and control signals should be set up according to the Flash programming mode table and Figure 3 and Figure 4. To program the AT89C51, take the following steps.1. Input the desired memory location on the address lines.2. Input the appropriate data byte on the data lines. 3. Activate the correct combination of control signals. 4. Raise EA/VPP to 12V for the high-voltage programming mode. 5. Pulse ALE/PROG once to program a byte in the Flash array or the lock bits. The byte-write cycle is self-timed and typically takes nomore than 1.5 ms. Repeat steps 1 through 5, changing the address and data for the entire array or until the end of the object file is reached. Data Polling: The AT89C51 features Data Polling to indicate the end of a write cycle. During a write cycle, an attempted read of the last byte written will result in the complement of the written datum on PO.7. Once the write cycle has been completed, true data are valid on all outputs, and the next cycle may begin. Data Polling may begin any time after a write cycle has been initiated.2.1Ready/Busy:The progress of byte programming can also be monitored by the RDY/BSY output signal. P3.4 is pulled low after ALE goes high during programming to indicate BUSY. P3.4 is pulled high again when programming is done to indicate READY.Program Verify:If lock bits LB1 and LB2 have not been programmed, the programmed code data can be read back via the address and data lines for verification. The lock bits cannot be verified directly. Verification of the lock bits is achieved by observing that their features are enabled.2.2 Chip Erase:The entire Flash array is erased electrically by using the proper combination of control signals and by holding ALE/PROG low for 10 ms. The code array is written with all “1”s. The chip erase operation must be executed before the code memory can be re-programmed.2.3 Reading the Signature Bytes:The signature bytes are read by the same procedure as a normal verification of locations 030H, 031H, and 032H, except that P3.6 and P3.7 must be pulled to a logic low. The values returned areas follows.(030H) = 1EH indicates manufactured by Atmel(031H) = 51H indicates 89C51(032H) = FFH indicates 12V programming(032H) = 05H indicates 5V programming2.4 Programming InterfaceEvery code byte in the Flash array can be written and the entire array can be erased by using the appropriate combination of control signals. The write operationcycle is self timed and once initiated, will automatically time itself to completion. A microcomputer interface converts information between two forms. Outside the microcomputer the information handled by an electronic system exists as a physical signal, but within the program, it is represented numerically. The function of any interface can be broken down into a number of operations which modify the data in some way, so that the process of conversion between the external and internal forms is carried out in a number of steps. An analog-to-digital converter(ADC) is used to convert a continuously variable signal to a corresponding digital form which can take any one of a fixed number of possible binary values. If the output of the transducer does not vary continuously, no ADC is necessary. In this case the signal conditioning section must convert the incoming signal to a form which can be connected directly to the next part of the interface, the input/output section of the microcomputer itself. Output interfaces take a similar form, the obvious difference being that here the flow of information is in the opposite direction; it is passed from the program to the outside world. In this case the program may call an output subroutine which supervises the operation of the interface and performs the scaling numbers which may be needed for digital-to-analog converter(DAC). This subroutine passes information in turn to an output device which produces a corresponding electrical signal, which could be converted into analog form using a DAC. Finally the signal is conditioned(usually amplified) to a form suitable for operating an actuator. The signals used within microcomputer circuits are almost always too small to be connected directly to the outside world”and some kind of interface must be used to translate them to a more appropriate form. The design of section of interface circuits is one of the most important tasks facing the engineer wishing to apply microcomputers. We have seen that in microcomputers information is represented as discrete patterns of bits; this digital form is most useful when the microcomputer is to be connected to equipment which can only be switched on or off, where each bit might represent the state of a switch or actuator. To solve real-world problems, a microcontroller must have more than just a CPU, a program, and a data memory. In addition, it must contain hardware allowing the CPU to access information from the outside world. Once the CPU gathers information and processes the data, it must also be able to effect change on some portion