Writing a research proposal.pdf good
Research Proposal 写作步骤
英语研究计划书（Research Proposal）的写作步骤和组成部分先扔一些指导英语研究计划书写作的文章的链接.hk/researchers/rp/wrp/序言：写研究计划书的难处在哪里研究计划书的重要性暂不讨论。
个人认为本科生写研究计划书有这些问题：1. 几乎从未写过研究计划书，接触科研的机会也不多，也没有相关课程教怎么写。
不知如何下手。
2. 不知如何搜索英文文献、从英文文献中搜寻和提炼自己需要的信息。
3. 用英语写学术文章，在遣词造句、思维方式方面比较生疏。
STEP1 定研究题目的大方向选择标准：与自己的本科专业、相关研究或调研经历、要申请的专业、目标教授有关。
注意：1. 研究的主题最好是当今国际上比较热的，至少别太过时；如果时间充裕，可以浏览国际上相关领域知名期刊近年来发的文章的题目和摘要，归纳总结一下别人都在研究些什么；也可以在有几个兴趣方向后，问问相关专业领域的老师，他们会比较清楚。
2. 一开始没必要把题目定的太细致，有个大方向即可。
到下一步阅读文献的过程中，随着对研究主题了解的深入和看别人的研究，会产生很多新的想法。
如果一开始就限定死了，很可能到后面就发现这个研究缺乏可行性、或者前人已经研究过了。
STEP2 找文献&阅读文献文献选择的几个标准1. 以英语文献为主。
参考文献列表中也可以有少量中文文献。
在刚开始读文献时，可以先看些中文的，这样方便你了解相关研究背景。
以免在看英文文献时云里雾里，看不懂。
2. 相关专业具有影响力的期刊（若不知道，可以咨询相关专业的老师，他们比较清楚）上发的文章；3. 相关领域权威泰斗人士发的文章（可以追踪他长期的研究，一一阅读他从早期到现在的论文，这样能了解到这个研究主题发展的脉络）；4. 近几年的文章，太久的（比如10年前的）参考价值降低；5. 如果你的目标教授有发表相关的英语文章，也可以找出来看看。
6. 中文有很多垃圾期刊，少看那上面的文章，不如不看7. 硕士和博士学位论文涵盖的内容比较综合，可以看个几篇，用于了解该领域的研究情况，来龙去脉，补充一些基础背景知识之类的。
research proposal 格式
research proposal 格式
编写研究提案（research proposal）的格式可能会有些变化，具体取决于学科、机构或项目的要求。
以下是一个一般性的研究提案的标准格式，供参考：
1. 标题：
-确定性而简明地概括研究内容。
2. 背景和引言：
-介绍研究问题的背景，阐明研究的重要性。
-提供相关文献综述，说明目前已有的研究和知识空缺。
3. 研究问题或目标：
-明确研究的主要问题或目标。
4. 研究设计/方法：
-描述研究设计，包括数据收集和分析方法。
-讨论实施研究的步骤，以及为什么选择这些方法。
5. 理论框架：
-如果适用，提供支持研究的理论基础。
6. 研究的意义和预期成果：
-阐述研究的理论和实际意义，以及预期的研究成果。
7. 研究计划和时间表：
-列出研究的阶段，包括起止日期。
8. 预算：
-提供研究所需的经费预算，包括任何可能的支出。
9. 参考文献：
-列举所有在研究提案中引用的文献。
10. 附录：
-如果需要，包含支持材料，例如调查问卷、图表、地图等。
请注意，研究提案的具体要求可能会因学科和项目而异。
在准备研究提案时，请仔细阅读和遵循特定机构或项目提供的指南和要求。
开题报告英文模板pdf
开题报告英文模板pdfTitle: A Comprehensive Guide to Writing an Effective Research Proposal: An English Template PDFIntroduction:Writing a research proposal is a crucial step in the research process as it outlines the objectives, methodology, and significance of a study. This article aims to provide a comprehensive guide to writing an effective research proposal, focusing on an English template PDF. By following this guide, researchers will be equipped with the necessary tools to craft a well-structured and persuasive research proposal.1. Understanding the Purpose of a Research Proposal:A research proposal serves as a roadmap for a research project, highlighting its significance, research questions, and proposed methodology. It is essential to clearly define the research problem, objectives, and expected outcomes to convince the readers of the proposal's relevance and feasibility.2. Components of a Research Proposal:a) Title: The title should be concise, clear, and indicative of the research topic.b) Abstract: A brief summary of the proposal, highlighting the research problem, objectives, methodology, and expected outcomes.c) Introduction: Provide background information on the research topic, including its significance and relevance to the field.d) Literature Review: Review existing literature related to the research topic,identifying gaps and justifying the need for the proposed study.e) Research Questions/Hypotheses: Clearly state the research questions or hypotheses that the study aims to address.f) Methodology: Describe the research design, data collection methods, and analysis techniques to be employed.g) Expected Outcomes: Discuss the anticipated results and their potential implications.h) Timeline: Provide a detailed schedule outlining the various stages of the research project.i) References: Cite all the sources referenced in the proposal using the appropriate citation style.3. Writing Style and Formatting:a) Clarity and Conciseness: Use clear and concise language to convey ideas effectively.b) Grammar and Syntax: Ensure proper grammar and syntax to enhance readability.c) Structure: Organize the proposal into logical sections and paragraphs, maintaining a coherent flow of ideas.d) Formatting: Follow the prescribed formatting guidelines, including font size, margins, and spacing.4. Tips for Writing an Effective Research Proposal:a) Clearly define the research problem and objectives.b) Conduct a comprehensive literature review to identify gaps and justify the need for the proposed study.c) Clearly state the research questions or hypotheses.d) Provide a detailed and feasible methodology.e) Anticipate and address potential limitations and ethical considerations.f) Demonstrate the significance and potential impact of the proposed research.g) Seek feedback from mentors or colleagues to improve the proposal's quality. Conclusion:Writing a research proposal is a critical step in the research process, and an English template PDF can serve as a valuable resource. By understanding the purpose, components, and tips for writing an effective research proposal, researchers can enhance their chances of securing funding and conducting impactful research. Remember, a well-structured and persuasive research proposal is the foundation for a successful research project.。
research proposal字数
Research Proposal一、研究背景随着社会的发展和进步，科学技术得到了快速发展，人们对科学知识的渴望也越来越强烈。
作为一个研究人员，我们需要不断地深入研究各种领域的知识，为社会的发展做出贡献。
本课题选择了XXX为研究对象，主要是因为XXX有着广阔的研究空间，同时具有一定的实际应用价值。
二、研究目的我们的研究旨在探索XXX的XXX特性，并通过对XXX的深入研究，为XXX领域的发展做出贡献。
通过我们的研究，还可以为企业的XXX 提供一定的参考和指导。
三、研究方法为了达到以上研究目的，我们将采用XXX方法进行研究。
我们将通过实地调查、统计分析、专家访谈等方法，收集大量的XXX相关数据，并对这些数据进行深入、系统的分析和研究，从而揭示XXX的内在特性和规律。
四、研究内容1. XXX的定义和特性我们将通过文献综述和实地调查，对XXX的定义和特性进行界定和分析，从而深入探讨XXX的本质属性。
2. XXX的发展现状及问题我们将通过对XXX的发展现状进行调查和分析，发现其中存在的问题和矛盾，为我们进一步的研究提供依据。
3. XXX的发展趋势通过对XXX的发展趋势进行分析和研究，探讨XXX未来的发展方向和发展空间，为XXX领域的进一步研究提供参考。
五、研究意义我们的研究将有以下意义：1. 为XXX领域的发展提供理论指导和参考；2. 为企业的XXX提供决策支持和指导；3. 为相关研究人员提供研究思路和方法。
六、研究预期成果通过我们的研究，我们希望能够得到以下预期成果：1. 对XXX的定义和特性有更深刻、更系统的认识；2. 对XXX的发展现状、问题和趋势进行了深入的分析和探讨；3. 对XXX领域的发展提出了一定的见解和建议。
七、研究进度安排我们的研究将按以下进度安排进行：1. 月份：进行XXX的文献综述和调研；2. 月份：完成对XXX的实地调查和数据收集；3. 月份：进行数据分析和研究；4. 月份：撰写研究报告和论文。
干货ResearchProposal写作方法
干货ResearchProposal写作方法Research Proposal（简称RP）也就是指研究报告或者开题报告，一般作为论文或者研究开始前的计划和纲要，比如毕业论文开题报告、申请博士的研究计划、国家基金类研究申报报告等。
RP的内容通常为：你打算完成什么（what），为什么你要做这件事（why），以及你打算怎样去完成它（how）。
主要包括标题（Title）、摘要 (Abstract)、引言(Introduction)、文献综述(Literature Review)、方法(Methods)、结果(Result)、讨论(Discussion)七部分。
整体字数看学校要求，一般1500-2000.下面我们详细分析Research Proposal写作方法。
1.标题（Title）简明扼要，内容翔实又吸引人PS：其实和中文论文写作差不多，题目不要泛而空，尽量缩小话题范围，这样内容更有针对性。
题目要能体现你的研究对象和创新性，至少能勾起阅读全文的兴趣！2.摘要（Abstract）300字左右的简要归纳。
它应该包括研究问题，研究的理论基础，假说（如有的话），研究方法以及主要发现。
PS：重中之重，实际就是将RP再浓缩一次。
Title+ Abstract就一锤定生死了，剩下部分基本就是abstract的拓展了。
对于建筑类相关专业，empirical study(案例研究/场地调研/问卷访谈等等)非常重要，如果连实地都没有去过，何来一手的资料，一手的结论呢？此处会涉及到original contribution（原创贡献），你的原创性/你对这一议题的贡献值有多少。
所以摘要的实质也是一种游说/推销，推销你的研究意义所在。
3.引言（Introduction）主要目的是为你的研究问题提供必要的背景。
通常包含以下内容：某描述研究问题/目的；某为你的研究问题提供背景，设定其范围，以体现出它的必要性和重要性；某理论依据，要清楚的指出为什么该研究是值得去做的；某简要描述该研究要解决的主要及次要问题；某明确说明你想要研究的现象；某阐述你的假说或理论（如有的话）；某设定你研究计划的局限或边界，以提供一个清晰的研究重点；某给关键概念下定义（此项为可选）PS:不多说，基本就是介绍一下研究背景，为什么你的研究内容很有意义或必要性。
英语学术写作_Unit 5 Writing a Research Proposal_
1 Seven steps 2 Writing style
2
1. Seven steps for writing a research proposal
Step (1): Choose a Title for Your Paper
The title must be concise and to the point. e.g.,
Academic Writing in English
5.1 Introduction to Research Proposal
Objectives
In this section, students are expected to understand: 1 the definition of research proposal 2 the purpose of writing a research proposal 3 types of research proposal
5
Step (3): Write the Introduction
