不锈钢钝化标准
不锈钢管钝化方案
不锈钢管钝化方案不锈钢是一种具有强大抗腐蚀性能的材料，但在某些特定环境下，仍然会受到腐蚀的影响，降低其使用寿命和性能。
为了提高不锈钢管的抗腐蚀性能，可能需要采取钝化措施。
钝化是通过在不锈钢表面形成一层稳定的 passivation 层来防止腐蚀的过程。
本文将介绍几种常见的不锈钢管钝化方案。
一、酸洗钝化方案酸洗钝化是最常用的不锈钢管钝化方法之一。
主要步骤包括清洗、除油和酸洗。
清洗过程通常采用溶液或机械方式，以去除表面的杂质和尘土。
酸洗时一般使用盐酸或硫酸，将不锈钢管浸泡在酸液中一定时间，以去除氧化皮、锈迹和其他杂质，同时形成一层稳定的passivation 层。
二、电化学钝化方案电化学钝化是通过在不锈钢表面施加外加电场来形成 passivation 层的一种方法。
该方法一般需要在无氧环境中进行，常见的电化学钝化方法包括阳极极化和阴极保护。
阳极极化是通过施加阳极电压来氧化不锈钢表面，形成稳定的 passivation 层。
阴极保护是通过施加阴极电压来降低不锈钢管表面的氧化还原电位，从而减缓腐蚀的速度。
三、化学钝化方案化学钝化是利用化学反应来形成 passivation 层的方法。
其中，最常用的化学钝化方法是使用含有铬酸或硝酸的溶液进行处理。
在这个过程中，溶液中的铬酸或硝酸会与不锈钢管表面的铁原子发生反应，生成一层致密的铬酸盐或硝酸盐 passivation 层。
这层 passivation 层能够防止氧、水和其他腐蚀性物质进一步侵蚀。
四、机械钝化方案机械钝化是利用物理力学方法来提高不锈钢管抗腐蚀性能的一种技术。
该方法通过在不锈钢表面制造微观不平整，增加表面积，从而提高其抗腐蚀性。
机械钝化一般通过喷丸、砂皮或刷洗等方式实现。
对于不同的工程和应用场景，选择合适的不锈钢管钝化方案至关重要。
在选择之前，要充分了解钝化方案的工艺过程、适用范围和效果。
此外，注意合理使用并遵守环境保护要求。
正确的钝化方案能够提高不锈钢管的使用寿命和韧性，降低维护成本，并确保其在各种环境下的稳定性。
ASTM A967-2001 不锈钢零件化学钝化处理的标准规范
Designation:A967–01e1Standard Specification forChemical Passivation Treatments for Stainless Steel Parts1 This standard is issued under thefixed designation A967;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon(e)indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.e1N OTE—Paragraph3.1.1.5was deleted editorially in April2002.Paragraph10.2was corrected editorially in April2002.1.Scope1.1This specification covers several different types of chemical passivation treatments for stainless steel parts.It includes recommendations and precautions for descaling, cleaning,and passivation of stainless steel parts.It includes several alternative tests,with acceptance criteria,for confirma-tion of effectiveness of such treatments for stainless steel parts.1.2Practices for the mechanical and chemical treatments of stainless steel surfaces are discussed more thoroughly in Practice A380.1.3Several alternative chemical treatments are defined for passivation of stainless steel parts.Appendix X1gives some nonmandatory information and provides some general guide-lines regarding the selection of passivation treatment appropri-ate to particular grades of stainless steel but makes no recommendations regarding the suitability of any grade,treat-ment,and acceptance criteria for any particular application or class of applications.1.4The tests in this specification are intended to confirm the effectiveness of passivation,particularly with regard to the removal of free iron and other exogenous matter.These tests include the following practices:1.4.1Practice A—Water Immersion Test,1.4.2Practice B—High Humidity Test,1.4.3Practice C—Salt Spray Test,1.4.4Practice D—Copper Sulfate Test,1.4.5Practice E—Potassium Ferricyanide–Nitric Acid Test, and1.4.6Practice F—Free Iron Test.1.5The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard.The SI units given in parentheses are for information only.1.6The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the test method portions,Sections14through18of this specifica-tion:This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns,if any,associated with its use.It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.2.Referenced Documents2.1ASTM Standards:A380Practice for Cleaning,Descaling,and Depassivation of Stainless Steel Parts,Equipment,and Systems2B117Practice for Operating Salt Spray(Fog)Apparatus3 B254Practice for Preparation of and Electroplating on Stainless Steel42.2Federal Specification:QQ-P-35C Passivation Treatments for Corrosion-Resistant Steels53.Terminology3.1Definition of Term Specific to This Standard—It is necessary to define which of the several commonly used definitions of the term passivation will be used in this specification.(See Discussion.)3.1.1Discussion—Stainless steels are autopassivating in the sense that the protective passivefilm is formed spontaneously on exposure to air or moisture.The presence of exogenous surface contamination,including dirt,grease,free iron from contact with steel tooling,and so forth,may interfere with the formation of the passivefilm.The cleaning of these contami-nants from the stainless steel surface will facilitate the spon-taneous passivation by allowing the oxygen uniform access to the surface.The passivefilm may be augmented by chemical treatments that provide an oxidizing environment for the stainless steel surface.3.1.1.1In this specification,passivation,unless otherwise specified,is defined as the chemical treatment of a stainless steel with a mild oxidant,such as a nitric acid solution,for the purpose of the removal of free iron or other foreign matter,but which is generally not effective in removal of heat tint or oxide scale on stainless steel.In the case of stainless steels with additions of sulfur for the purpose of improved machinability,1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01on Steel, Stainless Steel,and Related Alloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee A01.14on Methods of Corrosion Testing.Current edition approved Oct.10,2001.Published December2001.Originally published as A967–st previoius edition A967–99.2Annual Book of ASTM Standards,V ol01.03.3Annual Book of ASTM Standards,V ol03.02.4Annual Book of ASTM Standards,V ol02.05.5Available from Superintendent of Documents,ernment Printing Office,Washington,DC20402.1Copyright©ASTM International,100Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA19428-2959,United States.passivation may also include the removal of sulfides from the surface of the metal for the purpose of maximizing corrosion resistance.3.1.1.2The formation of the protective passivefilm on a stainless steel,also called passivation in a more general context,will occur spontaneously in air or other oxygen-containing environment when the stainless steel surface