of the outside world. These hardware devices, called peripherals, are the CPU’s window to the outside.The most basic form of peripheral available on microcontrollers is the generalpurpose I70 port. Each of the I/O pins can be used as either an input or an output. The function of each pin is determined by setting or clearing corresponding bits in a corresponding data direction register during the initialization stage of a program. Each output pin may be driven to either a logic one or a logic zero by using CPU instructions to pin may be viewed (or read.) by the CPU using program instructions. Some type of serial unit is included on microcontrollers to allow the CPU to communicate bit-serially with external devices. Using a bit serial format instead of bit-parallel format requires fewer I/O pins to perform the communication function, which makes it less expensive, but slower. Serial transmissions are performed either synchronously or asynchronously.3 SYSTEM GENERAL DESIGNThe hardware block diagram of the TC is shown in Fig. 1. The system hardware includes the micro controller, temperature detection circuit, keyboard control circuit, clock circuit, Display, alarm, drive circuit and external RAM. Based on the AT89C51, the DS18B20 will transfer the temperature signal detected to digital signal. And the signal is sent to the micro controller for processing. At last the temperature value is showed on the LCD 12232F. These steps are used to achieve the temperature detection. Using the keyboard interface chip HD7279 to set the temperature value, using the micro controller to keep a certain temperature, and using the LCD to show the preset value for controlling the temperature. In addition, the clock chip DS1302 is used to show time and the external RAM 6264 is used to save the monitoring data. An alarm will be given by buzzer in time if the temperature exceeds the upper and lower limit value of the temperature.3.1 HARDWARE DESIGNA. Micro controllerThe AT89C51 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit micro controller with 4K bytes of in-system programmable Flash memory. The device is manufactured using At mel’s high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry-standard 80C51 instruction set and pin out. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with in-system programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the At mel AT89C51 is a powerful micro controller which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to manyembedded control applications. Minimum system of the micro controller is shown in Fig. 2. In order to save monitoring data, the 6264 is used as an external RAM. It is a static RAM chip, low-power with 8K bytes memory.B. Temperature Detection CircuitThe temperature sensor is the key part in the system. The Dallas DS18B20 is used, which supports the 1-Wire bus interface, and the ON-BOARD Patented is used internally. All the sensor parts and the converting circuit are integrated in integrated circuit like a transistor [1]. Its measure range is -55℃~125 ℃, and the precision between -10℃~85℃is ±0.5℃[2 ,3]. The temperature collected by the DS18B20 is transmitted in the 1-Wire bus way, and this highly raises the system anti-jamming and makes it fit in situ temperature measurement of the rugged environment [4]. There are two power supply ways for the DS18B20. The first is external power supply: the first pin of the DS18B20 is connected to the ground; the second pin serves as signal wire and the third is connected to the power. The second way is parasite power supply [5]. As the parasite power supply will lead to the complexity of the hardware circuit, the difficulty of the software control and the performance degradation of the chip, etc. But the DS18B20(s) can be connected to the I/O port of the micro controller in the external power supply way and it is more popular. Therefore the external power supply is used and the second pin is connected to the pin P1.3 of the AT89S51. Actually, if there are multipoint to be detected, the DS18B20(s) can be connected to the 1-Wire bus. But when the number is over 8, there is a concern to the driving and the more complex software design as well as the length of the 1-Wire bus. Normally it is no more than 50m. To achieve distant control, the system can be designed in to a wireless one to breakthe length limit of the 1-Wire bus [6].C. LCD CircuitThe LCD 12232F is used, which can be used to show characters, temperature value and time, and supply a friendly display interface. The 12232F is a LCD with 8192 128×32 pixels Chinese character database and 128 16×8 pixels ASCII character set graphics. It mainly consists of row drive/column drive and 128×32 full lattice LCD with the function of displaying graphics as well as 7.5×2 Chinese characters. It is in a parallel or serial mode to connect to external CPU [7]. In order to economize the hardware resource, the 12232F should be connected to the AT89S51 in serial mode with only 4 output ports used. The LCD grayscale