a brief research background reasons behind choosing the research topic its significance in the field a short description of major issues the paper will be addressing
申请文书Researchproposal怎么写？
申请文书Researchproposal怎么写？首先，先讨论最常见的SOP。
无论申请什么学校，一定都会要求SOP。
这份文件通常分以下几个部份：大学时期修过课程，大学时期研究，硕班时期修过课程，硕班时期研究，课外活动，打工或工作经验，毕业后的研究经验，未来研究计划。
Statement of purpose里的研究计划大概只有一段左右。
整篇statement大约为1000字上下最为常见。
Research proposal一般来说是申请博士才会需要，但是有一些硕士班申请也会要求。
通常research proposal会比statementof purpose长。
依学校要求可能少则1000字，多则高达十几二十页。
至于research proposal要写得多详细?有两种方式：一个是挑一个研究的方向，写得很详细，展现出现你有能力做深度的研究；另一个是挑两三个研究的主题，每一个都讨论一页左右，让学校觉得你是一个很有弹性，愿意多方学习的人。
最重要的是，一定要去学校的网站看有哪些研究者，哪些教授，这些教授最近的学生在做什么主题，他们自己又是做什么主题。
你写的研究方向如果是教授几年前在做的主题，可能他现在已经没有在做了，或是做腻了，教授可能就不会特别想收你。
教授最近在做什么研究，学校的网站会给你最初步的了解，但是最重要的是看教授最近发表的paper或是书，或是他的学生发表的paper或是书是在做什么主题。
Research proposal通常还会包含一个 literature review，也就是把目前为止学者们做的研究做到哪里了，写出来。
那接下来你得说明，你赞成哪些**，不赞成哪些**，以及最重要的是，你未来的研究，跟前人的研究有什么不同，你的学术贡献在哪里?如果是你比较top priority想申请的学校，建议博士班申请可以将自己的研究想法，过去做过的研究成果，以及未来想走的方向写一封大约500字的email给你中意的教授。
英文research proposal格式
一、概述在科研工作者进行研究之前，通常需要撰写一个研究提案（research proposal）来明确研究的目的、方法和重要性。
研究提案是研究项目的蓝图，对于研究的顺利开展和取得成功至关重要。
本文将针对英文research proposal的格式和内容进行详细介绍，帮助读者了解如何撰写一份高质量的研究提案。
二、提案标题和背景1. 提案标题研究提案的标题应当简明扼要地概括研究的主题，通常不超过15个词。
标题应当具有代表性，能够吸引读者的注意力，同时需要与研究内容紧密相关。
2. 研究背景研究背景部分应当包括对研究领域的概述，阐明研究的重要性和必要性。
也需要对该领域的前沿研究进行综合介绍，指出现有研究的不足之处，为本研究的开展提供充分理由。
三、研究目的和问题1. 研究目的研究目的部分应当明确说明研究的总体目标和具体目的。
研究目的应当与研究背景紧密通联，能够清晰地表达出研究的意义和预期的成果。
2. 研究问题研究问题部分应当提出明确的研究问题或假设，阐明研究的内容和范围。
研究问题需要具有可操作性，既能够被具体的研究方法所解决，又能够对研究领域产生积极影响。
四、研究方法和流程1. 研究方法研究方法部分应当详细描述研究的具体方法和步骤，包括实验设计、数据采集和分析方法等。
研究方法需要符合科学规范和伦理要求，能够有效地解决研究问题，并得到可信的研究结果。
2. 研究流程研究流程部分应当对研究的具体进展和时间安排进行详细规划，包括各项工作的时间节点和人力物力的分配。
研究流程需要合理可行，能够保证研究的顺利开展和按时完成。
五、预期成果和意义1. 预期成果预期成果部分应当说明研究取得的具体成果和效益，可以是新的理论发现、实用技术或政策建议等。
预期成果需要与研究目的和问题相一致，能够对研究领域产生重要影响。
2. 研究意义研究意义部分应当阐明研究的社会和学术价值，可能涉及到对学科发展、社会进步或经济效益等方面的影响。
研究意义需要全面客观地评估，并表明研究的重要性和必要性。
研究计划-Research-Proposal-模板
每个学术研究者必须经历的一道关卡，就是Research Proposal的写作。
它大致对应中文里的“开题报告”、“选题报告”、“研究报告”，是一项研究开始之前的提纲、规划和陈述；既是为了帮助自己梳理文献、整理思路、廓清方向，也常常是写给相关他人的说明：研究动机和意义何在？可能有何成果？为什么它值得你的资助/认可/支持/批准？不知道是否可以说，好的proposal是研究成功的一半。
但实际而功利的说，如果你的proposal很烂，可能根本就不会有开始研究的机会。
How to write a research proposal?能否写出漂亮的proposal，本质上取决于你对研究的思考深度和专业水准。
但形式也很重要。
英文的Research Proposal自有一套“八股”。
程式化和结构化的好处就在于，可以让读者直接集中注意到最本质的内容上，而不是为形式分神。
对于非英语native speaker的我们，如何理解英文学术世界的规范或曰思维定势，也是写作proposal之前必备的背景知识。
下面这篇流传甚广的Research Proposal写作指南，言简意赅，颇具启发，对我自己的写作有所帮助，也希望能给更多的学界同仁带来便利。
[点击这里，查看更多关于RESEARCH PROPOSAL以及GRANT PROPOSAL、PROJECT PROPOSAL写作的网上资源]文章作者Paul T. P. Wong, Ph.D., C.Psych. (Research Director, Graduate Program in Counselling Psychology. Trinity Western University Langley, BC, Canada). 题为：How to Write a Research Proposal. 全文转载如下：Most students and beginning researchers do not fully understand what a research proposal means, nor do they understand its importance. To put it bluntly, one’s research is only as a good as one’s proposal. An ill-conceived proposal dooms the project even if it somehow gets through the Thesis Supervisory Committee. A high quality proposal, on the other hand, not only promises success for the project, but also impresses your Thesis Committee about your potential as a researcher.A research proposal is intended to convince others that you have a worthwhile research project and that you have the competence and the work-plan to complete it. Generally, a research proposal should contain all the key elements involved in the research process and include sufficient information for the readers to evaluate the proposed study.Regardless of your research area and the methodology you choose, all research proposals must address the following questions: What you plan to accomplish, why you want to do it and how you are going to do it.The proposal should have sufficient information to convince your readers that you have an important research idea, that you have a good grasp of the relevant literature and the major issues, and that your methodology is sound.The quality of your research proposal depends not only on the quality of your proposed project, but also on the quality of your proposal writing. A good research project may run the risk of rejection simply because the proposal is poorly written. Therefore, it pays if your writing is coherent, clear and compelling.This paper focuses on proposal writing rather than on the development of research ideas.TITLE:It s hould be concise and descriptive. For example, the phrase, “An investigationof . . .” could be omitted. Often titles are stated in terms of a functional relationship, because such titles clearly indicate the independent and dependent variables. However, if possible, think of an informative but catchy title. An effective title not only pricks the reader’s interest, but also predisposes him/her favourably towards the proposal.ABSTRACT:It is a brief summary of approximately 300 words. It should include the research question, the rationale for the study, the hypothesis (if any), the method and the main findings. Descriptions of the method may include the design, procedures, the sample and any instruments that will be used.INTRODUCTION:The main purpose of the introduction is to provide the necessary background or context for your research problem. How to frame the research problem is perhaps the biggest problem in proposal writing.If the research problem is framed in the context of a general, rambling literature review, then the research question may appear trivial and uninteresting. However, if the same question is placed in the context of a very focused and current research area, its significance will become evident.Unfortunately, there are no hard and fast rules on how to frame your research question just as there is no prescription on how to write an interesting and informative opening paragraph. A lot depends on your creativity, your ability to think clearly and the depth of your understanding of problem areas.However, try to place your research question in the context of either a current “hot” area, or an older area that remains viable. Secondly, you need to provide a brief but appropriate historical backdrop. Thirdly, provide the contemporary context in which your proposed research question occupies the central stage. Finally, identify “key players” and refer to the most relevant and representative publications. In short, try to paint your research question in broad brushes and at the same time bring out its significance.The introduction typically begins with a general statement of the problem area, with a focus on a specific research problem, to be followed by the rational or justification for the proposed study. The introduction generally covers the following elements:1. State the research problem, which is often referred to as the purpose of the study.2. Provide the context and set the stage for your research question in such a way as to show its necessity and importance.3. Present the rationale of your proposed study and clearly indicate why it is worth doing.4. Briefly describe the major issues and sub-problems to be addressed by your research.5. Identify the key independent and dependent variables of your experiment. Alternatively, specify the phenomenon you want to study.6. State your hypothesis or theory, if any. For exploratory or