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大学物理学(第三版上) 课后习题3答案详解
习题33.1选择题(1) 有一半径为R 的水平圆转台,可绕通过其中心的竖直固定光滑轴转动,转动惯量为J ,开始时转台以匀角速度ω0转动,此时有一质量为m 的人站在转台中心,随后人沿半径向外跑去,当人到达转台边缘时,转台的角速度为(A) (B) 02ωmRJ J+02)(ωR m J J +(C) (D) 02ωmRJ0ω[答案: (A)](2) 如题3.1(2)图所示,一光滑的内表面半径为10cm 的半球形碗,以匀角速度ω绕其对称轴OC 旋转,已知放在碗内表面上的一个小球P 相对于碗静止,其位置高于碗底4cm ,则由此可推知碗旋转的角速度约为(A)13rad/s (B)17rad/s (C)10rad/s (D)18rad/s (a)(b)题3.1(2)图[答案: (A)](3)如3.1(3)图所示,有一小块物体,置于光滑的水平桌面上,有一绳其一端连结此物体,;另一端穿过桌面的小孔,该物体原以角速度ω在距孔为R 的圆周上转动,今将绳从小孔缓慢往下拉,则物体(A )动能不变,动量改变。
(B )动量不变,动能改变。
(C )角动量不变,动量不变。
(D )角动量改变,动量改变。
(E )角动量不变,动能、动量都改变。
[答案: (E)]3.2填空题(1) 半径为30cm 的飞轮,从静止开始以0.5rad·s -2的匀角加速转动,则飞轮边缘上一点在飞轮转过240˚时的切向加速度a τ= ,法向加速度a n = 。
0.15; 1.256[答案:](2) 如题3.2(2)图所示,一匀质木球固结在一细棒下端,且可绕水平光滑固定轴O转动,今有一子弹沿着与水平面成一角度的方向击中木球而嵌于其中,则在此击中过程中,木球、子弹、细棒系统的 守恒,原因是 。
木球被击中后棒和球升高的过程中,对木球、子弹、细棒、地球系统的 守恒。
题3.2(2)图[答案:对o轴的角动量守恒,因为在子弹击中木球过程中系统所受外力对o轴的合外力矩为零,机械能守恒](3) 两个质量分布均匀的圆盘A和B的密度分别为ρA和ρB (ρA>ρB),且两圆盘的总质量和厚度均相同。
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722MX650-Y22*4晶玉方-4000K723MD930-Y39*2晶玉方-4000K724MD500B-Y60晶玉圆-深兰-4000K725MX500B-Y60晶玉圆-深兰-4000K726MB400B-Y8*2晶玉圆-深兰-4000K727MX500B-Y28+38晶玉方-深兰-4000K728MD1000E-Y15*3熙月-无光源729MX500A-Y60圆影-宝石蓝-4000K730MX960-Y55*5-方骏-6500K731MX900B-Y22*3(晶玉圆)-深蓝-4000K732MT350A-Y22(心蓝)-米白-4000K733ML420A-Y40(心蓝)-米白-4000K734MB400A-Y8*2(心蓝)-宝石蓝-4000K735MD500-Y40(心蓝)-宝石蓝-4000K736MX640-Y83(心蓝)-宝石蓝-4000K737MX640-Y83(心蓝)-时尚白-4000K738MD500-Y40(心蓝)-时尚白-4000K739MB400A-Y8*2(心蓝)-时尚白-4000K740MX500A-Y60(圆影)-简约白-4000K741MD500A-Y60(圆影)-简约白-4000K742MX900A-Y22*3(圆影)-简约白-4000K743MD880-Y22*3-臻品-4000K744MX586-Y83-月晕-3000K745MX560Y-Y28+48-流云-6500K746MX586-Y83-旋舞-6500K747MX420-Y40-旋舞-6500K748MX650Y-Y28+38+48-暗香-6500K749MX560Y-Y28+48-暗香-6500K750MX500Y-Y28+38-暗香-6500K751MX420-Y40-暗香-6500K752MX650Y-Y28+38+48-绿妆-3000K+6500K 753MX560Y-Y28+48-绿妆-3000K+6500K754MX500Y-Y28+38-绿妆-6500K755MX420-Y40-绿妆-6500K756MX650Y-Y28+38+48-金镶月-3000K+6500K 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透明804MTH8402-CC 水晶七彩805MTH8403-CT806MTH8403-CD807MTH7203-CD808MTH7203-CT809MTH7203-CB810MTH7103-CB811MTH7103-CT812MTH7103-CD813MTH7201-CD814MTH7201-CT815MTH7201-CB816MTH7101-CB817MTH7101-CD818MTH7101-CT819MTH7205-CD820MTH7204-CT821MTH7205-CB822MTH7206-CT823MTH7202-CT824MTH7102-CT825MX420-Y40雅致兰韵面罩826MX900A-Y22*3(圆影)-银灰-4000K 827LED扁三线-黄828LED扁三线-兰829LED白830LED扁三线-暖白光831遥控器832灯带接头833分路器834打包材料费用835运费836LED-MR11-白837LED-MR16-白838LED-MR16-暖白839JCYJ-DG005840JCYJ-DG003841JCYJ-ZC-Y21-002842JCYL-ZC-Y55-004843JCYJ-ZT-Y22-002844JCYJ-ZT-Y22-001845JYLH01-换气扇-分体式846JCYJ-HL002847JCYJ-ZC-Y55-001848JCYJ-ZC-Y21-001849JCYJ-N3D002850JCYJ-NS001851JCYJ-NS002852JCYJ-HL003853JCYJ-NF002854JCYJ-N3D001855JYLZ01-21W-分体式856MX7878-Y55*4新叠影-4000K857MX7878-Y158+L80-新叠影-4000K858MD500D-Y60-星尚859MX1000-Y22*4YL-星尚-4000K860MT-HY1T-16-Y14-飞扬-乳白-4000K 861MT-HY1T-16-Y14-飞扬-天蓝-4000K 862MX7454-Y55*3夺彩-4000K863MX6565-Y55*3臻玉-6500K864MX1000B-Y40*4-碧玺-4000K865MX8080-Y40*4-呈现-6500K866MX5353-Y36*3臻玉-6500K867MX6299D-Y55*5-1-碧净-6500K868MX6259D-Y55*3-1-碧净-6500K869MX500F-Y60-幽香-4000K870MD410-Y15*3-幽香-无光源871MX500G-Y60-星尚872MD500-Y60-幽香-4000K873MX420-Y40-幽香-4000K874MX900E-Y22*4L-幽香-4000K875MX710-Y100-旋木-6500K876MX5656-Y28+38-疏影-6500K877MTH5228/TB878MX590-Y83-暗花-6500K879MD140C-Y15-清悦-无光源880MX650-Y83-同心圆-6500K881MTD01012A003-CH-珍珠黑882MTD01012A001-CH-七彩白883MX530-Y40-同心圆-6500K884MX6464-Y114-方正-6500K885MGL1112B886MD400-Y15*3-清悦-无光源887MTD7120/AT888MT-HY03J-01-1W-软管式直筒射灯889MD550E-Y15*3(雅馨)-香槟金-无光源890MD550E-Y15*3(雅馨)-橙红-无光源891MD550D-Y15*3-光芒-无光源892MD140E-Y15(雅馨)-橙红-无光源893MD140F-Y15(雅洁)-黑纹-无光源894MTH5128/OL895MTH5129/OL896MGL1122B897MX1170-Y55*6-翔宇-红葡萄-6500K898MX7040-Y55*2-翔宇-红葡萄-6500K899MD140F-Y15(雅洁)-白纹-无光源900MD550F-Y15*3(雅洁)-白纹-无光源901MD550F-Y15*3(雅洁)-黑纹-无光源902MD550H-Y15*3-雅静-无光源903MTD01012A002-CH-闪光银904MTH5230/OL905浴霸-HHD110906浴霸-MDP201-金色907浴霸-MDD405908MD300-Y14*3-炫丽-无光源909MX1100D-Y40*3YL-1-星尚-4000K910MX560-Y28+38YL(玲珑)-白色-6500K911MTH5235/OL912MD540-Y60-花影-4000K913MD550E-Y15*3(雅馨)-绿宝石-无光源914MT-HY03J-02-1W-软管式直筒射灯915浴霸-MDP201-蓝色916MX1000A-Y40*3YL-花影-4000K917MX540-Y60-花影-4000K918MT320-Y7*3-花影-无光源919MD400D-Y15*3-光芒-无光源920MD140D-Y15-光芒-无光源921MX900H-Y22*4YL-花影-4000K922ML400-Y7*3L-花影-无光源923MD130-Y14-炫丽-无光源924MX580-Y100-星光-6500K925MX4747-Y28+38-浪泽-6500K926MX5757-Y36*2-致悦-6500K927MX740-Y100-语嫣-6500K928MD400A-Y15*3(雅馨)-香槟金-无光源929MD550C-Y15*3-清悦-无光源930MX6465-Y55*3-晶恒-6500K931MX8970-Y55*4-致悦-6500K932MX6464-Y28+38+48(方正)-红胡桃-6500K 933MX1068-Y40*6-浪泽-6500K934MX8080-Y40*4-琦菱-6500K935MT-HY03-02亮睛-银灰936MX640-Y28+38+48-美斯-6500K937MD140E-Y15(雅馨)-香槟金-无光源938MX1000-Y40*3YL-幽香-4000K939MT350E-Y22-幽香-4000K940MT350G-Y22-星尚-4000K941MX9371-Y55*5-格调-6500K942MX6464-Y28+38+48(方正)-黑胡桃-6500K 943MX530-Y40-暗花-6500K944MD550-Y14*3-炫丽-无光源945MT-HY03-02亮睛-白946MX9469-Y55*5+0.06W*62L-SD-溢彩-6500K 947MX5656-Y36*3+0.06W*40L-SD-溢彩-6500K 948MX9575-Y55*4+36*2-疏影-SD-6500K+3000K 949MX8665-Y55*4-罗朗-6500K950MX6453-Y55*2-罗朗-6500K951MD125-Y15-涟漪-无光源952MD500E-Y60-品竹-4000K953MD130A-Y15-丝缕-无光源954MD6090A-Y15*3-丝缕-无光源955MX7070-Y55*4(流光)-银灰-6500K 956MX630-Y28+38+48-雅居-6500K957MD130B-Y15-涵韵-无光源958MD6090B-Y15*3-涵韵-无光源959MT-HY03T-07-伯雅-乳白960MT-HY03T-07-伯雅-亮黑961MX320-Y21-白玉962MX520-Y83-花海963MX1258-Y55*6-SD-尚朗-6500K964MX5050-Y40-方舟-6500K965MX5454-Y36*3-明阁-6500K966MX5655-Y36*3-瑞熙-6500K967MX1067-Y55*5-SD-明阁-6500K968MX435-Y40-云裳-6500K969MX1067-Y55*4-尚朗-6500K970MD300-Y15*3-蔷薇-无光源971MB350-Y15*2-蔷薇-无光源972MD450-Y15*6-蔷薇-无光源973MX3535-Y28-方舟-6500K974MX420-Y40-16-花海-6500K975MX450-Y40-蝶恋-6500K976MX550-Y28+38-蝶恋-6500K977MX460-Y40-1-格美-6500K978MX8968-Y55*5-SD-瑞熙-6500K979MX7367-Y55*3YL-雅格-6500K980MX8769-Y55*4-辰悦-6500K981MX5252-Y36*3-1-斗光-6500K982MX1170-Y55*6-SD(流光)-银灰-6500K 983MX3535A-Y28-禾田-6500K984MX4545-Y38-花语(方)-6500K985MX550-Y28+38-花语(圆)-6500K986MX660-Y100-格美-6500K987MX5656A-Y36*3-辰悦-6500K。
大学物理练习册习题及答案6--波动学基础
⼤学物理练习册习题及答案6--波动学基础习题及参考答案第五章波动学基础参考答案思考题5-1把⼀根⼗分长的绳⼦拉成⽔平,⽤⼿握其⼀端,维持拉⼒恒定,使绳端在垂直于绳⼦的⽅向上作简谐振动,则(A )振动频率越⾼,波长越长;(B )振动频率越低,波长越长;(C )振动频率越⾼,波速越⼤;(D )振动频率越低,波速越⼤。
5-2在下⾯⼏种说法中,正确的说法是(A )波源不动时,波源的振动周期与波动的周期在数值上是不同的;(B )波源振动的速度与波速相同;(C )在波传播⽅向上的任⼆质点振动位相总是⽐波源的位相滞后;(D )在波传播⽅向上的任⼀质点的振动位相总是⽐波源的位相超前 5-3⼀平⾯简谐波沿ox 正⽅向传播,波动⽅程为010cos 2242t x y ππ??=-+ ?. (SI)该波在t =0.5s 时刻的波形图是()5-4图⽰为⼀沿x 轴正向传播的平⾯简谐波在t =0时刻的波形,若振动以余弦函数表⽰,且此题各点振动初相取-π到π之间的值,则()(A )1点的初位相为φ1=0(m)(A )(m)(m)(B )(C )(D )思考题5-3图思考题5-4图(B )0点的初位相为φ0=-π/2 (C )2点的初位相为φ2=0 (D )3点的初位相为φ3=05-5⼀平⾯简谐波沿x 轴负⽅向传播。
已知x=b 处质点的振动⽅程为[]0cos y A t ωφ=+,波速为u ,则振动⽅程为()(A)()0cos y A t b x ωφ??=+++??(B)(){}0cos y A t b x ωφ??=-++??(C)(){}0cos y A t x b ωφ??=+-+?? (D)(){}0cos y A t b x u ωφ??=+-+?? 5-6⼀平⾯简谐波,波速u =5m?s -1,t =3s 时刻的波形曲线如图所⽰,则0x =处的振动⽅程为()(A )211210cos 22y t ππ-??=?- (SI) (B )()2210cos y t ππ-=?+ (SI) (C )211210cos 22y t ππ-??=?+ (SI) (D )23210cos 2y t ππ-?=-(SI) 5-7⼀平⾯简谐波沿x 轴正⽅向传播,t =0的波形曲线如图所⽰,则P 处质点的振动在t =0时刻的旋转⽮量图是()5-8当⼀平⾯简谐机械波在弹性媒质中传播时,下述各结论⼀哪个是正确的?(A )媒质质元的振动动能增⼤时,其弹性势能减少,总机械能守恒;(B )媒质质元的振动动能和弹性势能都作周期变化,但两者的位相不相同;(C )媒质质元的振动动能和弹性势能的位相在任⼀时刻都相同,但两者的数值不相等;(D )媒质质元在其平衡位置处弹性势能最⼤。
33063应用
电源电路一、使用LM2575的降压开关电源LM2575是可以输出1A电流,1A时效率高达80%以上的降压开关电源芯片,开关工作频率是52KHz。
它的内部结构如下图所示:它内置了功率管和过流保护电路,在外部只需加少量的滤波元件即可构成一个开关电源模块。
在实际电路的设计中,对原电路做了一些改动:在这个电路中,高压输入端加了一个二极管,防止不慎接反电源引起电容爆炸和芯片损坏。
保险丝是1A,防止输入电压超过40V或电源板内部短路引起的大电流造成的危害。
在图中,保险丝接在3300uF电容的后端,防止加电时电容大电流充电烧断保险丝。
3300uF的电容起储能和电源滤波的作用,在电池组供电时主要起储能作用,电容接在高压端更利于储能,因为如果电源暂时断电,稳压电路前面的电压逐渐下降不会影响输出电压。
如果使用全、半波整流的工频交流或者高频开关电源供电,应该在这个电容上再并联一个瓷片电容来吸收高频。
LM2575和第一级滤波电路是按照LM2575的datasheet说明里接的,在后面又加了第二级滤波以进一步减小纹波。
发光二极管D2作输出只是,另外在空载时,D2可以提供一个负载,使空载电压不至于偏离稳压值。
在机器人的应用中,LM2575把24~30V的电压降至9~12V,供传感器板和主控板使用。
主控板带有线性稳压,所以本电路对输出电压的精确程度要求不是很高,所以在输出端又串接了一个肖特基二极管防止用户错把高压接到输出端。
如果该电源板直接对单片机供电,这个二极管不能接,而且最好把电源部分集成到主控板上,防止连线不当造成的干扰。
所有电感用黑色铁氧体磁芯自己绕制,不要用色环电感(小于200mA的除外)。
漆包线直径0.51mm。
L1用磁罐,L2用磁环。
二、使用比较器的降压开关电源使用滞回比较器作自激振荡的12V 1A开关稳压电源,是工控主板用5V 10A开关电源(项目被取消,未实际制作)的技术验证机。
比较器A接成滞回比较器作自激振荡,C1起加速作用。
STTA212S;中文规格书,Datasheet资料
TURBOSWITCH is a trademark of STMicroelectronicsNovember 1999 - Ed: 4ASPECIFIC TO THE FOLLOWING OPERATIONS:SNUBBING OR CLAMPING, DEMAGHETIZATION AND RECTIFICATIONULTRA-FAST AND SOFT RECOVERYVERY LOW OVERALL POWER LOSSES IN BOTH THE DIODE AND THE COMPANION TRANSISTORHIGH FREQUENCY OPERATIONHIGH REVERSE VOLTAGE CAPABILITY FEATURES AND BENEFITSTURBOSWITCH 1200V drastically cuts losses in all high voltage operations which require extremely fast, soft and noise-free power diodes.Due to their optimized switching performances they aloso highly decrease power losses in any associated switching IGBT or MOSFET in all "freewheel mode" operations and is particulary suitable and efficient in motor control circuitries, orin primary of SMPS as snubber, clamping or demagnetizing diodes secondary of SMPS as high voltage rectifier diodes. They are also suitable for the secondary of SMPS as high voltage rectifier diodes.DESCRIPTIONI F(AV)2A V RRM 1200V t rr (typ)65ns V F (max)1.5VMAIN PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICSSymbolParameter Value Unit V RRMRepetitive peak reverse voltage 1200V V RSM Non repetitive peak reverse voltage 1200V I F(RMS)RMS forward current10A I FRM Repetitive peak forward current tp = 5µs F=5kHz square 20A I FSM Surge non repetitive forward current tp = 10ms sinusoidal25A T stg Storage temperature range- 65 to + 150°C T jMaximum operating junction temperature125°CABSOLUTE RATINGS (limiting values)STTA212S®TURBOSWITCH ™ ULTRA-FAST HIGH VOLTAGE DIODESMC1/8Ob so l e t ePr od u c t (s ) -O bs o l e t eP r od u c t (s)Ob so l e t ePr od u c t (s ) -O bs o l e t eP r od u c t (s) Symbol ParameterTest Conditions Min Typ Max Unit V F *Forward voltage drop I F = 2A Tj = 25°C Tj = 125°C 1.1 1.651.5VI R **Reverse leakage current V R = 0.8x V RRM Tj = 25°C Tj = 125°C 15020400µA Vto Threshold voltage Ip < 3.I AVTj = 125°C1.15V rdDynamic resistance175m ΩTest pulses :* tp = 380 µs, δ < 2%** tp = 5 ms , δ < 2%STATIC ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS Symbol ParameterTest conditionsValue Unit R th(j-I)Junction to lead thermal resistance 21°C/W P 1Conduction power dissipation I F(AV) = 1.5A δ = 0.5Tlead= 72°C 2.5W P maxTotal power dissipationPmax = P1 + P3 (P3 = 10% P1)Tlead= 67°C2.8WTHERMAL AND POWER DATA Symbol Parameter Test conditionsMinTyp Max Unit