is free of oxide scale and exogenous matter.3.1.1.3Chemical treatments,such as sodium dichromate solutions,may facilitate the more rapid formation of the passivefilm on a stainless steel surface already free of scale or foreign matter.Such treatments,also sometimes called passi-vation in common usage,are designated as post-cleaning treatments in this specification in order to distinguish them from chemical treatments capable of removing free iron from stainless steels.3.1.1.4The chemical treatments capable of removing heat tint or oxide scale from stainless steel and capable of dissolving the stainless steel itself,typically called pickling,are substan-tially more aggressive than treatments used for passivation,as defined in3.1.1.1.The surface of stainless steel that has been pickled is free of scale,free iron,and exogenous foreign matter,and does not require a separate treatment for passiva-tion as defined in3.1.1.1.The passivation process defined in 3.1.1.2will occur without further chemical treatment but may be augmented and improved by the post-cleaning treatments defined in3.1.1.3.3.1.1.5Electrochemical treatments,including electropick-ling and electropolishing capable of removing heat tint or oxide scale from stainless steel and capable of dissolving the stainless steel itself,are substantially more aggressive than treatments used for passivation,as defined in3.1.1.1.The surface of stainless steel resulting from these treatments is free of scale, free iron,and exogenous foreign matter,and does not require a separate treatment for passivation as defined in3.1.1.1.The passivation process defined in 3.1.1.2will occur without further chemical treatment,but may be augmented and im-proved by the post-cleaning treatments defined in 3.1.1.3. Statements regarding chemical treatments,unless otherwise specified,are taken to include electrochemical treatments.4.Ordering Information4.1It is the responsibility of the purchaser to specify a test practice appropriate to any particular material and application. This specification was written for the purpose of providing an alternative to United States Federal Specification QQ-P-35C. Determination of the suitability of this specification for that purpose is the responsibility of the purchaser.4.2Unless specified by the purchaser,the chemical treat-ment applied to the stainless steel parts shall be selected by the seller from among the listed passivation treatments.5.Materials and Preparation for Passivation Treatments 5.1The passivation treatments shall be of one or more of the following types.The effectiveness of a particular treatment for a particular grade of stainless steel in a particular application is demonstrated by meeting the specified testing requirements: 5.1.1Treatments in nitric acid,5.1.2Treatments in citric acid,5.1.3Other chemical treatments,including electrochemical treatments,5.1.4Neutralization,and5.1.5Post-cleaning treatments.5.2Materials:5.2.1The chemicals used for passivation treatments shall produce passivated surfaces that meet the requirements of one or more of the tests of this specification.Attention shall be given to maintaining adequate volume,concentration,purity, and temperature control appropriate to the size and amount of stainless steel to be treated.5.2.2The processor shall maintain a record with regard to concentration and temperature of the passivation solution sufficient to demonstrate that the specified passivation condi-tions were maintained for each lot of stainless steel parts processed.Such records shall be available for inspection when specified in the purchase order.The processor is not required to reveal the precise composition of proprietary chemical mix-tures but shall maintain a unique identification of the mixture that will ensure its accurate representation for subsequent use.5.2.3The processor shall be responsible for the safe dis-posal of all material generated by this process.5.3Preparation for Passivation Treatments:5.3.1The pretreatment methods and procedures used prior to the passivation treatment,including mechanical and chemi-cal methods,singly or in combination,for descaling and pickling,shall be in accordance with Practice A380.When electrochemical cleaning is required,it shall be performed in accordance with Practice B254.5.3.2The resulting pretreated surface shall be substantially free of oil,grease,rust,scale,and other foreign matter.5.3.3When thefinal pretreatment of a part includes pickling of the entire surface of the part,no further passivation treatment is required prior to testing of the surface unless specified by the purchaser.6.Treatments in Nitric Acid Solutions6.1Passivation Treatment:6.1.1Stainless steel parts shall be treated in one of the following aqueous solutions and maintained within the speci-fied temperature range for the specified time.6.1.1.1Nitric1—The solution shall contain20to25volume percent of nitric acid and2.5+0.5weight percent of sodium dichromate.The parts shall be immersed for a minimum of20 min at a temperature in the range from120to130°F(49to 54°C).6.1.1.2Nitric2—The solution shall contain20to45volume percent of nitric acid.The parts shall be immersed for a minimum of30min at a temperature in the range from70to 90°F(21to32°C).6.1.1.3Nitric3—The solution shall contain20to25volume percent nitric acid.The parts shall be immersed for a minimum of20min at a temperature in the range from120to140°F(49 to60°C).6.1.1.4Nitric4—The solution shall contain45to55volume percent of nitric acid.The parts shall be immersed for a minimum of30min at a temperature in the range from120to 130°F(49to54°C).6.1.1.5Nitric5—Other combinations of temperature,time, and concentration of nitric acid,with