phenomenological research, you may not have any hypotheses. (Please do not confuse the hypothesis with the statistical null hypothesis.)7. Set the delimitation or boundaries of your proposed research in order to provide a clear focus.8. Provide definitions of key concepts. (This is optional.)LITERATURE REVIEW:Sometimes the literature review is incorporated into the introduction section. However, most professors prefer a separate section, which allows a more thorough review of the literature.The literature review serves several important functions:1. Ensures that you are not “reinventing the wheel”.2. Gives credits to those who have laid the groundwork for your research.3. Demonstrates your knowledge of the research problem.4. Demonstrates your understanding of the theoretical and research issues related to your research question.5. Shows your ability to critically evaluate relevant literature information.6. Indicates your ability to integrate and synthesize the existing literature.7. Provides new theoretical insights or develops a new model as the conceptual framework for your research.8. Convinces your reader that your proposed research will make a significant and substantial contribution to the literature (i.e., resolving an important theoretical issue or filling a major gap in the literature).Most students’ literature reviews suffer from the following problems:* Lacking organization and structure* Lacking focus, unity and coherence* Being repetitive and verbose* Failing to cite influential papers* Failing to keep up with recent developments* Failing to critically evaluate cited papers* Citing irrelevant or trivial references* Depending too much on secondary sourcesYour scholarship and research competence will be questioned if any of the above applies to your proposal.There are different ways to organize your literature review. Make use of subheadings to bring order and coherence to your review. For example, having established the importance of your research area and its current state of development, you may devote several subsections on related issues as: theoretical models, measuring instruments, cross-cultural and gender differences, etc.It is also helpful to keep in mind that you are telling a story to an audience. Try totell it in a stimulating and engaging manner. Do not bore them, because it may lead to rejection of your worthy proposal. (Remember: Professors and scientists are human beings too.)METHODS:The Method section is very important because it tells your Research Committee how you plan to tackle your research problem. It will provide your work plan and describe the activities necessary for the completion of your project.The guiding principle for writing the Method section is that it should contain sufficient information for the reader to determine whether methodology is sound. Some even argue that a good proposal should contain sufficient details for another qualified researcher to implement the study.You need to demonstrate your knowledge of alternative methods and make the case that your approach is the most appropriate and most valid way to address your research question.Please note that your research question may be best answered by qualitative research. However, since most mainstream psychologists are still biased against qualitative research, especially the phenomenological variety, you may need to justify your qualitative method.Furthermore, since there are no well-established and widely accepted canons in qualitative analysis, your method section needs to be more elaborate than what is required for traditional quantitative research. More importantly, the data collection process in qualitative research has a far greater impact on the results as comparedto quantitative research. That is another reason for greater care in describing how you will collect and analyze your data. (How to write the Method section for qualitative research is a topic for another paper.)For quantitative studies, the method section typically consists of the following sections:1. Design -Is it a questionnaire study or a laboratory experiment? What kind of design do you choose?2. Subjects or participants – Who will take part in your study ? What kind of sampling procedure do you use?3. Instruments – What kind of measuring instruments or questionnaires do you use? Why do you choose them? Are they valid and reliable?4. Procedure – How do you plan to carry out your study? What activities are involved? How long does it take?RESULTS:Obviously you do not have results at the proposal stage. However, you need to have some idea about what kind of data you will be collecting, and what statistical procedures will be used in order to answer your research question or test you hypothesis.DISCUSSION:It is important to convince your reader of the potential impact of your proposed research. You need to communicate a sense of enthusiasm and confidence without exaggerating the merits of your proposal. That is why you also need to mention the limitations and weaknesses of the proposed research, which may be justified by time and financial constraints as well as by the early developmental stage of your research area.Common Mistakes in Proposal Writing1. Failure to provide the proper context to frame the research question.2. Failure to delimit the boundary conditions for your research.3. Failure to cite landmark studies.4. Failure to accurately present the theoretical and empirical contributions by other researchers.5. Failure to stay focused on the research question.6. Failure to develop a coherent and persuasive argument for the proposed research.7. Too much detail on minor issues, but not enough detail on major issues.8. Too much rambling —going “all over the map” without a clear sense of direction. (The best proposals move forward with ease and grace like a seamless river.)9. Too many citation lapses and incorrect references.10. Too long or too short.11. Failing to follow the APA style.12. Slopping writing./2008/02/25/762/大多数学生和刚起步的研究者都不了解什么是研究计划，也不知道其重要性。
如何写作Research Proposal(译文)
/view/460a9c104431b90d6c85c717.html许多学生和刚入门的研究者无法去充分理解研究计划的意义和重要性。
坦率的说，一个人的研究不会比计划做得更好。
所有构思拙劣的计划一开始就决定了研究的不好情况，即使能够通过学术委员会的。
另一方面，一个高质量的论文计划不但可以保证研究计划的成功，还能给学术委员会留下你具有研究潜能的印象。
研究规划可以告诉别人你有一个有价值的研究工程并且你有能力和计划完成这个规划，一般而言，研究规划应该包括研究过程中的所有重点内容，并且有足够的信息让读者评判要进行的研究。
不管你选择什么样的研究领域和方法，所有的研究规划必须包括以下内容：计划做什么？为什么做此选择？还有如何去做？规划应该包括足够的信息去说服读者，你有一个非常重要的研究规划。
你对相关领域和主要课题的提出了解决方案，并且你的方法是合理的。
规划质量不仅取决于规划的计划，还取决于规划的写作。
因为拙劣的写作，一个好的研究规划可能会被否定掉。
因此，把规划的写的连贯、清晰、有说服力就变得极有价值。
这篇文章专注于规划的写作，而不是研究方案的进展。
题目：题目应当有说服力并且形象生动。
比如：词组“对...的描述”可以省略，题目通常基于一种功能关系，因为这种题目清晰给出了自变量和因变量。
可能的情况下，构思出信息性强同时琅琅上口的题目。
一个好的题目不仅能激发起读者的兴趣，还能让他/她找到自己最感兴趣的部分。
摘要：这是一段大约300字的简洁摘要，应当包括研究问题，问题的合理性，假设（如果可能的话），方法和主要的发现。
方法的描述包括设计、过程、样品和任何用到的样品。
介绍：介绍的目的是提供研究问题的必要背景和内容。
如何定位问题可能是写作过程中最重要的部分。
如果研究的问题在普通杂乱的语境中列出的话，问题会显得琐碎、没有吸引人之处。
同样的问题如果用集中紧凑的格式列出，他的意义就会很明显。
不幸的是没有硬性快速的规则告诉你如何构思研究课题，因为没有关于如何写出有趣并且信息开放的段落。
writing a proposal最终
6. Schedule: watch your time limit A timetable is needed so that your supervisor can keep track of your performance and guide you through your creative agony. Working within a time reference will prevent a rush job from being turned in to meet the deadline.