t rrReverse recovery timeTj = 25°CI F = 0.5 A I R = 1A Irr = 0.25A I F = 1 A dI F /dt =-50A/µs V R = 30V65115nsI RMMaximum recovery current Tj = 125°C V R = 600V I F = 2AdI F /dt = -16 A/µs dI F /dt = -50 A/µs6.0 3.6AS factorSoftness factorTj = 125°C V R = 600V I F = 2A dI F /dt = -50 A/µs0.9/DYNAMIC ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS TURN-OFF SWITCHING Symbol ParameterTest conditions MinTypMax Unit t fr Forward recovery time Tj = 25°CI F = 2 AdI F /dt = 16 A/µsmeasured at 1.1 × V F max900ns V FpPeak forward voltage35VTURN-ON SWITCHING To evaluate the maximum conduction losses use the following equation :P = V to x I F(AV) + rd x I F 2(RMS)STTA212S2/8Ob so l e t ePr od u c t (s )- O bs o l e t eP r od u c t (s) 0.00.20.40.60.81.01.21.41.61.82.00.00.51.01.52.02.53.0P1(W)δ=0.1δ=0.2δ=0.5δ=1IF(av)(A)Fig. 1: Conduction losses versus average current.123451E-21E-11E+01E+15E+1IFM(A)Tj=125°CVFM(V)Fig. 2: Forward voltage drop versus forward current (maximum values).1E-11E+01E+11E+2tp(s)Zth(j-a)(°C/W)1E-25E+2110100Fig. 3: Variation of thermal impedance junction to ambient versus pulse duration (epoxy printed cir-cuit board FR4, e(Cu)=35µm, S(Cu)=1cm2).204060801001201401601802000.600.801.001.20S factorVR=600V Tj=125°CIF<2*IF(av)dIF/dt(A/µs)Fig. 5: Softness factor (tb/ta) versus dI F /dt (typical values).20406080100120140160180200050100150200250300350400trr(ns)VR=600V Tj=125°CIF=2*IF(av)IF=IF(av)dIF/dt(A/µs)Fig. 6: Reverse recovery time versus dI F /dt (90%confidence).204060801001201401601802005101520IRM(A)VR=600VTj=125°CIF=2*IF(av)IF=IF(av)dIF/dt(A/µs)Fig. 4: Peak reverse recovery current versus dI F /dt (90% confidence).STTA212S3/8Ob so l e t ePr od u c t (s ) - O bs o l e t eP r od u c t (s) 0204060801000102030405060VFP(V)Tj=125°CIF=IF(av)dIF/dt(A/µs)Fig. 8: Transient peak forward voltage versus dI F /dt.20406080100200300400500600700800tfr(ns)Tj=125°CVFR=1.1*VF max.IF=IF(av)dIF/dt(A/µs)Fig. 9: Forward recovery time versus dI F /dt.2550751001250.70.80.91.01.1IRMS factorTj(°C)Fig. 7: Relative variation of dynamic parameters versus junction temperature (reference Tj=125°C).STTA212S4/8Ob s o l e t ePr od u c t (s ) -O bs o l e t eP r od u c t (s) TOTAL LOSSES due to the diodeP = P1+ P2+ P3+ P4+ P5 WattsSWITCHING LOSSES in the diodeCONDUCTION LOSSES in the diode SWITCHINGLOSSES in the transistor due to the diodeREVERSE LOSSES in the diode The 1200V TURBOSWITCH has been designed to provide the lowest overall power losses in any all high frequency or high pulsed current operations.In such applications (fig. A to D), the way of calculating the power losses is given below :APPLICATION DATAFig. A : "FREEWHEEL" MODEDIODE:TURBOSWITCHILLOADTRANSISTORSWITCHING t TF =1/T =t/TV RSTTA212S5/8Ob s ol e t ePr od u c t (s ) -O bs o l e t eP r od u c t (s) t TF =1/T=t/TPWMFig. B : SNUBBER DIODE.Fig. C : DEMAGNETIZING DIODE.Fig. D : RECTIFIER DIODE.APPLICATION DATA (Cont’d)II F RdI RV RV tOV FVFig. E : STATIC CHARACTERISTICSConduction losses :P1 = V t0 x I F(AV) + R d x I F 2(RMS)Reverse losses :P2 = V R x I R x (1 - δ)STTA212S6/8Ob so l e t ePr od u c t (s ) -O bs o l e t eP r od u c t (s) APPLICATION DATA (Cont’d)Turn-on losses :(in the transistor, due to the diode)P5 =V R × I RM 2 × (3 + 2 × S ) × F 6 x dI F ⁄ dt+V R × I RM × I L × (S + 2) × F 2 × dI F ⁄ dtTurn-off losses (in the diode) :P3 =V R × I RM 2× S × F 6 x dI F ⁄ dtTurn-off losses :with non negligible serial inductanceP3’ =V R × I RM 2 × S × F 6 x dI F ⁄ dt+ L × I RM 2 × F2P3, P3’ and P5 are suitable for power MOSFETand IGBTFig. F : TURN-OFF CHARACTERISTICSdI F /dt =V R /LdI /dtR tb ta I RMV RIVtS =tb/tatrr =ta +tb RECTIFIER OPERATIONVIILtTRANSISTORdI /dtF dI /dtR tbta I RMVRDIODEIVttrr =ta +tbS =tb /taI F V FV Fp 1.1V FV FF dI /dt00ttI FmaxtfrFig. G : TURN-ON CHARACTERISTICSTurn-on losses :P4 = 0.4 (V FP - V F ) x I Fmax x t fr x FSTTA212S7/8Ob so l e t ePr od u c t (s ) -O bs o l e t eP r od u c t (s) PACKAGE MECHANICAL DATA SMCECLE2E1DA1A2bREF.DIMENSIONSMillimeters Inches Min.Max.Min.Max.A1 1.90 2.450.0750.096A20.050.200.0020.008b 2.90 3.20.1140.126c0.150.410.0060.016E7.758.150.3050.321E1 6.607.150.2600.281E2 4.40 4.700.1730.185D5.556.250.2180.246L0.751.600.0300.063Information furnished is believed to be accurate and reliable. However, STMicroelectronics assumes no responsibility for the consequences of use of such information nor for any infringement of patents or other rights of third parties which may result from its use. No license is granted by implication or otherwise under any patent or patent rights of STMicroelectronics. Specifications mentioned in this publication are subject to change without notice. This publication supersedes and replaces all information previously supplied.STMicroelectronics products are not authorized for use as critical components in life support devices or systems without express written ap-proval of STMicroelectronics.The ST logo is a registered trademark of STMicroelectronics © 1999 STMicroelectronics - Printed in Italy - All rights reserved.STMicroelectronics GROUP OF COMPANIESAustralia - Brazil - China - Finland - France - Germany - Hong Kong - India - Italy - Japan - MalaysiaMalta - Morocco - Singapore - Spain - Sweden - Switzerland - United Kingdom - U.S.A.2.04.22.03.3FOOTPRINT DIMENSIONS (in millimeters)SMC PlasticOrdering type Marking Package Weight Base qty Delivery mode STTA212ST53SMC0.243g2500Tape & reelEpoxy meets UL94,V0Band indicates cathodeSTTA212S8/8分销商库存信息: STMSTTA212S。
常用MOS管型号参数
场效应管分类型号简介封装DISCR ETEM OS FE T 2N7000 60V,0.115ATO-92 DISC RETEMOS F ET 2N700260V,0.2A S OT-23 DISC RETEMOS F ET IR F510A 100V,5.6A TO-220 DI SCRET EMOS FETIRF520A 100V,9.2A TO-220DISCR ETEM OS FE T IRF530A100V,14A T O-220 DISC RETEMOS F ET IR F540A 100V,28ATO-220 DIS CRETEMOSFET I RF610A 200V,3.3A TO-220 D ISCRE TEMO S FET IRF620A 200V,5A TO-220 D ISCRE TEMO S FET IRF630A 200V,9A TO-220 D ISCRE TEMO S FET IRF634A 250V,8.1A T O-220 DISC RETEMOS F ET IR F640A 200V,18ATO-220 DIS CRETEMOSFET I RF644A 250V,14A TO-220 DI SCRET EMOS FETIRF650A 200V,28A TO-220 D ISCRE TEMO S FET IRF654A 250V,21A TO-220DISCR ETEM OS FE T IRF720A400V,3.3ATO-220 DIS CRETEMOSFET I RF730A 400V,5.5A TO-220 D ISCRE TEMO S FET IRF740A 400V,10A TO-220DISCR ETEM OS FE T IRF750A400V,15A T O-220 DISC RETEMOS F ET IR F820A 500V,2.5A TO-220 DI SCRET EMOS FETIRF830A 500V,4.5A TO-220DISCR ETEM OS FE T IRF840A500V,8A TO-220DISCR ETEM OS FE T IRF9520-100V,-6ATO-220 DIS CRETEDISCR ETEM OS FE T IRF9610-200V,-1.8A TO-220 D ISCRE TEMO S FET IRF9620 -200V,-3.5A TO-220 DI SCRET EMOS FETIRFP150A 100V,43A TO-3PD ISCRE TEMO S FET IRFP250A200V,32A T O-3PDISCR ETEM OS FE T IRF P450A 500V,14ATO-3P DISC RETEMOS F ET IR FR024A 60V,15AD-PAK DISC RETEMOS F ET IR FR120A 100V,8.4A D-P AK DI SCRET EMOS FETIRFR214A 250V,2.2A D-PAKDISCR ETEM OS FE T IRF R220A 200V,4.6A D-PA K DIS CRETEMOSFET I RFR224A 250V,3.8A D-PAK D ISCRE TEMO S FET IRFR310A400V,1.7AD-PAK DISC RETEMOS F ET IR FR9020 -50V,-9.9A D-PAK D ISCRE TEMO S FET IRFS540A100V,17A T O-220F DIS CRETEMOSFET I RFS630A 200V,6.5A TO-220F DISC RETEMOS F ET IR FS634A 250V,5.8A TO-220FDISCR ETEM OS FE T IRF S640A 200V,9.8A TO-220F D ISCRE TEMO S FET IRFS644A250V,7.9ATO-220F DI SCRET EMOS FETIRFS730A 400V,3.9A T O-220F DIS CRETEMOSFET I RFS740A 400V,5.7A TO-220F DISC RETEMOS F ET IR FS830A 500V,3.1A TO-220FDISCR ETEM OS FE T IRF S840A 500V,4.6A TO-220F D ISCRE TEMO S FET IRFS9Z34-60V,-12ATO-220F DI SCRET EDISCR ETEM OS FE T IRF SZ34A 60V,20A T O-220FDIS CRETEMOSFET I RFU110A 100V,4.7A I-PAKD ISCRE TEMO S FET IRFU120A100V,8.4AI-PAKDISC RETEMOS F ET IR FU220A 200V,4.6A I-P AKDI SCRET EMOS FETIRFU230A 200V,7.5A I-PAKDISCR ETEM OS FE T IRF U410A 500V ,1.2A I-P AKDI SCRET EMOS FETIRFU420A 500V,2.3A I-PAKDISCR ETEM OS FE T IRF Z20A50V,15A TO-220DISCR ETEM OS FE T IRF Z24A60V,17A TO-220DISCR ETEM OS FE T IRF Z30 50V,30A TO-220D ISCRE TEMO S FET IRFZ34A 60V,30A TO-220D ISCRE TEMO S FET IRFZ40 50V,50A TO-220DI SCRET EMOS FETIRFZ44A 60V,50A TO-220DI SCRET EMOS FETIRLS530A 100V,10.7A,Logic TO-220F D ISCRE TEMO S FET IRLS Z14A60V,8A,Log ic TO-220F DISC RETEMOS F ET IR LZ24A 60V,17A,L ogicTO-220DIS CRETEMOSFET I RLZ44A 60V,50A,Logic TO-220DI SCRET EMOS FETSFP36N03 30V,36A TO-220D ISCRE TEMO S FET SFP65N0660V,65A TO-220DISCR ETEM OS FE T SFP9540-100V,-17A TO-220DI SCRET EMOS FETSFP9634 -250V,-5A TO-220DISCR ETEM OS FE T SFP9644-250V,-8.6A TO-220D ISCRE TEDISC RETEMOS F ET SF R9214 -250V,-1.53A D-PAKDISCR ETEM OS FE T SFR9224-250V,-2.5A D-P AK DI SCRET EMOS FETSFR9310 -400V,-1.5AD-PAK DISC RETEMOS F ET SF S9630 -200V,-4.4A TO-220F DISC RETEMOS F ET SF S9634 -250V,-3.4A TO-220F DISC RETEMOS F ET SF U9220 -200V,-3.1A I-PAKD ISCRE TEMO S FET SSD2002 25V N/P Dua l 8SO P DIS CRETEMOSFET S SD2019 20V P-ch Dual 8SOP DISC RETEMOS F ET SS D2101 30VN-chSingl e 8SO P DIS CRETEMOSFET S SH10N80A 800V,10A TO-3P D ISCRE TEMO S FET SSH10N90A 900V,10ATO-3P DISC RETEMOS F ET SS H5N90A 900V,5ATO-3P DISC RETEMOS F ET SS H60N10 100V,60A TO-3PDIS CRETEMOSFET S SH6N80A 800V,6A TO-3PDIS CRETEMOSFET S SH70N10A 100V,70A TO-3P D ISCRE TEMO S FET SSH7N90A900V,7A TO-3PD ISCRE TEMO S FET SSH9N80A800V,9A TO-3PD ISCRE TEMO S FET SSP10N60A 600V,9A T O-220 DISC RETEMOS F ET SS P1N60A 600V,1ATO-220DIS CRETEMOSFET S SP2N90A 900V,2A TO-220DI SCRET EMOS FETSSP35N03 30V,35A TO-220D ISCRE TEMO S FET SSP3N90A900V,3A TO-220DISCR ETEDISC RETEMOS F ET SS P4N60AS 600V,4A TO-220DI SCRET EMOS FETSSP4N90AS900V,4.5ATO-220 DIS CRETEMOSFET S SP5N90A 900V,5A TO-220DI SCRET EMOS FETSSP60N06 60V,60A TO-220D ISCRE TEMO S FET SSP6N60A600V,6A TO-220DISCR ETEM OS FE T SSP70N10A 100V,55A TO-220DI SCRET EMOS FETSSP7N60A 600V,7A TO-220D ISCRE TEMO S FET SSP7N80A800V,7A TO-220DISCR ETEM OS FE T SSP80N06A 60V,80ATO-220DIS CRETEMOSFET S SR1N60A 600V,0.9A D-PAKD ISCRE TEMO S FET SSR2N60A600V,1.8AD-PAK DISC RETEMOS F ET SS R3055A 60V,8A D-PAKDISCR ETEM OS FE T SSS10N60A 600V,5.1A TO-220FDISCR ETEM OS FE T SSS2N60A 600V,1.3A TO-220F D ISCRE TEMO S FET SSS3N80A800V,2A TO-220F DISC RETEMOS F ET SS S3N90A 900V,2ATO-220FDI SCRET EMOS FETSSS4N60AS600V,2.3ATO-220F DI SCRET EMOS FETSSS4N90AS900V,2.8ATO-220F DI SCRET EMOS FETSSS5N80A 800V,3A TO-220FDISCR ETEM OS FE T SSS6N60600V, 3.2A TO-220(F/P) 。