or without other chemi-cals,including accelerants,inhibitors,or proprietary solutions, capable of producing parts that pass the specified test require-ments.6.2Water Rinse—Immediately after removal from the pas-sivating solution the parts shall be thoroughly rinsed,using stagnant,countercurrent,or spray washes singly or in combi-nation,with or without a separate chemical treatment for neutralization(see9.1)of the passivation media,with afinal rinse being carried out using water with a maximum total solids content of200ppm.7.Treatments in Citric Acid7.1Passivation Treatment:7.1.1Stainless steel parts shall be treated in one of the following aqueous solutions and maintained within the speci-fied temperature range for the specified time.7.1.1.1Citric1—The solution shall contain4to10weight percent of citric acid.The parts shall be immersed for a minimum of4min at a temperature in the range from140to 160°F(60to71°C).7.1.1.2Citric2—The solution shall contain4to10weight percent of citric acid.The parts shall be immersed for a minimum of10min at a temperature in the range from120to 140°F(49to60°C).7.1.1.3Citric3—The solution shall contain4to10weight percent of citric acid.The parts shall be immersed for a minimum of20min at a temperature in the range from70to 120°F(21to49°C).7.1.1.4Citric4—Other combinations of temperature,time, and concentration of citric acid,with or without other chemi-cals to enhance cleaning,including accelerants,inhibitors,or proprietary solutions capable of producing parts that pass the specified test requirements.7.1.1.5Citric5—Other combinations of temperature,time, and concentrations of citric acid,with or without other chemi-cals to enhance cleaning,including accelerants,inhibitors,or proprietary solutions capable of producing parts that pass the specified test requirements.Immersion bath to be controlled ata pH of1.8–2.2.7.2Water Rinse—Immediately after removal from the pas-sivating solution,the parts shall be thoroughly rinsed,using stagnant,countercurrent,or spray washes,singly or in combi-nation,with or without a separate chemical treatment for neutralization of the passivation media(see9.2),with afinal rinse being carried out using water with a maximum total solids content of200ppm.8.Treatments in Other Chemical Solutions,IncludingElectrochemical Treatments8.1It is recognized that the purpose of removal of all exogenous matter from a stainless steel surface,including the removal of free iron,can be accomplished by different media, with potential for benefits to be gained from use of proprietary skills and art,including proprietary passivation media.Such treatments may include externally applying an electrical po-tential on the stainless steel parts,as in the case of electropol-ishing.The suitability of such passivation treatments for use in meeting the requirements of this specification shall be deter-mined by the capability of the processed parts meeting the specified test requirements.8.2Stainless steel parts shall be treated in a specified aqueous solution,with or without externally applied electrical potential,and maintained within a specified temperature range for a time sufficient for the processed parts to meet the specified test requirement.8.3Water Rinse—Immediately after removal from the pas-sivating solution,the parts shall be thoroughly rinsed,using stagnant,countercurrent,or spray washes,singly or in combi-nation,with or without a separate chemical treatment for neutralization of the passivation media(see9.2),with afinal rinse being carried out using water with a maximum total solids content of200ppm.9.Neutralization9.1The chemical reactions of the passivating media on the surface of the stainless steel shall be stopped by rinsing of the stainless steel part,with or without a separate neutralization treatment.9.2The suitability of a neutralization procedure is deter-mined by the capability of the processed parts meeting the specified test requirements.(See Note1.)N OTE1—The selection of medium and procedures for a neutralization depends of the chemistry of the passivation and on economic consider-ations.An example of a neutralizing treatment would be immersion of the part for a minimum of30min in a solution of5%NaOH at160to180°F (71to82°C),followed by a water rinse.10.Post-Cleaning Treatments10.1Although the passivefilm characteristic of stainless steel will form spontaneously in air or any other oxygen-containing environment,the processor shall,when specified, apply a chemical treatment that will accelerate the formation of the passivefilm on a chemically clean stainless steel surface. An example of a medium that serves to accelerate the forma-tion of the passivefilm but does not contribute to the removal of free iron from the stainless steel surface would be an aqueous solution of sodium dichromate.10.2When specified,within one hour after thefinal water rinse as required in6.2,7.2,or8.3,all ferritic and martensitic steel parts shall be immersed in an aqueous solution containing 4to6weight percent of sodium dichromate at a temperature in the range from140to160°F(60to71°C)for a minimum of30 min,followed by a rinse in accordance with6.2,7.2,or8.3. The parts shall then be thoroughly dried.10.3The purchaser may specify other post-cleaning treat-ments.11.Finish11.1The passivated parts shall exhibit a chemically clean surface and shall,on visual inspection,show no etching, pitting,or frosting resulting from the passivation procedures.12.Testing Agency12.1When required,the purchaser shall be permitted to perform such inspections as necessary to determine that the testing agency is capable of performing the specifiedtest.13.Lot,Frequency of Testing,and Selection of Test13.1Definition of Lot—A lot shall consist of one of the following,at the option of the processor:13.1.1The passivated parts of similar alloy and manufac-turing methods that are pretreated and passivated in a single day or within a time frame that will ensure consistent passiva-tion results;13.1.2The passivated parts of the same product of one size from one heat in one shipment;or13.1.3When few parts are involved,the passivated parts from an entire production run.13.2Unless a greater frequency of testing is specified on the purchase order,one test per lot shall be sufficient.13.3One or more of the following tests,when specified on the purchase order,shall be performed on each lot of stainless steel parts.Not all of the following tests are suitable for all grades of stainless steel.