can be changed by adjustingthe variable resistor connected the pin Vlcd of the LCD. CLK is used to transmit serial communication clock. SID is used to transmit serial data. CS is used to enable control the LCD. L+ is used to control the LCD backlight power.D. Clock CircuitThe Dallas DS18B20 is used, which is a high performance, low-power and real-time clock chip with RAM. The DS18B20 serves in the system with calendar clock and is used to monitor the time. The time data is read and processed by the AT89C51 and then displayed by the LCD. Also the time can be adjusted by the keyboard. The DS18B20 crystal oscillator is set at 32768Hz, and the recommended compensation capacitance is 6pF. The oscillator frequency is lower, so it might be possible not to connect the capacitor, and this would not make a big difference to the time precision. The backup power supply can be connected to a 3.6V rechargeable battery.E. Keyboard Control CircuitThe keyboard interface in the system is driven by the HD7279A which has a +5V single power supply and which is connected to the keyboard and display without using any active-device. According to the basic requirements and functions of the system, only 6 buttons are needed. The system's functions are set by the AT89C51 receiving the entered data. In order to save the external resistor, the 1×6 keyboard is used, and the keyboard codes are defined as: 07H, 0FH, 17H, 1FH, 27H, 2FH. The order can be read out by reading the code instruction. HD7279A is connected to the AT89S51 in serial mode and only 4 ports are need. As shown in Fig. 6, DIG0~DIG5 and DP are respectively the column lines and row line ports of the six keys which achieve keyboard monitoring, decoding and key codes identification.F. Alarm CircuitIn order to simplify the circuit and convenient debugging, a 5V automatic buzzer is used in the alarm circuit [8]. And this make the software programming simplified. As shown in Fig. 7, it is controlled by the PNP transistor 9012 whose base is connected to the pin P2.5 of the AT89C51. When the temperature exceeds the upper and lower limit value, the P2.5 output low level which makes the transistor be on and then an alarm is given by the buzzer.G. Drive CircuitA step motor is used as the drive device to control the temperature. The four-phase and eight-beat pulse distribution mode is used to drive motor and thesimple delay program is used to handle the time interval between the pulses to obtain different rotational speed. There are two output states for the step motor. One: when the temperature is over the upper value, the motor rotates reversely (to low the temperature), while when lower than the lower limit value, the motor rotates normally (to raise the temperature); besides not equals the preset value. Two: when the temperature is at somewhere between the two ends and equals the preset value, the motor stops. These steps are used to achieve the temperature control. In addition, the motor speed can also be adjusted by relative buttons. As shown in Fig. 8, the code data is input through ports A11~A8 (be P2.3~P2.0) of the AT89C51 and inverted output by the inverter 74LS04. Finally it is amplified by the power amplifier 2803A to power the motor.3.2 SOFTW ARE DESIGNAccording to the general design requirement and hardware circuit principle of the system, as well as the improvement of the program readability, transferability and the convenient debugging, the software design is modularized. The system flow mainly includes the following 8 steps: POST (Power-on self-test), system initiation, temperature detection, alarm handling, temperature control, clock chip DS18B20 operation, LCD and keyboard operation. The main program flow is shown in Fig. 9. Give a little analysis to the above 8 tasks, it is easy to find out that the last five tasks require the real time operation. But to the temperature detection it can be achieved with timer0 timing 1 second, that is to say temperature detection occurs per second. The system initiation includes global variable definition, RAM initiation, special function register initiation and peripheral equipment initiation. Global variable definition mainly finishes the interface definition of external interface chip connected to the AT89C51, and special definition of some memory units. RAM initiation mainly refers to RAM processing. For example when the system is electrified the time code will be stored in the internal unit address or the scintillation flag will be cleared. The special function register initiation includes loading the initial value of timer and opening the interrupt. For example, when the system is electrified the timer is initialized. The peripheral equipment initiation refers to set the initial value of peripheral equipment. For example, when the system is electrified, the LCD should be initialized, the start-up display should be called, the temperature conversion command should be issued firstly and the clock chip DS18B20 should also be initialized. The alarm handling is mainly the lowering and the raising of temperature to make thetemperature remain with the preset range. When the temperature is between the upper and the lower limit value, it goes to temperature control handling, that is to say the temperature need to be raised or lowered according to the preset value. By doing so make the condition temperature equal to the preset value and hence to reach the temperature target.4 CONCLUSIONThe temperature control system has the advantages of friendly human-computer interaction interface, simple hardware, low cost, high temperature control precision (error in the range of ±1 ℃), convenience and versatility, etc. It can be widely used in the occasions with -55℃to 125℃range, and there is a certain practical value.。
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温度控制系统设计与应用
温度控制对于现代测量系统来说具有基础性的重要地位，为此研究一种有效的温度控制系统就具有极其重要的意义。
，但是由于其所采用的控制算法不能满足精度要求，所以必须在深入学习现有控制算法的基础上，研究出新的有效的控制策略。
本文中主要以PID算法为主要研究对象，为克服PID算法适应能力弱的缺点，结合模糊理论研究了一种基于模糊推理的自适应PID控制算法。
模糊控制作为智能控制的一个重要分支，有着无需知道被控对象的数学模型和较强的鲁棒性两大特点，而控制系统是一个大惯性、非线性、慢时变的系统，不易得出精确数学模型，因而采用模糊控制的方法，实现对温度的控制，可有效地提高温度的热效益和加热质量。
模糊控制是以模糊集合、模糊语言变量和模糊逻辑推理为基础的计算机数字控制技术。
它包括三个步骤，即精确量的模糊化；规则库的建立；解模糊化。
本文首先论述了模糊PID控制的理论基础，介绍了模糊控制的原理及模糊PID 的结构和设计。
然后分析了电加热炉的组成，求出了环节的传递函数，建立了电加热炉系统模型。
再次基础上设计了适用于温度控制系统的模糊PID控制器，利用MATLAB进行仿真，对控制效果进行了详细的分析。
仿真结果表明模糊PID 控制器不依赖于系统模型，在响应速度、稳态精度及对干扰的抑制能力等方面均优于常规PID，尤其适用于像电加热炉系统这样的非线性、大滞后且随时干扰严重的系统。
最后通过实验室实验进一步验证了该控制器的控制效果。
本文研究结果证明：模糊控制在加热炉中的应用是可行的，它可以极大的改善控制效果，在未来加热炉的应用中具有极大的潜力。
温控制系统采用一种非线性补偿的综合原理和方法,这种方法能使系统自动地在两种不同的特性曲线上切换运行,解决了普通温度控制系统的动态温度误差与稳态温度误差两者之间的矛盾,而且结构简单,实施容易。
最后利用利用Matlab对不同的控制算法进行了仿真实验，发现基本PID控制最大的缺点就是控制器参数不能随被控对象的改变而改变，因此不能满足在高精度控制领域中时变系统的控制精度要求;而模糊控制以其鲁棒性强，对参数变化不敏感等优点已经在多个领域有着广泛的应用。
为此将模糊推理引入到PID
控制策略中，仿真试验证明基于模糊推理的自适应PID控制算法提高了传统PID 算法的适应能力及控制精度。
另外结合项目要求进行了控制系统的Matlab的仿真实验，并给出了仿真结果，证明本文中所使用的模糊自适应PID控制算法和温度系统设计的合理性和有效性。
温控制系统采用一种非线性补偿的综合原理和方法,这种方法能使系统自
动地在两种不同的特性曲线上切换运行,解决了普通温度控制系统的动态温度误差与稳态温度误差两者之间的矛盾,而且结构简单,实施容易
关键词：PID；模糊自适应PID；模糊控制； Matlab
The System Design and Simulation Based on Matlab
Abstract：The temperature control is very important in the modern precision measurement system. Therefore the research of temperature control makes lots of sense. But the normal control tactics can not meet the demand, so the new tactics must be studied on the exiting ones.
The PID control arithmetic is the main research object in this thesis. To get over the PID's shortcoming, the study of the fuzzy self-adapting control arithmetic is done. By the Matlab simulation, the main disadvantage of the PID arithmetic is found, which is the parameter of PID controller can not adapt the variety of object. So the control precision is limited when the object is time-variable. The fuzzy control theory is applied in many fields because of its robustness and insensitivity. Therefore, the two arithmetic are combined to be a fuzzy self-adapting control arithmetic, which is
Fuzzy control is an important branch of intelligent control．It has two notable characteristics：dispensing with knowing miasmatic models and preferable robustness．On the other hand，heating furnace is a system with big inertia，nonlinearity．slow time variation，and it is difficult to obtain the mathematics models．So，applying fuzzy control to heating furnace can effectively improve heat—efficiency and heating quality．
Fuzzy control is a soft of computer control technology，based on fuzzy sets，
linguistic variable and fuzzy logic reasoning．It consists 0f three steps：fuzzification of exact variable；establishment 0f rules；defuzzification．
Firstly, the basic theory of Fuzzy PID control is discussed in the paper. The principle of fuzzy control and the structure and the design of fuzzy PID control are introduced. Secondly, the composing of the heating furnace system is analyzed, the T-function is calculated, the model of heating furn ace system is established. Based on this, fuzzy PID controller applied to heating furnace system is designed with simulation by MATLAB, analysis in detail to the control effect is processed. The research shows: fuzzy PID controller is independent of the system model, and it is prior to general PID in response speed and stable precision and restraint ability against the interference, especially appropriate to nonlinearity and serious hysteresis and random interference system such as heating furnace system. Lastly, the control effect of this controller is validated again by experiment in lab.
The development result indicates that fuzzy technology is suitable to be used in reheating furnace. Fuzzy controller can greatly improve the control effect of reheating furnace and has great potential in future furnace applications.
This paper presents a method of non-linear compensation for stove temperature control. This scheme enables the system automatically switch on two operation curves and resolves the contradiction between static and dynamic performances. This system has simple structure and is easily implemented
Keywords: heating furnace systemFuzzy ControlFuzzy PIDT-function。