舒码特替代各品牌油脂对照表-干膜
KLUBER KLUBER KLUBER KLUBER KLUBER KLUBER KLUBER KLUBER KLUBER KLUBER KLUBER KLUBER KLUBER KLUBER KLUBER KLUBER KLUBER SMART SMART
SYNTHESIN P D L 250/01 LUPIA 7140LFT
FGL-MNB FGN-362 S-102 HP-300
65KG 高负荷转轴油脂(PTFE) 힌지 댐핑,소음, 잘 닦임.
高温转轴, 200度以上 X5-6020的耐久性加强油脂 GELEITEMO 810 SPS-201 手机转轴 FPS-202 手机转轴 FPM-204 FGM-500 듀폰 224 대체,힌지 듀폰 225 대체,힌지
高性能氟素脂
SMART型号 竞争品牌 SMART型号
FGM-300 FGM-500 FGM-870 FGK-55/0,1,2 FGK-539HB FGK-555 BF FGD-2600 FGD-2700 FGM-414 FGM-411 FGD-2260 FGD-2270 FGL-ALB FGL-GB FGL-FCO MOLYKOTE HP-300 MOLYKOTE HP-500 MOLYKOTE HP-870 KLUBER KLUBER KLUBER DUPONT DUPONT DUPONT DUPONT DUPONT DUPONT SMART SMART SMART BARRIERTA-55/0,1,2 KLUBERTEMP HB 53-391 NOXLUB BF SERIES DUPONT 26 DUPONT 27 DUPONT 224 DUPONT 225 DUPONT 226 DUPONT 227 FGL-ALB FGL-GB FGL-FCO
10KV开关柜PV-12_12kV_Max. 4000A_GB_CN_2010V2
表2: 25~50kA开关柜外形尺寸
高度尺寸 (a)
mm
分支母线额定电流≤1250A
宽度尺寸 (b)
1250A<分支母线额定电流=2000A mm
分支母线额定电流>2000A
框架深度尺寸 (c)
mm
2200 650, 800 800, 1000
1000 1400
* 电缆线上进上出时,加200mm背柜。母排上进上出时,加350~500mm背柜。 设备的重量取决于元器件配置(如断路器规格、电流互感器、电压互感器等,见表4)
内框架结构图
更简便的维护
——以高可靠性满足客户节省更多成本的需求 断路器真空灭弧室整体浇注于环氧树脂中,坚固、可靠; 断路器采用单模块化机构,零部件数量少,零部件精度高,操作可靠;
2
产品结构
1
P/V-12型进线或出线柜基本结构剖面图
AD
2
14
3
B
A、母线室
B、手车室
15
C、电缆室
D、低压室
4
16
5
GE配电行业的领导者
我们有着超过80年的行业经验。我们在过去的80年中,引领全球断路器 市场最先进的技术和理念:
• 1920年:作为真空开断技术的创始者,我们将真空开断技术引入电力
市场。
• 1930-1940年:我们在真空开断的基础上通过产品材料以及制造工艺的
创新,发明了世界第一台真空断路器,从而推动了新一代断路器技术 的诞生。
17
1、压力释放板
6 7
2、外壳
18
3、装卸式隔板
14、装卸式隔板 15、端子板
4、分支母线
16、活门
8
5、主母线
17、二次插头
Eaton 电路保护器 Series G 目录说明书
2Catalog Number SelectionThis information is presented only as an aid to understanding catalog numbers. It is not to be used to build catalog numbers for circuit breakers or trip units.Series G—EG-Frame (15–125 Amperes)Notes1Cannot be UL rated.2Available only as 125 and 160A sizes.Terminations/Hardware Terminals Mounting Hardware M = Metric end caps E = Imperial end caps G = Line/load standard B = Bolt-on Metric Imperial Metric —FrameEPerformance 600Y/347480415240B —181825E 18252535S 22354085H 256570100C 35100100200KMolded case switch2Standard/Application G = IEC/CE/UL/CSAAmperes016 1015020025030032 1035040045050060063 1070080090100110125160 1Number of Poles1 = One2 = Two3 = Three4 = Four—neutral 0% protected 7 = Four—neutral 100% protectedTrip Unit FF = Fixed fixedAF = Adjustable thermal fixed magnetic KS = Molded case switchE G H 3 015 FF Ge s y of C M A /F l o d y n e /H y d r a d y n e ŀ M o t i o n C o n t r o l ŀ H y d r a u l i c ŀ P n e u m a t i c ŀ E l e c t r i c a l ŀ M e c h a n i c a l ŀ (800) 426-5480 ŀ w w2Product SelectionComplete Breaker (Includes Frame, Trip Unit, Standard Terminals and Mounting Hardware) IC Rating at 415/480 VoltsEG-Frame—18/18Notes1 16, 32, 63 and 160A are not UL listed ratings.2 Adjustable thermal are not UL listed.3 Change the fourth digit to 7 for 100% neutral protection. Neutral is on the LH side.Maximum Continuous Amps at 40°C 1 Single-Pole Two-Pole Three-Pole Four-Pole 3Fixed Thermal, Fixed Magnetic Fixed Thermal, Fixed Magnetic Fixed Thermal, Fixed Magnetic Adjustable 2 Thermal,Fixed Magnetic Fixed Thermal, Fixed Magnetic Adjustable 2 Thermal,Fixed Magnetic Catalog Number Catalog Number Catalog Number Catalog Number Catalog Number Catalog Number 15EGB1015FFG EGB2015FFG EGB3015FFG —EGB4015FFG —16EGB1016FFG EGB2016FFG EGB3016FFG —EGB4016FFG —20EGB1020FFG EGB2020FFG EGB3020FFG —EGB4020FFG EGB4020AFG25EGB1025FFG EGB2025FFG EGB3025FFG EGB3025AFG EGB4025FFG EGB4025AFG 30EGB1030FFG EGB2030FFG EGB3030FFG —EGB4030FFG —32EGB1032FFG EGB2032FFG EGB3032FFG EGB3032AFG EGB4032FFG EGB4032AFG 35EGB1035FFG EGB2035FFG EGB3035FFG —EGB4035FFG —40EGB1040FFG EGB2040FFG EGB3040FFG EGB3040AFG EGB4040FFG EGB4040AFG 45EGB1045FFG EGB2045FFG EGB3045FFG —EGB4045FFG —50EGB1050FFG EGB2050FFG EGB3050FFG EGB3050AFG EGB4050FFG EGB4050AFG 60EGB1060FFG EGB2060FFG EGB3060FFG —EGB4060FFG —63EGB1063FFG EGB2063FFG EGB3063FFG EGB3063AFG EGB4063FFG EGB4063AFG 70EGB1070FFG EGB2070FFG EGB3070FFG —EGB4070FFG —80EGB1080FFG EGB2080FFG EGB3080FFG EGB3080AFG EGB4080FFG EGB4080AFG 90EGB1090FFG EGB2090FFG EGB3090FFG —EGB4090FFG —100EGB1100FFG EGB2100FFG EGB3100FFG EGB3100AFG EGB4100FFG EGB4100AFG 125EGB1125FFG EGB2125FFG EGB3125FFG EGB3125AFG EGB4125FFG EGB4125AFG 160——EGB3160FFGEGB3160AFGEGB4160FFGEGB4160AFGEG-Framee s y of C M A /F l o d y n e /H y d r a d y n e ŀ M o t i o n C o n t r o l ŀ H y d r a u l i c ŀ P n e u m a t i c ŀ E l e c t r i c a l ŀ M e c h a n i c a l ŀ (800) 426-5480 ŀ w w2EG-Frame—25/25 Single-Pole UnavailableEG-Frame—25/25Notes1 16, 32, 63 and 160A are not UL listed ratings.2 Adjustable thermal are not UL listed.3 Change the fourth digit to 7 for 100% neutral protection. Neutral is on the LH side.Maximum Continuous Amps at 40°C 1 Two-Pole Three-PoleFour-Pole 3Fixed Thermal, Fixed MagneticFixed Thermal, Fixed Magnetic Adjustable 2Thermal,Fixed Magnetic Fixed Thermal, Fixed Magnetic Adjustable 2Thermal,Fixed Magnetic Catalog Number Catalog Number Catalog Number Catalog Number Catalog Number 15EGE2015FFG EGE3015FFG —EGE4015FFG —16EGE2016FFG EGE3016FFG —EGE4016FFG —20EGE2020FFG EGE3020FFG —EGE4020FFG EGE4020AFG 25EGE2025FFG EGE3025FFGEGE3025AFG EGE4025FFG EGE4025AFG 30EGE2030FFG EGE3030FFG —EGE4030FFG —32EGE2032FFG EGE3032FFG EGE3032AFG EGE4032FFG EGE4032AFG 35EGE2035FFG EGE3035FFG —EGE4035FFG —40EGE2040FFG EGE3040FFG EGE3040AFG EGE4040FFG EGE4040AFG 45EGE2045FFG EGE3045FFG EGE3050AFG EGE4045FFG —50EGE2050FFG EGE3050FFG —EGE4050FFG EGE4050AFG 60EGE2060FFG EGE3060FFG —EGE4060FFG —63EGE2063FFG EGE3063FFG EGE3063AFG EGE4063FFG EGE4063AFG 70EGE2070FFG EGE3070FFG —EGE4070FFG —80EGE2080FFG EGE3080FFG EGE3080AFG EGE4080FFG EGE4080AFG 90EGE2090FFG EGE3090FFG —EGE4090FFG —100EGE2100FFG EGE3100FFG EGE3100AFG EGE4100FFG EGE4100AFG 125EGE2125FFG EGE3125FFG EGE3125AFG EGE4125FFG EGE4125AFG 160—EGE3160FFGEGE3160AFGEGE4160FFG EGE4160AFGEG-Framee s y of C M A /F l o d y n e /H y d r a d y n e ŀ M o t i o n C o n t r o l ŀ H y d r a u l i c ŀ P n e u m a t i c ŀ E l e c t r i c a l ŀ M e c h a n i c a l ŀ (800) 426-5480 ŀ w w22.2Molded Case Circuit BreakersSeries GEG-Frame—40/35Notes1 16, 32, 63 and 160A are not UL listed ratings.2 Adjustable thermal are not UL listed.3 Change the fourth digit to 7 for 100% neutral protection. Neutral is on the LH side.Maximum Continuous Amps at 40°C 1Single-Pole Two-Pole Three-Pole Four-Pole 3Fixed Thermal, Fixed Magnetic Fixed Thermal, Fixed Magnetic Fixed Thermal, Fixed Magnetic Adjustable 2Thermal, Fixed Magnetic Fixed Thermal, Fixed Magnetic Adjustable 2Thermal, Fixed Magnetic Catalog Number Catalog Number Catalog Number Catalog Number Catalog Number Catalog Number 15EGS1015FFG EGS2015FFG EGS3015FFG —EGS4015FFG —16EGS1016FFG EGS2016FFG EGS3016FFG —EGS4016FFG —20EGS1020FFG EGS2020FFG EGS3020FFG —EGS4020FFGEGS4020AFG 25EGS1025FFG EGS2025FFG EGS3025FFG EGS3025AFG EGS4025FFG EGS4025AFG 30EGS1030FFG EGS2030FFG EGS3030FFG —EGS4030FFG —32EGS1032FFG EGS2032FFG EGS3032FFG EGS3032AFG EGS4032FFG EGS4032AFG 35EGS1035FFG EGS2035FFG EGS3035FFG —EGS4035FFG —40EGS1040FFG EGS2040FFG EGS3040FFG EGS3040AFG EGS4040FFG EGS4040AFG 45EGS1045FFG EGS2045FFG EGS3045FFG —EGS4045FFG —50EGS1050FFG EGS2050FFG EGS3050FFG EGS3050AFG EGS4050FFG EGS4050AFG 60EGS1060FFG EGS2060FFG EGS3060FFG —EGS4060FFG —63EGS1063FFG EGS2063FFG EGS3063FFG EGS3063AFG EGS4063FFG EGS4063AFG 70EGS1070FFG EGS2070FFG EGS3070FFG —EGS4070FFG —80EGS1080FFG EGS2080FFG EGS3080FFG EGS3080AFG EGS4080FFG EGS4080AFG 90EGS1090FFG EGS2090FFG EGS3090FFG —EGS4090FFG —100EGS1100FFG EGS2100FFG EGS3100FFG EGS3100AFG EGS4100FFG EGS4100AFG 125EGS1125FFG EGS2125FFG EGS3125FFG EGS3125AFG EGS4125FFG EGS4125AFG 160——EGS3160FFGEGS3160AFGEGS4160FFGEGS4160AFGEG-Framee s y of C M A /F l o d y n e /H y d r a d y n e ŀ M o t i o n C o n t r o l ŀ H y d r a u l i c ŀ P n e u m a t i c ŀ E l e c t r i c a l ŀ M e c h a n i c a l ŀ (800) 426-5480 ŀ w w w .c m a f h .c o m2 2.2Molded Case Circuit BreakersSeries GEG-Frame—70/65Notes1 16, 32, 63A are not UL listed ratings.2 Adjustable thermal are not UL listed.3 Change the fourth digit to 7 for 100% neutral protection. Neutral is on the LH side.Maximum Continuous Amps at 40°C 1Single-Pole Two-Pole Three-Pole Four-Pole 3Fixed Thermal, Fixed Magnetic Fixed Thermal, Fixed Magnetic Fixed Thermal, Fixed Magnetic Adjustable 2Thermal, Fixed Magnetic Fixed Thermal, Fixed Magnetic Adjustable 2Thermal, Fixed Magnetic Catalog Number Catalog Number Catalog Number Catalog Number Catalog Number Catalog Number 15EGH1015FFG EGH2015FFG EGH3015FFG —EGH4015FFG —16EGH1016FFG EGH2016FFG EGH3016FFG —EGH4016FFG —20EGH1020FFG EGH2020FFG EGH3020FFG EGH3020AFGEGH4020FFG EGH4020AFG 25EGH1025FFG EGH2025FFG EGH3025FFG EGH3025AFG EGH4025FFG EGH4025AFG 30EGH1030FFG EGH2030FFG EGH3030FFG —EGH4030FFG —32EGH1032FFG EGH2032FFG EGH3032FFG EGH3032AFG EGH4032FFG EGH4032AFG 35EGH1035FFG EGH2035FFG EGH3035FFG —EGH4035FFG —40EGH1040FFG EGH2040FFG EGH3040FFG EGH3040AFG EGH4040FFG EGH4040AFG 45EGH1045FFG EGH2045FFG EGH3045FFG —EGH4045FFG EGH4050AFG 50EGH1050FFG EGH2050FFG EGH3050FFG EGH3050AFG EGH4050FFG —60EGH1060FFG EGH2060FFG EGH3060FFG —EGH4060FFG —63EGH1063FFG EGH2063FFG EGH3063FFG EGH3063AFG EGH4063FFG EGH4063AFG 70EGH1070FFG EGH2070FFG EGH3070FFG —EGH4070FFG —80EGH1080FFG EGH2080FFG EGH3080FFG EGH3080AFG EGH4080FFG EGH4080AFG 90EGH1090FFG EGH2090FFG EGH3090FFG —EGH4090FFG —100EGH1100FFG EGH2100FFG EGH3100FFG EGH3100AFG EGH4100FFG EGH4100AFG 125EGH1125FFGEGH2125FFGEGH3125FFGEGH3125AFGEGH4125FFGEGH4125AFGEG-Framee s y of C M A /F l o d y n e /H y d r a d y n e ŀ M o t i o n C o n t r o l ŀ H y d r a u l i c ŀ P n e u m a t i c ŀ E l e c t r i c a l ŀ M e c h a n i c a l ŀ (800) 426-5480 ŀ w w w .c m a f h .c o m2EG-Frame—100/100 Current Limiting (Single-Pole and Two-Pole Unavailable)EG-Frame—100/100Molded Case Switches4Notes1 16, 32, 63A are not UL listed ratings.2 Adjustable thermal is not UL listed.3 Change the fourth digit to 7 for 100% neutral protection. Neutral is on LH side.4 Molded case switches