(See Note2.)13.3.1Practice A—Water Immersion Test,13.3.2Practice B—High Humidity Test,13.3.3Practice C—Salt Spray Test,13.3.4Practice D—Copper Sulfate Test,and13.3.5Practice E—Potassium Ferricyanide–Nitric Acid Test.N OTE2—Some of the tests may produce positive indications not associated with the presence of free iron on the stainless steel surface.An example would be application of Practice C on some lesser-alloyed martensitic or ferritic stainless steels.14.Practice A—Water Immersion Test14.1This test is used for the detection of free iron or any other anodic surface contaminants on stainless steel.14.2The sample representing the lot of passivated parts shall be alternately immersed in a non-rusting tank of distilled water for1h and allowed to dry in air for1h.This cycle shall be repeated a minimum of twelve times.14.3The tested sample shall not exhibit rust or staining attributable to the presence of free iron particles embedded in the surface.15.Practice B—High Humidity Test15.1This test is used for the detection of free iron or any other anodic surface contaminants on stainless steel.15.2The test shall be performed using a humidity cabinet capable of maintaining the specified test conditions.15.3The sample representing the lot of passivated parts shall be cleaned by immersion in acetone or methyl alcohol or by swabbing with a clean gauze saturated with acetone or methyl alcohol,and dried in an inert atmosphere or desiccated container.The cleaned and dried part shall be subjected to97 63%humidity at10065°F(3863°C)for a minimum of 24h.15.4The tested sample shall not exhibit rust or staining attributable to the presence of free iron particles imbedded in the surface.16.Practice C—Salt Spray Test16.1This test is used for the detection of free iron or any other anodic surface contaminants on stainless steel.16.2The sample representing the lot of passivated parts shall be tested by the salt spray test conducted in accordance with Practice B117for a minimum of2h using a5%salt solution.16.3The tested sample shall not exhibit rust or staining attributable to the presence of free iron particles imbedded in the surface.17.Practice D—Copper Sulfate Test17.1This test is recommended for the detection of free iron on the surface of austenitic stainless steels in the200and300 series,precipitation hardened stainless steels,and ferritic400 series stainless steels having a minimum of16%chromium. This test is not recommended for martensitic400series stainless steels or for ferritic400series stainless steels with less than16%chromium because these steels will give a positive indication irrespective of the presence or absence of anodic surface contaminants.This test shall not be applied to parts to be used in food processing.17.2The test solution is prepared by dissolving4g of copper sulfate pentahydrate(CuSO4·5H2O)in250mL of distilled water to which1mL of sulfuric acid(H2SO4,sp gr 1.84)has been added.Aqueous copper sulfate solutions more than two weeks old shall not be used for this test.17.3The test solution is swabbed on the surface of the sample representing the lot of passivated parts,applying additional solution as needed to keep the surface wet for a period of at least6min.At the end of this period,the surface shall be carefully rinsed and dried with care taken not to disturb copper deposits if present.17.4The tested sample shall not exhibit copper deposits.18.Practice E—Potassium Ferricyanide–Nitric Acid Test 18.1This test is recommended when detection of very small amounts of free iron is required.It is recommended for detection of free iron on austenitic200and300series stainless steels.This test is not recommended for detection of free iron on ferritic or martensitic400series stainless steels,because these steels will give a positive indication irrespective of the presence or absence of anodic surface contaminants.This test shall not be applied to parts to be used in food processing. 18.2The test solution is prepared by adding10g of chemically pure potassium ferricyanide to500mL of distilled water,adding30mL of70%nitric acid,agitating until all of the ferricyanide is dissolved,and diluting to1000mL with distilled water.The test solution shall be mixed fresh on the day of the test.18.3The test solution is swabbed on the surface of the sample representing the lot of passivated parts.The formation of a dark blue color within30s denotes the presence of metallic iron.18.4The tested sample shall not exhibit the dark blue color indicative of free iron on the surface.18.5When the test is negative,the surface shall be thor-oughly washed with warm water to removal all traces of the test solution.When the test is positive,the dark blue stain shall be removed with a solution of10%acetic acid and8%oxalic acid,followed by a thorough hot waterrinse.19.Practice F—Free Iron Test19.1This test is used for the detection of free iron on the surface of stainless steel.It is especially useful for large parts that have been uniformly cleaned but that are inconvenient for reasons of size of equipment or ease of handling of the part to place in the environments defined in Practice A(Section14)or Practice B(Section15).Unless otherwise specified by the purchaser,the number of tests and the locations of the tests shall be at the option of the processor to assure a representative testing of the part.19.2The test is performed by placing a clean cloth pad that has been thoroughly soaked with distilled or deminaralized water on the surface of the part at a part temperature of50°F (10°C)or greater for a period of not less than60minutes.The cloth shall be in contact with the steel for an area of at least20 square inches(130cm2).The pad shall be maintained wet through the test period,either by a method of retarding external evaporation,by the further addition of potable water,or by backing the pad with a sponge or similar water source.The cloth pad used shall be used for only one such test,being changed for each test so as to avoid risk of contamination. After removal of the cloth pad,the surface of the part shall be allowed to dry in air before inspection.19.3The tested part shall not exhibit rust or staining attributable to the presence of free iron particles embedded in the surface.20.Rejection and Retest20.1Any lot failing to meet the specified test requirements of the purchase order shall be rejected.A rejected lot may,at the option of the processor,be re-passivated,with or without re-pretreatment,and then be retested.The number of samples tested from a lot subject to retest shall be twice the original specified test frequency,to the limit of the number of pieces in the lot.All samples must pass the specified acceptance criterion for the specified test for the retested lot to be accepted. 21.Precision and Bias21.1No statement is made concerning either the precision or bias of Practices A,B,C,D,and E because the results state merely whether there is conformance to the criteria for success specified in the procedure.22.Certification22.1When specified in the purchase order,a report of the practice and tests used,including the record of process condi-tions when specified in accordance with 3.1.1.2,shall be supplied to the purchaser.APPENDIX(Nonmandatory Information)RMATION REGARDING PASSIV ATION TREATMENTSN OTE X1.1—The following information is based on a section of Federal Specification QQ-P-35C(Oct.28,1988)identified as information of a general or explanatory nature that may be helpful,but is not mandatory. Minor changes have been made in the text to facilitate references to the main document and to correct technical inaccuracies.X1.1Intended Use—The passivation treatments provided by this specification are intended to improve the corrosion resistance of parts made from stainless steels of all types.X1.1.1During processing operations such as forming,ma-chining,tumbling,and lapping,iron particles or other foreign particles may become smeared over or imbedded into the surface of stainless steel parts.These particles must be re-moved or they will appear as rust or stain spots.This condition may be prevented by chemically treating the parts to remove the iron particles or other foreign particles,and then allowing the passivefilm to form on the cleaned surface,with or without chemical enhancement of the formation of this oxidefilm.X1.1.2This specification is not intended for the black oxide coating of parts typically used for photographic or optical instruments.X1.2Ordering Data—Purchasers should select the pre-ferred options permitted by this specification and include the following information in the purchase order:X1.2.1Title,number,and date of this specification;X1.2.2Identification of material by type and applicable product specification;X1.2.3Test practices to be imposed(see1.4);X1.2.4Definition of lot size,if other than described in this specification;andX1.2.5Required documentation,if other than the minimum required by this specification.X1.3Grades of Stainless Steel—Different types of stainless steel are selected on a basis of properties required,for example, corrosion resistance and design criteria,and fabrication re-quirements.Table X1.1is a compilation that serves as a guide for the selection of passivation treatment for different grades, but is far from complete either in grades or in passivation treatments.X1.4Clean Water—Clean water is defined as water con-taining a maximum total solid content of200ppm.Rinsing can be accomplished by a combination of stagnant,countercurrent or spray rinses,or both,prior tofinal rinse.X1.5Chemically Clean Surface—A chemically clean sur-face is defined as a surface upon which water,when applied momentarily to the surface,will remain on that surface in an even,continuousfilm,and in addition is free of any foreign material or residualfilm deposit which would be detrimental to the quality of thepart.X1.6Test Specimens —When using test specimens instead of parts,the specimens can effectively represent the parts only if they have been exposed to the same processing steps,such as machining,grinding,heat treating,welding,and so forth,as the parts they are to represent.X1.7Carburized Surfaces —Stainless steel parts with car-burized surfaces cannot be passivated because the carbon combines with the chromium forming chromium carbides on the surface.X1.8Nitrided Surfaces —Stainless steel parts with nitrided surfaces should not be passivated because the treatment will severely corrode the nitrided case.X1.9This specification provides for the same passivation treatments as Fed.Spec.QQ-P-35C,but also includes a number of alternative passivation treatments.The effectiveness of any passivation treatment is demonstrated by the parts meeting the specified testing requirements after treatment.X1.10Martensitic Grade 440C —High-strength grades such as 440C are subject to hydrogen embrittlement or intergranular attack when exposed to acids.Cleaning by mechanical methods or other chemical methods is recom-mended.X1.11The salt spray test is typically used to evaluate austenitic stainless steels and may not be applicable to all martensitic or ferritic stainless steels.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentioned in this ers of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights,and the risk of infringement of such rights,are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years and if not revised,either reapproved or withdrawn.Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standards and should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters.Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee,which you may attend.If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you should make your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards,at the address shownbelow.FIG.X1.1Recommended Nitric Acid Passivation Treatments for Different Grades of StainlessSteel。
不锈钢酸洗与钝化规范标准
不锈钢酸洗与钝化规范——奥氏体不锈钢压力容器的酸洗钝化晨怡热管1 前言在我公司生产中，经常有不锈钢设备的制作，不锈钢设备由于接触到腐蚀性介质，会造成设备表面有明显的腐蚀痕迹及颜色不均匀的斑痕，因此对不锈钢设备表面的处理尤为关键，不锈钢设备表面的钝化处理就是一个重要环节。
设备表面钝化膜形成不完善，与铁离子接触造成污染，在使用过程中就会出现锈蚀现象，造成运行介质指标变化等。
下面就奥氏体不锈钢设备表面的酸洗钝化处理原理及实际操作的常规工艺过程谈一些看法，以供有关人员参考。
2 概述奥氏体不锈钢具有良好的耐腐蚀性能，而且还有良好的冷热加工性能，因此被广泛地用于制造各类具有防腐蚀要求的压力容器，奥氏体不锈钢表面的钝化膜，对其耐腐蚀有很大影响。
奥氏体不锈钢的钝化膜主要是通过对其表面进行酸洗钝化处理得来的。
3 酸洗钝化的原理3.1钝化：金属经氧化性介质处理后，其腐蚀速度比原来未处理前有显著下降的现象称金属的钝化。
其钝化机理主要可用薄膜理论来解释，即认为钝化是由于金属与氧化性介质作用，作用时在金属表面生成一种非常薄的、致密的、覆盖性能良好的、能中固地附在金属表面上的钝化膜。
这层膜成独立相存在，通常是氧和金属的化合物。
它起着把金属与腐蚀介质完全隔开的作用，防止金属与腐蚀介质直接接触，从而使金属基本停止溶解。
奥氏体不锈钢经氧化性介质处理后其表面能形成满足上述要求的钝化膜，但该钝化膜在起活化作用的Cl-、Br-、F-等卤素离子作用下，极易受到破坏。
这也就是虽经酸洗钝化处理的奥氏体不锈钢压力容器在进行水压试验后若不能将水渍除干净，但应控制水的Cl-含量不超过25ppm的原因之一。
另外并非任何金属的氧化膜都可视作钝化膜，如碳钢在高温氧化后形成的氧化膜由于不能满足牢固地附在金属表面的要求而不能充作钝化膜。
对于奥氏体不锈钢一般采用氧化性强的以硝酸为主剂的溶液来进行处理，为确保钝化处理的效果，在钝化前先对被钝化表面进行酸洗处理。
不锈钢酸洗与钝化规范
不锈钢酸洗与钝化规范——奥氏体不锈钢压力容器的酸洗钝化晨怡热管1 前言在我公司生产中，经常有不锈钢设备的制作，不锈钢设备由于接触到腐蚀性介质，会造成设备表面有明显的腐蚀痕迹及颜色不均匀的斑痕，因此对不锈钢设备表面的处理尤为关键，不锈钢设备表面的钝化处理就是一个重要环节。
设备表面钝化膜形成不完善，与铁离子接触造成污染，在使用过程中就会出现锈蚀现象，造成运行介质指标变化等。
下面就奥氏体不锈钢设备表面的酸洗钝化处理原理及实际操作的常规工艺过程谈一些看法，以供有关人员参考。
2 概述奥氏体不锈钢具有良好的耐腐蚀性能，而且还有良好的冷热加工性能，因此被广泛地用于制造各类具有防腐蚀要求的压力容器，奥氏体不锈钢表面的钝化膜，对其耐腐蚀有很大影响。
奥氏体不锈钢的钝化膜主要是通过对其表面进行酸洗钝化处理得来的。
3 酸洗钝化的原理3.1钝化：金属经氧化性介质处理后，其腐蚀速度比原来未处理前有显著下降的现象称金属的钝化。
其钝化机理主要可用薄膜理论来解释，即认为钝化是由于金属与氧化性介质作用，作用时在金属表面生成一种非常薄的、致密的、覆盖性能良好的、能中固地附在金属表面上的钝化膜。
这层膜成独立相存在，通常是氧和金属的化合物。
它起着把金属与腐蚀介质完全隔开的作用，防止金属与腐蚀介质直接接触，从而使金属基本停止溶解。
奥氏体不锈钢经氧化性介质处理后其表面能形成满足上述要求的钝化膜，但该钝化膜在起活化作用的Cl-、Br-、F-等卤素离子作用下，极易受到破坏。
这也就是虽经酸洗钝化处理的奥氏体不锈钢压力容器在进行水压试验后若不能将水渍除干净，但应控制水的Cl-含量不超过25ppm的原因之一。
另外并非任何金属的氧化膜都可视作钝化膜，如碳钢在高温氧化后形成的氧化膜由于不能满足牢固地附在金属表面的要求而不能充作钝化膜。
对于奥氏体不锈钢一般采用氧化性强的以硝酸为主剂的溶液来进行处理，为确保钝化处理的效果，在钝化前先对被钝化表面进行酸洗处理。
不锈钢酸洗钝化
不锈钢酸洗钝化不锈钢酸洗钝化去除不锈钢表层氧化的化学过程称为不锈钢酸洗钝化。
不锈钢表层氧化不锈钢在加工过程中会出现黑色、黄色的氧化皮，为了提高不锈钢的外观和耐蚀性，加工后的不锈钢必须进行酸洗钝化处理。
去除焊接、高温加工处理后产生的氧化皮，使之银亮有光，并使处理后的表面形成一层以铬为主要物质的氧化膜，不会再产生二次氧蚀，达到钝化目的，从而提高不锈钢制品的表面防腐质量，延长设备使用寿命。
不锈钢表层氧化处理不锈钢酸洗钝化一般是采用酸洗钝化膏和酸洗钝化液进行处理，酸洗钝化膏是将酸洗和钝化同步进行，一步完成，改变了传统的酸洗和钝化工艺，操作简单、施工方便、成本低廉。
适合于大面积涂刷操作。
酸洗钝化液适合于小工件的浸泡操作。
不锈钢酸洗钝化应用不锈钢酸洗钝化适合200系列、300系列、400系列不锈钢，广泛用于化工、制药、造纸、食品、航空、核工业、建筑等不锈钢设备、压力容器、工程构件的表面处理。
不锈钢酸洗钝化标准不锈钢酸洗钝化检测标准为:国际通用不锈钢蓝点检测液检测。
氧化皮清除液用途:快速清除不锈钢热加工后产生的高温难清除黑色顽固氧化皮，特别适用于304、321、316、316L等型号不锈钢，最终使产品表面清洁干净，成银白色表面，美化外观，同时钝化不锈钢表面，提高抗腐蚀能力;也用于清除各种锈、氧化皮、焊接后产生的黄蓝黑色焊斑等污物。
特点:由刺激性气味的液体，除锈、氧化皮速度快、效率高，显著提高了不锈钢产品的耐蚀性能、抗锈效果。
同时添加了高效缓蚀剂、抑雾剂，防止金属出现过腐蚀和氢脆现象、抑制酸雾的产生。
使用方便、经济实用，特别适用于小型复杂工件，不适合涂膏的情况，优于市场同类产品。
综合评价，处市场同类产品第一名。
用法:将要处理的不锈钢件浸泡在清洗液中，常温处理2~10分钟或更长时间(由氧化皮厚度、板材材质和处理要求而定)，至表面氧化皮、锈完全清除干净为止，然后用清水(石灰水或碱水更好)冲净，避免返锈。
包装:1千克/瓶、24瓶/箱;塑料桶:30公斤/桶。
ASTM A 380-1999不锈钢钝化标准
不锈钢零件、设备和系统的清洗、除垢和钝化的标准1. 范围 (3)2. 参考文件 (4)2.1 ASTM 标准 (4)2.2 联邦标准 (4)3. 设计 (4)4. 预清洗 (4)5. 除垢 (4)5.1 概述.... . (4)5.2 化学除垢（酸洗） (4)5.2. 酸洗................. (4)5.2. 要除垢的表面在化学处理前要进行预清洗 (4)5.2.3 必须避免过度酸洗 (5)5.3 机械除垢 (5)6. 清洗 (5)6.1 概述.... .. (5)6.2 清洗方法 (6)6.2. 碱性清洗......... (6)6.2.2 乳液清洗 (6)6.2.3 溶剂清洗 (6)6.2.4 蒸汽去垢 (6)6.2.5 超声波清洗 (6)6.2.6 合成溶剂 (6)6.2.7 螯合清洗 (7)6.2.8 机械清洗 (7)6.2.9 蒸汽清洗 (7)6.2.10 水冲法 (7)6.2.11 酸洗 (7)6.3 清洗焊接处和焊缝区域 (7)6.4 最终清洗或者钝化 (7)6.5 精密清洗 (8)6.6 已安装系统的清洗 (8)7. 清洗后检测 (8)7.1 概述 (8)7.2 各种检测： (9)7.2.1 目视检测 (9)7.2.2 擦拭检测 (9)7.2.3 残留物形式 (9)7.2.4 水膜破坏试验 (9)7.2.5 检测游离铁 (9)7.2.5.1 浸水和烘干 (9)7.2.5.2 高湿度检测 (9)7.2.5.3 硫酸铜检测 (9)7.3 精密检测： (10)7.3.1 溶剂环绕检测 (10)7.3.2 黑光检测 (10)7.3.3 喷雾检测 (10)7.3.4 自由铁的铁锈检测 (10)7.3.4.1 蓝变 (10)8. 预防措施 (11)8.1 将铁感染最小化 (11)8.2 清洗和酸洗溶液的再使用 (11)8.3 冲洗用水 (11)8.4 清洗溶液和冲洗水的流通 (11)8.5 已清洗表面的保护 (12)8.6 安全 (13)8.7 使用过的溶液和水的丢弃 (13)9. 关键词 (13)附录（必要信息） (13)A1 关于不锈钢酸洗除垢的建议和预防措施（见表A1.1） (13)A2 不锈钢酸洗的建议和预防措施（见表格A2.1） (15)1.范围1.1这个标准包括了不锈钢零件、组件、设备和安装系统的清洗、除垢和钝化的所有建议和预防措施。
不锈钢管钝化方案
不锈钢管钝化方案本文介绍了一种有效的不锈钢管钝化方案，旨在提高不锈钢管的耐腐蚀性和延长使用寿命。
针对不同的应用领域和环境条件，我们提出了不同的钝化方法，并详细说明了操作步骤和注意事项。
以下是具体内容：一、背景介绍不锈钢管是一种高度耐腐蚀的金属管道材料，广泛应用于化工、石油、食品加工等领域。
然而，在某些特殊环境下，不锈钢管仍可能出现腐蚀的情况，影响其使用寿命和性能表现。
为此，我们需要采取钝化措施来加强不锈钢管的耐腐蚀性。
二、酸性钝化酸性钝化是一种常用的钝化方法，适用于一般情况下的不锈钢管。
操作步骤如下：1. 清洗：首先，将不锈钢管浸入去离子水中进行彻底清洗，以去除表面的污垢和杂质。
2. 酸洗：然后，将不锈钢管浸泡在适当浓度的酸性溶液中，如硫酸、盐酸或硝酸中，时间一般为10-30分钟。
酸洗可以去除不锈钢表面的氧化层和锈蚀痕迹，为后续的钝化处理做好准备。
3. 氧化：将酸洗后的不锈钢管放置于空气中，使其表面自然氧化形成一层致密的氧化膜，增强耐腐蚀性。
4. 漂洗：最后，将不锈钢管用清水彻底漂洗干净，以去除残留的酸性溶液和杂质。
三、碱性钝化碱性钝化适用于在酸性条件下无法完全去除的污垢和腐蚀产物。
操作步骤如下：1. 清洗：与酸性钝化相同，首先用去离子水彻底清洗不锈钢管的表面。
2. 碱洗：然后，将不锈钢管浸泡在碱性溶液中，如氢氧化钠或氢氧化钾溶液中，时间一般为30-60分钟。
碱性溶液可以有效去除酸性条件下残留的污垢和腐蚀产物。
3. 漂洗：最后，将不锈钢管用清水彻底漂洗干净，以去除残留的碱性溶液和杂质。
四、其他钝化方法除了酸性钝化和碱性钝化，还有其他一些特殊的钝化方法，如电化学钝化、化学物理钝化等。
这些方法往往需要专业设备和技术人员进行操作。
根据具体的需求和条件，可以选择合适的钝化方法。
五、注意事项在进行不锈钢管钝化过程中，需要注意以下事项：1. 操作环境：选择洁净、无尘、无腐蚀性气体的环境进行钝化处理，以避免外界污染物对不锈钢管的影响。
不锈钢酸洗钝化剂执行标准
不锈钢酸洗钝化剂执行标准
不锈钢酸洗钝化剂的执行标准通常包括以下几方面：
1.原料要求：酸洗钝化剂的原料应符合相关标准规定的化学成分、纯度和
含量的要求。
2.工艺参数：包括酸洗液的浓度、温度和酸洗时间等参数，钝化液的浓
度、温度和钝化时间等参数。
这些参数的确定需要考虑不锈钢材料的种类、表面处理要求以及使用环境等因素。
3.性能要求：不锈钢酸洗钝化剂应具有高效、稳定、安全、环保等性能，
能够有效地去除不锈钢表面的氧化膜和油污，同时提高不锈钢表面的耐腐蚀性能。
4.检测方法：不锈钢酸洗钝化剂的质量和效果应采用科学、公正的检测方
法进行评估和验证，确保产品的质量和性能符合相关标准要求。
5.使用方法：不锈钢酸洗钝化剂的使用方法应遵循产品说明书和相关规
定，确保使用过程的安全性和有效性。
6.储存和运输：不锈钢酸洗钝化剂的储存和运输应遵循相关规定和标准，
确保产品的安全和稳定。
总之，不锈钢酸洗钝化剂的执行标准是确保产品质量、安全、稳定和有效的基础，也是保障不锈钢表面处理质量和效果的必要条件。
在选择和使用不锈钢酸洗钝化剂时，应遵循相关标准规定和要求。
不锈钢表面的防腐蚀
不锈钢表面的防腐蚀--钝化不锈钢的抗腐蚀性主要由表面覆盖着一层极薄的（约1nm）致密的钝化膜把腐蚀介质隔离,是不锈钢防护的基本屏障。
不锈钢钝化具有动态特征,不应看作腐蚀完全停止，而是形成扩散的阻挡层,使阳极反应大大降低.通常在有还原剂（如氯离子）情况下倾向于破坏膜,而在氧化剂（如空气）存在时能保持或修复膜。
不锈钢工件放置于空气中会形成氧化膜，但这种膜的保护性不够完善。
通常先要进行彻底清洗，包括碱洗和酸洗,再用氧化剂钝化,才能保征钝化膜的完整性与稳定性。
酸洗的目的之一是为钝化处理创造条件，保证形成优质的钝化膜。
因为通过酸洗使不锈钢表面平均有10um厚一层表面被腐蚀掉,酸液的化学活性使得缺陷部位的溶解率比表面上其它部位高,因此酸洗可使整个表面趋于均匀平衡，一些原来容易造成腐蚀的隐患被清除掉了.但更重要的是，通过酸洗钝化，使铁与铁的氧化物比铬与铬的氧化物优先溶解,去掉了贫铬层,造成铬在不锈钢表面富集,这种富铬钝化膜的电位可达＋1.0V(SCE），接近贵金属的电位，提高了抗腐蚀的稳定性。
不同的钝化处理也会影响膜的成份与结构，从而影响不锈性,如通过电化学改性处理，可使钝化膜具有多层结构,在阻挡层形成CrO3或Cr2O3，或形成玻璃态的氧化膜，使不锈钢发挥最大的耐腐蚀性。
1．不锈钢酸洗钝化的必要性:奥氏体不锈钢具有良好的耐蚀性能，抗高温氧化性能，较好的低温性能及优良的机械与加上r生能。
因此广泛用于化工、石油、动力、核工程、航天航空、海洋、医药、轻工、纺织等部门。
其主要目的在于防腐防锈。
不锈钢的耐腐蚀主要依靠表面钝化膜，如果膜不完整或有缺陷,不锈钢仍会被腐蚀.工程上通常进行酸洗钝化处理，使不锈钢的耐蚀潜力发挥得更大。
在不锈钢设备与部件在成形、组装、焊接、焊缝检查 (如探伤、耐压试验)及施工标记等过程中带来表面油污、铁锈、非金属脏物、低熔点金属污染物、油漆、焊渣与飞溅物等，这些物质影响了不锈钢设备与部件表面质量，破坏了其表面的氧化膜,降低了钢的抗全面腐蚀性能和抗局部腐蚀性能（包括点蚀、缝隙腐蚀)，甚至会导致应力腐蚀破裂。
不锈钢钝化技术标准
不锈钢钝化技术标准
1. 化学成分标准，不同类型的不锈钢材料需要遵循不同的化学成分标准，以确保钝化处理后的表面质量和耐腐蚀性能符合要求。
这包括钝化溶液中的化学成分和浓度等方面的标准。
2. 处理工艺标准，钝化处理的工艺包括预处理、钝化处理和后处理等环节，需要遵循一定的工艺标准，如处理温度、处理时间、搅拌速度、PH值等参数的控制要求。
3. 膜层性能标准，钝化处理后形成的膜层应具有一定的厚度、致密性、耐蚀性和装饰性能。
因此，钝化技术标准中通常包括对膜层性能的测试方法和要求。
4. 环保标准，钝化处理液及废水处理应符合环保要求，需要遵循相关的环保标准，确保不对环境造成污染。
5. 检测标准，对钝化处理后的不锈钢材料需要进行一系列的检测，如耐蚀性测试、膜层厚度测试等，这些检测需要符合相应的标准和方法。
总的来说，不锈钢钝化技术标准涵盖了材料、工艺、环保和质量检测等多个方面的要求，旨在确保钝化处理后的不锈钢材料具有良好的耐腐蚀性能和装饰性能，并且符合相关的法律法规和环保要求。
制定和遵循这些标准对于保障不锈钢制品的质量和安全具有重要意义。
不锈钢酸洗与钝化规范标准[详]
![不锈钢酸洗与钝化规范标准[详]](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/f12faf3516fc700abb68fc48.png)
不锈钢酸洗与钝化规范——奥氏体不锈钢压力容器的酸洗钝化晨怡热管1 前言在我公司生产中，经常有不锈钢设备的制作，不锈钢设备由于接触到腐蚀性介质，会造成设备表面有明显的腐蚀痕迹及颜色不均匀的斑痕，因此对不锈钢设备表面的处理尤为关键，不锈钢设备表面的钝化处理就是一个重要环节。
设备表面钝化膜形成不完善，与铁离子接触造成污染，在使用过程中就会出现锈蚀现象，造成运行介质指标变化等。
下面就奥氏体不锈钢设备表面的酸洗钝化处理原理及实际操作的常规工艺过程谈一些看法，以供有关人员参考。
2 概述奥氏体不锈钢具有良好的耐腐蚀性能，而且还有良好的冷热加工性能，因此被广泛地用于制造各类具有防腐蚀要求的压力容器，奥氏体不锈钢表面的钝化膜，对其耐腐蚀有很大影响。
奥氏体不锈钢的钝化膜主要是通过对其表面进行酸洗钝化处理得来的。
3 酸洗钝化的原理3.1钝化：金属经氧化性介质处理后，其腐蚀速度比原来未处理前有显著下降的现象称金属的钝化。
其钝化机理主要可用薄膜理论来解释，即认为钝化是由于金属与氧化性介质作用，作用时在金属表面生成一种非常薄的、致密的、覆盖性能良好的、能中固地附在金属表面上的钝化膜。
这层膜成独立相存在，通常是氧和金属的化合物。
它起着把金属与腐蚀介质完全隔开的作用，防止金属与腐蚀介质直接接触，从而使金属基本停止溶解。
奥氏体不锈钢经氧化性介质处理后其表面能形成满足上述要求的钝化膜，但该钝化膜在起活化作用的Cl-、Br-、F-等卤素离子作用下，极易受到破坏。
这也就是虽经酸洗钝化处理的奥氏体不锈钢压力容器在进行水压试验后若不能将水渍除干净，但应控制水的Cl-含量不超过25ppm的原因之一。
另外并非任何金属的氧化膜都可视作钝化膜，如碳钢在高温氧化后形成的氧化膜由于不能满足牢固地附在金属表面的要求而不能充作钝化膜。
对于奥氏体不锈钢一般采用氧化性强的以硝酸为主剂的溶液来进行处理，为确保钝化处理的效果，在钝化前先对被钝化表面进行酸洗处理。
钝化工艺AISI304
执行标准：QQ-P-35C
联邦技术规格书
AISI304不锈钢（耐腐蚀钢）钝化处理
类型VI钝化液：底温硝酸溶液。
该溶液含体积25％－45％的硝酸（HNO3）。
温度21ºC－32ºC。
产品必须在钝化液中至少保持30分钟。
超时可能会损坏产品。
类型VII钝化液：中温硝酸溶液。
该溶液含体积20％－25％的硝酸（HNO3）。
温度49ºC－60ºC。
产品必须在钝化液中至少保持20分钟。
超时可能会损坏产品。
予处理：
钝化处理前的予处理方式和工艺必须按ASTM388或MIL-S-5002标准执行。
产品表面无油渍，油污，锈迹，氧化皮或其它异物；无对产品材料性能有害的物质。
钝化处理：
将耐腐蚀钢产品浸入钝化液中，保持温度和时间。
产品必须完全浸没在液体中，以防止处于液面上的产品部分受到严重的腐蚀。
水清洗：
产品从钝化液中取出后应立即彻底清洗。
最后用清水漂清。
外表：
产品钝化后必须显示化学清洁表面，无腐蚀，麻点，起毛。
附注：
钝化处理的目的是提高产品的抗腐蚀能力。
产品在如成形，机加工，震动，挤压等加工过程中，铁屑或其它异物颗粒会附着或嵌入产品材料的表面。
这些颗粒必须除去，不然它们会以锈斑或污点的形式显现。
为防止这一情况发生，将产品浸入硝酸溶液中；，硝酸溶液会溶化颗粒并会在产品的表面形成一层透明的钝化薄膜。
产品上新形成钝化膜后24小时内，尽量不要碰动产品。
mil标准 不锈钢钝化
mil标准不锈钢钝化MIL标准：不锈钢钝化导言：不锈钢钝化是一种常见的表面处理技术，旨在提高不锈钢材料的耐腐蚀性能。
不锈钢钝化的方法有很多种，其中MIL标准是一种常用的标准，是由美国军事部制定的。
本文将介绍MIL标准下的不锈钢钝化技术，包括其原理、应用范围、实施步骤等内容。
一、不锈钢钝化原理不锈钢钝化的原理是在不锈钢表面形成一层致密的氧化膜，以提高其耐腐蚀性能。
这种氧化膜通常是由铬氧化物组成的。
铬氧化物具有良好的抗腐蚀性能，可以阻止氧、水和其他腐蚀性物质进一步侵蚀不锈钢材料。
二、MIL标准的应用范围MIL标准适用于各种类型的不锈钢材料，包括奥氏体不锈钢、马氏体不锈钢和双相不锈钢等。
不同类型的不锈钢在钝化处理时可能需要采用不同的工艺和钝化液。
三、不锈钢钝化实施步骤1.表面清洁：首先需要将不锈钢表面的油脂、污垢等杂质彻底清除。
可以使用溶剂、碱性清洁剂或酸性清洗剂来清洁不锈钢表面。
2.酸洗处理：在清洁表面的基础上，将不锈钢材料浸泡在酸性溶液中，以去除表面的铁锈和其他氧化物。
常用的酸性溶液有硝酸、氢氟酸等。
3.中和处理：酸洗后，需要对不锈钢表面进行中和处理，以去除残存的酸性物质。
中和处理可以采用碱性溶液或中和剂。
4.钝化处理：在中和处理后，将不锈钢材料浸泡在钝化液中，形成致密的氧化膜。
常用的钝化液有硝酸和铬酸等。
5.清洗和干燥：完成钝化处理后，需要对不锈钢表面进行清洗，以去除余留在表面的钝化液和其他杂质。
最后进行干燥处理，确保不锈钢表面干燥。
四、不锈钢钝化的优势1.提高耐腐蚀性能：不锈钢钝化有效地形成了一层致密的氧化膜，可以提高不锈钢的耐腐蚀性能，延长其使用寿命。
2.降低表面电阻：由于钝化处理会在不锈钢表面形成致密的氧化膜，可以大大降低表面的电阻，提高不锈钢的导电性能。
3.改善外观：经过钝化处理后的不锈钢表面具有更好的光泽和光滑度，具有更好的观感。
结语：MIL标准是一种常见的不锈钢钝化标准，通过实施MIL标准下的不锈钢钝化技术，可以有效提高不锈钢材料的耐腐蚀性能。
不锈钢管钝化方案
不锈钢管钝化方案不锈钢管是一种优质材料，广泛使用于生产和日常生活中。
然而，由于环境因素等因素的影响，不锈钢管表面可能会出现锈蚀现象，从而影响不锈钢管的使用寿命和外观。
为了避免这种情况的发生，不锈钢管表面需要钝化处理。
本文将详细介绍不锈钢管的钝化方案。
什么是不锈钢管钝化？不锈钢管钝化是一种表面处理方法，旨在增强不锈钢管的表面质量和耐腐蚀性能。
在钝化处理过程中，将不锈钢管浸泡于含有铬酸和硝酸等化学物质的水溶液中，使其表面形成一层致密的铬氧化物钝化膜。
这种膜具有较强的耐腐蚀性能和耐磨性，从而保护不锈钢管表面不受外界环境的侵蚀。
常用的不锈钢管钝化方案(1) 酸性不锈钢管钝化方案。
这种方案使用含有硫酸、硝酸或磷酸等酸性物质的水溶液进行钝化处理。
适用于不锈钢管表面有较高含量的碳、硅、硫等杂质的情况。
(2) 碱性不锈钢管钝化方案。
这种方案使用含有铬酸盐和氢氧化钠等碱性物质的水溶液进行钝化处理。
适用于不锈钢管表面有较高含量的铬、镍等金属杂质的情况。
(3) 高温不锈钢管钝化方案。
这种方案将不锈钢管表面加热至高温，然后进行钝化处理。
该方案的优点是钝化膜厚度较大，耐腐蚀性能较强。
但是，由于高温处理需要特殊条件和设备，成本较高。
(4) 电化学不锈钢管钝化方案。
这种方案利用电化学方法在不锈钢管表面形成一层致密的钝化膜。
该方案的优点是钝化膜均匀，耐腐蚀性能强。
但是，该方案需要专业设备和操作技术，成本相对较高。
选择合适的不锈钢管钝化方案选择合适的不锈钢管钝化方案需要考虑不锈钢管的材料成分、表面清洁程度、工作环境要求以及成本等因素。
比如，如果不锈钢管表面有较高含量的碳、硅、硫等杂质，就建议使用酸性钝化方案；如果不锈钢管表面有较高含量的铬、镍等金属杂质，就建议使用碱性钝化方案。
此外，如果不锈钢管用于高温、高压、强腐蚀性等工作环境，就需要选择成本相对较高、性能更为优越的钝化方案。
总结不锈钢管钝化是一种重要的表面处理方法，可以增强不锈钢管表面的抗腐蚀性能和延长使用寿命。
不锈钢酸洗与钝化规范标准[详]
不锈钢酸洗与钝化规范——奥氏体不锈钢压力容器的酸洗钝化晨怡热管1 前言在我公司生产中，经常有不锈钢设备的制作，不锈钢设备由于接触到腐蚀性介质，会造成设备表面有明显的腐蚀痕迹及颜色不均匀的斑痕，因此对不锈钢设备表面的处理尤为关键，不锈钢设备表面的钝化处理就是一个重要环节。
设备表面钝化膜形成不完善，与铁离子接触造成污染，在使用过程中就会出现锈蚀现象，造成运行介质指标变化等。
下面就奥氏体不锈钢设备表面的酸洗钝化处理原理及实际操作的常规工艺过程谈一些看法，以供有关人员参考。
2 概述奥氏体不锈钢具有良好的耐腐蚀性能，而且还有良好的冷热加工性能，因此被广泛地用于制造各类具有防腐蚀要求的压力容器，奥氏体不锈钢表面的钝化膜，对其耐腐蚀有很大影响。
奥氏体不锈钢的钝化膜主要是通过对其表面进行酸洗钝化处理得来的。
3 酸洗钝化的原理3.1钝化：金属经氧化性介质处理后，其腐蚀速度比原来未处理前有显著下降的现象称金属的钝化。
其钝化机理主要可用薄膜理论来解释，即认为钝化是由于金属与氧化性介质作用，作用时在金属表面生成一种非常薄的、致密的、覆盖性能良好的、能中固地附在金属表面上的钝化膜。
这层膜成独立相存在，通常是氧和金属的化合物。
它起着把金属与腐蚀介质完全隔开的作用，防止金属与腐蚀介质直接接触，从而使金属基本停止溶解。
奥氏体不锈钢经氧化性介质处理后其表面能形成满足上述要求的钝化膜，但该钝化膜在起活化作用的Cl-、Br-、F-等卤素离子作用下，极易受到破坏。
这也就是虽经酸洗钝化处理的奥氏体不锈钢压力容器在进行水压试验后若不能将水渍除干净，但应控制水的Cl-含量不超过25ppm的原因之一。
另外并非任何金属的氧化膜都可视作钝化膜，如碳钢在高温氧化后形成的氧化膜由于不能满足牢固地附在金属表面的要求而不能充作钝化膜。
对于奥氏体不锈钢一般采用氧化性强的以硝酸为主剂的溶液来进行处理，为确保钝化处理的效果，在钝化前先对被钝化表面进行酸洗处理。
不锈钢表面钝化要求
不锈钢表面钝化要求不锈钢是一种耐腐蚀性能较好的金属材料，但在特定环境下，仍然可能发生腐蚀现象，因此需要对不锈钢表面进行钝化处理，以提高其耐腐蚀性能。
下面将介绍不锈钢表面钝化的要求。
不锈钢表面钝化的主要目的是形成一层致密、均匀的氧化膜，从而降低不锈钢的电化学活性，减少与外界环境的接触，进而提高不锈钢的耐腐蚀性能。
因此，不锈钢表面钝化的要求包括以下几个方面。
1. 表面清洁度：在进行钝化处理之前，不锈钢表面必须要彻底清洁，以去除表面的污垢、油脂和其他杂质。
可以使用溶剂清洗、机械清洗、化学清洗等方法，确保表面的干净与光滑。
2. 钝化剂的选择：钝化剂是进行不锈钢表面钝化的重要材料，常用的钝化剂包括酸性钝化剂和碱性钝化剂。
选择合适的钝化剂要根据不锈钢的材质、使用环境和需求来确定，以确保钝化剂能够与不锈钢表面有效反应，形成致密的氧化膜。
3. 钝化时间与温度：钝化时间与温度是影响钝化效果的重要因素。
一般来说，钝化时间较长，可使氧化膜更为致密，提高不锈钢的耐腐蚀性能。
而钝化温度的选择要根据钝化剂的要求和实际情况来确定，一般在20-60℃之间。
4. 钝化液的浓度：钝化液的浓度直接影响钝化效果，浓度过低则可能导致钝化效果差，浓度过高则可能对不锈钢造成腐蚀。
因此，钝化液的浓度应根据具体的不锈钢材质和要求来确定，以保证钝化效果的达到最佳状态。
5. 表面处理方法：钝化处理可以通过多种方法进行，如浸泡法、喷涂法、刷涂法等。
选择合适的方法要根据不锈钢的形状、大小和数量来确定，以确保钝化液能够均匀地覆盖整个不锈钢表面。
6. 钝化膜的检测：完成钝化处理后，应对不锈钢表面的钝化膜进行检测，以确保钝化效果的达到要求。
常用的检测方法包括厚度测量、耐腐蚀性测试、电化学测试等，通过这些检测可以评估钝化膜的质量和性能。
总结起来，不锈钢表面钝化的要求包括表面清洁度、钝化剂的选择、钝化时间与温度、钝化液的浓度、表面处理方法和钝化膜的检测。
只有严格按照这些要求来进行钝化处理，才能够确保不锈钢表面形成均匀致密的氧化膜，从而提高不锈钢的耐腐蚀性能，延长其使用寿命。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
不锈钢部件的化学钝化处理的标准技术规范（中英文对照）1. Scope1．范围1.1 This specification covers several different types of chemical passivation treatments for stainless steel parts. It includes recommendations and precautions for descaling, cleaning, and passivation of stainless steel parts. It includes several alternative tests, with acceptance criteria, for confirmation of effectiveness of such treatments for stainless steel parts.1.1本技术规范适用于几种不同类型不锈钢部件的化学钝化处理。
本技术规范包括：不锈钢部件除垢、清洁、钝化的建议和防护；本技术规范包括了几种可供选择的有验收标准的不锈钢部件处理效果确认的检测。
1.2 Practices for the mechanical and chemical treatments of stainless steel surfaces are discussed more thoroughly in Practice A 380.1.2 不锈钢表面物理和化学处理的作业在作业A380里有更详尽的论述。
1.3 Several alternative chemical treatments are defined for passivation of stainless steel parts. Appendix X1 gives some nonmandatory information and provides some general guidelines regarding the selection of passivation treatment appropriate to particular grades of stainless steel. It makes no recommendations regarding the suitability of any grade, treatment, or acceptance criteria for any particular application or class of applications.1.3 几种可供选择的不锈钢部件化学钝化处理在此有详细规定。
附录X1提供了一些适用于特殊等级不锈钢钝化处理选择的非强制性的技术资料并提供了总的指导方针。
关于特殊的应用或应用种类的等级、处理和验收标准的适宜性，它没有作出建议。
1.4 The tests in this specification are intended to confirm the effectiveness of passivation, particularly with regard to the removal of free iron and other exogenous matter. These tests include the following practices:1.4 本技术规范之中的检测意在证实钝化的效果，尤其是关于游离铁和其它外生物质（杂质）的去除问题。
这些检测包括下列的作业：1.4.1 Practice A—Water Immersion Test,1.4.2 Practice B—High Humidity Test,1.4.3 Practice C—Salt Spray Test,1.4.4 Practice D—Copper Sulfate Test,1.4.5 Practice E—Potassium Ferricyanide–Nitric Acid Test, and1.4.6 Practice F—Free Iron Test.1.4.1 作业A—水浸检测1.4.2 作业B—高湿检测1.4.3 作业C—盐雾检测1.4.4 作业D—硫酸铜检测1.4.5 作业E—铁氰化钾--硝酸检测1.4.6 作业F—游离铁检测1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The SI units given in parentheses are for information only.1.5 以用磅/寸单位表示的数值作为标准，在括号内给出的国际单位制的单位仅供参考。
1.6 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the test method portions, Sections 14 through 18 of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 下列预防性的告诫仅属于检测方法部分，本技术规范的第14节至18节：如有安全问题，此标准不意在处理所有涉及到使用的安全问题。
使用前，确立适当的安全措施、卫生的作业和确定管理限制的适用性责任在于标准的使用者。
2. Referenced Documents2. 参考的文献2.1 ASTM Standards: 22.1 ASTM(美国材料实验协会)标准：A 380 Practice for Cleaning, Descaling, and Depassivation of Stainless Steel Parts, Equipment, and Systems.A380 不锈钢部件、设备和系统的清洗、除垢、钝化的作业。
B 117 Practice for Operating Salt Spray (Fog) ApparatusB117 操作喷盐（雾）设备的作业B 254 Practice for Preparation of and Electroplating on Stainless SteelB254 电镀不锈钢的准备作业和电镀不锈钢的作业。
2.2 Federal Specification:32.2 联邦的技术规范QQ-P-35C Passivation Treatments for Corrosion-Resistant SteelsQQ-P-35-C抗蚀钢（不锈钢）钝化处理3. Terminology3. 术语3.1 Definition of Term Specific to This Standard—It is necessary to define which of the several commonly used definitions of the term passivation will be used in this specification. (See Discussion.)3.1 本标准的术语定义——在本技术规范将经常使用到的几个术语“钝化”的定义有必要作出规定。
（见论述）3.1.1 Discussion—Stainless steels are autopassivating in the sense that the protective passive film is formed spontaneously on exposure to air or moisture. The presence of exogenous surface contamination, including dirt, grease, free iron from contact with steel tooling, and so forth, may interfere with the formation of the passive film. The cleaning of these contaminants from the stainless steel surface will facilitate the spontaneous passivation by allowing the oxygen uniform access to the surface. The passive film may be augmented by chemical treatments that provide an oxidizing environment for the stainless steel surface.3.1.1 论述——在某种意义上说，在暴露到空气和湿气的情况下，保护性的钝化膜自动生成是不锈钢在自动钝化。
外生的表面污染，包括：尘土、油脂、来自钢铁加工的游离铁等等，可以影响到钝化膜的生成。
通过允许氧气均衡地接触到不锈钢表面，不锈钢表面污染的清洗将会有助于自动钝化。
通过为不锈钢表面提供一个氧化环境的化学处理，钝化膜可以得到增强。
3.1.1.1 In this specification, passivation, unless otherwise specified, is defined as the chemical treatment of a stainless steel with a mild oxidant, such as a nitric acid solution, for the purpose of the removal of free iron or other foreign matter, but which is generally not effective in removal of heat tint or oxide scale on stainless steel. In the case of stainless steels with additions of sulfur for the purpose of improved machinability, passivation may also include the removal of sulfides from the surface of the metal for the purpose of maximizing corrosion resistance.3.1.1.1 在本技术规范中，除非另有规定，“钝化”被定义为：为了消除游离铁和其它杂质，用温和的氧化剂对不锈钢进行化学处理，例如硝酸溶液，但是“钝化”对于消除不锈钢回火颜色和氧化膜（皮）通常是无效的。