3)How to frame literature review Historical—current General ---specific Broad ---narrow
How can you organize a literature review? Chronologically --follows time development Thematically --organized around themes or topics.
2.Introduction: delimiting the boundary conditions.
Provides necessary background or contex: 1).Bringing up the topic 2).Defining the context of the study(social and academic) 3).Stating the research purpose Concluding the literature review: Setting the scene and stating the problems
课题申请英语作文
课题申请英语作文Title: The Importance of Writing a Research Proposal。
Introduction:A research proposal is a crucial document that outlines the objectives, methodology, and significance of a research project. It serves as a blueprint for conducting the study and provides a comprehensive overview of the intended research. In this essay, we will explore the importance of writing a research proposal and its key components.Body:1. Clarifying the Research Objectives:A well-written research proposal helps to clarify the research objectives. It outlines the research questions, hypotheses, and aims of the study. This clarity allows both the researcher and the evaluators to understand the purposeand direction of the research.2. Demonstrating Research Methodology:A research proposal provides a detailed explanation of the research methodology. It describes the methods, techniques, and tools that will be used to collect and analyze data. This section helps to establish the credibility and feasibility of the research.3. Assessing the Significance:The significance of a research project lies in its potential contributions to the field of study. A research proposal highlights the importance of the research topic and its relevance to existing literature. It explains how the study can fill gaps in knowledge, address practical issues, or provide new insights.4. Establishing Research Design:A research proposal outlines the research design,including the study's scope, population, and sampling techniques. It provides a clear plan for data collection and analysis. This section helps to ensure that the research is well-structured and can yield reliable results.5. Budgeting and Resource Allocation:A research proposal includes a budget and resource allocation section. It estimates the financial and material resources required to conduct the study. This information helps funding agencies and institutions to evaluate the feasibility and cost-effectiveness of the research project.6. Enhancing Ethical Considerations:Ethical considerations are crucial in any research project. A research proposal addresses ethical issues such as informed consent, confidentiality, and potential risks to participants. It demonstrates the researcher's commitment to conducting the study in an ethical and responsible manner.Conclusion:Writing a research proposal is an essential step in the research process. It helps researchers to clarify their objectives, demonstrate the research methodology, assess the significance of the study, establish the research design, allocate resources, and address ethical considerations. A well-crafted research proposal increases the chances of obtaining funding and ensures the successful execution of the research project. Therefore, researchers should invest time and effort in writing a comprehensive and persuasive research proposal.。
关于research proposal
Guidelines on writing a research proposal(研究计划)by Matthew McGranaghanThis is a work in progress, intended to organize my thoughts on the process of formulating a proposal. If you have any thoughts on the content, or even the notion of making this available to students, please share them with me.1、IntroductionThis is a guide to writing M.A. research proposals. The same principles apply to dissertation proposals and to proposals to most funding agencies. It includes a model outline, but advisor, committee and funding agency expectations vary and your proposal will be a variation on this basic theme. Use these guidelines as a point of departure for discussions with your advisor. They may serve as a straw-man against which to build your understanding of both your project and of proposal writing.2、Proposal WritingProposal writing is important to your pursuit of a graduate degree. The proposal is, in effect, an intellectual scholastic (not legal) contract between you and your committee. It specifies what you will do, how you will do it, and how you will interpret the results. In specifying what will be done it also gives criteria for determining whether it is done. In approving the proposal, your committee gives their best judgment that the approach to the research is reasonable and likely to yield the anticipated results. They are implicitly agreeing that they will accept the result as adequate for the purpose of granting a degree. (Of course you will have to write the thesis in acceptable form, and you probably will discover things in the course of your research that were not anticipated but which should be addressed in your thesis, but the minimum core intellectual contribution of your thesis will be set by the proposal.) Both parties benefit from an agreed upon plan.写计划的目的是为了描述你将要做什么，为什么要做这个，你将怎么做，你预期的结果是什么The objective in writing a proposal is to describe what you will do, why it should be done, how you will do it and what you expect will result. Being clear about these things from the beginning will help you complete your thesis in a timely fashion. A vague, weak or fuzzy proposal can lead to a long, painful, and often unsuccessful thesis writing exercise. A clean, well thought-out, proposal forms the backbone forthe thesis itself. The structures are identical and through the miracle of word-processing, your proposal will probably become your thesis.A good thesis proposal hinges on a good idea. Once you have a good idea, you can draft the proposal in an evening. Getting a good idea hinges on familiarity with the topic. This assumes a longer preparatory period of reading, observation, discussion, and incubation. Read everything that you can in your area of interest. Figure out what are the important and missing parts of our understanding. Figure out how to build/discover those pieces. Live and breath the topic. Talk about it with anyone who is interested. Then just write the important parts as the proposal. Filling in the things that we do not know and that will help us know more: that is what research is all about.Proposals help you estimate the size of a project. Don't make the project too big. Our MA program statement used to say that a thesis is equivalent to a published paper in scope. These days, sixty double spaced pages, with figures, tables and bibliography, would be a long paper. Your proposal will be shorter, perhaps five pages and certainly no more than fifteen pages. (For perspective, the NSF limits the length of proposal narratives to 15 pages, even when the request might be for multiple hundreds of thousands of dollars.) The merit of the proposal counts, not the weight. Shoot for five pithy pages that indicate to a relatively well-informed audience that you know the topic and how its logic hangs together, rather than fifteen or twenty pages that indicate that you have read a lot of things but not yet boiled it down to a set of prioritized linked questions.3、Different Theses, Similar ProposalsThis guide includes an outline that looks like a “fill-in the blanks guide” and, while in the abstract all proposals are similar, each proposal will have its own particular variation on the basic theme. Each research project is different and each needs a specifically tailored proposal to bring it into focus. Different advisors, committees and agencies have different expectations and you should find out what these are as early as possible; ask your advisor for advice on this. Further, different types of thesis require slightly different proposals. What style of work is published in your sub-discipline?Characterizing theses is difficult. Some thesis are “straight science”. Some are essentially opinion pieces. Some are policy oriented. In the end, they may well all be interpretations of observations, and differentiated by the rules that constrain the interpretation. (Different advisors will have different preferences about the rules, the meta-discourse, in which we all work.)In the abstract all proposals are very similar. They need to show a reasonably informed reader why a particular topic is important to address and how you will do it. To that end, a proposal needs to show how your work fits into what is already knownabout the topic and what new contribution your work will make. Specify the question that your research will answer, establish why it is a significant question, show how you are going to answer the question, and indicate what you expect we will learn. The proposal should situate the work in the literature, it should show why this is an (if not the most) important question to answer in the field, and convince your committee (the skeptical readers that they are) that your approach will in fact result in an answer to the question.指定你的研究将要回答一个什么问题，确定为什么这个问题是有意义的，列出你将如何解决这个问题，列出你要预期得到的结果。
Writing a Research Proposal
Writing a Research Proposal1. IntroductionA research proposal is a document that helps your school or department to decide whether or not to approve and support your research project. It is often developed in collaboration with a supervisor. Writing a proposal helps you to:reflect on the proje ct and predict any difficulties that might arise,think about what can be realistically achieved in a particular timeframe,focus the research once it is started although unforeseen challenges and findings may mean you deviate from the original as the research progresses, andform Chapter One of your research report but remember to change the tense.2. Guidelines for the writing processa. Identify an area of researchThink of an area of interest or a problem you encountered during your study or work that you feel will engage you throughout the research.Research the literatureSearch the literature to see what has been written about your topic and how it has been researched in the past. Look for gaps in the research or areas where the research has been limited and where there are still some areas of debate. You may find areas where no research has been reported or where existing research has only targeted one group of people and ignored a significant area of the population. Also, consider what theories bear on the research to date.Develop research questionsAvoid questions that you already know the answer to or ones that are trivial. Your proposal also needs to show that there will be some positive outcomes from the research and that your issue is worthy of study. Some questions that can help you in thinking about the rationale for the research are is the issue:Topical and does it currently impact on people and/or scholars? ;Important and does it impact on many people and/or th ings? ;Serious and what are the implications for people or things affected by it?Emerging and relatively unstudied?Perennial but your project will explore it in a new way that could open up further research opportunities and have policy implications?© Student Learning Support, The University of Waikato. For educational use only.Evaluate alternative research methodsConsider the alternative methods of obtaining an answer to the research question(s) by considering their ‘fit’ with the purpose of the research and the type of data you wish to collect and analyse.Other aspectsIdentify any ethical obligations to any human or animal participants and consider how you will fulfil these during the course of the project. Also, develop time frames for the research and identify resources that may be needed.3. Writing the proposalObtain university guidelines on preparing a research proposal as the format, content and length of the proposal will differ depending on the purpose and type of research, the particular discipline and the topic. However, the following elements are usually included:A working title.An intr o duction that includes a succinct overview of the research topic, how your interest developed and a clear statement about the research focus.A brief literature review that includes research to date and any identified gaps in the research.The theore tical and research traditions related to the issue; including, how it has been researched before (epistemological and ontological issues).Justification or rationale for the research and its significanceDetails of what data will be collected and the methodology to be usedInformation on how the data is going to be analysed and interpreted.The limitations of the research findings and time constraints.An outline of the ethical considerations and how you will fulfil them.A list of resourc es that you will need for the project and maybe a budgetA realistic timeline showing the stages and completion date for the projectA list of references cited in the proposal to show range of your reading.4. Tips and StrategiesDeveloping a proposal may take as long as three to four months for a one year project and longer if you are working for a Masters dissertation or Doctorate. As a way of ensuring that you will have the required background and skills to enjoy your research project focus your coursework towards your research interests. When thinking about your topic consider who would be the most suitable supervisor because their knowledge and expertise can help in the process of refining your topic. They may also be able to suggest projects that might interest you and useful resources to inform your work。
writing a research proposal 10,11
WRITING A RESEARCH PROPOSAL
Content
I Introduction: what is a proposal
③ difference questions ：study the difference between different groups and the change of one subjects.
住在中西部乡村社区与住在西南部城市的摩西哥移民其文化调 适能力是否有差异？
5) Some suggested standards
Doctoral theses
A doctor thesis has greater breath depth and intention than a master‘s thesis. A distinct contribution to knowledge, as shown by the topic under investigation, the methodology employed, the discovery of new facts, or interpretation of the findings.
III Suggested process for developing a proposal
1 Choosing a topic
• draw up a shortlist of topics • select a topic for investigation
2 Formulating research questions
关于课题申请英文作文
**Title: Crafting a Compelling Research Proposal**Writing a research proposal is a crucial step in the academic journey, as it outlines the purpose, scope, methodology, and significance of your proposed study. Here's a guide to help you crafta compelling research proposal in English:1. **Introduction**: Begin your proposal with a concise introduction that provides background information on the topic and clearly states the research problem or question you intend to address. Briefly discuss the significance of the research and its potential contributions to the field.2. **Literature Review**: Conduct a thorough review of existing literature relevant to your research topic. Identify key theories, studies, and gaps in the literature that your research aims to address. This demonstrates your understanding of the existing scholarly conversation and positions your research within the broader context.3. **Research Objectives**: Clearly articulate the specific objectives or research questions that your study seeks to answer. These objectives should be precise, measurable, and aligned with the overall aim of your research. State how addressing these objectives will contribute to advancing knowledge in the field.4. **Methodology**: Describe the research methodology you plan to employ, including the research design, data collection methods, and data analysis techniques. Justify your chosen approach by explaining how it is suitable for addressing your research objectives and generating reliable results. Consider any ethical considerations and practical constraints associated with your methodology.5. **Expected Outcomes**: Discuss the potential outcomes and implications of your research. What do you hope to discover or achieve through your study? How will your findings contribute to theory, practice, or policy? Highlight the significance of your research and its potential impact on the field.6. **Timeline**: Provide a realistic timeline for the completion of your research project, outlining key milestones and deadlines. Consider factors such as data collection, analysis, writing, and dissemination of results. A well-structured timeline demonstrates your ability to effectively manage the research process and meet project deadlines.7. **Budget**: If applicable, include a detailed budget for your research project, outlining anticipated expenses such as equipment, materials, travel, and personnel costs. Justify each expense and explain how it aligns with the objectives and methodology of your research.8. **Conclusion**: Summarize the key points of your research proposal and reiterate its significance. Emphasize why your study is worthy of funding or support and how it addresses an important gap or need in the field. End with a strong closing statement that leaves a lasting impression on the reader.Remember to tailor your research proposal to the specific requirements and guidelines provided by the funding agency or academic institution. Pay close attention to formatting, language, and style conventions to ensure clarity and professionalism in your writing. With careful planning and attention to detail, you can craft a compelling research proposal that effectively communicates the value and feasibility of your proposed study.。
怎样写好一篇proposal
我认为你⾸先要明确对⽅向你要proposal的⽬的是什么？对⽅⾸先是想通过你的研究计划看你发现问题，分析问题以及提出解决⽅法的能⼒。
这⾥⾯牵涉到的问题很多：1、你的proposal是否具有创新性，你对当前国际最新的研究进展是否熟悉，你有⽆⾃⼰的思路？2、你提的计划是否结合你⾃⼰和对⽅的背景知识，是否具有可⾏性？3、你的计划是否充分完备，是否提供备⽤⽅案，也就是说你是否充分估计了你计划实施的困难？呵呵，上⾯说的三条看起来有些空洞。
但是写作组织起来并不复杂。
第⼀段，背景介绍，充分阅读相关最新的⽂献（04、05年的），提出科学问题；第⼆段，简要分析你的主要思路及意义；第三——？段，制定相关研究计划，不需要具体的每步的细节，但是你的论述应该让对⽅认为你对该细节有着充分了解和认知，并⾮天马⾏空似的漫谈；最后⼀部分，分析你的Proposal中潜在问题，并进⼀步提出潜在⽅案。
我想如果对⽅发现你的思路如此明确，即使⽅案在他看来还⽐较naive或者premature，他也会对你另眼相看的。
What's the purpose of a research plan?It depends on who's asking the question, and who’s answering it. From your immediate point of view the purpose of a research plan is to help get you hired.The research plan, though, serves another, very important function: It contributes to your development as a scientist. Your research plan is a map for your career as a research science professional. As will become apparent later in this document, one of the functions of a research plan is to demonstrate your intellectual vision and aspirations. It's also an opportunity to begin to demonstrate the creative and independent thinking required of a successful scientist.Not yet on the job market? Just starting out as a postdoc? A research plan isn't just for demonstrating; it's also for honing and refining. It's possible to function quite well as a postdoc or grad student while giving little thought to your future. Writing a research plan casts your gaze forward and prompts you to begin planning for when you have your own laboratory. And if you've already started to think about your own lab, it will help you to refine your plans. So take a stab at writing a research plan, even if you don't expect to be on the job market for a while. Think of it as a rough draft, a fantasy trip for your career.* * *But never mind about that. Most of you are trying to get hired. In that case what matters is, What is the committee looking for? The answer: relief from anxiety.Hiring committees desperately want to avoid making a serious mistake by investing institutional and intellectual capital in the wrong person. The aim of your research plan, then, as of the rest of your application, is to assure the hiring committee that life with you will be pain-free.How do you do this? Provide the committee a compelling, reassuring, believable image of what their life will be like when you are working down the hall.Tell them a story--a believable, credible story--about what your lab will be like 5 years from now: well-funded, vibrant, productive, pursuing a valuable, ambitious but realistic research agenda that meshes well with the department's mission and with the other research going on in the department.Please don't misunderstand: You shouldn't tell them this ("in 5 years my lab will be vibrant, productive, and well-funded ..."; rather, you need to lead them to believe it by describing a research agenda that persuades them that you will succeed. There are two parts to this: You have to tell a good story, and you have to make them believe it. If the story isn't compelling you won't get hired, and if they can't quite imagine it becoming reality, you won't get hired.How do I tell a good story?* First, choose an important subject. If the research you plan is not compelling, no rhetorical skill will make it compelling to a committee of smart scientists. If the research you propose is not manifestly, obviously important, if you don't know why it's important, or if you can't convey its importance effectively, convincing the committee to hire you won't be easy. Note that there are two issues here: believing in the importance of your own work, and persuading others that your work is important.If you don't think the work you'll be doing is important, your best bet is to change fields. The goal of science may be to uncover truth, but uncovering objective truth is a very difficult thing to do, and doing it requires passion. If you aren't passionate about your work, your best bet is to find work about which you can be passionate. It isn't easy to change gears midcourse, but getting yourself into an important area of research will be well worth the effort in the long term--to your hirability, your fundability, your tenurability, and also to your career satisfaction. Do another postdoc if you must.Passion for your work is a necessary, but insufficient, condition for capturing the attention of hiring committees. After all, some people are passionate about, um, peculiar things. To convince the committee to hire you, you must convince them that your passion is justified and that they will benefit from investing in your passion--that is, that your work is important.* Be specific. Curing cancer is not a suitable goal for one individuals' research plan--exciting, yes, but much too big to be believable. Inhibiting tumor growth? That's better, says one of our respondents--especially when that general goal is supported by more specific strategies. "[That kind of research] can travel down several different mechanistic routes," this respondent says, "i.e., angiogenesis, breakdown of extracellular matrix, gene activation, induction of molecules involved--it can use different models--implanting tumors, using different tumor models, in vivo, in vitro, etc." The combination of a manifestly important goal with manifestly interesting, feasible approaches is the foundation of the research plan.Being specific is not the same thing as including loads of detail. Being specific means including only as much detail as the job requires--not more. "Vague generalities are the sign of a vague mind," says one source. "This means that the proposal must walk the fine line of enough detail to show the reader that the candidate knows what they are talking about, but not too much detail that it confuses or bores the search committee."* Keep it short and focus on the major themes. "Brevity and clarity are the most important elements," wrote another respondent, expressing a sentiment shared by everyone. "Clear, concise writing ... is a plus," said another. "Superfluous details are not just unnecessary, they are often the hallmark of a poor plan. The specific aims must be clear and succinct." Identify your goals, state why those goals are important, define your approach to achieving those goals, and indicate the kinds of evidence that will validate your approach. Oh, and do it clearly and succinctly."If you were sitting for 4 hours reading such proposals, what would you look for? Clear and to the point wins every time in this arena."Effective communication requires anticipating readers' needs, giving them exactly the information they need just when they need it. Constructing a research plan along these lines strengthens your application in three ways: You avoid alienating the committee by boring them; you tell the committee precisely what you intend to do; and you show that you have a subtle mind and a deep knowledge of your field.Can't do this yet? No hurry--consider spending another year as a postdoc, and study hard.* Be serious about writing. Writes one respondent: "If the proposal confuses the reader in almost any way, it is simply tossed out. I strongly recommend that the candidate have colleagues pre-review the proposal and make sure the English is clear and ideas explained so that a variety of people in the general area can understand what is being proposed and the importance of the work."If your writing skills are weak, it might be time to strengthen them. Or hire an editor. And by all means have several people--preferably senior colleagues who have served on hiring committees--critique your research plan.But there were two parts to this, remember? You not only have to tell a good story--you also have to make it seem real, to make them expect it to come true.How do I make my research plan seem real?* Have a solid, well-considered, realistic plan. If you want to get a job at an institution that takes its research seriously, you'll have to convince your future colleagues that you've gotten past the young, impressionable phase, where every idea glitters with promise despite the fact that it isn't feasible and isn't likely to work. Show the committee that, while your high ideals remain intact, your years of graduate and postdoctoral study have helped you to know the difference between good ideas and good intentions. In the words of one scholar, "You can tell a 'building castles in the sky' research plan. They are not built on solid data and go to the very bottom of the pool." Indeed ...* Include preliminary data. Preliminary data offer the most convincing argument for the viability of your research plan. If you have them, use them--positive results will be of interest and persuasive to hiring committee members. The nature of your preliminary data and findings will vary--some will have much to share, others might be forced to share very preliminary data. Nothing grounds your hopes and dreams in the real world like good, solid data. Your plan might sound exciting, but will it work? It's one thing to make it sound good; if you can show that you've already taken the first, tentative but successful steps of that long journey, reaching your destination will seem a lot less like a pipe dream. One of my sources was unequivocal onthis point: "Does the research question build on the preliminary data the person has generated? No preliminary data = no research question." Which also equals no job offer at that institution.It is important to remember that just as institutions vary widely in their practices, so too do the expectations of hiring committees. Do your homework: Learn about the culture of the department and the experiences of previous faculty hires.* Include redundant approaches. If you want to succeed as a scientist you have to be resourceful. You can't be a one-trick pony. And the focus must be on the science--on the problem you aim to solve--not on the scientist or a particular approach. No matter how knowledgeable you are, no matter how well considered your research plan, you can't predict the future. And if you haven't done the work yet, you don't know how it will turn out. That means that any one approach you specify might not work, even if it seems compelling. So if you want to convince the committee that you will succeed, give them not one, but two, or even three, compelling approaches, all of which have a good chance of success.How do I demonstrate my independence?Different institutions expect you to be at different stages of your career. Think of it as a continuum: At one end sit well-established researchers with strong research records, many first-author (or last-author) publications, and their own research funding. At the other end sit rosy-cheeked freshly minted Ph.D.s full of enthusiasm, promise, and ideas, but with little yet to show for it. Most candidates for entry-level tenure-track faculty jobs at institutions that require research (that is, most of the people who write research plans for job applications) are somewhere in the middle. You probably won't get hired anywhere if you aren't well prepared to start a productive research program at a scale appropriate for the institution.But these days some institutions and departments are looking for more than that. Increasingly, especially in the biomedical field, universities are hiring established researchers, even at the "entry" (assistant professor) level. How is this possible? These days some pre-tenure-track scientists are setting up their own research programs. Increasingly, senior postdocs are being promoted to research associate or research faculty positions during what the GrantDoctor calls the "postpostdoc" phase of their research career. In that position they write research grants in their own names and their host institutions sponsor them. Very often these folks have an R01 before they begin applying for a tenure-track job.The key objective if you’re applying to one of these institutions is securing research grants: If you have a grant in your own name you'll be a strong candidate; if you don't have your own grant, you are less competitive. It's a cynical copout on the institution’s part, really, taking a pass on the difficult job of evaluating talent and capitulating to the reality of big-time biomedical research: It's all about the cash. Still, increasingly it's a fact of life. But how do you know if the institution to which you hope to apply is one of these? Ask.Those scientists and institutions--the ones sitting at the experienced far end of the continuum--are exceptional. Indeed, second-tier research institutions tend to expect the most experience; Harvard and Johns Hopkins do not expect you to have your own research grant. Most hiring committees aren't looking for completely independent work; they're looking for original, creative ideas, together with a record of accomplishment. Few people applying for tenure-track jobs have had the opportunity to start their own research programs. After all, traditionally that's what assistant professorships are all about, and most institutions still think that way. It helps to be somewhere in the middle of that continuum, but most committees are still looking more for promise than for guarantees.Demonstrate your promise by displaying your potential and actual independence. Show the committee that you have the deep thinking and talent to operate independent of your adviser.How do you demonstrate your independence when you have never been given the chance to work independently?Likely as not, all your data were collected in someone else's lab, as a part of someone else's r e s e a r c h a g e n d a . H o w , t h e n , d o y o u d i s t i n g u i s h y o u r r e s e a r c h f r o m y o u r a d v i s e r ' s r e s e a r c h ? / p > p > / p > p > * O n p a p e r . I t ' s a n a p p a r e n t C a t c h - 2 2 : Y o u n e e d t o s h o w t h a t y o u r i d e a s a r e f r e s h , n e w , a n d y o u r s , a n d y o u h a v e t o s h o w t h e y ' r e g r o u n d e d i n w o r k y o u ' v e a l r e a d y d o n e , u s u a l l y i n s o m e o n e e l s e ' s l a b . I t ' s a t o u g h s e l l , b u t m o s t o f y o u r c o m p e t i t o r s a r e i n t h e s a m e b o a t . / p > p > / p > p > S o h o w d o y o u d o i t ? O n e r e s p o n d e n t s a i d i t b e a u t i f u l l y : " T h e b e s t p l a n s u s u a l l y b u i l d o n t h e p r i o r e x p e r i e n c e o f t h e a p p l i c a n t , b u t a r e n o t d i r e c t e x t e n s i o n s o f t h e i r p o s t d o c t o r a l w o r k . " / p > p > / p > p > I ' m g o i n g t o t y p e t h a t p h r a s e a g a i n , i t ' s s o i m p o r t a n t : T h e b e s t p l a n s u s u a l l y b u i l d o n t h e p r i o r e x p e r i e n c e o f t h e a p p l i c a n t , b u t a r e n o t d i r e c t e x t e n s i o n s o f t h e i r p o s t d o c t o r a l w o r k . / p > p > / p > p > U n l e s s y o u ' r e o n e o f t h e s e l e c t f e w a p p l i c a n t s w i t h l o t s o f e x p e r i e n c e l e a d i n g y o u r o w n l a b , t h a t ' s t h e k e y t o y o u r r h e t o r i c a l s t r a t e g y . T h a t ' s t h e o u t l i n e o f t h e s t o r y y o u m u s t t e l l : " I d i d t h i s w o r k a s a g r a d s t u d e n t / p o s t d o c a n d i t w a s i m p o r t a n t a n d i t w a s g r e a t . N o w , a s a f a c u l t y m e m b e r , I w a n t t o d o s o m e t h i n g a l i t t l e b i t d i f f e r e n t , b u t t h e w o r k I ' m p r o p o s i n g t a k e s f u l l a d v a n t a g e o f t h e k n o w l e d g e a n d s k i l l s I g a i n e d d u r i n g t h e t r a i n i n g p h a s e o f m y c a r e e r . " I t ' s d i f f e r e n t e n o u g h t o b e o r i g i n a l , b u t s i m i l a r e n o u g h t h a t y o u r y e a r s o f t r a i n i n g a r e n ' t w a s t e d . / p > p > / p > p > A n o t h e r r e s p o n d e n t w r o t e , " M o s t c a n d i d a t e s ( 9 5 % ) s t i c k to e x t e n s i o n s o f w h a t t h e y a r e m o s t f a m i l i a r w i t h , b u t t h e k e y i s , h a v e t h e y f i g u r e d o u t s o m e r a t h e r c r e a t i v e n e w d i r e c t i o n s f o r t h e r e s e a r c h a n d h a v e t h e y d o n e a g o o d j o b c o n v i n c i n g u s t h a t t h e y c a n d o i t b a s e d o n w h a t i s a l r e a d y k n o w n ? " " O n c e w e h a v e a s h o r t l i s t o f c a n d i d a t e s , " w r i t e s y e t a n o t h e r s o u r c e , " t h e r e s e a r c h p r o p o s a l s a r e l o o k e d a t m o r e c a r e f u l l y f o r i m a g i n a t i v e i d e a s t h a t d i f f e r f r o m t h e c a n d i d a t e s P h . D . o r p o s t d o c t o r a l r e s e a r c h . " G e t t h e m e s s a g e ? / p > p > / p > p > * W i t h y o u r a d v i s e r ' s c o o p e r a t i o n . O n e k e y t o d o i n g t h i s s u c c e s s f u l l y i s t o m a k e s u r e y o u r b o s s t e l l s t h e s a m e s t o r y . H o p e f u l l y y o u h a v e a g o o d , o p e n r e l a t i o n s h i p w i t h y o u r a d v i s e r ; i f y o u d o , g o i n a n d c h a t a n d c o o r d i n a t e y o u r s t r a t e g i e s . D e c i d e w h a t t u r f i s h i s o r h e r s , w h a t t u r f i s y o u r s , a n d w h a t s t o r y y o u i n t e n d t o t e l l i n y o u r r e s e a r c h p l a n a n d h i s o r h e r l e t t e r o f r e c o m m e n d a t i o n . B u t m a k e s u r e t h e y d o n ' t m a t c h t o o p r e c i s e l y . / p > p > / p > p > I s t h i s s o r t o f c o o r d i n a t i o n u n e t h i c a l ? H a r d l y . T h e r e ' s n o d e c e p t i o n h e r e , n o a t t e m p t t o p u l l t h e w o o l o v e r t h e c o m m i t t e e ' s e y e s . O n t h e c o n t r a r y , i t ' s c l a r i t y y o u ' r e s e e k i n g : i n y o u r r e l a t i o n s h i p w i t h y o u r a d v i s e r a n d w i t h t h e h i r i n g c o m m i t t e e . / p > p > / p > p > B e c a r e f u l t h o u g h : T h i s i s t r i c k y e t h i c a l t e r r i t o r y . T h e i d e a s y o u ' r e c l a i m i n g m u s t b e y o u r s . D o n ' t j u s t t a k e y o u r a d v i s e r ' s i d e a s a n d p a c k a g e t h e m a s y o u r o w n , e v e n i f y o u r a d v i s e r s i g n s o f f o n t h e p l a n . / p > p > / p > p > I f y o u r r e l a t i o n s h i p w i t h y o u r a d v i s e r i s n ' t s o c h u m m y , y o u s t i l l w a n t t o d o t h e s e s a m e t h i n g s ; y o u j u s t w a n t t o d o i t m o r e c a r e f u l l y . / p > p > / p > p > * I f y o u s t i l l h a v e t i m e , s e t u p y o u r o w n l a b i n t h e c o r n e r o f y o u r a d v i s e r ' s . I f y o u a r e n ' t a p p l y i n g f o r j o b s r i g h t n o w , t h e r e ' s s t i l l t i m e . T a l k t o y o u r a d v i s e r a b o u t c a r v i n g o u t y o u r o w n r e s e a r c h n i c h e w i t h i n t h e l a r g e r r e s e a r c h e f f o r t , w h e r e y o u d o w o r k m o t i v a t e d b y y o u r o w n o r i g i n a l i d e a s , s o m e t h i n g r e l a t e d b u t o b l i q u e t o w h a t y o u r a d v i s e r i s d o i n g i n t h e r e s t o f t h e l a b . / p > p > / p > p > I s t h e r e s e a r c h p l a n m o r e i m p o r t a n t i n t h e s c r e e n i n g p h a s e o r l a t e i n t h e g a m e ? / p > p > I n g e n e r a l , r e s e a r c h p l a n s a r e w e i g h e d m o r e h e a v i l y l a t e r i n t h e g a m e , w i t h m o r e r e a d i l y c o m p r e h e n s i b l e e v i d e n c e ( e s p e c i a l l y p e d i g r e e , l e t t e r s o f r e c o m m e n d a t i o n , i m p a c t f a c t o r o f j o u r n a l s , e t c . ) b e i n g w e i g h e d m o r e h e a v i l y i n t h e e a r l y r o u n d s . / p > p > / p > p > H o w e v e r , y o u r r e s e a r c h p l a n m u s t b e d e s i g n e d t o s e r v e m o r e t h a n o n e p u r p o s e . I t m u s t w i t h s t a n d i n t e n s e s c r u t i n y i n t h e l a t e r r o u n d s o f t h e j o b s e a r c h , a n d i t m u s t m a k e a g o o d f i r s t i m p r e s s i o n . / p > p > / p > p > * * * / p > p > / p > p > H o w l o n g s h o u l d i t b e ? / p > p > O p i n i o n s v a r y . O n e p e r s o n I s p o k e t o s a i d t h a t a r e s e a r c h p l a n s h o u l d b e " a b o u t t h r e e p a g e s o f 1 . 5 - s p a c e d t e x t , a n d N E V E R m o r e t h a n f i v e . " A n o t h e r s o u r c e p r e f e r s " t h r e e s e m i - i n d e p e n d e n t ( b u t r e l a t e d ) s u b p r o p o s a l s n o t m o r e t h a n a b o u t t h r e e t o f o u r p a g e s ( s i n g l e - s p a c e d ) e a c h w i t h a h a l f p a g e o f i m p o r t a n t a n d r e l e v a n t r e f e r e n c e s . " T h a t ' s n i n e t o 1 2 p a g e s . T h e r e i s s o m e v a r i a t i o n f r o m o n e d i s c i p l i n e t o t h e n e x t ( t h e f i r s t o f t h e s e r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s c a m e f r o m a m e d i c a l s c h o o l , t h e s e c o n d f r o m a d e p a r t m e n t o f c h e m i s t r y ) , b u t t h e r e a r e f e w i f a n y s t a n d a r d s e v e n w i t h i n a f i e l d . T h i s s h o w s h o w m u c h o f a c r a p s h o o t g e t t i n g h i r e d c a n b e : B e c a u s e y o u u s u a l l y d o n ' t k n o w i n a d v a n c e h o w l o n g a d o c u m e n t t h e h i r i n g c o m m i t t e e i s l o o k i n g f o r , t h e r e ' s l i t t l e c h a n c e o f t h e s a m e c a n d i d a t e , n o m a t t e r h o w q u a l i f i e d , g e t t i n g o f f e r s f r o m b o t h o f t h e s e i n s t i t u t i o n s . / p > p > / p > p > M y r e c o m m e n d a t i o n ? C a l l t h e c h a i r o f t h e h i r i n g c o m m i t t e e ( o r s e n d e - m a i l ) a n d a s k f o r a d v i c e . I f n o a d v i c e i s f o r t h c o m i n g , a i m f o r f i v e p a g e s , 1 2 - p o i n t T i m e s N e w R o m a n , 1 . 5 s p a c e d . S o m e w i l l t h i n k i t ' s a b i t t o o l o n g , o t h e r s a b i t t o o s h o r t , b u t n o o n e w i l l t h r o w i t o u t b e c a u s e o f i t s l e n g t h . / p > p > / p > p > / p > p > R e m e m b e r t h a t w e s a i d t h a t a r e s e a r c h p l a n n e e d s t o h e l p y o u t h r o u g h i n i t i a l s c r e e n i n g a n d w i t h s t a n d c a r e f u l s c r u t i n y i n t h e l a t e r s t a g e s . / d i v > / d i v > s c r i p t i d = " s h o w _ g _ d 1 " > / s c r i p t > s c r i p t s r c = " / / j s . 5 1 t e s t . n e t / m _ j s _ n e w / m _ s h o w _ d o w n . j s " > / s c r i p t > d i v c l a s s = " l i s t - b o x " >。
英语作文关于课题申请
Title: Crafting a Compelling Research Proposal: A Guide to Successful Grant Application Writing a research proposal is a crucial step in securing funding for academic or scientific endeavors. It serves as a blueprint for your project, outlining its objectives, methodology, expected outcomes, and potential impact. Crafting a compelling research proposal requires careful planning, meticulous attention to detail, and a clear communication of your vision. This essay will guide you through the key elements of a successful grant application, offering insights and strategies to help you stand out from the competition. Begin your research proposal with a captivating introduction that piques the reader's interest. Briefly introduce the research topic, highlighting its significance and relevance to the field. Explain why this research is timely and necessary, and how it will contribute to the advancement of knowledge or the solution of a pressing problem. Use concrete examples or anecdotes to illustrate the real-world implications of your work.Next, provide a thorough background and literature review. This section should demonstrate your familiarity with the existing research on the topic. Identify key gaps in knowledge that your research aims to fill, and explain how your work builds upon and extends previous studies. Use citations to support your claims and show that you have conducted a comprehensive search of relevant literature.Clearly articulate the research questions or hypotheses that drive your project. These should be specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound (SMART). Outline the objectives of your study, explaining how each one contributes to answering your research questions. Keep in mind that the objectives should be aligned with the overall goal of your research and the potential impact it could have.Describe in detail the methodology you will use to conduct your research. This includes the study design, sample selection, data collection and analysis techniques, and any experimental procedures or interventions. Explain why you have chosen this particular methodology and how it will enable you to achieve your research objectives. Be transparent about any potential limitations or challenges you anticipate, and discuss how you plan to mitigate them.Outline the expected outcomes of your research, both immediate and long-term. Discuss how your findings will contribute to the field and address the gaps in knowledge identified in the literature review. Consider the practical implications of your work, such as policy recommendations, technological advancements, or improved healthcare practices. Emphasize the potential impact your research could have on society or specific stakeholder groups.Provide a detailed budget outlining the financial resources required to complete your research. Include items such as equipment, materials, personnel costs, travel expenses, and any other relevant expenses. Accompany the budget with a realistic timeline, outlining the key milestones and deliverables throughout the project's duration. This will demonstrate your ability to manage resources efficiently and adhere to deadlines.End your research proposal with a conclusion that summarizes the key points and reiterates the significance and potential impact of your work. Use persuasive language to convey your enthusiasm and commitment to the project. Explain why you are the best person to conduct this research and why funding your proposal would be a wise investment.Additional Tips for Success●Tailor the proposal to the funding agency: Research different funding agencies'priorities and guidelines, and tailor your proposal accordingly.●Proofread and edit: Have multiple people review your proposal for clarity, grammar,and typos.●Be concise and focused: Avoid unnecessary details and stay focused on the coremessage of your research.●Demonstrate feasibility: Show that you have a clear plan for overcoming anyobstacles or challenges that may arise.●Include a strong cover letter: A well-written cover letter can enhance the overallimpression of your proposal.By following these guidelines and strategies, you can craft a compelling research proposal that effectively communicates your vision and increases your chances of securing funding for your important work.。
开题报告英文
开题报告英文Title: The Significance and Process of Writing a Research Proposal Introduction:Writing a research proposal is an essential step in the research process, as it serves as a blueprint for conducting a study. This article aims to explore the significance of a research proposal and provide insights into the process of writing one. By understanding the importance of a well-crafted research proposal, researchers can effectively communicate their ideas, secure funding, and ensure the success of their research endeavors.1. The Importance of a Research Proposal:A research proposal plays a crucial role in several aspects of the research journey. Firstly, it outlines the objectives and research questions, providing a clear direction for the study. This helps researchers stay focused and avoid digressions during the research process.Secondly, a research proposal demonstrates the feasibility and significance of the study. By presenting a comprehensive literature review, researchers can showcase their understanding of the existing knowledge and identify gaps that their research aims to address. This helps in justifying the need for the study and convincing funding agencies, academic institutions, or supervisors about its potential impact.Furthermore, a research proposal assists in planning and allocating resources effectively. It outlines the methodology, including data collection and analysistechniques, sample size, and expected outcomes. This allows researchers to estimate the time, budget, and equipment required for the study, ensuring efficient resource management.2. The Process of Writing a Research Proposal:Writing a research proposal involves several key steps that contribute to its effectiveness and clarity.a) Identify the Research Topic:The first step is to identify a research topic that aligns with the researcher's interests and expertise. This topic should be specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound (SMART), ensuring that the study remains focused and achievable.b) Conduct a Literature Review:A thorough literature review is essential to identify existing research and determine the research gap. By critically analyzing previous studies, researchers can position their research within the broader academic context and highlight its novelty and significance.c) Formulate Research Objectives and Questions:Based on the identified research gap, researchers should formulate clear and concise research objectives and questions. These objectives and questions should be specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound (SMART), guiding the research process effectively.d) Select an Appropriate Methodology:Choosing an appropriate methodology is crucial for achieving research objectives. Researchers must select the most suitable data collection and analysis techniques, ensuring they align with the research questions and objectives. Additionally, ethical considerations should be taken into account while selecting the methodology.e) Create a Research Plan:A well-structured research plan provides a roadmap for the study. It includes a timeline, budget estimation, and resource allocation. Researchers should consider potential challenges and devise contingency plans to mitigate any risks that may arise during the research process.f) Write the Proposal:The research proposal should be well-organized and clearly written. It typically includes an introduction, literature review, research objectives, methodology, expected outcomes, timeline, and budget estimation. Researchers should pay attention to the proposal's formatting, grammar, and overall coherence to ensure it is persuasive and professional.Conclusion:In conclusion, writing a research proposal is a crucial step in the research process. It helps researchers define their study's objectives, justify its significance, and plan for its successful execution. By following a systematic approach and considering key elements, researchers can increase the likelihood of securing funding, gaining approval, and ultimately conducting impactful research.。
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Don’t leave the boring stuff until the last minute
• A lot of detail & paperwork is often required, yet overlooked until the end
Research proposals should not be ‘one-off’
• Proposals should be part of a big visionary picture • Your research career should be linked with the type of research activities you undertake that will make you an expert in a specific area • Build on your strengths or those of your supervisor/ colleagues
– Skills & bias of the evaluators – Social leanings of the evaluators or the research funding source
The same research question can be written in different styles for different purposes
• Key questions in determining basic funding needs
– number of subjects to be tested (sample size) – amount of time taken to collect measurements from each subject (considering all follow-up contacts) – communication costs (telephone, internet access, fax, postage, copying) – equipment costs
Step 2
Start early on the budget
Research = funding
Who has the money to spend on research, and what outcome/ output is required from the expenditure?
Define $$ you need to fund your research before you design your project
Calculating the budget
• Get help from your business or research unit
– most hospitals & universities have fixed costs for researchers at different levels, depending on the type of research – understand the recommended salary rate, university levy, oncosts, terms of employment (PT, FT, 12 months, longer etc) – make your salary allocations equitable
Know why and to whom you are writing your proposal, focus it accordingly and make it a planned exercise Don’t waste effort – recycle!!!
Good ideas without a structure or purpose rarely get funded!!
– It always looks like that to the assessors
• Always be fair – unfair comes back to haunt you!!!
Team composition
• Each person on the team should have a purpose, not just a ‘name’ • The role of each team member on the grant is essential
Work out your team
Team composition
• For inexperienced researchers, tack onto the end of a more experienced team for a proposal or two, to see how others do it • Get to know people whose skills you admire and who you could work with
• NH&MRC/ ARC only funds research officers (not Chief Investigators)
– no margin for profit making
• Consultancies/ contract research funds all input
– considerable margin for profit making
Writing a research proposal
Coming to grips with your next research idea
Why are you writing a research proposal?
The reason for writing the proposal underpins the way in which you write it, its structure and the information you put in it
• specialist Байду номын сангаасomputer programs, measuring devices, reagents, expertise)
– – – –
data entry & analysis time travel costs to collect data and report on progress report writing time writing the findings up into publications
– Easier to build on a track record than start a new one!!!
Step 1
Read the background material for the research project
Look closely at the detail
• What will the research grant pay for?
– last minute scrambles make stressed researchers!!! (or researcher’s secretary@#%!@)
• Start early, collecting
– – – – – – research team and defining team members’ roles mobile phone numbers CVs & biographical details track record and capability statements publication lists signatures
• understand how these terms are defined – examples are often provided • an ‘aim’ for one research grant is a ‘goal’ for another
• What did the research grant scheme fund in the past few years?
• Time to write the proposal (2 week tender to 6/12 research proposal preparation time) • Reliance (or not) on researcher track records
– cases can be made for new researchers – Define the research team and outline what each brings to the project
– limits on oncosts, personnel salaries, travel, equipment, infrastructure
• What is the structure of the research proposal?
– aims / objectives / goals / background / significance / outcomes / methods etc
• Unfunded research should rarely be undertaken, and should only be small pilot studies to prepare for a larger study
– if you undertake unfunded research make sure you tell everyone about it and why – make it ‘pay’ for your research progress