may open above 1250A.Maximum Continuous Amps at 40°C 1Three-Pole Four-Pole 0% Protected Neutral 3Fixed Thermal, Fixed MagneticAdjustable 2Thermal, Fixed Magnetic Fixed Thermal, Fixed Magnetic Adjustable 2Thermal, Fixed Magnetic Catalog Number Catalog Number Catalog Number Catalog Number 15EGC3015FFG —EGC7015FFG —16EGC3016FFG —EGC7016FFG —20EGC3020FFG EGC3020AFG EGC7020FFG EGC7020AFG 25EGC3025FFG EGC3025AFG EGC7025FFG EGC7025AFG 30EGC3030FFG —EGC7030FFG —32EGC3032FFG EGC3032AFG EGC7032FFG EGC7032AFG 35EGC3035FFG —EGC7035FFG —40EGC3040FFG EGC3040AFG EGC7040FFG EGC7040AFG 45EGC3045FFG —EGC7045FFG —50EGC3050FFG EGC3050AFG EGC7050FFG EGC7050AFG 60EGC3060FFG —EGC7060FFG —63EGC3063FFG EGC3063AFG EGC7063FFG EGC7063AFG 70EGC3070FFG —EGC7070FFG —80EGC3080FFG EGC3080AFG EGC7080FFG EGC7080AFG 90EGC3090FFG —EGC7090FFG —100EGC3100FFG EGC3100AFG EGC7100FFG EGC7100AFG 125EGC3125FFGEGC3125AFGEGC7125FFGEGC7125AFGCatalog Number EGK3125KSG EGK7125KSG EGK3160KSG EGK7160KSGEG-Framee s y of C M A /F l o d y n e /H y d r a d y n e ŀ M o t i o n C o n t r o l ŀ H y d r a u l i c ŀ P n e u m a t i c ŀ E l e c t r i c a l ŀ M e c h a n i c a l ŀ (800) 426-5480 ŀ w w2EG Bolt-On Complete Breaker (Includes Frame, Trip Unit and Mounting Hardware)EG-Frame—18 kAIC at 480 VacEG-Frame—35 kAIC at 480 VacNotes1 For bulk pack 24, add suffix BP24 and order quantities of 24.2 For bulk pack 12, add suffix BP12 and order quantities of 12.3 For bulk pack 8, add suffix BP8 and order quantities of 8.Maximum Continuous Amps at 40°C Single-PoleTwo-PoleThree-PoleFixed Thermal, Fixed Magnetic Fixed Thermal, Fixed Magnetic Fixed Thermal, Fixed Magnetic Catalog Number 1Catalog Number 2Catalog Number 315EGB1015FFB EGB2015FFB EGB3015FFB 20EGB1020FFB EGB2020FFB EGB3020FFB 25EGB1025FFB EGB2025FFB EGB3025FFB 30EGB1030FFB EGB2030FFB EGB3030FFB 35EGB1035FFB EGB2035FFB EGB3035FFB 40EGB1040FFB EGB2040FFB EGB3040FFB 45EGB1045FFB EGB2045FFB EGB3045FFB 50EGB1050FFB EGB2050FFB EGB3050FFB 60EGB1060FFBEGB2060FFB EGB3060FFB 70EGB1070FFB EGB2070FFBEGB3070FFB 80EGB1080FFB EGB2080FFB EGB3080FFB 90EGB1090FFB EGB2090FFB EGB3090FFB 100EGB1100FFB EGB2100FFB EGB3100FFB 110EGB1110FFB EGB2110FFB EGB3110FFB 125EGB1125FFBEGB2125FFBEGB3125FFBMaximum Continuous Amps at 40°C Single-PoleTwo-PoleThree-PoleFixed Thermal, Fixed Magnetic Fixed Thermal, Fixed Magnetic Fixed Thermal, Fixed Magnetic Catalog Number 1Catalog Number 2Catalog Number 315EGS1015FFB EGS2015FFB EGS3015FFB 20EGS1020FFB EGS2020FFB EGS3020FFB 25EGS1025FFB EGS2025FFB EGS3025FFB 30EGS1030FFB EGS2030FFB EGS3030FFB 35EGS1035FFB EGS2035FFB EGS3035FFB 40EGS1040FFB EGS2040FFB EGS3040FFB 45EGS1045FFB EGS2045FFB EGS3045FFB 50EGS1050FFB EGS2050FFB EGS3050FFB 60EGS1060FFB EGS2060FFB EGS3060FFB 70EGS1070FFB EGS2070FFB EGS3070FFB 80EGS1080FFB EGS2080FFB EGS3080FFB 90EGS1090FFB EGS2090FFB EGS3090FFB 100EGS1100FFB EGS2100FFB EGS3100FFB 110EGS1110FFB EGS2110FFB EGS3110FFB 125EGS1125FFBEGS2125FFBEGS3125FFBEG-FrameEG-Frame e s y o f C M A /F l o d y n e /H y d r a d y n e ŀ M o t i o n C o n t r o l ŀ H y d r a u l i c ŀ P n e u m a t i c ŀ E l e c t r i c a l ŀ M e c h a n i c a l ŀ (800) 426-5480 ŀ w w22.2Molded Case Circuit BreakersSeries GEG-Frame—65 kAIC at 480 VacLoad T erminalsNotes1 For bulk pack 24, add suffix BP24 and order quantities of 24.2 For bulk pack 12, add suffix BP12 and order quantities of 12.3 For bulk pack 8, add suffix BP8 and order quantities of 8.Maximum Continuous Amps at 40°C Single-PoleTwo-PoleThree-PoleFixed Thermal, Fixed Magnetic Fixed Thermal, Fixed Magnetic Fixed Thermal, Fixed Magnetic Catalog Number 1Catalog Number 2Catalog Number 315EGH1015FFB EGH2015FFB EGH3015FFB 20EGH1020FFB EGH2020FFB EGH3020FFB 25EGH1025FFB EGH2025FFB EGH3025FFB 30EGH1030FFB EGH2030FFB EGH3030FFB 35EGH1035FFB EGH2035FFB EGH3035FFB 40EGH1040FFBEGH2040FFB EGH3040FFB 45EGH1045FFB EGH2045FFB EGH3045FFB 50EGH1050FFB EGH2050FFB EGH3050FFB 60EGH1060FFB EGH2060FFB EGH3060FFB 70EGH1070FFB EGH2070FFB EGH3070FFB 80EGH1080FFB EGH2080FFB EGH3080FFB 90EGH1090FFB EGH2090FFB EGH3090FFB 100EGH1100FFB EGH2100FFB EGH3100FFB 110EGH1110FFB EGH2110FFB EGH3110FFB 125EGH1125FFBEGH2125FFBEGH3125FFBMaximum Breaker AmpsTerminal, Body MaterialWire TypeMetric Wire Range mm 2AWG Wire Range(Package of Three Terminals)Catalog NumberStandard Cu/Al Pressure T ype T erminals 15–50Aluminum Cu/Al 2.5–50#14–1/03TA125EF 60–125AluminumCu/Al16–70#6–3/03TA150EFEG-Framee s y of C M A /F l o d y n e /H y d r a d y n e ŀ M o t i o n C o n t r o l ŀ H y d r a u l i c ŀ P n e u m a t i c ŀ E l e c t r i c a l ŀ M e c h a n i c a l ŀ (800) 426-5480 ŀ w w w .c m a f h .c o m2Accessories Selection Guide and Ordering InformationEG-FrameLine and Load T erminalsEG-Frame circuit breakers and molded case switches have line and load terminals as standard equipment.Insert collar enclosing conductor as shown. Locate nut on top of conductor and tighten securely with screw and washer.Caution : Collar must surround conductor.Insert collar enclosing conductor and center on extrusion. Tighten securely with screw and washer. Endcap kits are used on the E-Frame breaker line side to connect busbar or similar electrical connections. Includes hardware.Notes1Standard line and load terminals.2Four-pole kit with four terminals.3T125EF3TA125EF 3TA150EF 3TA160EFKEF2RTWK, Two-Pole–Metric EF3RTWK, Three-Pole–Metric EF4RTWK, Four-Pole–Metric EF2RTDK, Two-Pole–Imperial EF3RTDK, Three-Pole–Imperial EF4RTDK, Four-Pole–ImperialControl Wire Terminal Kit GCWTKMultiwire ConnectorsMaximum Breaker AmpsTerminal Body MaterialWire TypeMetric Wire Range mm 2AWG Wire Range(Package of Three Terminals)Catalog NumberStandard Cu/Al Pressure T ype T erminals 125Steel Al 4–6#12-103T125EF 1125Steel Cu 2.5–95#14-3/03T125EF 1125Aluminum Cu/Al 2.5–50#14-1/03TA125EF 160Aluminum Cu/Al 16–70#6-3/03TA150EF 160Aluminum Cu/Al 35–120#3-2503TA160EFK 160AluminumCu/Al35–120#3-2504TA160EFK2e s y of C M A /F l o d y n e /H y d r a d y n e ŀ M o t i o n C o n t r o l ŀ H y d r a u l i c ŀ P n e u m a t i c ŀ E l e c t r i c a l ŀ M e c h a n i c a l ŀ (800) 426-5480 ŀ w w2Control Wire T erminal KitFor use with steel or stainless steel standard line and load terminals only.Interphase BarriersThe interphase barrier is available for extended insulationbetween circuit breaker poles. Specify quantity when ordering.Base Mounting Hardware—DIN Rail MountingMetric base mounting hardware is included with a circuit breaker or molded case switch. (Included with breaker.) If required separately, order S/N 8703C80G08.Note: English mounting hardware kit can be supplied separate. Catalog number is BMHE #6–32 x 3 inches for two-, three- and four-pole. Single-pole mounting hardware metric order 8703C80G11. English hardware 8703C80G12. Both sold in quantities of 100.Terminal ShieldsThe terminal shield is available for line terminal areas in three- and four-pole circuit breakers. Special terminal shields are also available for use when an electrical (solenoid) operator ismounted on the circuit breaker. The standard style number by pole for each terminal shield is for a package of 10 and is priced per each package. Special terminal shields are packaged individually.T erminal Shields—IP30 ProtectionTerminal End Covers (Gas Barrier)The terminal end cover is available for three-pole circuit breakers only. Two conductor opening sizes are available. Specify quantity (one per circuit breaker) when ordering.T erminal End CoversMultiwire ConnectorsField-installed multiwire connectors for the load side (OFF) end terminals. They are used to distribute the load from the circuit breaker to multiple devices without the use of separate distribution terminal blocks.Multiwire lug kits include mounting hardware, terminal shield insulators and tin-plated aluminum connectors to replace three mechanical load lugs. UL listed as used on the load side (OFF) end.EG-Frame Multiwire Connectors Ordering Information (Package of 3) 1Note1For four-pole kit, change “3” at beginning of catalog number to “4.”Catalog NumberControl wire terminal kit 5652B38G01Package of 12—priced individuallyCatalog NumberInterphase barriersEIPBKPackage of 12—priced individuallyCatalog NumberDIN rail adapter—single-pole EF1DIN DIN rail adapter—two-pole EGDIN DIN rail adapter—three- or four-poleEF34DINNumber of Poles Catalog Number 3EFTS3K 4EFTS4KConductor Opening Diameter Inches (mm) Catalog Number 6.35 (0.25)EEC3K 10.41 (0.41)EEC4KMaximum Amperes Wires per Terminal Wire SizeRange AWG Cu Kit Catalog Number 125314–23TA125E3K 125614–63TA125E6Ke s y of C M A /F l o d y n e /H y d r a d y n e ŀ M o t i o n C o n t r o l ŀ H y d r a u l i c ŀ P n e u m a t i c ŀ E l e c t r i c a l ŀ M e c h a n i c a l ŀ (800) 426-5480 ŀ w wV4-T2-26Volume 4—Circuit Protection CA08100005E—April 2AccessoriesAllowable Accessory CombinationsDifferent combinations of accessories can be supplied, depending on the types of accessories and the number of poles in the circuit breaker.EG-Frame AccessoriesLegend■ Applicable in indicated pole position❏ May be mounted on left or right pole—not both ● Accessory available/modification availableReference PageSingle-Pole Two-Pole Three-Pole Four-Pole DescriptionCenterLeftRightLeftCenterRightLeftCenterRightNeutralInternal Accessories(Only one internal accessory per pole)Alarm lockout (Make/Break)V4-T2-104——■——■——■—Alarm lockout (2Make/2Break)V4-T2-104——■——■——■—Auxiliary switch (1A, 1B)V4-T2-104——■——■——■—Auxiliary switch (2A, 2B)V4-T2-104——■——■——■—Auxiliary switch and alarm switch combination V4-T2-104——■——■——■—Shunt trip—standardV4-T2-104———■——■———Undervoltage release mechanism V4-T2-105———■——■———External Accessories End cap kitV4-T2-25—●●●●●●●●●Control wire terminal kit V4-T2-25●●●●●●●●●●Multiwire connectors V4-T2-25●●●●●●●●●●Base mounting hardware V4-T2-25●●●●●●●●●●Terminal shields V4-T2-25●●●●●●●●●●Terminal end covers V4-T2-25———●●●————Interphase barriersV4-T2-25—●●●●●●●●●Non-padlockable handle block V4-T2-102■■——■——■——Snap-on padlockable handle lock hasp V4-T2-102■■——■——■——Padlockable handle lock haspV4-T2-102——■❏—❏❏—❏—Walking beam interlock—requires two breakers V4-T2-102———●●●●●●●Plug-in adapters V4-T2-102—●●●●●●●●●Electrical operator V4-T2-102———●●●————Handle mechanismsV4-T2-407———●●●————Modifications (Refer to Eaton)Moisture fungus treatment V4-T2-100●●●●●●●●●●Freeze-tested circuit breakers—●●●●●●●●●●Marine/naval application, UL 489 Supplement SA and SB—●●●●●●●●●●C o u r t e s y o f C M A /F l o d y n e /H y d r a d y n e ŀ M o t i o n C o n t r o l ŀ H y d r a u l i c ŀ P n e u m a t i c ŀ E l e c t r i c a l ŀ M e c h a n i c a l ŀ (800) 426-5480 ŀ w wVolume 4—Circuit Protection CA08100005E—April V4-T2-272Technical Data and SpecificationsUL 489/IEC 60947-2 Interrupting Capacity (Symmetrical Amperes) (kA) RatingsDimensions and WeightsApproximate Dimensions in Inches (mm)EG-FrameEG-FrameApproximate Shipping Weight in Lbs (kg)EG-FrameNotes1DC ratings apply to substantially non-inductive circuits.2IEC only.3Two-pole circuit breaker, or two poles of three-pole circuit breaker.4Time constant is 3 milliseconds minimum at 10 kA and 8 milliseconds minimum at 42 kA.5Current limiting per UL 489.Circuit Breaker Type Number of Poles Volts AC (50/60 Hz)Volts DC 1120220–240277347380–415480600Y/ 347690 2125250 34I cu I cs I cu I cs I cu I cs I cu I cs I cu I cs EGB125135252518———————1010——2, 3, 4—2525——181818—————1010EGE1252, 3, 4—3535——25252518————1010EGS125110085433522——————3535——2, 3, 4—8543——40303522————3535EGH1251200100506530——————4242——2, 3, 4—10050——70356525————4242EGC125 53, 4—200200——10010010035————4242EGB160 23, 4—2525——181818—————1010EGE160 23, 4—3535——25252518————1010EGS160 23, 4—8543——40303522————3535Number of Poles Width Height Depth 1 1.00 (25.4) 5.50 (139.7) 2.99 (75.9)2 2.00 (50.8) 5.50 (139.7) 2.99 (75.9)3 3.00 (76.2) 5.50 (139.7) 2.99 (75.9)44.00 (101.6)5.50 (139.7)2.99 (75.9)Breaker Type Number of Poles 1234Breaker Type Number of Poles 34EGB125 1.5 (0.68) 2.0 (0.91) 3.0 (1.36) 4.9 (1.82)EGB160 3.0 (1.36) 4.9 (1.82)EGC125 1.5 (0.68) 2.0 (0.91) 3.0 (1.36) 4.9 (1.82)EGE160 3.0 (1.36) 4.9 (1.82)EGE125 1.5 (0.68) 2.0 (0.91) 3.0 (1.36) 4.9 (1.82)EGS1603.0 (1.36)4.9 (1.82)EGH125 1.5 (0.68) 2.0 (0.91) 3.0 (1.36) 4.9 (1.82)EGS1251.5 (0.68)2.0 (0.91)3.0 (1.36)4.9 (1.82)Front View Three-PoleFront Cover CutoutSide View(33.0)C LC o u r t e s y o f C M A /F l o d y n e /H y d r a d y n e ŀ M o t i o n C o n t r o l ŀ H y d r a u l i c ŀ P n e u m a t i c ŀ E l e c t r i c a l ŀ M e c h a n i c a l ŀ (800) 426-5480 ŀ w wV4-T2-28Volume 4—Circuit Protection CA08100005E—April 2EG-Frame With Earth Leakage ModuleEG-Frame With Current Limiter ModuleC o u r t e s y o f C M A /F l o d y n e /H y d r a d y n e ŀ M o t i o n C o n t r o l ŀ H y d r a u l i c ŀ P n e u m a t i c ŀ E l e c t r i c a l ŀ M e c h a n i c a l ŀ (800) 426-5480 ŀ w w。
电力系统分析习题集及答案
电力系统分析习题集华北电力大学前言本书是在高等学校教材《电力系统稳态分析》和《电力系统暂态分析》多次修改之后而编写的与之相适应的习题集。
电力系统课程是各高等院校、电气工程专业的必修专业课,学好这门课程非常重要,但有很大的难度。
根据国家教委关于国家重点教材的编写要求,为更好地满足目前的教学需要,为培养出大量高质量的电力事业的建设人材,我们编写了这本《电力系统分析习题集》。
力求使该书具有较强的系统性、针对性和可操作性,以便能够使学生扎实的掌握电力系统基本理论知识,同时也能够为广大电力工程技术人员提供必要的基础理论、计算方法,从而更准确地掌握电力系统的运行情况,保证电力系统运行的可靠、优质和经济。
全书内容共分十五章,第一至第六章是《电力系统稳态分析》的习题,第七至第十四章是《电力系统暂态分析》的习题,第十五章是研究生入学考试试题。
本书适用于高等院校的师生、广大电力工程技术人员使用,同时也可作为报考研究生的学习资料。
由于编写的时间短,内容较多,书中难免有缺点、错误,诚恳地希望读者提出批评指正。
目录第一部分电力系统稳态分析第一章电力系统的基本概念第二章电力系统的元件参数及等值电路第三章简单电力系统的计算和分析第四章电力系统潮流的计算机算法第五章电力系统的有功功率和频率调整第六章电力系统的无功功率和电压调整第二部分电力系统暂态分析第七章电力系统故障分析的基本知识第八章同步发电机突然三相短路分析第九章电力系统三相短路的实用计算第十章对称分量法及元件的各序参数和等值电路第十一章不对称故障的分析、计算第十二章电力系统各元件的机电特性第十三章电力系统静态稳定第十四章电力系统暂态稳定第十五章研究生入学考试试题附录第一部分电力系统稳态分析电力系统稳态分析,研究的内容分为两类,一类是电力系统稳态运行状况下的分析与潮流分布计算,另一类是电力系统稳态运行状况的优化和调整。
第一章电力系统的基本概念1-1什么叫电力系统、电力网及动力系统?电力系统为什么要采用高压输电?1-2为什么要规定额定电压?电力线、发电机、变压器和用电设备的额定电压是如何确定的?1-3我国电网的电压等级有哪些?1-4标出图1-4电力系统中各元件的额定电压。
VPVQ(F)系列VALCOM沃康
详细资料来源【深圳市东本工业自动化】【V ALCOM沃康压力变送器型号】HSSC、HSSC-A6、HSSC-A6V、VNS/VHS、VPE、VPB、VDP4、VSR3(G3)、VESX/VESZ、VESW/VESY、VHR3(G3)、VPRNP、VESI/VESV、VESIM--T、VESIM--A、VTTV、VPRT(F)、VPRQ(F)、VPVT(F)、VPVQ(F)、P2V A1/2、VNF、VPRF、VFM、VSST、VPKL、HS1/HV1、VSHS/VSHT、OEM、N(H)SMC2【型号举例】1.VPVQ-A2-10MPaS-4-3m2.VPVQF-A5-50MPa-5-5m【日本沃康V ALCOM常用型号】3.VPRQF-A3-4.9MPA-44.VPC-P-35.0MPA.1V AOM(H)-45.VSG3-A2-160PA-4-M56.VESW400G2/DEK7.VSW2-31-4-(-100~500KPA)WR-H500KPG8.VHR3-A3-200KPAN-4/DF9.VPRNP-A6-101.3Kpa(abs)TL-410.VLC-40KNG67211.VMM7-4S-D-N-812.VESIM20ATI-E5-2M13.VESZ200R214.VSM3-2S-A3-A3-415.VPRQ-A3-2MPa-416.VPRNP-A6-45.08KPa TL-417.VHR3-A6-(-1.96~29.4KPa) TL-418.VPRQ-A6-3MPa TL-419.VPRQ-A6-1MPa TL-4-B43/NM20.VLGM3-GV-RS-T-021.VPS-D-50.0MPaW-3SAO(HHH)-P-422.VPRT-50MPW23.VPRH-D-210KW-2SA(HH)-2U24.VPRQ-A5-21MPa-425.VPRF-A6-0.7MPaT-4-2M26.VPRQ-A3-5MPaS-527.VPRQF-A4-100KW-428.VPRT-A5-10MPa-429.VHG3-A3-200KPA(abs)N-4-SMI30.VHR3-A5-(-30~-80KPA)N-431.VPS-A4-50.0MPaW-NK-432.VTR-201-500N33.VHR3-A5 200KPAW-4/FTC34.VPRV-D-20.0MPa-2SA0(HL)-1 △(PH)-22U35.VESY-100-R2-536.VPRTF-50.0MP-5M37.VPRQ-A2-30MPa-5-5M38.VSS-V32RC-NG39.VESIM01-2M40.VPRQ-A3-50KS-541.VPRT-A3-50MPa-442.VPRF-A3-30MPA-443.VPRQ-A3-20MPA-444.VPVT-A3-500KW-445.VPRF-A3-20MPA-446.VESIM2047.C47N-0-ZF48.VPRQ-A3-30MPaS-549.VPRQ-A3-(-0.1-1)MPAS-450.VPVT-A4-30MPAS-551.VPVT-A3-300KS-552.VLS-100K53.VPRQ-A5-35MPA-4-3M(连接螺纹R3/8)54.VPRF-200K55.VGM2-2SO-A3-1-456.VSW2-02-4-5.00MPA-RR-VT005MPGR257.VGM-2SO-A5-158.VLS-5K59.VLU2-100K60.VSM3-2S-A3-A3-461.VPRQ-A2-30MPA-562.VPRVS-2S(HH)-30.0MPA-A2-22U63.VHR3-A5-200KPAN-4/DF64.VESY100R2(ANI-E5-5M)65.VSG3-A2-1960PA-4-5M66.VPRQ-A3-5MPaS-567.VPLQ-A3-350K-4C68.VPRT-A5--0.1--1MPa-4-2M69.VPRQ-A5--0.1--1MPa-4-2M70.VPRT-A3-1MPA-471.VLS-10K72.VLGM3-GV-RS-7-073.MQ-B-SR-2MPA-M-H-474.VHR3-A4-50kPaN-475.VMM6-2S-B4-GV-876.C37GV-SA3-DZFE77.VESY10078.SR3-A3-15KPA-479.VLC-500NE344;220V;500N;80.VSM3-2S-A3-A2-481.MT-B-TR-30MPa-M(H)-482.VPRF-A6-20MPa S-4 5m83.VPRF-A6- 2MPa S-4 5m84.VPRF-A6- 5MPa S-4 10m85.VPRQ-A6- 1MPa T-486.VPRQ-A3-50K-5 DC12V 4-20MA 带显示器C37N-S 110v87.VPJ-A5-PSL-(±980N)-488.VSW2-02-4-700KPA WN-H 700KPG R289.VPRT-A4-35MPAS-4,CABLE20M(DC24V)90.VESIM05-5M91.VSW2-02N-4-50.0MPAWR-VT050MPGR292.HSSC-D-AS-100-100-F2-P-PG8A93.RBC-T-(-20kPa)-2V A(LH)-4-A594.VHR3-A5-(-20kPa)N-495.VPRNP-A5-50.08KPaTL-496.VHR3-A6-(-1.96-29.4KPa)TL-497.VGM-2SO-B498.VPW10AC--300KG99.VPRQF-A3-20MPAS100.RBC-T-(-30kPa)-2V A(LH)-4-A5101.VHR3-A5-(-30kPa)N-4102.VSR3-A6-(-1~2KPa)-4103.VSR3-A6-(±1KPa)T-4104.VSR3-A6-3KPaT-4105.VSR3-A6-(-50Kpa)S-4106.VSG3-A2-1960PA-4-M5107.VPRN-A6-(±760mmHg)-4108.VSR3-A6-(±760mmHg)-4【日本沃康V ALCOM特规型号】109.VPRF-A3-9.8Mpa-5110.VLC-10KNG811111.VPRH-A1-199.9KPaW-2S(HL)-1U112.VPRH-A1-199.9KPaW-2S(HL)-22U113.VPRH-A1-199.9KPAW-2S(HS)-22U114.VGM-2SO-A3-1115.VU3-2KN116.VGM2-2S0-A3-1-4117.VU93-2KN118.VPGFS-20MP119.VJBX-4120.VLGM-GV-RA-7121.VLSS-2NC122.VPRH2-300KSP (300kgf/cm2)123.VPRH2-50MP124.VPRQF-A3-4.9MPa-4125.VPRQF-A3-20MPAS-4-Y5M126.VSW2-02-4-5.00MPaRR-VT005MPGR2127.VPRH-A5-1.47MN-1SA(H)-1△P-4128.VPRT-50MP 20.6MPa129.VLU3S1-200K130.VPRT-A3-176.9K-5,131.C64GV-B4-ZES/SHC132.VPRN-A6-1000mmH2O-4133.QMC-A-100%(21MPa)-1V AOM-4/CN (vprq-35mp) 134.VLC2-50K135.VTEL-50KN-35C136.VLC-50KNG608M2137.VMM6-2S-B4-GV-8,138.BCD码输出线型号:A6BCDCN-2M139.VT-A3-200KS-4(N32A)-J2140.VPVT-A3-200KS-4-J2141.VPG-A6-1MPATL-4-B43/NM142.VHR3-A3-200KPAN-4/DF143.VESIM35/AID144.VGM2-2so-a3-1-4145.VPRF-10kW146.IBSB22317147.VSW2-31-4-3500KPaWR-VT005MPGC2/HCA。
2 Pfg 1169/08.2007 Requirements for cables for use in photovoltaic-systems
2 Pfg 1169/08.2007 Requirements for cables for use in photovoltaic-systemsContentsSeite Foreword (3)1Scope (3)2Normative references (3)3Terms and definitions (5)4Halogen-free PV-cable (6)4.1Code designation (6)4.2Characteristics (6)4.3Construction (6)4.4Test (8)4.5Guideline for use (informative) (8)4.6Current carrying capacity (8)Annex A (normative) Test of mutual influence (15)Annex B (normative) Test of absence of halogen (16)Annex C (normative) Determination of halogens – Elemental test (17)Annex D (normative) Test of long term resistance of insulation to D.C (19)Annex E (normative) Cold impact test (20)Annex F (normative) Dynamic penetration test (21)Annex G (normative) Notch propagation (23)Figure 1 – Arrangement of marking (8)Figure F.1 – Arrangement for penetration test (22)Table 1 – Current carrying capacity of PV-cables (9)Table 2 – Conversion factor for deviating temperatures (9)Table 3 – Tests for halogen free PV-cable (10)Table 4 – Requirements for halogen free insulation and sheath compounds (13)Table A.1 – Requirements (15)Table B.1 – Test method, measurement, requirements (16)Table B.2 – Test sequence (16)Table E.1 – Parameter for cold impact test (20)ForewordThis test specification contents the requirements listed in a manuscript of the working group AK 411.2.3 …Leitungen für PV-Systeme“ of the German committee for standardization (DKE). This manuscript is intended to be published as German pre-standard. Up to the date of publishing of the pre-standard this test-specification of TUV Rheinland will be used for test and assessment of cables for use in PV-systems (PV-cables).1 Scope2 PfG 1169/08.2007 applies to flexible single-core cables (cords) for use at the DC-side of photovoltaic-systems with a maximum permissible voltage of DC 1,8 kV (conductor/conductor, non earthed system).The cables are suitable for use in safety class II.It is permitted to connect these cables as multiple-construction.The cables are intended to operate at ambient temperature until 90°C2 Normative referencesThe following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.IEC 60364-5-52, Erection of low voltage installations –Part 5: Selection and erection of electrical equipment –Chapter 52: Wiring systemsEN 50267-2-1, Common test methods for cables under fire conditions – Tests on gases evolved during combustion of materials from cables – Part 2-1: Procedures – Determination of the amount of halogen acid gas;EN 50267-2-2, Common test methods for cables under fire conditions – Tests on gases evolved during combustion of materials from cables – Part 2-2: Procedures – Determination of degree of acidity of gases for materials by measuring pH and conductivity;EN 50305, Railway applications – Railway rolling stock cables having special fire performance – Test methodsEN 50395, Electrical test methods for low voltage energy cables;EN 50396, Electrical test methods for low voltage energy cables;EN 60068-2-78, Environmental testing - Part 2-78: Tests -Test Cab: Damp heat, steady state (IEC 60068-2-78)EN 60216-1, Electrical insulating materials - Properties of thermal endurance - Part 1: Ageing procedures and evaluation of test results (IEC 60216-1);EN 60216-2, Electrical insulating materials – Thermal endurance properties – Part 2: Determination of thermal endurance properties of electrical insulating materials – Choice of test criteria (IEC 60216-2);EN 60228, Conductor of insulated cables (IEC 60228)EN 60332-1-2, Tests on electric and optical fibre cables under fire conditions – Part 1-2: Test for vertical flame propagation for a single insulated wire or cable – Procedure for 1 kW pre-mixed flame; (IEC 60332-1-2)EN 60684-2, Flexible insulating sleeving – Part 2: Methods of test (IEC 60684-2)EN 60811-1-1, Insulating and sheathing materials of electric cables – Common test methods Part 1-1: General application – Measurement of thickness and overall dimensions – Test for determining the mechanical properties (IEC 60811-1-1)EN 60811-1-2, Insulating and sheathing materials of electric and optical cables – Common test methods. Part 1-2: General application. Thermal ageing methods (IEC 60811-1-2)EN 60811-1-3, Insulating and sheathing material of electric and optical cables – Common test methods – Part 1-3: General application – Methods for determining the density – Water absorption tests – Shrinkage test (IEC 60811-1-3)EN 60811-1-4, Insulating and sheathing materials of electric and optical cables – Common test methods. Part 1-4: General application. Tests at low temperature. (IEC 60811-1-4)EN 60811-2-1, Insulating and sheathing materials of electric and optical cables – Common test methods – Part 2-1: Methods specific to elastomeric compounds – Ozone resistance, hot set and mineral oil immersion tests (IEC 60811-2-1)EN 60811-3-1, Insulating and sheathing materials of electric cables – Common test methods Part 3-1: Methods specific to PVC compounds – Pressure test at high temperature, test for resistance to cracking (IEC 60811-3-1)HD 22.13, Rubber insulated cables of rated voltages up to and including 450/750 V Part 13: Single and multicore flexible cables, insulated and sheathed with crosslinked polymer and having low emission of smoke and corrosive gases;HD 605, Power cables – Part 605: Additional test methodsHD 60364-7-712Electrical installations of buildings – Part 7-712: Requirements for special installations or locations – Solar photovoltaic (PV) power supply systems (IEC 60364-7-712, modified)3 Terms and definitionsFor the purposes of this document, following definitions apply.3.1 Terms for test procedure3.1.1Type test (symbol T)Tests required to be made before supplying a type of cable covered by this standard on a general commercial basis, in order to demonstrate satisfactory performance characteristics to meet the intended application. These tests are of such a nature that, after they have been made, they need not be repeated, unless changes are made in the cable materials or design or manufacturing process which might change the performance characteristics.3.1.2sample tests (symbol S)Tests made on samples of completed cable or components taken from a completed cable, at a specified frequency, so as to verify that the finished product meets the specified requirements.3.1.3Routine tests (symbol R)Tests made by the manufacturer on each manufactured length of cable to check that each length meets the specified requirements3.2Rated voltageThe rated voltage of the cable determines the construction and the tests of the cable with regard to the electrical properties.The rated voltage is designated by two values of frequency voltage: U0/U in VoltU0 rated power frequency voltage between conductor and earth (metallic screen of cable or ambient medium);U rated power frequency voltage between two conductors of a multipole cable or of a system of single core cables.The rated voltage of the cable for a given application shall be suitable for the operating conditions in the system in which the cable is used.This requirement is applicable for both U o and UThe rated voltage between two conductors in a DC-system shall not exceed the 1,5 time value of rated voltage U of the cable, and the rated voltage between conductor and earth shall not exceed the 1,5 time value of rated voltage U o of the cable.NOTE The operating voltage of a system may exceed is rated voltage permanent for 20%. A cable may be operated with a voltage which value is 20% higher than rated voltage under condition that the rated voltage is not less than the rated voltage of the system.3.3DC sidepart of a PV installation from a PV cell to the DC terminals of the PV inverter3.4open-circuit voltage under standard test conditions U OC STCvoltage under standard test conditions across an unloaded (open) PV module, PV string, PV array, PV generator or on the DC side of the PV inverter3.5short-circuit current under standard test conditions I SC TCshort-circuit current of a PV module, PV string, PV array or PV generator under standard test conditions4 Halogen free PV-cable4.1 Code designationPV1-F4.2 Characteristics4.2.1 Rated voltageAC U0/U 0,6/1 kVDC 1,8 kV (conductor-conductor, non earthed system, circuit not under load).If the cable is used in DC-systems the rated voltage between two conductors shall not exceed the 1,5 time value of rated voltage U of the cable. In with single-phase earthed DC-systems this value shall be multiplied with factor 0,5.4.2.2 Temperature rangeAmbient temperature: –40 °C to +90 °CMax. temperature at conductor: 120 °CThe cables are intended to operate at ambient temperature until 90°C. For this a temperature index of 120°C applies to the insulation and the sheath, based on EN 60216-1 (20.000h, 50% residual elongation).Note The expected period of use is 25 years.The permitted short-circuit-temperature refer to a period of 5s is 200°C.4.3 Construction4.3.1 ConductorNumber of conductors: 1The conductor shall be class 5, according to EN 60228.The single wires must be tinned.Preferred diameters: 2,5, 4, 6, 10, 16 mm24.3.2 Separation layerA separation layer of a suitable halogen free material may be applied around the conductor.4.3.3 InsulationThe insulation shall be a suitable halogen free material applied around the conductor.The insulation shall be extruded and shall consist of one or several adjacent adherent layers. It shall be solid and homogeneous, it must be possible to remove it without damage to the insulation itself, to the conductor and to the tin coating.The insulation shall be smooth, consistently applied and largely circular. Compliance shall be checked by inspection and by manual test.The wall thickness of insulation is specified by the manufacturer, but it must not fall short of the minimum value of 0,5mm.4.3.4 Separation layerA separation layer of a suitable halogen free material may be applied around the insulation.4.3.5 SheathThe core must be covered by a sheath.The sheath around the core must be of a suitable halogen free material.The sheath shall be extruded and shall consist of one or several adjacent adherent layers. The sheath shall be smooth and consistently applied.The wall thickness of sheath is specified by the manufacturer, but it must not fall short of the minimum value of 0,5mm.4.3.6 Outer diameterThe average value of the outer diameter shall be within the limits specified by the manufacturer.4.3.7 Multiple constructionEach single-core cable in a multiple construction shall pass the requirements of this document. Each additional component in a multiple construction shall pass the requirements of this document.4.3.8 Marking4.3.8.1 GeneralThe cable shall be marked as follows:a) Trademark;b) Code designation;c) Rated diameter.Marking may be by printing or by reproduction in relief on or in the sheath.4.3.8.2 TrademarkCables shall be provided with an indication of the manufacturer, which consist of a consecutively marking with company name or company sign or with (if trademarked) an identification number.4.3.8.3 Code designationCables shall be provided with an code designation according to 4.1 applied consecutively on sheath.4.3.8.4 Arrangement of markingEach marking is considered as consecutive if the spacing between the end of a marking and the begin of the following identical marking does not exceed following value:– 550mm, for marking on sheath or outer jacket.Following figure shows an example of marking on sheath.Figure 1 – Arrangement of marking4.3.8.5 DurabilityPrinted markings shall be durable. Compliance with this requirement shall be checked by the test given in 5.1 of EN 50396.4.3.8.6 LegibilityEach marking shall be legible.4.4 TestCompliance with the requirements of 4.3 shall be checked by visual inspection and tests according to table 3.4.5 Guideline for use (informative)Cables according to this standard are intended for use in PV-systems according to EN 60364-7-712.4.6 Current carrying capacityAmbient temperature: 60°CMax. temperature at conductor: 120 °CTable 1 – Current carrying capacity of PV-cablesKind of installationRated diameter Single cable free inair Single cable onsurfacesTo cables adjacent onsurfacesmm2 A A A 1,5 30 29 24 2,5 41 39 33 4 55 52 44 6 70 67 57 10 98 93 79 16 132 125 107 25 176 167 142 35 218 207 176Table 2 – Conversion factor for deviating temperaturesAmbient temperature Conversion factor°CUp to 60 1,0070 0,9180 0,8290 0,71100 0,58110 0,41Table 3 – Tests for halogen free PV-cable1 23 45Test method described in Ref. No. TestRequirementsCategoryof teststandardclause1 Electrical tests1.1 Resistance of conductorsT,S EN 50395 5 1.2 Voltage test on completed cable with AC or DC T,S EN 503956– AC-test-voltage kV– DC- test-voltage kV Length of sample m Duration of testmin Temperature of the water°C 6,5 15 20 5 20 ± 5 1.3 Absence of faults at complete cable – AC-test-voltage kV 10 R EN 50395 10 1.4Surface resistance of sheath – Minimum value Ω 109 TEN 50395111.5Insulation at complete cable Length of sample m Duration of testh Temperature of the water °C – Minimum value at 20 °C Ω ⋅ cm – Minimum value at 90 °CΩ ⋅ cm5 2 20± 5 1014 1011 T EN 50395 81.6 Long term resistance of insulation to d.c. T Annex D2 Constructional and dimensional tests2.1 Checking of compliance with constructional provisionsT,S Inspection and manual tests2.2 Measurement of thickness of insulation T,S EN 50396 4.1 2.3 Measurement of thickness of sheath T,S EN 503964.2 2.4 Measurement of overall dimensions 2.4.1 – Mean valueT,S EN 50396 4.4 2.4.2 –Ovality%≤ 15 T,S EN 50396 4.4 3 Pressure test at high temperature at complete cable T EN60811-3-13.1 Test conditions:– temperature°C 140 ± 3 – duration of heating under load min240 – Coefficient k 0,6 3.2 Results to be obtained:– depth of penetration, max.%50 – Voltage test 10 min after exculpation andcoolingTable 4, 1.24 Damp heat test T EN 60068-2-784.1 Test conditions:– temperature °C 90 – duration h 1000 – relative humidity %85 4.2 Results to be obtained:– variation of tensile strength max. % – 30– variation of elongation at breakmax. %– 30No. of test standard clause 5 Resistance against acid and alkalineT EN 60811-2-1 10 solution5.1Chemical stressacid: N-Oxal-acidalkaline solution: N-sodium hydroxide solutiontemperature °C 23duration h 1685.2Tensile strength:variation, max. % ± 305.3Elongation at break, min. % 1006 Test of influence T Annex A7 Cold impact test at –40 °C T Annex E8 Cold bending testT EN 60811-1-4 8.2 Diameter of cable < 12,5 mm8.1 Test conditions:– temperature °C –40 ± 2– duration of conditioning h 16 EN 60811-1-4 8.2.3 8.2 Results to be obtained Absence ofcracks9 Cold elongation testTable 3 Diameter of cable ≥ 12,5 mm10 Ozone resistance at complete cable T10.1 Method B EN 50396 8.1.3– temperature °C 40 ± 2– relative humidity % 55 ± 5– duration h 72(200 ± 50) × 10–6– Ozone concentration %(by volume)10.2 Results to be obtained Absence ofcracks.11 Weathering/UV-resistance T HD 605/A1 2.4.20 11.1 Conditions:– duration h 720– temperature °C63(Black-Standard-temperature)– relative humidity % 6560 ± 2– min. power at W/m2wavelength 300 nm to 400 nm– duration spraying/drying min 18/102Results to be obtained Absence ofcracks.12 Dynamic penetration test T Annex F13 Notch propagation T Annex GNo. of test standard clause 14 Shrinkage test at complete cable T EN 60811-1-3 11((sheath)) 14.1 Conditions:– temperature °C 120– duration h 1– Distance L of sample mm 30014.2 Results to be obtained:– Maximum shrinkage. % 215 Test under fire conditionsT, S EN 60332-1-215.1 Test for vertical flame propagation at completecable15.2 Assessment of halogen T, S15.2.1 Absence of halogen Annex B 15.2.2 Determination of halogens – Annex CTable 4 – Requirements for halogen free insulation and sheath compounds1 2 3 4567Test method described in Type of compound Ref. No. TestUnitstandardclauseinsulationsheath1 Mechanical characteristics1.1Properties before ageingEN 60811-1-19.2 1.1.1 Values to be obtained for the tensile strength:– median, min.N/mm 2 6,5 8,0 1.1.2 Values to be obtained for the elongation atbreak: – median, min.%125 125 1.2Properties after ageing in ovenEN 60811-1-28.1 1.2.1 Ageing conditions: – temperature °C 150 ± 2 150 ± 2– duration of treatmenth 7 × 24 7 × 24 1.2.2 Values to be obtained for the tensile strength:c – median, min. N/mm 2 – –– variation, max.% –30a –30a 1.2.3 Values to be obtained for the elongation atbreak:c – median, min. % – – – variation, max. %– 30a – 30a 1.3 Hot set test dEN 60811-2-19 1.3.1 Conditions– Temperature °C 200± 3 200± 3 – Time under load min 15 15– mechanical stressN/cm 2 20 20 1.3.2 Values to be obtained – elongation under load, max.% 100 100 – permanent elongation after cooling, max. % 25 25 1.4Thermal endurance propertiesEN 60216-21.4.1 ConditionsEither test of elongation at break or bending test shall be performed.– Temperature index 120 120 – elongation at break c % 50 50 – bending test EN 50305 7.2 2 D 2 D 1.5Cold elongation testEN 60811-1-48.4 1.5.1 Conditions: – temperature °C–40 ± 2–40 ± 2– durationh EN 60811-1-4 8.4.4 und 8.4.5bb1.5.2 Values to be obtained:– elongation at break, min.%30301 2 3 4 5 6 7Test method described in Type of compound Ref. No.TestUnitstandardclauseinsulationsheatha No positive value for variation fixed.b See test method in column 4 and 5.c This test shall be performed at test samples of insulation and sheath compound. d This test shall be performed only at cross-linked insulation and sheath compoundTest of mutual influenceA.1 ConditionsTest samples must be aged for 7 days at (135 ± 2) °C at conditions according to table 2A.2 RequirementsAfter ageing the insulation and the sheath shall pass the requirements of table A.1.Table A.1 – RequirementsTests units insulation sheath Tensile strength – median, min. N/mm2– –– variation a, max. % ± 30 –30 b Elongation at break – median, min. % – –– variation a, max. % ± 30 ± 30a Variation: difference between the median value obtained after ageing and the median value obtained without ageing expressed as apercentage of the latter.b Positive tolerances are not limited.Test of absence of halogenB.1 Requirements of extruded materialsInsulation and sheath shall pass the requirements as follows: a) Type testThe material must be tested as described in table B.1.Table B.1 – Test method, measurement, requirementsTest methodMeasurementrequirements1 EN 50267-2-2 pH and conductivity pH ≥ 4,3 undconductivity ≤ 10 µS/mm a 2 EN 50267-2-1 Chlorine- and Bromine content, expressed in HCI ≤ 0,5 %3aAnnex CHalogen: FluorideIf negative the test should be finished. No further test is necessary.The material shall be accepted.If positive, test of 3b shall be performed 3bEN 60684-2Fluoride content≤ 0,1 %a If discrepancies regarding conductivity appear, e.g. the recommended value is exceeded even if there is compliance with therecommended ph-value, other test method may be applied after agreement with all participants.The material shall be tested according to test sequence of table B.2.Table B.2 – Test sequenceTest method MeasurementValue ResultIf negative the test should be finished. No further test is necessary.The material shall be accepted. Phase 0 HD 22.13,Annex CHalogen: Fluoride, Chloride and BromideIf positive continue with phase 1.< 4,3 The material shall be revised. pH ≥ 4,3Conductivity shall be tested. conductivity ≤ 2,5 µS/mmThe material shall be accepted. No further test is necessary.conductivity > 10 µS/mm The material shall be revised.Phase 1 EN 50267-2-2 conductivity (s)> 2,5 µS/mm but ≤ 10 µS/mm Test according to EN 50267-2-1 shall be performed > 0,5 % The material shall be revised.Phase 2 EN 50267-2-1Chlorine- and Bromine content, expressed in HCI≤ 0,5 % Test according to EN 60684-2 shall be performed. > 0,1 % The material shall be revised. Phase 3 EN 60684-2Fluoride content≤ 0,1 %The material shall be accepted.Determination of halogens – Elemental testWarningOwing to its potentially hazardous nature, the fusion operation should be carried out in a fume cupboard, using a safety screen.C.1 EquipmentBunsen burner3 small/medium soda glass test tubes (approximately 50 mm x 10 mm)Test tube holderEvaporating basin/mortarWire gauze;FunnelFilter paperC.2 MaterialsUnknown sampleSodium metalDilute nitric acid (5 %)Aqueous silver nitrate (5 %)Dilute ammonia (10 %)Freshly made up zirconium-alizarin red S reagentGlacial acetic acidAcid/pH indicator papersC.3 ProcedureC.3.1 Sodium fusionPlace 200 mg – 250 mg of the sample into the bottom of a small soda glass test tube. Add 10 ml of distilled/de-ionized water to the evaporating basin and place this in the fume cupboard behind the safety screen. Whilst holding the test tube firmly with the test tube holder at an angle of 45° - 60° to the vertical, introduce a piece of freshly cut, clean sodium (about the size of a small pea) (200 mg – 250 mg) into the mouth of the test tube without allowing it to come into contact with the sample. With the safety screen in place, heat the sodium gently until it melts and runs down on to the sample (there may be a vigorous reaction when the molten sodium reaches the sample if halogens are present). Heat the tube gently for about 1 min, then more strongly until the lower 20 mm of the tube glows red hot. Plunge the red hot tube into the water in the evaporating basin, immediately placing the gauze on top. (The gauze prevents any loss of material when the tube shatters on contact with the water.) Allow any non reacted sodium to react before grinding up the solution and glass. Filter, and separate the filtrate into two equal portions.C.3.2 Chlorine and bromineTo the first portion of the filtrate, add sufficient nitric acid to make the solution acidic. Boil this solution until its total volume has been reduced by half (this is to remove any HCN or H2S, if present, which would interfere with the test). Add 1 ml silver nitrate solution; a white or yellowish-white precipitate indicates the presence of halogen (Cl, Br) in the original sample. (If the liquor is decanted, and the precipitate is white and readily soluble in dilute ammonia, then chloride is present.)C.3.3 FluorineTo the second portion of the filtrate, acidify with glacial acetic acid. Boil this solution until its total volume has been reduced by half. Add 2 to 3 drops freshly prepared zirconium lake reagent (equal volumes of: a) Alizarin solution: 0,05 g Alizarin Red-S in 50 ml distilled water, b) Zirconium solution: 0,05 g zirconium nitrate in 10 ml concentrated HCl diluted with 50 ml distilled water). Heat at 40 °C for 1 h. The presence of fluoride is indicated by the red/pink colouration being bleached to yellow.Test of long term resistance of insulation to D.C.A test sample with a length of minimum 5m shall be immersed into water containing 3 % NaCl. Further on minimum 300mm of the sample shall stick out of the water. The water-bath shall be retained for (240 ± 2) h at a high temperature of (85 ± 2) °C and a D.C.-voltage 0,9kV shall be applied between conductor and water whereby the conductor shall be connected to the positive potential.The current of this circuit shall be measured with a period of not more than 24h. If possible a continuous measurement shall be preferred.The measured values shall be recorded in a time-current-curve which identifies a stable progress.NOTE A stable progress is e.g. an increase of less than 10% of leakage current on the average for a time of 24h (This is part of the inspection based on practical experiences)After storing the samples shall be taken out of the salt-water-solution and a voltage test according to Ref.-No. 1.2 of table 1 shall be performed. The test voltage shall be the rated voltage (U) of the cable.Cold impact testThe cold impact test shall be performed at –40°C according to clause 8.5 of EN 60811-1-4, but the mass of hammer, the mass of test probe and the height shall comply with table 2.Table E.1 – Parameter for cold impact testDiameter of cable (D) Mass of hammer Mass of test probe height mm g g mmD < 15 1 000 200 10015 < D≤ 25 1 500 200 150D > 25 2 000 200 200The inner and outer surface of sheath shall be inspected with normal or corrective visual faculty without magnification. Only the outer surface of the insulation shall be inspected. No cracks must be determinedAnnex F(normative)Dynamic penetration testA test apparatus for pull test (or a equivalent apparatus) shall be operated in pressure modus and shall be equipped with a measuring device which is able to record the force of penetration of the spring-steel-needle (see figure F.1b) through the insulation or sheath of a completed cable. A circuit with low voltage which finish the test at the moment when the needle penetrates the insulation or the sheath and makes contact with the conductor shall be added.The test shall be performed at room temperature. The force applying to the needle shall be increased continuously with 1 N/s until contact with the conductor has been made. 4 tests at each sample shall be performed and the force at the moment of contact shall be recorded. After each test the sample shall be moved forward and shall be turned clockwise for 90°.The mean value of the 4 test results must not be less than the minimum value F determined with following formulaF = 50 ⋅DD diameter of cable in mmDimensions in mma) detail X(edges not broken or rounded, without ridge)b) detail YCaption 1 N.A. 2 N.A. 3 Load 4 Clamp 5 Sample6Mounting surface7 Fixing screw 8 Blade9 Shoulder with sufficient depth for testing the insulation 10 Needle of spring steel 11SampleFigure F.1 – Arrangement for penetration testAnnex G(normative)Notch propagationThree samples of the cable shall be notched, to a depth of 0,05 mm of the insulation or sheathing, at four points equally spaced with respect to one another around the circumference and 25 mm apart along the length, and in a plane mutually perpendicular to the conductor.One of the samples shall be conditioned at -15 °C, one at ambient temperature and one at 85 °C, in all cases for 3 h, after which time they shall be wound on to a mandrel, (3 ± 0,3) times the minimum specified diameter of the cable, whilst at the conditioning temperature. The notched sample shall be wrapped around the mandrel such that at least one notch is on the outside of the cable.The sample shall be allowed to return to ambient temperature and then subjected to the voltage test given in no. 1.2 of Table 1 but at half the rated voltage U0.。
耿兴国热力学与统计物理学课程作业-正文-推荐下载
1.热力学的基本规律1.1试求理想气体的等压膨胀系数、等体压强系数和等温压缩系数。
1.2假设在压强不太高时,1mol 实际气体的物态方程可表示为,其中B )1(Bp RT pv +=只是温度的函数。
试求此气体的定压膨胀系数和等温压缩系数,并讨论压强很低时的情况,与理想气体比较。
1.3一金属块的定压膨胀系数和等温压缩系数可以当作常数,其值分别为,15100.5--⨯=k α,今使金属块的体积保持不变,在1.013×105P a ,其温度为20℃,问温12107.6-⨯=k 1-a P 度升高到32℃时,其压强为多少?如果将此金属块密封在一容器中,容器的膨胀系数可以忽略,容器所能承受的最大压强为12×107P a ,问金属块能达到的最高温度为多少度?1.4有一铜块在0℃和1.013×105Pa 下,经测定其膨胀系数和压缩系数分别为,,和可近似地当作常数。
今使铜块加热至151085.4--⨯=K α1121087--⨯=a P k .αk 10℃,问(a )压强要增加多少Pa 才能维持铜块的体积不变?(b )若压强增加1×107Pa 铜块的体积改变多少?1.5证明任何一种具有两个独立参数T 和p 的物质,其物态方程可由膨胀系数α及压缩系数k 的实验数据,根据下述积分求得:。
如果 ,,试⎰-=)(ln kdp dT V α1=αp k 1=求物态方程。
1.6某一气体的定压膨胀系数和等温压缩系数各为 , ,其中n ,R 和pV nR =αVa p k +=1都是常数,试求此气体的物态方程。
a1.7在25℃下,压强在0至1×108Pa 之间,1mol 水的体积可表示为, V=18.066-0.715×10-8p+0.046×10-1 6p 2 (cm 3·mol -1)。
如果保持温度不变,将1mol 水所承受压力从1×105Pa 加至1×108Pa ,试求外界所作的功。
西安特尔电源中国有限公司MVS中高压空缆断路器产品介绍说明书
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12 kV and 17,5 kV family W-VACi fixed version
476 mm 629 mm 676 mm
440 mm
Pole space 150 mm
Cubicle width: 600 mm
630 A - 25 kA
1250 A - 31.5 kA
588 mm
Pole space 210 mm
Optional Accessories
Second shunt opening release (SO2)
Undervoltage release
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9
W-VACi Product portfolio overview
10
10
W-VACi vacuum circuit breaker family
Withdrawable
Fixed
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11
12 kV and 17,5 kV family W-VACi withdrawable version
- Pictures are representative.
- Not all breaker configurations shown. For detailed drawings of all available breaker sizes, please conta1c2t your Eaton representative.
Cubicle width: 800 mm
2000 A - 40 kA
770 mm Pole space 275 mm
Cubicle width: 1000 mm
3150 A / 4000 A* - 50 kA
继电保护电压分量远距离采集传输设备应用分析
继电保护电压分量远距离采集传输设备应用分析发布时间:2021-07-26T07:34:27.492Z 来源:《福光技术》2021年6期作者:刘朋蓓任尚伟孙维强许信义孙永健[导读] 而根据规程的测试方法要求,只能采取外接长电缆线转接,由 PT 柜引致测试间隔屏柜 [1-2]。
国网东营供电公司山东东营 257091摘要:继电保护电压分量远距离采集传输设备过程中成功应用了无线传输技术,解决了智能站只能采取外接长电缆线转接,由PT 柜引致测试间隔屏柜的难题。
研制本装置首次提出利用无线传输技术,于PT 柜处采集电压分量,经过转化将继电保护电压分量发送至应用间隔处,待测间隔处设备准确接收无线电压量,经过设备转化于常规伏安表内即可测试间隔的相位关系,予以判断间隔极性或电压相位,同时本装置极大提高了变电站带负荷测方向的工作效率。
关键词:继电保护;电压分量;传输;变电站变电二次工作中间隔带负荷测方向是一项极其重要的工作,是检验电流互感器一次、二次接线是否正确的最后一道防线,如若判断失误,将会使二次侧的相位变化 180 度,从而造成保护装置误动作或拒动作的危害,若拒动将造成越级跳闸,严重时还会危及设备及人身安全。
而根据规程的测试方法要求,只能采取外接长电缆线转接,由 PT 柜引致测试间隔屏柜 [1-2]。
特别在不同电压等级核相过程中,工作现场可能穿越楼层或跨越不同生产楼设备区域,现场操作繁琐,需要提前准备大量电缆,尤其对于新投运变电站核相及测方向工作量极大,采用电缆线转接的方法及其不便,切难以保证电压分量在转接过程中可靠绝缘,若发生短路或接地极易造成 PT 保险的烧毁,此种方法安全可靠性较低,且工作效率低下。
本文对新研制的一种继电保护电压分量远距离采集传输设备的技术内容进行分析,阐述设备研发方案和应用效果进行分析。
1传输技术的优劣势分析1.1传统电缆线转接方式智能站由于设计不需将不同电压等级的 PT 输出量汇总至一处,而是分散取用,因此在新站投运或设备大修技改后核相或带负荷测方向的工作就面临一系列困难。
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0.7
Ambient Temperature (oC)
VDD (Volts) Ambient
/
1
Series PVT212PbF
Electrical Specifications (TA = +25°C unless otherwise specified) INPUT CHARACTERISTICS
Minimum Control Current (see figure 1) Maximum Control Current for Off-State Resistance Control Current Range (Caution: current limit input LED, see figure 5) Maximum Reverse Voltage Operating Voltage Range Maximum Load Current @ TA=+40°C 5mA Control (see figure 1) A Connection B Connection C Connection Maximum On-State Resistance @TA=+25°C 100mA Pulsed Load, 5mA Control (see figures 2 & 3) A Connection B Connection C Connection Max. pulsed Load Current @TA=+25°C, 10mA Control (10mS @ 10% duty cycle) Maximum Off-State Leakage @TA=+25°C, ±150V Maximum Turn-On Time @TA=+25°C (see figures 6 & 7) For 50mA, 100 VDC load, 10mA Control (5mS pulse width @ 50% duty cycle) Maximum Turn-Off Time @TA=+25°C (see figures 6 & 7) For 50mA, 100 VDC load, 10mA Control (5mS pulse width @ 50% duty cycle) Maximum Output Capacitance @ 50VDC, f=1MHz (Cout, see figure 8)
Features
HEXFET Power MOSFET output Bounce-free operation 4,000 VRMS I/O isolation Very low on-resistance (RDD-ON) Linear AC/DC operation Solid-State Reliability UL recognized ESD Tolerance: 4000V Human Body Model 500V Machine Model
Data Sheet No. PD10061 revF
®
Series PVT212PbF
Microelectronic Power IC Single Pole, Normally Open, 0-150V, 550mA AC / 825mA DC
HEXFET Power MOSFET Photovoltaic Relay
“A” Connection
ILED 90%
500 400 300 200
I D
10% tdly ton toff
100 0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70Leabharlann 8090100
V DD Dr a in to Dra in V oltage
Figure 7. Delay Time Definitions
Figure 8. Typical Output Capacitance
Ton
Input Current (mA)
Delay Time (mS )
limit
& -45°C lim
Tdly 1.0
e & +85°C
TYPICAL
max. device
min. devic
it
Toff
0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
0.1
0
5
10
15
LED Forward Voltage Drop (Volts DC)
General Description
The PVT212 Series Photovoltaic Relay is a single-pole, normally open solid-state relay that can replace electromechanical relays in many applications. It utilizes International Rectifier’s proprietary HEXFET power MOSFET as the output switch, driven by an integrated circuit photovoltaic generator of novel construction. The output switch is controlled by radiation from a GaAlAs light emitting diode (LED) which is optically isolated from the photovoltaic generator. These SSRs are specifically designed for industrial control and peripheral telecom applications. Series PVT212 Relays are packaged in a 6-lead molded DIP package with either thru-hole or surface mount (‘gullwing’) terminals. It iss available in standard plastic shipping tubes or on tape-and-reel. Please refer to part identification information .
Part Identification
PVT212PbF PVT212SPbF PVT212S-TPbF
thru-hole surface-mount surface-mount, Tape and Reel
(HEXFET is the registered trademark for International Rectifier Power MOSFETs)
Connection Diagrams
/
2
Series PVT212PbF
700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0
ILED = 5mA
“A” Connection
“A” Connection
2.0 1.5 1.0
ILED =3mA
/
4
Series PVT212PbF
Case Outlines
01-2008 01
01-2009 01
IR WORLD HEADQUARTERS: 233 Kansas St., El Segundo, California 90245 Tel: (310) 252-7105 This product has been designed and qualified for the Industrial market. Data and specifications subject to change without notice. 2/2008
Limits
Units
V peak mA mA mA Ω Ω Ω mA µA ms ms pF
Minimum Dielectric Strength, Input-Output Minimum Insulation Resistance, Input-Output Maximum Capacitance, Input-Output Vd=0V, f=1MHz Maximum Pin Soldering Temperature (10 seconds maximum) Ambient Temperature Range: Operating Storage
L oad C urrent (mA)
Max L oad C urrent (mA )
0.5 0.0 -0.5 -1.0 -1.5 -2.0
-1.0
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
I L E D = 5mA 10mS P uls ed, 25C
Volta ge Drop (V DD )
Limits
5.0 0.4 5.0 to 25 6.0 0 to ±150 550 600 825 0.75 0.40 0.25 1200 1.0 3.0 0.5 100
Units
mA mA mA V
OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS