考研英语98至99年试题及解析
1998年全国硕士研究生英语二试题解析
1998年全国硕士研究生英语二试题解析一、词汇本部分共10题，每题1分，共计10分。
题目要求从所给的四个选项中选出一个最佳答案。
1. The company has _______ its production to keep up with the growing demand.A. doubledB. quadrupledC. halvedD. trebled答案：B. quadrupled。
2. The new law will come into _______ on the day it is passed.A. effectB. operationC. serviceD. existence答案：A. effect。
3. The _______ of the word is different from its pronunciation.A. notationB. notationC. notationsD. notationis答案：A. notation。
4. She _______ at the news of her fathe r’s death.A. recoveredB. reactedC. respondedD. treated答案：B. reacted。
5. The company has _______ a ban on smoking in the office.A. liftedB. castC. putD. kept答案：A. lifted。
6. The _______ of the word “photography” is from Greek and means “drawing with light”.A. originB. sourceC. rootD. background答案：A. origin。
7. The _______ of the company’s products is excellent this year.A. salesB. marketC. demandD. turnover答案：D. turnover。
1998年考研英语真题及解析
1998年全国攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试英语试题Section I Cloze TestDirections:For each numbered blank in the following passage,there are four choices marked[A],[B],[C],and [D].Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET1by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil.(10points)Until recent l y most historians spoke very critically of the Industrial Revolution.They1that in the long run industrialization greatly raised the standard of living for the2man.But they insisted that its3results during the period from1750to1850were widespread poverty and misery for the4of the English population.5 contrast,they saw in the preceding hundred years from1650to1750,when England was still a6agricultural country,a period of great abundance and prosperity.This view,7,is generally thought to be wrong.Specialists8history and economics,have9two things:that the period from1650to1750was10by great poverty,and that industrialization certainly did not worsen and may have actually improved the conditions for the majority of the populace.1.［A］admitted［B］believed［C］claimed［D］predicted2.［A］plain［B］average［C］mean［D］normal3.［A］momentary［B］prompt［C］instant［D］immediate4.［A］bulk［B］host［C］gross［D］magnitude5.［A］On［B］With［C］For［D］By6.［A］broadly［B］thoroughly［C］generally［D］completely7.［A］however［B］meanwhile［C］therefore［D］moreover8.［A］at［B］in［C］about［D］for9.［A］manifested［B］approved［C］shown［D］speculated10.［A］noted［B］impressed［C］labeled［D］markedSectionⅡReading ComprehensionDirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions.For each question there are four answers marked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions.Then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET1by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets.(40points)Text1Few creations of big technology capture the imagination like giant dams.Perhaps it is humankind’s long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the idea of forcing the waters to do our bidding so fascinating.But to be fascinated is also,sometimes,to be blind.Several giant dam projects threaten to do more harm than good.The lesson from dams is that big is not always beautiful.It doesn’t help that building a big, powerful dam has become a symbol of achievement for nations and people striving to assertthemselves.Egypt’s leadership in the Arab world was cemented by the Aswan High Dam.Turkey’s bid for First World status includes the giant Ataturk Dam.But big dams tend not to work as intended.The Aswan Dam,for example,stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left--all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity.And yet,the myth of controlling the waters persists.This week,in the heart of civilized Europe, Slovaks and Hungarians stopped just short of sending in the troops in their contention over a dam on the Danube.The huge complex will probably have all the usual problems of big dams.But Slovakia is bidding for independence from the Czechs,and now needs a dam to prove itself.Meanwhile,in India,the World Bank has given the go-ahead to the even more wrong-headed Narmada Dam.And the bank has done this even though its advisors say the dam will cause hardship for the powerless and environmental destruction.The benefits are for the powerful,but they are far from guaranteed.Proper,scientific study of the impacts of dams and of the cost and benefits of controlling water can help to resolve these conflicts.Hydroelectric power and flood control and irrigation are possible without building monster dams.But when you are dealing with myths,it is hard to be either proper, or scientific.It is time that the world learned the lessons of Aswan.You don’t need a dam to be saved.11.The third sentence of Paragraph1implies that________.[A]people would be happy if they shut their eyes to reality[B]the blind could be happier than the sighted[C]over-excited people tend to neglect vital things[D]fascination makes people lose their eyesight12.In Paragraph5,“the powerless”probably refers to________.[A]areas short of electricity[B]dams without power stations[C]poor countries around India[D]common people in the Narmada Dam area13.What is the myth concerning giant dams?[A]They bring in more fertile soil.[B]They help defend the country.[C]They strengthen international ties.[D]They have universal control of the waters.14.What the author tries to suggest may best be interpreted as________.[A]“It’s no use crying over spilt milk”[B]“More haste,less speed”[C]“Look before you leap”[D]“He who laughs last laughs best”Text2Well,no gain without pain,they say.But what about pain without gain?Everywhere you go in America,you hear tales of corporate revival.What is harder to establish is whether the productivity revolution that businessmen assume they are presiding over is for real.The official statistics are mildly discouraging.They show that,if you lump manufacturing and services together,productivity has grown on average by1.2%since1987.That is somewhat faster than the average during the previous decade.And since1991,productivity has increased by about 2%a year,which is more than twice the1978-87average.The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is due to the usual rebound that occurs at this point in a business cycle,and so is not conclusive evidence of a revival in the underlying trend.There is,as Robert Rubin,the treasury secretary,says,a“disjunction”between the mass of business anecdote that points to a leap in productivity and the picture reflected by the statistics.Some of this can be easily explained.New ways of organizing the workplace--all that re-engineering and downsizing--are only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy, which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery,new technology,and investment in education and training.Moreover,most of the changes that companies make are intended to keep them profitable,and this need not always mean increasing productivity: switching to new markets or improving quality can matter just as much.Two other explanations are more speculative.First,some of the business restructuring of recent years may have been ineptly done.Second,even if it was well done,it may have spread much less widely than people suppose.Leonard Schlesinger,a Harvard academic and former chief executive of Au Bong Pain,a rapidly growing chain of bakery cafes,says that much“re-engineering”has been crude.In many cases,he believes,the loss of revenue has been greater than the reductions in cost.His colleague, Michael Beer,says that far too many companies have applied re-engineering in a mechanistic fashion, chopping out costs without giving sufficient thought to long-term profitability.BBDO’s Al Rosenshine is blunter.He dismisses a lot of the work of re-engineering consultants as mere rubbish--“the worst sort of ambulance chasing.”15.According to the author,the American economic situation is________.[A]not as good as it seems[B]at its turning point[C]much better than it seems[D]near to complete recovery16.The official statistics on productivity growth________.[A]exclude the usual rebound in a business cycle[B]fall short of businessmen’s anticipation[C]meet the expectation of business people[D]fail to reflect the true state of economy17.The author raises the question“what about pain without gain?”because________.[A]he questions the truth of“no gain without pain”[B]he does not think the productivity revolution works[C]he wonders if the official statistics are misleading[D]he has conclusive evidence for the revival of businesses18.Which of the following statements is NOT mentioned in the passage?[A]Radical reforms are essential for the increase of productivity.[B]New ways of organizing workplaces may help to increase productivity.[C]The reduction of costs is not a sure way to gain long-term profitability.[D]The consultants are a bunch of good-for-nothings.Text3Science has long had an uneasy relationship with other aspects of culture.Think of Gallileo’s 17th-century trial for his rebelling belief before the Catholic Church or poet William Blake’s harsh remarks against the mechanistic worldview of Isaac Newton.The schism between science and the humanities has,if anything,deepened in this century.Until recently,the scientific community was so powerful that it could afford to ignore its critics --but no longer.As funding for science has declined,scientists have attacked“anti-science”in several books,notably Higher Superstition,by Paul R.Gross,a biologist at the University of Virginia, and Norman Levitt,a mathematician at Rutgers University;and The Demon-Haunted World,by Carl Sagan of Cornell University.Defenders of science have also voiced their concerns at meetings such as“The Flight from Science and Reason,”held in New York City in1995,and“Science in the Age of(Mis)information,”which assembled last June near Buffalo.Anti-science clearly means different things to different people.Gross and Levitt find fault primarily with sociologists,philosophers and other academics who have questioned science’s objectivity.Sagan is more concerned with those who believe in ghosts,creationism and other phenomena that contradict the scientific worldview.A survey of news stories in1996reveals that the anti-science tag has been attached to many other groups as well,from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research.Few would dispute that the term applies to the Unabomber,whose manifesto,published in1995, scorns science and longs for return to a pre-technological utopia.But surely that does not mean environmentalists concerned about uncontrolled industrial growth are anti-science,as an essay in US News&World Report last May seemed to suggest.The environmentalists,inevitably,respond to such critics.The true enemies of science,argues Paul Ehrlich of Stanford University,a pioneer of environmental studies,are those who question the evidence supporting global warming,the depletion of the ozone layer and other consequences of industrial growth.Indeed,some observers fear that the anti-science epithet is in danger of becoming meaningless.“The term‘anti-science’can lump together too many,quite different things,”notes Harvard University philosopher Gerald Holton in his1993work Science and Anti-Science.“They have in common only one thing that they tend to annoy or threaten those who regard themselves as more enlightened.”19.The word“schism”(Line4,Paragraph1)in the context probably means________.[A]confrontation[B]dissatisfaction[C]separation[D]contempt20.Paragraphs2and3are written to________.[A]discuss the cause of the decline of science’s power[B]show the author’s sympathy with scientists[C]explain the way in which science develops[D]exemplify the division of science and the humanities21.Which of the following is true according to the passage?[A]Environmentalists were blamed for anti-science in an essay.[B]Politicians are not subject to the labeling of anti-science.[C]The“more enlightened”tend to tag others as anti-science.[D]Tagging environmentalists as“anti-science”is justifiable.22.The author’s attitude toward the issue of“science vs.anti-science”is________.[A]impartial[B]subjective[C]biased[D]puzzlingText4Emerging from the1980census is the picture of a nation developing more and more regional competition,as population growth in the Northeast and Midwest reaches a near standstill.This development--and its strong implications for US politics and economy in years ahead--has enthroned the South as America’s most densely populated region for the first time in the historyof the nation’s head counting.Altogether,the US population rose in the1970s by23.2million people--numerically the third-largest growth ever recorded in a single decade.Even so,that gain adds up to only11.4percent, lowest in American annual records except for the Depression years.Americans have been migrating south and west in larger numbers since World War II,and the pattern still prevails.Three sun-belt states--Florida,Texas and California--together had nearly10million more people in1980than a decade earlier.Among large cities,San Diego moved from14th to8th and San Antonio from15th to10th--with Cleveland and Washington.D.C.,dropping out of the top10.Not all that shift can be attributed to the movement out of the snow belt,census officials say. Nonstop waves of immigrants played a role,too--and so did bigger crops of babies as yesterday’s “baby boom”generation reached its child bearing years.Moreover,demographers see the continuing shift south and west as joined by a related but newer phenomenon:More and more,Americans apparently are looking not just for places with more jobs but with fewer people,too.Some instances—■Regionally,the Rocky Mountain states reported the most rapid growth rate--37.1percent since1970in a vast area with only5percent of the US population.■Among states,Nevada and Arizona grew fastest of all:63.5and53.1percent respectively. Except for Florida and Texas,the top10in rate of growth is composed of Western states with7.5 million people--about9per square mile.The flight from overcrowdedness affects the migration from snow belt to more bearable climates.Nowhere do1980census statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious living than in the Far West.There,California added3.7million to its population in the1970s,more than any other state.In that decade,however,large numbers also migrated from California,mostly to other parts of the West.Often they chose--and still are choosing--somewhat colder climates such as Oregon, Idaho and Alaska in order to escape smog,crime and other plagues of urbanization in the Golden State.As a result,California’s growth rate dropped during the1970s,to18.5percent--little more than two thirds the1960s’growth figure and considerably below that of other Western states.23.Discerned from the perplexing picture of population growth the1980census provided,Americain1970s________.[A]enjoyed the lowest net growth of population in history[B]witnessed a southwestern shift of population[C]underwent an unparalleled period of population growth[D]brought to a standstill its pattern of migration since World War II24.The census distinguished itself from previous studies on population movement in that________.[A]it stresses the climatic influence on population distribution[B]it highlights the contribution of continuous waves of immigrants[C]it reveals the Americans’new pursuit of spacious living[D]it elaborates the delayed effects of yesterday’s“baby boom”25.We can see from the available statistics that________.[A]California was once the most thinly populated area in the whole US[B]the top10states in growth rate of population were all located in the West[C]cities with better climates benefited unanimously from migration[D]Arizona ranked second of all states in its growth rate of population26.The word“demographers”(Line1,Paragraph8)most probably means________.[A]people in favor of the trend of democracy[B]advocates of migration between states[C]scientists engaged in the study of population[D]conservatives clinging to old patterns of lifeText5Scattered around the globe are more than100small regions of isolated volcanic activity known to geologists as hot spots.Unlike most of the world’s volcanoes,they are not always found at the boundaries of the great drifting plates that make up the earth’s surface;on the contrary,many of them lie deep in the interior of a plate.Most of the hot spots move only slowly,and in some cases the movement of the plates past them has left trails of dead volcanoes.The hot spots and their volcanic trails are milestones that mark the passage of the plates.That the plates are moving is now beyond dispute.Africa and South America,for example,are moving away from each other as new material is injected into the sea floor between them.The complementary coastlines and certain geological features that seem to span the ocean are reminders of where the two continents were once joined.The relative motion of the plates carrying these continents has been constructed in detail,but the motion of one plate with respect to another cannot readily be translated into motion with respect to the earth’s interior.It is not possible to determine whether both continents are moving in opposite directions or whether one continent is stationary and the other is drifting away from it.Hot spots,anchored in the deeper layers of the earth,provide the measuring instruments needed to resolve the question.From an analysis of the hot-spot population it appears that the African plate is stationary and that it has not moved during the past30million years.The significance of hot spots is not confined to their role as a frame of reference.It now appears that they also have an important influence on the geophysical processes that propel the plates across the globe.When a continental plate come to rest over a hot spot,the material rising from deeper layers creates a broad dome.As the dome grows,it develops deep fissures(cracks);in at least a few cases the continent may break entirely along some of these fissures,so that the hot spot initiates theformation of a new ocean.Thus just as earlier theories have explained the mobility of the continents, so hot spots may explain their mutability(inconstancy).27.The author believes that________.[A]the motion of the plates corresponds to that of the earth’s interior[B]the geological theory about drifting plates has been proved to be true[C]the hot spots and the plates move slowly in opposite directions[D]the movement of hot spots proves the continents are moving apart28.That Africa and South America were once joined can be deduced from the fact that________.[A]the two continents are still moving in opposite directions[B]they have been found to share certain geological features[C]the African plate has been stable for30million years[D]over100hot spots are scattered all around the globe29.The hot spot theory may prove useful in explaining________.[A]the structure of the African plates[B]the revival of dead volcanoes[C]the mobility of the continents[D]the formation of new oceans30.The passage is mainly about________.[A]the features of volcanic activities[B]the importance of the theory about drifting plates[C]the significance of hot spots in geophysical studies[D]the process of the formation of volcanoesSection IV English-Chinese TranslationDirections:Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese.Your translation must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET2.(15points)They were,by far,the largest and most distant objects that scientists had ever detected:a strip of enormous cosmic clouds some15billion light-years from earth.31)But even more important,it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past,for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed15billion years ago.That was just about the moment that the universe was born.What the researchers found was at once both amazing and expected:the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s Cosmic Background Explorer satellite--Cobe--had discovered landmark evidence that the universe did in fact begin with the primeval explosionthat has become known as the Big Bang(the theory that the universe originated in an explosion froma single mass of energy).32)The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang,first put forward in the1920s,to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos.According to the theory,the universe burst into being as a submicroscopic,unimaginably dense knot of pure energy that flew outward in all directions,emitting radiation as it went,condensing into particles and then into atoms of gas.Over billions of years,the gas was compressed by gravity into galaxies,stars, plants and eventually,even humans.Cobe is designed to see just the biggest structures,but astronomers would like to see much smaller hot spots as well,the seeds of local objects like clusters and superclusters of galaxies.They shouldn’t have long to wait.33)Astrophysicists working with ground-based detectors at the South Pole and balloon-borne instruments are closing in on such structures,and may report their findings soon.34)If the small hot spots look as expected,that will be a triumph for yet another scientific idea,a refinement of the Big Bang called the inflationary universe theory.Inflation says that very early on, the universe expanded in size by more than a trillion trillion trillion trillion fold in much less than a second,propelled by a sort of antigravity.35)Odd though it sounds,cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary particle physics,and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true.31.________32.________33.________34.________35.________Section V WritingDirections:[A]Study the following cartoon carefully and write an essay in no less than150words.[B]Your essay must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET2.(15points)[C]Your essay should meet the requirements below:1.Write out the messages conveyed by the cartoon.2.Give your commentsn.注：图片上的文字是：本母鸡承诺：①本鸡下蛋不见棱不见角②保证有蛋皮，蛋黄和蛋清1998年答案及解析PartⅠCloze Test1.A2.B3.D4.A5.D6.D7.A8.B9.C10.DPartⅡReading ComprehensionPart APassage111.C12.D13.D14.CPassage215.A16.B17.B18.APassage319.C20.D21.A22.APassage423.B24.C25.D26.CPassage527.B28.B29.C30.CPartⅢEnglish-Chinese Translation31.更为重要的是，这是科学家们能够观测到的最遥远的过去的景象，因为他们看到的是150亿年前宇宙云的形状和结构。
1998年全国硕士研究生英语二试题解析
1998年全国硕士研究生英语二试题解析摘要：I.引言- 介绍1998 年全国硕士研究生英语二试题的背景和重要性II.阅读理解部分解析- 分析阅读理解文章的主题和难点- 解释如何正确解答阅读理解题目III.完形填空部分解析- 介绍完形填空题的类型和解答策略- 分析完形填空文章的主要内容和难点IV.翻译部分解析- 解释翻译题的评分标准和答题技巧- 分析翻译题的难点和如何提高翻译质量V.写作部分解析- 介绍写作题的类型和评分标准- 分析写作题的难点和如何提高写作质量VI.总结- 回顾各部分解析，强调英语考试的备考策略正文：I.引言1998 年全国硕士研究生英语二试题，作为我国研究生入学考试的重要组成部分，对于广大考生来说具有重要意义。
通过对该年度试题的解析，我们可以更好地了解考试要求和提高备考效率。
本文将针对试题中的阅读理解、完形填空、翻译和写作四个部分进行详细解析。
II.阅读理解部分解析阅读理解部分主要测试考生的英语阅读能力，要求考生在较短的时间内理解文章的主旨和细节，并根据文章内容回答问题。
1998 年试题的阅读理解文章涉及社会、文化、科技等多个领域，其中难点主要在于考生需掌握文章中的专业术语和表达。
要正确解答阅读理解题目，首先要认真阅读文章，把握文章主旨；其次，针对每个问题，在文章中寻找相关信息，进行细致比对；最后，结合文章内容，分析问题选项，选出正确答案。
III.完形填空部分解析完形填空题要求考生在给定的文章中，根据上下文和语法规则，选择合适的单词或词组填空。
1998 年试题的完形填空文章涉及日常生活、社会现象等多个方面，考生需熟练掌握文章中的词汇和表达。
解答完形填空题时，首先要通读全文，了解文章大意；其次，结合上下文和语法规则，分析每个空格应填入的单词或词组；最后，根据选项进行筛选，选出正确答案。
IV.翻译部分解析翻译题要求考生将一段英文文字翻译成中文，主要测试考生的英汉互译能力。
1998 年试题的翻译题目涉及政治、经济、文化等多个领域，翻译质量要求较高。
1999年考研英语真题答案及解析
1999年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题答案与解析PartⅠCloze Test1.D2.A3.B4.A5.B6.C7.D8.C9.A10.DPartⅡReading ComprehensionPart APassage111.B12.C13.A14.DPassage215.A16.C17.D18.BPassage319.B20.D21.C22.APassage423.B24.C25.D26.APassage527.A28.B29.D30.APartⅢEnglish Chinese Translation31.几乎每个历史学家对史学都有自己的界定，但是现代史学家的实践最趋于认为历史学试图重现过去的重大史实并对其做出解释。
32.人们之所以关注历史研究的方法论，主要是因为史学界内部意见不一，其次是因为外界并不认为历史是一门学问。
33.在这种转变中，历史学家研究历史时，那些解释新史料的新方法充实了传统的历史研究方法。
34.所谓方法论是指一般的历史研究中的特有概念，还是指历史探究中各个具体领域适用的研究手段，人们对此意见不一。
35.这种谬误同样存在于历史传统派和历史社科派；前者认为历史就是史学界内部和外部人士对各种史料来源的评论，后者则认为历史的研究是具体方法的研究。
SectionⅣWriting(15points)36.见分析PartⅠCloze Test一、文章总体分析本文是围绕安全生产这个话题的一篇论证性文章。
第一段是安全生产的基本介绍：它不是新事物，而是企业制定并不断实施自己的安全计划以建立无事故工作氛围的做法。
第二段指出，成功有效的安全计划的侧重点各不相同，但都遵循某些基本的思想。
第三段强调安全生产对企业的意义：其价值是不可低估的，它决定了工厂的运营是盈利还是亏损。
二、试题具体解析1.［精解］本题考核的知识点是：介词的用法。
难度：0.36本题空格处的介词和low accident rates搭配成介词短语，做后置定语修饰companies。
考研英语1998-99年真题解析
1998年英语试题精解Section I Cloze Test一、文章总体分析本文在关于工业革命对英国人民生活的影响问题上提出了两种对立的观点。
第一段讲述了第一种观点，是大部分历史学家的看法，即工业革命的直接结果是给英国大多数人民带来了普遍的贫穷和苦难。
第二段讲述的是另一种人普遍持有的观点，即工业革命不但没有加重这种贫困，反而使绝大多数人的生活得到了改善。
二、试题具体解析1.[A] admitted承认[B] believed相信，认为[C] claimed声称[D] predicted预言[答案] A[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：上下文语义+ 动词词义辨析。
难度：0.54文章开篇指出：Until recently most historians spoke very critically of the Industrial Revolution，接着第二句又谈到，in the long run industrialization greatly raised the standard of living。
显然，后一句是对前一句的让步。
第三句又以But开头，暗示与第二句有转折关系。
因此可以肯定，这里要表达的意思是历史学家不得不承认既成事实。
四个选项中，首先排除predicted，因为句子时态是过去时，表明"提高人们的生活水平"已经是事实，不存在"预测"了；其次believed和c laimed都是表达人们肯定态度的词语，它们和首句所表达的含义自相矛盾；因此只有admitted可以承接上下文，表示一种让步，意为"直到最近，大多数的历史学家对工业革命仍持强烈的批评态度。
尽管他们承认从长远角度来看，工业革命已大大地提高了一般人的生活水平。
"2.[A] plain（man）衣着朴素或相貌平平的人[B] average（man）平民，普通人[C] mean平均的，吝啬的，卑鄙的[D] normal（man）正常人[答案] B[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：形容词词义辨析。
考研英语1998年真题及解析
1998年考研英语真题精解精析1998年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题按照《1998年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语考试大纲（非英语专业）》要求命制，体现了《大纲》的考核目标、形式和内容。
1998年试题题型与1997年相比难度保持一致，但总体难度较往年略有上升。
翻译部分的文章难度加大。
所要求翻译的五个句子难度相当高，如果不仔细阅读原文，结合原文进行翻译将很难获得哪怕是一分的分值。
这也是1998年考题的一个显著特点。
SectionⅠCloze Test【文章综述】本文在关于工业革命对英国人民生活的影响问题上提出了两种对立的观点。
第一段讲述了第一种观点，是大部分历史学家的看法，即工业革命的直接结果是给英国大多数人民带来了普遍的贫穷和苦难。
第二段讲述的是另一种人普遍持有的观点，即工业革命不但没有加重这种贫困，反而使绝大多数人的生活得到了改善。
【英汉对照】41.[A]admitted(承认)[B]believed(相信，认为)[C]claimed(宣称，声称)[D]predicted(预测)42.[A]plain(平凡的)[B]average(普通的)[C]mean(平均的，卑鄙的)[D]normal(正常的)43.[A]momentary(片刻的，瞬息的)[B]prompt(及时的，迅速的)[C]instant(效果快速的，瞬即产生的)[D]immediate(直接的，立刻的)44.[A]bulk(绝大多数)[B]host(一大群，许多)[C]gross(总额，总量)[D]magnitude(大小)45.[A]On(关于)[B]With(随着)[C]For(为了)[D]By(通过……方式)46.[A]broadly(大体上，概括地，广泛地)[B]thoroughly(彻底地)[C]generally(广泛地，通常)[D]completely(完全地，全部地)47.[A]however(然而)[B]meanwhile(同时)[C]therefore(于是)[D]moreover(进而)48.[A]at(在……点)[B]in(在……方面)[C]about(关于)[D]for(为了)49.[A]manifested(表现，证明)[B]approved(同意，批准，赞同)[C]shown(指出，显示，说明)[D]speculated(指出，显示，说明)50.[A]noted(因……而著名)[B]impressed(被……留下深刻印象)[C]labeled(被视为……)[D]marked(具有……的特征)【核心词汇】abundance[E5bQndEns]n.丰富，充裕，大量critical[5kritikE]a.批评的,评论的;危急,紧要的;临界的,吹毛求疵的，批评严厉的；判断谨慎的（crit+ical形容词后缀→批判的）historian[his5tC:riEn]n.历史学家；史学工作者（history历史+ian→历史学家）majority[mE5dVCriti]n.多数,大多数,成年,法定年龄（major主要的+ity名词后缀→多数）misery[5mizEri]n.痛苦,悲惨,不幸，悲惨的境遇，贫苦（miser+y名词后缀→可怜）industrialization[in7dQstriElai5zeiFn]n.工业化（industrial工业的+ization）poverty[5pCvEti]n.贫穷,贫困；缺少,缺乏preceding[pri(:)5si:diN]a.在前的,在先的（preced+ing形容词后缀）prosperity[prCs5periti]n.繁荣,兴旺，发达，昌盛（prosper+ity名词后缀→繁荣）specialist[5speFElIst]n.专家；专科医生（special+ist人）【超纲词汇】populace[5pCpjulEs]n.百姓,平民【常用词组】in the long run从长远来看,终究speak of谈到,讲到;显示出……【答案与详解】41.答案→A考点→上下文语义+动词词义辨析解题技巧→文章开篇指出：Until recently most historians spoke very critically of the Industrial Revolution，接着第二句又谈到，in the long run industrialization greatly raised the standard of living。
1998考研英语真题及解析
1998年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Cloze TestUntil recent l y most historians spoke very critically of the Industrial Revolution. They1that in the long run industrialization greatly raised the standard of living for the 2 man. But they insisted that its 3 results during the period from 1750 to 1850 were widespread poverty and misery for the 4 of the English population. 5 contrast, they saw in the preceding hundred years from 1650 to 1750, when England was still a 6 agricultural country, a period of great abundance and prosperity.This view, 7 , is generally thought to be wrong. Specialists 8 history and economics, have 9 two things: that the period from 1650 to 1750 was 10 by great poverty, and that industrialization certainly did not worsen and may have actually improved the conditions for the majority of the populace.1. ［A］admitted ［B］believed ［C］claimed ［D］predicted2. ［A］plain ［B］average ［C］mean ［D］normal3. ［A］momentary ［B］prompt ［C］instant ［D］immediate4. ［A］bulk ［B］host ［C］gross ［D］magnitude5. ［A］On ［B］With ［C］For ［D］By6. ［A］broadly ［B］thoroughly ［C］generally ［D］completely7. ［A］however ［B］meanwhile ［C］therefore ［D］moreover8. ［A］at ［B］in ［C］about ［D］for9. ［A］manifested ［B］approved ［C］shown ［D］speculated10. ［A］noted ［B］impressed ［C］labeled ［D］markedSection ⅡReading ComprehensionText 1Few creations of big technology capture the imagination like giant dams. Perhaps it is humankind’s long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the idea of forcing the waters to do our bidding so fascinating. But to be fascinated is also, sometimes, to be blind. Several giant dam projects threaten to do more harm than good.The lesson from dams is t hat big is not always beautiful. It doesn’t help that building a big, powerful dam has become a symbol of achievement for nations and people striving to assert themselves. Egypt’s leadership in the Arab world was cemented by the Aswan High Dam. Turkey’s bi d for First World status includes the giant Ataturk Dam.But big dams tend not to work as intended. The Aswan Dam, for example, stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left -- all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity.And yet, the myth of controlling the waters persists. This week, in the heart of civilized Europe, Slovaks and Hungarians stopped just short of sending in the troops in their contention over a dam on the Danube. The huge complex will probably have all the usual problems of big dams. But Slovakia is bidding for independence from the Czechs, and now needs a dam to prove itself.Meanwhile, in India, the World Bank has given the go-ahead to the even more wrong-headed Narmada Dam. And the bank has done this even though its advisors say the dam will cause hardship for the powerless and environmental destruction. The benefits are for the powerful, but they are far from guaranteed.Proper, scientific study of the impacts of dams and of the cost and benefits of controlling water can help to resolve these conflicts. Hydroelectric power and flood control and irrigation are possible without building monster dams. But when you are dealing with myths, it is hard to be either proper, or scientific. It is time that the world learned the lessons of Aswan. You don’t need a dam to be saved.11. The third sentence of Paragraph 1 implies that ________.[A] people would be happy if they shut their eyes to reality[B] the blind could be happier than the sighted[C] over-excited people tend to neglect vital things[D] fascination makes people lose their eyesight12. In P aragraph 5, “the powerless” probably refers to ________.[A] areas short of electricity[B] dams without power stations[C] poor countries around India[D] common people in the Narmada Dam area13. What is the myth concerning giant dams?[A] They bring in more fertile soil.[B] They help defend the country.[C] They strengthen international ties.[D] They have universal control of the waters.14. What the author tries to suggest may best be interpreted as ________.[A] “It’s no use crying over spilt milk”[B] “More haste, less speed”[C] “Look before you leap”[D] “He who laughs last laughs best”Text 2Well, no gain without pain, they say. But what about pain without gain? Everywhere you go in America, you hear tales of corporate revival. What is harder to establish is whether the productivity revolution that businessmen assume they are presiding over is for real.The official statistics are mildly discouraging. They show that, if you lump manufacturing and services together, productivity has grown on average by 1.2% since 1987. That is somewhat faster than the average during the previous decade. And since 1991, productivity has increased by about 2% a year, which is more than twice the 1978-87 average. The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is due to the usual rebound that occurs at this point in a business cycle, and so is not conclusive evidence of a revival in the underlying trend. There is, as Robert Rubin, the treasury secretary, says, a “disjunction” between the mass of business anecdote that points to a leap in productivity and the picture reflected by the statistics.Some of this can be easily explained. New ways of organizing the workplace -- all that re-engineering and downsizing -- are only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy, which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery, new technology, and investment in education and training. Moreover, most of the changes that companies make are intended to keep them profitable, and this need not always mean increasing productivity: switching to new markets or improving quality can matter just as much.Two other explanations are more speculative. First, some of the business restructuring of recent years may have been ineptly done. Second, even if it was well done, it may have spread much less widely than people suppose.Leonard Schlesinger, a Harvard academic and former chief executive of Au Bong Pain, a rapidly growing chain of bakery cafes, says that much “re-engineering” has been crude. In many cases, he believes, the loss of revenue has been greater than the reductions in cost. His colleague, Michael Beer, says that far too many companies have applied re-engineering in a mechanistic fashion, chopping out costs without giving sufficient thought to long-term profitability. BBDO’s Al Rosenshine is blunter. He dismisses a lot of the work of re-engineering consultants as mere rubbish -- “the worst sort of ambulance c h asing.”15. According to the author, the American economic situation is ________.[A] not as good as it seems[B] at its turning point[C] much better than it seems[D] near to complete recovery16. The official statistics on productivity growth ________.[A] exclude the usual rebound in a business cycle[B] fall short of businessmen’s anticipation[C] meet the expectation of business people[D] fail to reflect the true state of economy17. The author raises the question “what about pain without gain?” because ________.[A] he questions the truth of “no gain without pain”[B] he does not think the productivity revolution works[C] he wonders if the official statistics are misleading[D] he has conclusive evidence for the revival of businesses18. Which of the following statements is NOT mentioned in the passage?[A] Radical reforms are essential for the increase of productivity.[B] New ways of organizing workplaces may help to increase productivity.[C] The reduction of costs is not a sure way to gain long-term profitability.[D] The consultants are a bunch of good-for-nothings.Text 3Science has long had an uneasy relationship with other aspects of culture. Think of Gallileo’s 17th-century trial for his rebelling belief before the Catholic Church or poet William Blake’s harsh remarks against the mechanistic worldview of Isaac Newton. The schism between science and the humanities has, if anything, deepened in this century.Until recently, the scientific community was so powerful that it could afford to ignore its critics -- but no longer. As funding for science has declined, scientists have attacked “anti-science” in several books, notably Higher Superstition, by Paul R. Gross, a biologist at the University of Virginia, and Norman Levitt, a mathematician at Rutgers University; and The Demon-Haunted World, by Carl Sagan of Cornell University. Defenders of science have also voiced their concerns at meeti ngs such as “The Flight from Science and Reason,” held in New York City in 1995, and “Science in the Age of (Mis) information,” which assembled last June near Buffalo.Anti-science clearly means different things to different people. Gross and Levitt find fault primarily with sociologists, philosophers and other academics who have questioned science’s objectivity. Sagan is more concerned with those who believe in ghosts, creationism and other phenomena that contradict the scientific worldview.A survey of news stories in 1996 reveals that the anti-science tag has been attached to many other groups as well, from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research.Few would dispute that the term applies to the Unabomber, whose manifesto, published in 1995, scorns science and longs for return to a pre-technological utopia. But surely that does not mean environmentalists concerned about uncontrolled industrial growth are anti-science, as an essay in US News & World Report last May seemed to suggest.The environmentalists, inevitably, respond to such critics. The true enemies of science, argues Paul Ehrlich of Stanford University, a pioneer of environmental studies, are those who question the evidence supporting global warming, the depletion of the ozone layer and other consequences of industrial growth.Indeed, some observers fear that the anti-science epithet is in danger of becoming meaningless. “The term ‘anti-science’ can lump together too many, quite different things,” notes Harvard University philosopher Gerald Holton in his 1993 work Science and Anti-Science. “They have in common only one thing that they tend to annoy or threaten those who regard themselves as more enlightened.”19. The word “schism” (Line 4, Paragraph 1) in the context probably means ________.[A] confrontation[B] dissatisfaction[C] separation[D] contempt20. Paragraphs 2 and 3 are written to ________.[A] discuss the cause of the decl ine of science’s power[B] show the author’s sympathy with scientists[C] explain the way in which science develops[D] exemplify the division of science and the humanities21. Which of the following is true according to the passage?[A] Environmentalists were blamed for anti-science in an essay.[B] Politicians are not subject to the labeling of anti-science.[C] The “more enlightened” tend to tag others as anti-science.[D] Tagging environmentalists as “anti-science” is justifiable.22. The author’s attitude toward the issue of “science vs. anti-science” is ________.[A] impartial[B] subjective[C] biased[D] puzzlingText 4Emerging from the 1980 census is the picture of a nation developing more and more regional competition, as population growth in the Northeast and Midwest reaches a near standstill.This development -- and its strong implications for US politics and economy in years ahead -- has enthroned the South as America’s most densely populated region for the first time in the history of the nation’s head counting.Altogether, the US population rose in the 1970s by 23.2 million people -- numerically the third-largest growth ever recorded in a single decade. Even so, that gain adds up to only 11.4 percent, lowest in American annual records except for the Depression years.Americans have been migrating south and west in larger numbers since World War II, and the pattern still prevails.Three sun-belt states -- Florida, Texas and California -- together had nearly 10 million more people in 1980 than a decade earlier. Among large cities, San Diego moved from 14th to 8th and San Antonio from 15th to 10th -- with Cleveland and Washington. D. C., dropping out of the top 10.Not all that shift can be attributed to the movement out of the snow belt, census officials say. Nonstop waves of immigrants played a role, too -- and so did bigger crops of babies as yesterday’s “baby boom” generation reached its child bearing years.Moreover, demographers see the continuing shift south and west as joined by a related but newer phenomenon: More and more, Americans apparently are looking not just for places with more jobs but with fewer people, too. Some instances—■Regionally, the Rocky Mountain states reported the most rapid growth rate -- 37.1 percent since 1970 in a vast area with only 5 percent of the US population.■Among states, Nevada and Arizona grew fastest of all: 63.5 and 53.1 percent respectively. Except for Florida and Texas, the top 10 in rate of growth is composed of Western states with 7.5 million people -- about 9 per square mile.The flight from overcrowdedness affects the migration from snow belt to more bearable climates. Nowhere do 1980 census statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious living than in the Far West. There, California added 3.7 million to its population in the 1970s, more than any other state.In that decade, however, large numbers also migrated from California, mostly to other parts of the West. Often they chose -- and still are choosing -- somewhat colder climates such as Oregon, Idaho and Alaska in order to escape smog, crime and other plagues of urbanization in the Golden State.As a result, California’s growth rate dropped during the 1970s, to 18.5 percent -- little more than two thirds the 1960s’ growth figure a nd considerably below that of other Western states.23. Discerned from the perplexing picture of population growth the 1980 census provided, America in 1970s ________.[A] enjoyed the lowest net growth of population in history[B] witnessed a southwestern shift of population[C] underwent an unparalleled period of population growth[D] brought to a standstill its pattern of migration since World War II24. The census distinguished itself from previous studies on population movement in that ________.[A] it stresses the climatic influence on population distribution[B] it highlights the contribution of continuous waves of immigrants[C] it reveals the Americans’ new pursuit of spacious living[D] it elaborates the delayed effects of yesterday’s “baby boom”25. We can see from the available statistics that ________.[A] California was once the most thinly populated area in the whole US[B] the top 10 states in growth rate of population were all located in the West[C] cities with better climates benefited unanimously from migration[D] Arizona ranked second of all states in its growth rate of population26. The word “demographers” (Line 1, Paragraph 8) most probably means ________.[A] people in favor of the trend of democracy[B] advocates of migration between states[C] scientists engaged in the study of population[D] conservatives clinging to old patterns of lifeText 5Scattered around the globe are more than 100 small regions of isolated volcanic activity known to geologists as hot spots. Unlike most of the world’s volcanoes, they are not always found at the boundaries of the great drifting plates that make up the earth’s surface; on the contrary, many of them lie deep in the interior of a plate. Most of the hot spots move only slowly, and in some cases the movement of the plates past them has left trails of dead volcanoes. The hot spots and their volcanic trails are milestones that mark the passage of the plates.That the plates are moving is now beyond dispute. Africa and South America, for example, are moving away from each other as new material is injected into the sea floor between them. The complementary coastlines and certain geological features that seem to span the ocean are reminders of where the two continents were once joined. The relative motion of the plates carrying these continents has been constructed in detail, but the motion of one plate with respect to another cannot readily be translated into motion with respect to the earth’s interior. It is not possible to determine whether bo th continents are moving in opposite directions or whether one continent is stationary and the other is drifting away from it. Hot spots, anchored in the deeper layers of the earth, provide the measuring instruments needed to resolve the question. From an analysis of the hot-spot population it appears that the African plate is stationary and that it has not moved during the past 30 million years.The significance of hot spots is not confined to their role as a frame of reference. It now appears that they also have an important influence on the geophysical processes that propel the plates across the globe. When a continental plate come to rest over a hot spot, the material rising from deeper layers creates a broad dome. As the dome grows, it develops deep fissures (cracks); in at least a few cases the continent may break entirely along some of these fissures, so that the hot spot initiates the formation of a new ocean. Thus just as earlier theories have explained the mobility of the continents, so hot spots may explain their mutability (inconstancy).27. The author believes that ________.[A] the motion of the plates corresponds to that of the earth’s interior[B] the geological theory about drifting plates has been proved to be true[C] the hot spots and the plates move slowly in opposite directions[D] the movement of hot spots proves the continents are moving apart28. That Africa and South America were once joined can be deduced from the fact that ________.[A] the two continents are still moving in opposite directions[B] they have been found to share certain geological features[C] the African plate has been stable for 30 million years[D] over 100 hot spots are scattered all around the globe29. The hot spot theory may prove useful in explaining ________.[A] the structure of the African plates[B] the revival of dead volcanoes[C] the mobility of the continents[D] the formation of new oceans30. The passage is mainly about ________.[A] the features of volcanic activities[B] the importance of the theory about drifting plates[C] the significance of hot spots in geophysical studies[D] the process of the formation of volcanoesSection IV English-Chinese TranslationThey were, by far, the largest and most distant objects that scientists had ever detected: a strip of enormous cosmic clouds some 15 billion light-years from earth. 31) But even more important, it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past, for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago. That was just about the moment that the universe was born. What the researchers found was at once both amazing and expected: the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s Cosmic Background Explorer satellite -- Cobe -- had discovered landmark evidence that the universe did in fact begin with the primeval explosion that has become known as the Big Bang (the theory that the universe originated in an explosion from a single mass of energy).32) The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang, first put forward in the 1920s, to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos. According to the theory, the universe burst into being as a submicroscopic, unimaginably dense knot of pure energy that flew outward in all directions, emitting radiation as it went, condensing into particles and then into atoms of gas. Over billions of years, the gas was compressed by gravity into galaxies, stars, plants and eventually, even humans.Cobe is designed to see just the biggest structures, but astronomers would like to see much smaller hot spots as well, the seeds of local objects like clusters and superclusters of galaxies. They shouldn’t have long to wait. 33) Astrophysicists working with ground-based detectors at the South Pole and balloon-borne instruments are closing in on such structures, and may report their findings soon.34) If the small hot spots look as expected, that will be a triumph for yet another scientific idea, a refinement of the Big Bang called the inflationary universe theory. Inflation says that very early on, the universe expanded in size by more than a trillion trillion trillion trillion fold in much less than a second, propelled by a sort of antigravity. 35) Odd though it sounds, cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary particle physics, and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true.。
1998年考研英语试题及答案
1998年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section II Cloze TestDirections:For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C], and [D]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)Until recently most historians spoke very critically of the Industrial Revolution. They 41that in the long run industrialization greatly raised the standard of living for the 42man. But they insisted that its 43results during the period from 1750 to 1850 were widespread poverty and misery for the 44of the English population. 45contrast, they saw in the preceding hundred years from 1650 to 1750, when England was still a 46agricultural country, a period of great abundance and prosperity.This view, 47, is generally thought to be wrong. Specialists 48history and economics, have 49two things: that the period from 1650 to 1750 was 50by great poverty, and that industrialization certainly did not worsen and may have actually improved the conditions for the majority of the populace.41.[A] admitted[B] believed[C] claimed[D] predicted42.[A] plain[B] average[C] mean[D] normal43.[A] momentary[B] prompt[C] instant[D] immediate44.[A] bulk[B] host[C] gross[D] magnitude45.[A] On[B] With[C] For[D] By46.[A] broadly[B] thoroughly[C] generally[D] completely47.[A] however[B] meanwhile[C] therefore[D] moreover48.[A] at[B] in[C] about[D] for49.[A] manifested[B] approved[C] shown[D] speculated50.[A] noted[B] impressed[C] labeled[D] markedSection III Reading ComprehensionDirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (40 points)Text 1Few creations of big technology capture the imagination like giant dams. Perhaps it is humankind’s long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the idea of forcing the waters to do our biddingso fascinating. But to be fascinated is also, sometimes, to be blind. Several giant dam projects threaten to do more harm than good.The lesson from dams is that big is not always beautiful. It doesn’t help that building a big, powerful dam has become a symbol of achievement for nations and people striving to assert themselves. Egypt’s leadership in the Arab world was cemented by the Aswan High Dam. Turkey’s bid for First World status includes the giant Ataturk Dam.But big dams tend not to work as intended. The Aswan Dam, for example, stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left -- all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity.And yet, the myth of controlling the waters persists. This week, in the heart of civilized Europe, Slovaks and Hungarians stopped just short of sending in the troops in their contention over a dam on the Danube. The huge complex will probably have all the usual problems of big dams. But Slovakia is bidding for independence from the Czechs, and now needs a dam to prove itself.Meanwhile, in India, the World Bank has given the go-ahead to the even more wrong-headed Narmada Dam. And the bank has done this even though its advisors say the dam will cause hardship for the powerless and environmental destruction. The benefits are for the powerful, but they are far from guaranteed.Proper, scientific study of the impacts of dams and of the cost and benefits of controlling water can help to resolve these conflicts. Hydroelectric power and flood control and irrigation are possible without building monster dams. But when you are dealing with myths, it is hard to be either proper, or scientific. It is time that the world learned the lessons of Aswan. You don’t need a dam to be saved.51.The third sentence of Paragraph 1 implies that ________.[A] people would be happy if they shut their eyes to reality[B] the blind could be happier than the sighted[C] over-excited people tend to neglect vital things[D] fascination makes people lose their eyesight52.In Paragraph 5, “the powerless” probably refers to ________.[A] areas short of electricity[B] dams without power stations[C] poor countries around India[D] common people in the Narmada Dam area53.What is the myth concerning giant dams?[A] They bring in more fertile soil.[B] They help defend the country.[C] They strengthen international ties.[D] They have universal control of the waters.54.What the author tries to suggest may best be interpreted as ________.[A] “It’s no use crying over spilt milk”[B] “More haste, less speed”[C] “Look before you leap”[D] “He who laughs last laughs best”Text 2Well, no gain without pain, they say. But what about pain without gain? Everywhere you go in America, you hear tales of corporate revival. What is harder to establish is whether the productivity revolution that businessmen assume they are presiding over is for real.The official statistics are mildly discouraging. They show that, if you lump manufacturing and services together, productivity has grown on average by 1.2% since 1987. That is somewhat faster than the average during the previous decade. And since 1991, productivity has increased by about 2% a year, which is more than twice the 1978-87 average. The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is due to the usual rebound that occurs at this point in a business cycle, and so is not conclusive evidence of a revival in the underlying trend. There is, as Robert Rubin, the treasury secretary, says, a “disjunction” between the mass of business anecdote that points to a leap in productivity and the picture reflected by the statistics.Some of this can be easily explained. New ways of organizing the workplace -- all that re-engineering and downsizing -- are only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy, which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery, new technology, and investment in education and training. Moreover, most of the changes that companies make are intended to keep them profitable, and this need not always mean increasing productivity: switching to new markets or improving quality can matter just as much.Two other explanations are more speculative. First, some of the business restructuring of recent years may have been ineptly done. Second, even if it was well done, it may have spread much less widely than people suppose.Leonard Schlesinger, a Harvard academic and former chief executive of Au Bong Pain, a rapidly growing chain of bakery cafes, says that much “re-engineering” has been crude. In many cases, he believes, the loss of revenue has been greater than the reductions in cost. His colleague, Michael Beer, says that far too many companies have applied re-engineering in a mechanistic fashion, chopping out costs without giving sufficient thought to long-term profitability. BBDO’s Al Rosenshine is blunter. He dismisses a lot of the work of re-engineering consultants as mere rubbish -- “the worst sort of ambulance chasing.”55.According to the author, the American economic situation is ________.[A] not as good as it seems[B] at its turning point[C] much better than it seems[D] near to complete recovery56.The official statistics on productivity growth ________.[A] exclude the usual rebound in a business cycle[B] fall short of businessmen’s anticipation[C] meet the expectation of business people[D] fail to reflect the true state of economy57.The author raises the question “what about pain without gain?” because ________.[A] he questions the truth of “no gain without pain”[B] he does not think the productivity revolution works[C] he wonders if the official statistics are misleading[D] he has conclusive evidence for the revival of businesses58.Which of the following statements is NOT mentioned in the passage?[A] Radical reforms are essential for the increase of productivity.[B] New ways of organizing workplaces may help to increase productivity.[C] The reduction of costs is not a sure way to gain long-term profitability.[D] The consultants are a bunch of good-for-nothings.Text 3Science has long had an uneasy relationship with other aspects of culture. Think of Gallileo’s17th-century trial for his rebelling belief before the Catholic Church or poet William Blake’s harsh remarks against the mechanistic worldview of Isaac Newton. The schism between science and the humanities has, if anything, deepened in this century.Until recently, the scientific community was so powerful that it could afford to ignore its critics -- but no longer. As funding for science has declined, scientists have attacked “anti-science” in several books, notably Higher Superstition, by Paul R. Gross, a biologist at the University of Virginia, and Norman Levitt, a mathematician at Rutgers University; and The Demon-Haunted World, by Carl Sagan of Cornell University.Defenders of science have also voiced their concerns at meetings such as “The Flight from Science and Reason,” held in New York City in 1995, and “Science in the Age of (Mis) information,” which assembled last June near Buffalo.Anti-science clearly means different things to different people. Gross and Levitt find fault primarily with sociologists, philosophers and other academics who have questioned science’s objectivity. Sagan is more concerned with those who believe in ghosts, creationism and other phenomena that contradict the scientific worldview.A survey of news stories in 1996 reveals that the anti-science tag has been attached to many other groups as well, from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research.Few would dispute that the term applies to the Unabomber, whose manifesto, published in 1995, scorns science and longs for return to a pre-technological utopia. But surely that does not mean environmentalists concerned about uncontrolled industrial growth are anti-science, as an essay in US News & World Report last May seemed to suggest.The environmentalists, inevitably, respond to such critics. The true enemies of science, argues Paul Ehrlich of Stanford University, a pioneer of environmental studies, are those who question the evidence supporting global warming, the depletion of the ozone layer and other consequences of industrial growth.Indeed, some observers fear that the anti-science epithet is in danger of becoming meaningless. “The term ‘anti-science’ can lump together too many, quite different things,” notes Harvard University philosopher Gerald Holton in his 1993 work Science and Anti-Science. “They have in common only one thing that they tend to annoy or threaten those who regard themselves as more enlightened.”59.The word “schism” (Line 4, Paragraph 1) in the context probably means ________.[A] confrontation[B] dissatisfaction[C] separation[D] contempt60.Paragraphs 2 and 3 are written to ________.[A] discuss the cause of the decline of science’s power[B] show the author’s sympathy with scientists[C] explain the way in which science develops[D] exemplify the division of science and the humanities61.Which of the following is true according to the passage?[A] Environmentalists were blamed for anti-science in an essay.[B] Politicians are not subject to the labeling of anti-science.[C] The “more enlightened” tend to tag others as anti-science.[D] Tagging environmentalists as “anti-science” is justifiable.62.The author’s attitude toward the issue of “science vs. anti-science” is ________.[A] impartial[B] subjective[C] biased[D] puzzlingText 4Emerging from the 1980 census is the picture of a nation developing more and more regional competition, as population growth in the Northeast and Midwest reaches a near standstill.This development --and its strong implications for US politics and economy in years ahead --has enthroned the South as America’s most densely populated region for the first time in the history of the nation’s head counting.Altogether, the US population rose in the 1970s by 23.2 million people -- numerically the third-largest growth ever recorded in a single decade. Even so, that gain adds up to only 11.4 percent, lowest in American annual records except for the Depression years.Americans have been migrating south and west in larger numbers since World War II, and the pattern still prevails.Three sun-belt states -- Florida, Texas and California -- together had nearly 10 million more people in 1980 than a decade earlier. Among large cities, San Diego moved from 14th to 8th and San Antonio from 15th to 10th -- with Cleveland and Washington. D. C., dropping out of the top 10.Not all that shift can be attributed to the movement out of the snow belt, census officials say. Nonstop waves of immigrants played a role, too -- and so did bigger crops of babies as yesterday’s “baby boom” generation reached its child-bearing years.Moreover, demographers see the continuing shift south and west as joined by a related but newer phenomenon: More and more, Americans apparently are looking not just for places with more jobs but with fewer people, too. Some instances—■Regionally, the Rocky Mountain states reported the most rapid growth rate -- 37.1 percent since 1970 in a vast area with only 5 percent of the US population.■Among states, Nevada and Arizona grew fastest of all: 63.5 and 53.1 percent respectively. Except for Florida and Texas, the top 10 in rate of growth is composed of Western states with 7.5 million people --about 9 per square mile.The flight from overcrowdedness affects the migration from snow belt to more bearable climates.Nowhere do 1980 census statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious living than in the Far West. There, California added 3.7 million to its population in the 1970s, more than any other state.In that decade, however, large numbers also migrated from California, mostly to other parts of the West. Often they chose -- and still are choosing -- somewhat colder climates such as Oregon, Idaho and Alaska in order to escape smog, crime and other plagues of urbanization in the Golden State.As a result, California’s growth rate dropped during the 1970s, to 18.5 percent -- little more than two thirds the 1960s’ growth figure and considerably below that of other Western states.63.Discerned from the perplexing picture of population growth the 1980 census provided, America in1970s ________.[A] enjoyed the lowest net growth of population in history[B] witnessed a southwestern shift of population[C] underwent an unparalleled period of population growth[D] brought to a standstill its pattern of migration since World War II64.The census distinguished itself from previous studies on population movement in that ________.[A] it stresses the climatic influence on population distribution[B] it highlights the contribution of continuous waves of immigrants[C] it reveals the Americans’ new pursuit of spacious living[D] it elaborates the delayed effects of yesterday’s “baby boom”65.We can see from the available statistics that ________.[A] California was once the most thinly populated area in the whole US[B] the top 10 states in growth rate of population were all located in the West[C] cities with better climates benefited unanimously from migration[D] Arizona ranked second of all states in its growth rate of population66.The word “demographers” (Line 1, Paragraph 8) most probably means ________.[A] people in favor of the trend of democracy[B] advocates of migration between states[C] scientists engaged in the study of population[D] conservatives clinging to old patterns of lifeText 5Scattered around the globe are more than 100 small regions of isolated volcanic activity known to geologists as hot spots. Unlike most of the world’s volcanoes, they are not always found at the boundaries of the great drifting plates that make up the earth’s surface; on the contrary, many of them lie deep in the interior of a plate. Most of the hot spots move only slowly, and in some cases the movement of the plates past them has left trails of dead volcanoes. The hot spots and their volcanic trails are milestones that mark the passage of the plates.That the plates are moving is now beyond dispute. Africa and South America, for example, are moving away from each other as new material is injected into the sea floor between them. The complementary coastlines and certain geological features that seem to span the ocean are reminders of where the two continents were once joined. The relative motion of the plates carrying these continents has been constructed in detail, but the motion of one plate with respect to another cannot readily be translated into motion with respect to the earth’s interior. It is not possible to determine whether both continents are moving in opposite directions or whether one continent is stationary and the other is drifting away from it. Hot spots, anchored in the deeper layers of the earth, provide the measuring instruments needed to resolve the question. From an analysis of the hot-spot population it appears that the African plate is stationary and that it has not moved during the past 30 million years.The significance of hot spots is not confined to their role as a frame of reference. It now appears that they also have an important influence on the geophysical processes that propel the plates across the globe. When a continental plate come to rest over a hot spot, the material rising from deeper layers creates a broad dome. As the dome grows, it develops deep fissures (cracks); in at least a few cases the continent may break entirely along some of these fissures, so that the hot spot initiates the formation of a new ocean. Thus just as earlier theories have explained the mobility of the continents, so hot spots may explain their mutability (inconstancy).67.The author believes that ________.[A] the motion of the plates corresponds to that of the earth’s interior[B] the geological theory about drifting plates has been proved to be true[C] the hot spots and the plates move slowly in opposite directions[D] the movement of hot spots proves the continents are moving apart68.That Africa and South America were once joined can be deduced from the fact that ________.[A] the two continents are still moving in opposite directions[B] they have been found to share certain geological features[C] the African plate has been stable for 30 million years[D] over 100 hot spots are scattered all around the globe69.The hot spot theory may prove useful in explaining ________.[A] the structure of the African plates[B] the revival of dead volcanoes[C] the mobility of the continents[D] the formation of new oceans70.The passage is mainly about ________.[A] the features of volcanic activities[B] the importance of the theory about drifting plates[C] the significance of hot spots in geophysical studies[D] the process of the formation of volcanoesSection IV English-Chinese TranslationDirections:Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. Your translation must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)They were, by far, the largest and most distant objects that scientists had ever detected: a strip of enormous cosmic clouds some 15 billion light-years from earth. 71) But even more important, it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past, for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago. That was just about the moment that the universe was born. What the researchers found was at once both amazing and expected: the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s Cosmic Background Explorer satellite -- Cobe -- had discovered landmark evidence that the universe did in fact begin with the primeval explosion that has become known as the Big Bang (the theory that the universe originated in an explosion from a single mass of energy).72) The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang, first put forward in the 1920s, to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos. According to the theory, the universe burst into being as a submicroscopic, unimaginably dense knot of pure energy that flew outward in all directions, emitting radiation as it went, condensing into particles and then into atoms of gas. Over billions of years, the gas was compressed by gravity into galaxies, stars, plants and eventually, even humans.Cobe is designed to see just the biggest structures, but astronomers would like to see much smaller hot spots as well, the seeds of local objects like clusters and superclusters of galaxies. They shouldn’t have long to wait. 73) Astrophysicists working with ground-based detectors at the South Pole and balloon-borne instruments are closing in on such structures, and may report their findings soon.74) If the small hot spots look as expected, that will be a triumph for yet another scientific idea, a refinement of the Big Bang called the inflationary universe theory. Inflation says that very early on, the universe expanded in size by more than a trillion trillion trillion trillionfold in much less than a second, propelled by a sort of antigravity. 75) Odd though it sounds, cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary particle physics, and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true.71.更为重要的是，这是科学家们所能观测到的最遥远的过去的景象，因为他们看到的是150亿年前宇宙云的形状和结构。
1998年全国考研英语真题及答案
1998年全国考研英语真题及答案1998年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题及答案Part I Structure and VocabularySections ADirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked A),B),C)andD).Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET I by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (5 points)Example:I have been to the Great Wall three times _____ 1979.A)fromB)afterC)forD)sinceThe sentence should read,"I have been to the Great Wall three times since 1979."Therefore, you should choose D).I worked so late in the office last night that I hardly had time _____ the last bus .A)to have caughtB)to catchC)catchingD)having caughtAs it turned out to be a small house party, we _____ so formally.A)needn#39;t dress upB)did not need have dressed upC)did not need dress upD)needn#39;t have dressed upI apologize if I _____ you, but I assure you it was unintentional .A)offendB)had offendedC)should have offendedD)might have offendedAlthough a teenager, Fred could resist _____ what to do and what not to do .A)to be toldB)having been toldC)being toldD)to have been toldGreater efforts to increase agricultural production must be made if food shortage _____ avoided .A)is to beB)can beC)will beD)has beenDoing your homework is a sure way to improve your test scores, and this is especially true _____ it comes to classroom tests .A)beforeB)asC)sinceD)whenThere are over 100 night schools in the city, making it possible for a professional to be re-educated no matter _____ he does .A)howB)whereC)whatD)whenI#39;ve kept up a friendship with a girl whom I was at school _____ twenty years ago .A)aboutB)sinceC)tillD)withHe wasn#39;t asked to take on the chairmanship of the society, _____ insufficiently popular with all members .A)being considerdB)consideringC)to be consideredD)having considered_____ for the timely investment from the general public,our company would not be so thriving as it is .A)Had it not beenB)Were it notC)Be it notD)Should it not beSection BDirections:Each of the following sentences has four underlined parts marked A),B),C)and D). Identify the part of the sentence that is incorrect and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET I by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (5 points)Example:A number of A) foreign visitors were taken B) to the industrial exhibition which C) they saw D) many new products.Part C) is wrong. The sentence should read, “A number of foreign visitors were taken to the industrial exhibition where they saw many new products.” So you should choose C).According to Darwin,randon changes that enhance a species#39; A) ability for surviving B) are C) naturally selected and passed on to succeeding D) generations.Neither rain nor snow keeps A) the postman from delivering our letters which B)we so much C) look forward to receive D) .If they will not accept A) a check, we shall have B)to pay the cash C) , though it would be D) much trouble for both sides .Having been A) robbed off B)economic importance,those states are not C) likely to count for very much D) in international political terms.The message will be A) that B)neither the market nor the government is capable of dealing with all of their C) uncontrollable practices D) .The logic of scientific development is such A) that separates B)groups of men working on C) the same problem in far-scattered D) laboratories are likely to arrive at the same answer at the same time.Yet not all of these races are intellectual inferior to A) the European races, and B)some may even have a C) freshness and vitality that can renew the energies D) of more advanced races.The A) more than 50,000 nuclear weapons in the hands of various nations today are more than B)ample destroying C) every city in the world several times over D) .The universe works in a way so far remove A) from what common sense would B)allow that C) words of any kind must necessarily be inadequate to explain it D) .The integration of independent states could best be A) brought about by first B)creaing a central organization with authorities C) over technical D) economic tasks.Sections CDirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked A),B),C)and D). Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET Iby blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)Example:The lost car of the Lees was found _____ in the woods off the highway.A)vanishedB)scattered C)abandonedD)rejectedThe sentence should read, “The lost car of the Lees was found abandoned in the woods off the highway.” Therefore, you should choose C).The machine needs a complete _____ since it has been in use for over ten years .A)amendingB)fittingC)mendingD)renovatingThere were many people present and he appeared only for a few seconds, so I only caught a _____ of him .A)glanceB)glimpseC)lookD)sightI don#39;t think it#39;s wise of you to _____ your greater knowledge in front of the director, for it may offend him .A)show upB)show outC)show inD)show offThe returns in the short _____ may be small,but over a number of years the investment will be well repaid .A)intervalB)rangeC)spanD)termA thorough study of biology requires _____ with the properties of trees and plants,and the habit of birds and beasts .A)acquisitionB)discriminationC)curiosityD)familiarityShe worked hard at her task before she felt sure that the results would _____ her long effort .A)justifyB)testifyC)rectifyD)verifyI#39;m very glad to know that my boss has generously agreed to _____ my debt in return for certain services .A)take awayB)cut outC)write offD)clear upSome journalists often overstate the situation so that their news may create a great _____ .A)explosionB)sensationC)exaggerationD)stimulationAccording to what you have just said,am I to understand that his new post _____ no responsibility with it at all? .A)shouldersB)possessesC)carriesD)sharesSometimes the student may be asked to write about his _____ to a certain book or article that has some bearing on the subject being studied .A)commentB)reactionC)impressionD)comprehensionPlease _____ yourself from smoking and spitting in public places,since the law fotbids them .A)restrainB)hinderC)restrictD)prohibitWithout telephone it would be impossible to carry on the functions of _____ every business operation in the whole country .A)practicallyB)preferablyC)preciselyD)presumablyPreliminary estimation puts the figure at around $110 billion, _____ the $160 billion the President is struggling to get through the Congress .A)in proportion toB)in reply toC)in relation toD)in contrast toHe is planning another tour abroad,yet his passport will _____at the end of this month .A)expireB)exceedC)terminateD)ceaseAll the off-shore oil explorers were in high spirits as they read _____ letters from their families .A)sentimentalB)affectionateC)intimateD)sensitiveSeveral international events in the early 1990s seem likely to _____ ,or at least weaken,the trends that emerged in the 1980s .A)revoltB)revolveC)reverseD)reviveI was unaware of the critical points involved,so my choice was quite _____ .A)arbitraryB)rationalC)mechanicalD)unpredictableThe local people were joyfully surprised to find the price of vegetables no longer _____ according to the weather .A)alteredB)convertedC)fluctuatedD)modifiedThe pursuit of leisure on the part of the employees willcertainly not _____ their prospect of promotion .A)spurB)furtherC)induceD)reinforceIn what _____ to a last minute stay of execution,a council announced that emergency funding would keep alive two aging satellites .A)appliesB)accountsC)attachesD)amountsPart II Cloze TestDirections:For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked A),B),C),D). Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET I by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points) Until recently most histroians spoke very critically of the Industrial Revolution. They 41 that in the long run industrialization greatly raised the standard of living for the 42 man. But they insisted that its 43 results during the period from 1750 to 1850 were widespread poverty and misery for the 44 of the English population. 45 contrast, they saw in the preceding hundred years from 1650 to 1750, when England was still a 46 agricultural country, a period of great abundance and prosperity.This view, 47 ,is generally thought to be wrong. Specialists 48 history and economics, have 49 two things:that the period from 1650 to 1750 was 50 by great poverty, and that industrialization certainly did not worsen and may have actually improved the conditions for the majority of the populace.41.A)admitted B)believed C)claimed D)predicted42.A)plain B)average C)mean D)normal43.A)momentary B)prompt C)instant D)immediate44.A)bulk B)host C)gross D)magnitude45.A)On B)With C)For D)By46.A)broadly B)thoroughly C)generally D)completely47.A)however B)meanwhile C)therefore D)moreover48.A)at B)in C)about D)for49.A)manifested B)approved C)shown D)speculated50.A)noted B)impressed C)labeled D)markedPart III Reading ComprehensionDirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked A),B),C) and D). Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET I by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. (40 points)Passage 1Few creations of big technology capture the imagination like giant dams. Perhaps it is humankind#39;s long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the ideal of forcing the waters to do our bidding so fascination. But to be fascinated is also, sometimes, to be blind. Several giant dam projects threaten to do more harm than good.The lesson from dams is that big is not always beautiful. It doesn#39;t help that building a big, powerful dam has become a symbol of achievement for nations and people striving to assert themselves. Egypt#39;s leadership in the Arab world was cemented by the Aswan High Dam. Turkey#39;s bid for First World status includes the giant Ataturk Dam.But big dams tend not to work as intended. The Aswan Dam, for example stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left - all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity.And yet, the myth of controlling the waters persists. This week, in the heart of civilized Europe, Slovaks and Hungarians stopped just short of sending in the troops in their contention over a dam on the Danube. The huge complex will probably have all the usual problems of big dams. But Slovakia is bidding for independence from the Czechs, and now needs a dam to prove itself.Meanwhile, in India, the World Bank has given the go ahead to the even more wrong headed Narmada Dam. And the bank has done this even though its advisors say the dam will cause hardship for the powerless and environmental destruction. The benefits are for the powerful, but they are far from guaranteed.Proper, scientific study of the impacts of dams and of the cost and benefits of controlling water can help to resolve these conflicts. Hydroelectric power and flood control and irrigation are possible without building monster dams. But when you are dealing with myths, it is hard to be either proper, or scientific. It is time that the world learned the lessons of Aswan. You don#39;t need a dam to be saved.The third sentence of paragraph 1 implies that _____ .A)people would be happy if they shut their eyes to realityB)the blind could be happier than the sightedC) over?excited people tend to neglect vital things.D)fascination makes people lose their eyesightIn paragraph 5, “the powerless” probably refers to _____ .A)areas short of electricityB)dams without power stationsC)poor counrtries around IndiaD)common people in the Narmada Dam areaWhat is the myth concerning giant dams?A)They bring in more fertile soil.B)They help defend the country.C)They strengthen international ties.D)They have univeral control of the waters.What the author tries to suggest may best be interpreted as _____ .A)“It#39;s no use crying over spilt milk”B)“More haste, less speed”C) “Look before you leap”D)“He who laughs last laughs best”Passage 2Well, no gain without pain, they say. But what about pain without gain? Everywhere you go in America, you hear tales of corporate revival. What is harder to establish is whether the productivity revolution that businessmen assume they are presiding over is for real.The official statistics are mildly discouraging. They show that, if you lump manufacturing and services together, productivity has grown on average by 1.2% since 1987. That is somewhat faster than the average during the previous decade. And since 1991, productivity has increased by about 2% a year, which is more than twice the 1978 87 average. The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is due to the usual rebound that occurs at this point in a business cycle, and so is not conclusive evidence of a revival in the underlying trend. There is, as Robert Rubin, thetreasury secretary, says, a “disjunction” between th e mass of business anecdote that points to a leap in productivity and the picture reflected by the statistics.Some of this can be easily explanied. New ways of organizing the workplace all that re engineering and downsizing - are only one contribution to the overalll productivity of an economy, which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery, new technology, and investment in education and training. Moreover, most of the changes that companies make are intended to keep them profitable, and this need not always mean increasing productivity:switching to new markets or improving quality can matter just as much.Two other explanations are more speculative. First, some of the business restructuring of recent years may have been ineptly done. Second, even if it was well done, it may have spread much less widely than people suppose.Leonard Schlesinger, a Harvard academic and former chief executive of Au Bong Pain, a rapidly growing chain of bakery cafes, says that much “re engineering” has been crude. In many cases, he believes, the loss of revenue has been greater than the reductions in cost. His colleague, Michael Beer, says that far too many companies have applied re engineering in a mechanistic fashion, chopping out costs without giving sufficent thought to long term profitability. BBDO#39;s Al Rosenshine is blunter. He dismisses a lot of the work of re engineering consultants as mere rubbish - “the worst sort of ambulance cashing.”According to the author, the American economic situation is _____ .A)not as good as it seemsB)at its turning pointC)much better than it seemsD)near to complete recoveryThe official statistics on productivity growth _____ .A)exclude the usual rebound in a business cycleB)fall short of businessmen#39;s anticipationC)meet the expectation of business peopleD)fail to reflect the true state of economyThe author raises the question “what about pain without gain?” because _____ .A)he questions the truth of “no gain without pain”B)he does not think the productivity revolution worksC)he wonders if the official statistics are misleadingD)he has conclusive evidence for the revival of businessesWhich of the following statements is NOT mentioned in the passage?A)Radical reforms are essential for the increase of productivity.B)New ways of organizing workplaces may help to increase productivity.C)The reduction of costs is not a sure way to gain long term profitability.D)The consultants are a bunch of good for nothigns.Passage 3Science has long had an uneasy relationship with other aspects of culture. Think of Gallileo#39;s 17th century trial for his rebelling belief before the Catholic Church or poet William Blake#39;s harsh remarks against the mechanistic worldview of Isaac Newton. The schism between sceience and the humanities has, if anything, deepened in this century.Until recently, the seientific community was so powerful thatit could affort to ignore its critics - but no longer. As funding for science has declined, scientists have at tacked “antiscience” in several books, notably Higher Superstition, by Paul R.Gross, a biologist at the University of Verginia, and Norman Levitt, a mathematician at Rutgers University; and The Demon?Haunted World, by Car Sagan of Cornell University.Defenders of science have also voiced their concerns at meetings such as “The Flight from Science and Reason,” held in New York City in 1995, and “Science in the Age of (Mis)information,”which assembled last June near Buffalo.Antiscience clearly means different things to different people. Gross and Levitt find fault primarily with sociologists, philosophers and other academics who have questioned science#39;s objectivity. Sagan is more concerned with those who believe in ghosts, creationism and other phenomena that contradict the scientific worldview.A survey of news stories in 1996 reveals that the antiscience tag has been attached to many other groups as well, from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research.Few would dispute that the term applies to the Unabomber, those manifesto, published in 1995, scorns science and longs for return to a pretechnological utopia. But surely that does not mean environmentalists concerned about uncontrolled industrial growth are antiscience, as an essay in US News & World Report last May seemed to suggest.The environmentalists, inevitably, respond to such critics. The true enemies of science, argues Paul Ehrlich of Stanford University, a pioneer of environmental studies, are those who question theevidence supporting global warming, the depletion of the ozone layer and other consequences of industrial growth.Indeed, some observers fear that the antiscience epithet is in danger of becoming meaningless. “The term #39;antiscience#39; can lump together too many, quite different things,” notes Harvard University philosopher Gerald Holton in his 1993 work Science and Anti Science. “They have in common only one thing that they tend to annoy or threaten those who regard themselves as more enlightened. ”The word “schism”(Line 4, Paragraph 1) in the context probably means _____ .A)confrontationB)dissatisfactionC)separationD)contemptParagraphs 2 and 3 are written to _____ .A)discuss the cause of the decline of science#39;s powerB)show the author#39;s symphathy with scientistsC)explain the way in which science developsD)exemplify the division of science and the humanitiesWhich of the following is true according to the passage?A)Environmentalists were blamed for antiscience in an essay.B)Politicans are not subject to the labeling of antiscience.C)The “more enlightened” tend to tag others as antiscienceD)Tagging environmentalists as “antiscience” is justifiableThe auth or#39;s attitude toward the issue of “science vs. antiscience” is _____ .A)impartialB)subjectiveC)biasedD)puzzlingPassage 4Emerging from the 1980 census is the picture of a nation developing more and more regional competition, as population growth in the Northeast and Midwest reaches a near standstill.This development - and its strong implications for US politics and economy in years ahead - has enthroned the South as America#39;s most densely populated region for the first time in the history of the nation#39;s head counting.Altogether, the US population rose in the 1970s by 23.2 million people - numerically the third largest growth ever recorded in a single decade. Even so, that gain adds up to only 11.4 percent, lowest in American annual records except for the Depression years.Americans have been migrating south and west in larger number since World War II, and the pattern still prevails.Three sun belt states - Florida, Texas and California - together had nearly 10 million more people in 1980 than a decade earlier. Among large cities, San Diego moved from 14th to 8th and San Antonio from 15th to 10th - with Cleveland and Washington.DC,dropping out of the top 10.Not all that shift can be attributed to the movement out of the snow belt, census officials say, Nonstop waves of immigrants played a role, too - and so did bigger crops of babies as yesterday#39;s “baby boom” generation reached its child bearing years.Moreover, demographers see the continuing shift south and west as joined by a related but newer phenomenon: More and more, Americans apparently are looking not just for places withmore jobs but with fewer people, too. Some instances-● Regionally, the Rocky Mountain states reported the most rapid growth rate - 37.1 percent since 1970 in a vast area with only 5 percent of the US population.●Among states, Nevada and Arizona grew fastest of all: 63.5 and 53.1 percent respectively. Except fro Florida and Texas, the top 10 in rate of growth is composed of Western states with 7.5 million people - about 9 per square mile.The flight from overcrowdedness affects the migration from snow belt to morebearable climates.Nowhere do 1980 census statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious living than in the Far West. There, California added 3.7 million to its population in the 1970s, more than any other state.In that decade, however, large numbers also migrated from California, mostly to other parts of the West. Often they chose - and still are choosing - somewhat colder climates such as Oregon, Idaho and Alaska in order to escape smog, crime and other plagues of urbanization in the Golden State.As a result, California#39;s growth rate dropped during the 1970s, to 18.5 percent - little more than two thirds the 1960s growth figure and considerably below that of other Western states.Discerned from the perplexing picture of population growth the 1980 census provided, America in 1970s _____ .A)enjoyed the lowest net growth of population in historyB)witnessed a southwestern shift of populationC)underwent an unparalleled period of population growthD)brought to a standstill its pattern of migration since World dWar IIThe census distinguished itself from previous studies on population movement in that _____ .A)it stresses the climatic influence on population distributionB)it highlights the contribution of continuous waves of immigrantsC)it reveals the Americans#39; new persuit of spacious livingD)it elaborates the delayed effects of yesterday#39;s “baby boom”We can see from the available statistics that _____ .A)California was once the most thinly populated area in the whole USB)the top 10 states in growth rate of population were all located in the WestC)cities with better climates benefited unanimously from migrationD)Arizona ranked second of all states in its growth rate of populationThe word “demographers” (Line 1, Paragraph 8) most probably means _____ .A)people infavor of the trend of democracyB)advocates of migration between statesC)scientists engaged in the studey of populationD)conservatives clinging to old patterns of lifePassage 5Scattered around the globe are more than 100 small regions of isolated volcanic activity known to geologists as hot spots. Unlike most of the world#39;s volcanoes, they are not always found at the boundaries of the great drifting plates that make up the earth#39;s surface; on the contrary, many of them lie deep in the interior of a plate. Most of the hot spots move only slowly,and in some cases the movement of the plates past them has left trails of dead volcanoes. The hot spots and their volcanic trails are milestones that mark the passage of the plates.That the plates are moving is not beyond dispute. Africa and South America, for example, are moving away from eath other as new material is injected into the sea floor between them. The complementary coastlines and certain geological features that seem to span the ocean are reminders of where the two continents were once joined. The relative motion of the plates carrying these continents has been constructed in detail, but the motion of one plate with respect to another cannot readily be translated into motion with respect to the earth#39;s interior. It is not possible to determine whether both continents are moving in opposite direcitons or whether one continent is stationary and the other is drifting away from it. Hot spots,anchored in the deeper layers of the earth, provide the measuring instruments needed to resolve the quesiton. From an analysis of the hot spot popultion it appears that the African plate is stationary and that it has not moved during the past 30 million years.The significance of hot spots is not confined to their role as a frame of reference. It now appears that they also have an important influence on the geophysical processes that propel the plates across the globe. When a continental plate come to rest over a hot spot, the material rising from deeper layer creates a broad dome. As the dome grows, it develops seed fissures(cracks); in at least a few cases the continent may break entirely along some of these fissures, so that the hot spot initiates the formation of a new ocean. Thus just as earlier theories have explanied the mobility of the continents, so hot spots may explain their mutability(inconstance).The author believes that _____ .A)the motion of the plates corresponds to that of the earth#39;s interiorB)the geological theory about drifting plates has been proved to be trueC)the hot spots and the plates move slowly in opposite directionsD)the movement of hot spots proves the continents are moving apartThat Africa and South America were once joined can be deduced from the fact that _____ .A)the two continents are still moving in opposite direcitonsB)they have been found to share certain geological featuresC)the African plates has been stable for 30 million yearsD)over 100 hot spots are scattered all around the globeThe hot spot theory may prove useful in explaining _____ .A)the structure of the African platesB)the revival of dead volcanoesC)the mobility of the continentsD)the formation of new oceansThe passage is mainly about _____ .A)the features of volcanic activitiesB)the importance of the theory about drifting platesC)the significance of hot spots in geophysical studiesD)the process of the formation of volcanoesPart IV English Chinese TranslationDirections:Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. Your translation must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET II. (15 points).They were, by far, the largest and most distant objects that。
1999年考研英语真题及解析
1999年考研英语真题精解精析1999年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题按照《1999年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语考试大纲（非英语专业）》要求命制，体现了《大纲》的考核目标、形式和内容。
1999年试题题型与1998年相比，没有改变，继续沿用往年的考试题型，语法结构和词汇部分所考查的重点依旧保持不变。
命题长度上，增加了10道题目，计分没有变化；“短文写作”题量上没做任何改动，但计分增加了5分，这对考生来说既是机遇也是挑战。
如果准备充分、备考得法，就会轻松提高5分，反之，可能会丢掉这部分的分数。
总体难度方面，各部分都较1998年略有增加。
SectionⅠCloze Test【文章综述】本文是围绕安全生产这个话题的一篇论证性文章。
第一段是安全生产的基本介绍：它不是新事物，而是企业制定并不断实施自己的安全计划以建立无事故工作氛围的做法。
第二段指出，成功有效的安全计划的侧重点各不相同，但都遵循某些基本的思想。
第三段强调安全生产对企业的意义：其价值是不可低估的，它决定了工厂的运营是盈利还是亏损。
【英汉对照】Industrial safety does not just happen. Companies41low accident rates plan their safety programs,work hard to organize them,and continue working to keep them42and active. When the work is well done,a43of accident-free operations is established44time lost due to injuries is kept at a minimum.Successful safety programs may45greatly in the emphasis placed on certain aspects of the program.Some place great emphasis on mechanical guarding.Others stress safe work practices by46 rules or regulations.47others depend on an emotional appeal to the worker.But,there are certain basic ideas that must be used in every program if maximum results are to be obtained. There can be no question about the value of a safety program.From a financial standpoint alone,safety 48.The fewer the injury49,the better the workman's insurance rate.This may mean the difference between operating at50or at a loss.安全生产并不是偶然事件：事故发生41率低的公司制定自己的安全计划，努力付诸实施，并且不断使之保持42活力、发挥作用。
1998年考研英语试题及答案
1998年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Structure and VocabularyPart ADirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (5 points)Example:I have been to the Great Wall three times ________ 1979.[A] from[B] after[C] for[D] sinceThe sentence should read, “I have been to the Great Wall three t imes since 1979.” Therefore, you should choose [D].1. I worked so late in the office last night that I hardly had time________ the last bus.[A] to have caught[B] to catch[C] catching[D] having caught2. As it turned out to be a small house party, we ________ so formally.[A] needn’t dress up[B] did not need have dressed up[C] did not need dress up[D] needn’t have dressed up3. I apologize if I ________ you, but I assure you it was unintentional.[A] offend[B] had offended[C] should have offended[D] might have offended4. Although a teenager, Fred could resist ________ what to do and whatnot to do.[A] to be told[B] having been told[C] being told[D] to have been told5. Greater efforts to increase agricultural production must be madeif food shortage ________ avoided.[A] is to be[B] can be[C] will be[D] has been6. Doing your homework is a sure way to improve your test scores, andthis is especially true ________ it comes to classroom tests.[A] before[B] as[C] since[D] when7. There are over 100 night schools in the city, making it possiblefor a professional to be reeducated no matter ________ he does.[A] how[B] where[C] what[D] when8. I’ve kept up a friendship with a girl whom I was at school ________twenty years ago.[A] about[B] since[C] till[D] with9. He wasn’t asked to take on the chairmanship of the society,________ insufficiently popular with all members.[A] being considered[B] considering[C] to be considered[D] having considered10. ________ for the timely investment from the general public, ourcompany would not be so thriving as it is.[A] Had it not been[B] Were it not[C] Be it not[D] Should it not bePart BDirections:Each of the following sentences has four underlined parts marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Identify the part of the sentence that is incorrect and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (5 points)Example:A number of [A] foreign visitors were taken [B] to the industrial exhibition, which [C] they saw [D] many new products.Part [C] is wrong. The sentence should read, “A number of foreign visitors were taken to the industrial exhibition, where they saw many new products.” So you should choose [C].11. According to Darwin, random changes that enhance a species’Aability for survivingB areCnaturally selected and passed onto succeedingDgenerations.12. Neither rain nor snow keepsAthe postman from delivering our letterswhich B we so muchClook forward to receiveD.13. If they will not acceptA a check, we shall haveBto pay the cashC,though it would beDmuch trouble for both sides.14. Having beenA robbed offBeconomic importance, those states are notClikely to count for very muchDin international political terms.15. The message will beA thatBneither the market nor the government iscapable of dealing with all of theirC uncontrollable practicesD.16. The logic of scientific development is suchA that separatesBgroupsof men working onC the same problem in far-scatteredDlaboratoriesare likely to arrive at the same answer at the same time.17. Yet not all of these races are intellectual inferior toAtheEuropean races, andB some may even have aCfreshness and vitalitythat can renew the energiesDof more advanced races.18. TheAmore than 50,000 nuclear weapons in the hands of variousnations today are more thanB ample destroyingCevery city in theworld several times overD.19. The universe works in a way so far removeAfrom what common sensewould B allow thatCwords of any kind must necessarily be inadequateto explain itD.20. The integration of independent states could best beAbrought aboutby firstB creating a central organization with authoritiesCovertechnicalDeconomic tasks.Part CDirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)Example:The lost car of the Lees was found ________ in the woods off the highway.[A] vanished[B] scattered[C] abandoned[D] rejectedThe sentence should read, “The lost car of the Lees was found abandoned in the woods off the highway.” Therefore, you should choose [C].21. The machine needs a complete ________ since it has been in use forover ten years.[A] amending[B] fitting[C] mending[D] renovating22. There were many people present and he appeared only for a fewseconds, so I only caught a ________ of him.[A] glance[B] glimpse[C] look[D] sight23. I don’t think it’s wise of you to ________ your greater knowledgein front of the director, for it may offend him.[A] show up[B] show out[C] show in[D] show off24. The returns in the short ________ may be small, but over a numberof years the investment will be well repaid.[A] interval[B] range[C] span[D] term25. A thorough study of biology requires ________ with the propertiesof trees and plants, and the habit of birds and beasts.[A] acquisition[B] discrimination[C] curiosity[D] familiarity26. She worked hard at her task before she felt sure that the resultswould ________ her long effort.[A] justify[B] testify[C] rectify[D] verify27. I’m very glad to know that my boss has generously agreed to________ my debt in return for certain services.[A] take away[B] cut out[C] write off[D] clear up28. Some journalists often overstate the situation so that their newsmay create a great ________.[A] explosion[B] sensation[C] exaggeration[D] stimulation29. According to what you have just said, am I to understand that hisnew post ________ no responsibility with it at all?[A] shoulders[B] possesses[C] carries[D] shares30. Sometimes the student may be asked to write about his ________ toa certain book or article that has some bearing on the subjectbeing studied.[A] comment[B] reaction[C] impression[D] comprehension31.Please ________ yourself from smoking and spitting in public places,since the law forbids them.[A] restrain[B] hinder[C] restrict[D] prohibit32. Without telephone it would be impossible to carry on the functionsof ________ every business operation in the whole country.[A] practically[B] preferably[C] precisely[D] presumably33. Preliminary estimation puts the figure at around $110 billion,________ the $160 billion the President is struggling to get through the Congress.[A] in proportion to[B] in reply to[C] in relation to[D] in contrast to34. He is planning another tour abroad, yet his passport will ________at the end of this month.[A] expire[B] exceed[C] terminate[D] cease35. All the off-shore oil explorers were in high spirits as they read________ letters from their families.[A] sentimental[B] affectionate[C] intimate[D] sensitive36. Several international events in the early 1990s seem likely to________, or at least weaken, the trends that emerged in the 1980s.[A] revolt[B] revolve[C] reverse[D] revive37. I was unaware of the critical points involved, so my choice wasquite ________.[A] arbitrary[B] rational[C] mechanical[D] unpredictable38. The local people were joyfully surprised to find the price ofvegetables no longer ________ according to the weather.[A] altered[B] converted[C] fluctuated[D] modified39. The pursuit of leisure on the part of the employees will certainlynot ________ their prospect of promotion.[A] spur[B] further[C] induce[D] reinforce40. In what ________ to a last minute stay of execution, a councilannounced that emergency funding would keep alive two aging satellites.[A] applies[B] accounts[C] attaches[D] amountsSection II Cloze TestDirections:For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C], and [D]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)Until recently most historians spoke very critically of theIndustrial Revolution. They 41 that in the long runindustrialization greatly raised the standard of living for the42 man. But they insisted that its 43 results during theperiod from 1750 to 1850 were widespread poverty and misery for the44 of the English population. 45 contrast, they saw in thepreceding hundred years from 1650 to 1750, when England was still a46 agricultural country, a period of great abundance andprosperity.This view, 47, is generally thought to be wrong. Specialists48 history and economics, have 49 two things: that the period from 1650 to 1750 was 50 by great poverty, and thatindustrialization certainly did not worsen and may have actually improved the conditions for the majority of the populace.41. [A] admitted[B] believed[C] claimed[D] predicted42. [A] plain[B] average[C] mean[D] normal43. [A] momentary[B] prompt[C] instant[D] immediate44. [A] bulk[B] host[C] gross[D] magnitude45. [A] On[B] With[C] For[D] By46. [A] broadly[B] thoroughly[C] generally[D] completely47. [A] however[B] meanwhile[C] therefore[D] moreover48. [A] at[B] in[C] about[D] for49. [A] manifested[B] approved[C] shown[D] speculated50. [A] noted[B] impressed[C] labeled[D] markedSection III Reading ComprehensionDirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET 1by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (40 points)Text 1Few creations of big technology capture the imagination like giant dams. Perhaps it is humankind’s long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the idea of forcing the waters to do our bidding so fascinating. But to be fascinated is also, sometimes, to be blind. Several giant dam projects threaten to do more harm than good.The lesson from dams is that big is not always beautiful. It doesn’t help that bu ilding a big, powerful dam has become a symbol of achievement for nations and people striving to assert themselves. Egypt’s leadership in the Arab world was cemented by the Aswan High Dam. Turkey’s bid for First World status includes the giant Ataturk Dam.But big dams tend not to work as intended. The Aswan Dam, for example, stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left -- all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity.And yet, the myth of controlling the waters persists. This week, in the heart of civilized Europe, Slovaks and Hungarians stopped just short of sending in the troops in their contention over a dam on the Danube. The huge complex will probably have all the usual problems of big dams. But Slovakia is bidding for independence from the Czechs, and now needs a dam to prove itself.Meanwhile, in India, the World Bank has given the go-ahead to the even more wrong-headed Narmada Dam. And the bank has done this even though its advisors say the dam will cause hardship for the powerless and environmental destruction. The benefits are for the powerful, but they are far from guaranteed.Proper, scientific study of the impacts of dams and of the cost and benefits of controlling water can help to resolve these conflicts. Hydroelectric power and flood control and irrigation are possiblewithout building monster dams. But when you are dealing with myths, it is hard to be either proper, or scientific. It is time that the world learned the lessons of Aswan. You don’t need a dam to be saved.51. The third sentence of Paragraph 1 implies that ________.[A] people would be happy if they shut their eyes to reality[B] the blind could be happier than the sighted[C] over-excited people tend to neglect vital things[D] fascination makes people lose their eyesight52. In P aragraph 5, “the powerless” probably refers to ________.[A] areas short of electricity[B] dams without power stations[C] poor countries around India[D] common people in the Narmada Dam area53. What is the myth concerning giant dams?[A] They bring in more fertile soil.[B] They help defend the country.[C] They strengthen international ties.[D] They have universal control of the waters.54.What the author tries to suggest may best be interpreted as ________.[A] “It’s no use crying over spilt milk”[B] “More haste, less speed”[C] “Look before you leap”[D] “He who laughs last laughs best”Text 2Well, no gain without pain, they say. But what about pain without gain? Everywhere you go in America, you hear tales of corporate revival. What is harder to establish is whether the productivity revolution that businessmen assume they are presiding over is for real.The official statistics are mildly discouraging. They show that, if you lump manufacturing and services together, productivity has grown on average by 1.2% since 1987. That is somewhat faster than the average during the previous decade. And since 1991, productivity has increased by about 2% a year, which is more than twice the 1978-87 average. The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is due to the usualrebound that occurs at this point in a business cycle, and so is not conclusive evidence of a revival in the underlying trend. There is, as Robert Rubin, the treasury secretary, says, a “disjunction” between the mass of business anecdote that points to a leap in productivity and the picture reflected by the statistics.Some of this can be easily explained. New ways of organizing the workplace -- all that re-engineering and downsizing -- are only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy, which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery, new technology, and investment in education and training. Moreover, most of the changes that companies make are intended to keep them profitable, and this need not always mean increasing productivity: switching to new markets or improving quality can matter just as much.Two other explanations are more speculative. First, some of the business restructuring of recent years may have been ineptly done. Second, even if it was well done, it may have spread much less widely than people suppose.Leonard Schlesinger, a Harvard academic and former chief executive of Au Bong Pain, a rapidly growing chain of bakery cafes, says that much “re-engineering” has been crude. In many cases, he believes, the loss of revenue has been greater than the reductions in cost. His colleague, Michael Beer, says that far too many companies have applied re-engineering in a mechanistic fashion, chopping out costs without giving sufficient thought to long-term profitability. BBDO’s Al Rosenshine is blunter. He dismisses a lot of the work of re-engineering consultants as mere rubbish -- “the worst sort of ambulance c h asing.”55. According to the author, the American economic situation is________.[A] not as good as it seems[B] at its turning point[C] much better than it seems[D] near to complete recovery56. The official statistics on productivity growth ________.[A] exclude the usual rebound in a business cycle[B] fall short of businessmen’s anticipation[C] meet the expectation of business people[D] fail to reflect the true state of economy57. The author raises the question “what about pain without gain?”because ________.[A] he questions the truth of “no gain without pain”[B] he does not think the productivity revolution works[C] he wonders if the official statistics are misleading[D] he has conclusive evidence for the revival of businesses58. Which of the following statements is NOT mentioned in the passage?[A] Radical reforms are essential for the increase of productivity.[B] New ways of organizing workplaces may help to increaseproductivity.[C] The reduction of costs is not a sure way to gain long-termprofitability.[D] The consultants are a bunch of good-for-nothings.Text 3Science has long had an uneasy relationship with other aspects of culture. Think of Gallileo’s17th-century trial for his rebelling belief before the Catholic Church or poet William Blake’s harsh remarks against the mechanistic worldview of Isaac Newton. The schism between science and the humanities has, if anything, deepened in this century.Until recently, the scientific community was so powerful that it could afford to ignore its critics -- but no longer. As funding for science has declined, scientists have attacked “anti-science” in several books, notably Higher Superstition, by Paul R. Gross, a biologist at the University of Virginia, and Norman Levitt, a mathematician at Rutgers University; and The Demon-Haunted World, by Carl Sagan of Cornell University.Defenders of science have also voiced their concerns at meetings such as “The Flight from Science and Reason,” held in New York City in 1995, and “Science in the Age of (Mis) information,” which assembled last June near Buffalo.Anti-science clearly means different things to different people. Gross and Levitt find fault primarily with sociologists, philosophers an d other academics who have questioned science’s objectivity. Sagan is more concerned with those who believe in ghosts, creationism and other phenomena that contradict the scientific worldview.A survey of news stories in 1996 reveals that the anti-science tag has been attached to many other groups as well, from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research.Few would dispute that the term applies to the Unabomber, whose manifesto, published in 1995, scorns science and longs for return to a pre-technological utopia. But surely that does not mean environmentalists concerned about uncontrolled industrial growth are anti-science, as an essay in US News & World Report last May seemed to suggest.The environmentalists, inevitably, respond to such critics. The true enemies of science, argues Paul Ehrlich of Stanford University, a pioneer of environmental studies, are those who question the evidence supporting global warming, the depletion of the ozone layer and other consequences of industrial growth.Indeed, some observers fear that the anti-science epithet is in danger of becoming meaningless. “The term ‘anti-science’ can lump together too many, quite differ ent things,” notes Harvard University philosopher Gerald Holton in his 1993 work Science and Anti-Science. “They have in common only one thing that they tend to annoy or threaten those who regard themselves as more enlightened.”59. The word “schism” (Line 4, Paragraph 1) in the context probablymeans ________.[A] confrontation[B] dissatisfaction[C] separation[D] contempt60. Paragraphs 2 and 3 are written to ________.[A] discuss the cause of the decline of science’s power[B] show the author’s symp athy with scientists[C] explain the way in which science develops[D] exemplify the division of science and the humanities61. Which of the following is true according to the passage?[A] Environmentalists were blamed for anti-science in an essay.[B] Politicians are not subject to the labeling of anti-science.[C] The “more enlightened” tend to tag others as anti-science.[D] Tagging environmentalists as “anti-science” is justifiable.62. The author’s attitude toward the issue of “science vs. anti-science” is ________.[A] impartial[B] subjective[C] biased[D] puzzlingText 4Emerging from the 1980 census is the picture of a nation developing more and more regional competition, as population growth in the Northeast and Midwest reaches a near standstill.This development -- and its strong implications for US politics and economy in years ahead -- has enthroned the South as America’s most densely populated region for the first time in the history of the nation’s head counting.Altogether, the US population rose in the 1970s by 23.2 million people -- numerically the third-largest growth ever recorded in a single decade. Even so, that gain adds up to only 11.4 percent, lowest in American annual records except for the Depression years.Americans have been migrating south and west in larger numbers since World War II, and the pattern still prevails.Three sun-belt states -- Florida, Texas and California -- together had nearly 10 million more people in 1980 than a decade earlier. Among large cities, San Diego moved from 14th to 8th and San Antonio from 15th to 10th -- with Cleveland and Washington. D. C., dropping out of the top 10.Not all that shift can be attributed to the movement out of the snow belt, census officials say. Nonstop waves of immigrants played a role, too -- and so did bigger crops of babies as yesterday’s “baby boom” generation reached its child-bearing years.Moreover, demographers see the continuing shift south and west as joined by a related but newer phenomenon: More and more, Americans apparently are looking not just for places with more jobs but with fewer people, too. Some instances—■Regionally, the Rocky Mountain states reported the most rapid growth rate -- 37.1 percent since 1970 in a vast area with only 5 percent of the US population.■Among states, Nevada and Arizona grew fastest of all: 63.5 and 53.1 percent respectively. Except for Florida and Texas, the top 10 in rate of growth is composed of Western states with 7.5 million people -- about 9 per square mile.The flight from overcrowdedness affects the migration from snow belt to more bearable climates.Nowhere do 1980 census statistics dramatize more the Americansearch for spacious living than in the Far West. There, California added 3.7 million to its population in the 1970s, more than any other state.In that decade, however, large numbers also migrated from California, mostly to other parts of the West. Often they chose -- and still are choosing -- somewhat colder climates such as Oregon, Idaho and Alaska in order to escape smog, crime and other plagues of urbanization in the Golden State.As a result, California’s growth rate dropped during the 1970s, to 18.5 percent -- little more than two thirds the 1960s’ growth figure and considerably below that of other Western states.63. Discerned from the perplexing picture of population growth the 1980census provided, America in 1970s ________.[A] enjoyed the lowest net growth of population in history[B] witnessed a southwestern shift of population[C] underwent an unparalleled period of population growth[D] brought to a standstill its pattern of migration since WorldWar II64. The census distinguished itself from previous studies on populationmovement in that ________.[A] it stresses the climatic influence on population distribution[B] it highlights the contribution of continuous waves ofimmigrants[C] it reveals the Americans’ new pursuit of spacious living[D] it elaborates the delayed effects of yesterday’s “baby boom”65. We can see from the available statistics that ________.[A] California was once the most thinly populated area in the wholeUS[B] the top 10 states in growth rate of population were all locatedin the West[C] cities with better climates benefited unanimously frommigration[D] Arizona ranked second of all states in its growth rate ofpopulation66. The word “demographers” (Line 1, Paragraph 8) most probably means________.[A] people in favor of the trend of democracy[B] advocates of migration between states[C] scientists engaged in the study of population[D] conservatives clinging to old patterns of lifeText 5Scattered around the globe are more than 100 small regions of isolated volcanic activity known to geologists as hot spots. Unlike most of the world’s volcanoes, they a re not always found at the boundaries of the great drifting plates that make up the earth’s surface; on the contrary, many of them lie deep in the interior of a plate. Most of the hot spots move only slowly, and in some cases the movement of the plates past them has left trails of dead volcanoes. The hot spots and their volcanic trails are milestones that mark the passage of the plates.That the plates are moving is now beyond dispute. Africa and South America, for example, are moving away from each other as new material is injected into the sea floor between them. The complementary coastlines and certain geological features that seem to span the ocean are reminders of where the two continents were once joined. The relative motion of the plates carrying these continents has been constructed in detail, but the motion of one plate with respect to another cannot readily be translated into motion with respect to the earth’s interior. It is not possible to determine whether both continents are moving in opposite directions or whether one continent is stationary and the other is drifting away from it. Hot spots, anchored in the deeper layers of the earth, provide the measuring instruments needed to resolve the question. From an analysis of the hot-spot population it appears that the African plate is stationary and that it has not moved during the past 30 million years.The significance of hot spots is not confined to their role as a frame of reference. It now appears that they also have an important influence on the geophysical processes that propel the plates across the globe. When a continental plate come to rest over a hot spot, the material rising from deeper layers creates a broad dome. As the dome grows, it develops deep fissures (cracks); in at least a few cases the continent may break entirely along some of these fissures, so that the hot spot initiates the formation of a new ocean. Thus just as earlier theories have explained the mobility of the continents, so hot spots may explain their mutability (inconstancy).67. The author believes that ________.。
考研英语98年真题
考研英语98年真题1998年，考研英语的真题考试是参考学科英语。
这次考试共有三个部分，包括阅读理解、词汇与结构以及写作。
这篇文章将会讨论这个真题考试的内容，并给出相关的解析和答案。
阅读理解部分：In the late 1800s, there was an abundance of resources and opportunities in America, attracting an influx of immigrants from various countries. However, as the demand for jobs and resources increased, so did the tensions between the newcomers and the existing residents.The first passage focuses on the difficulties faced by the immigrants in adapting to American society. It describes the hardships they had to endure, such as low-paying jobs and poor living conditions. The passage also highlights the discrimination and prejudice they faced from the native-born Americans.The second passage discusses the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, which was the first major law to restrict immigration based on nationality. It delves into the racist rhetoric used to justify this act and the impact it had on the Chinese immigrant community.The third passage explores the rise of nativism in America during this time period. It describes the fear and resentment towards immigrants and the efforts made to limit their influence. This passage sheds light on the various anti-immigrant organizations that emerged and their role in shaping immigration policies.词汇与结构部分：1. The committee reached a consensus __ the appointment of a new chairman.A) in regard to B) in favor of C) in place of D) in contrast to答案：A) in regard to2. Despite his __ efforts to study, he consistently failed to improve his grades.A) best B) constant C) utmost D) extreme答案：C) utmost3. The professor provided the students __ detailed instructions on how to complete the experiment.A) for B) with C) at D) by答案：B) with写作部分：请根据以下提示写一篇短文，词数不少于120词。
1998年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题真题(附带详细答案解析)
1998年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Cloze TestDirections:For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C], and [D]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)Until recent l y most historians spoke very critically of the Industrial Revolution. They1that in the long run industrialization greatly raised the standard of living for the 2 man. But they insisted that its 3 results during the period from 1750 to 1850 were widespread poverty and misery for the 4 of the English population. 5 contrast, they saw in the preceding hundred years from 1650 to 1750, when England was still a 6 agricultural country, a period of great abundance and prosperity.This view, 7 , is generally thought to be wrong. Specialists 8 history and economics, have 9 two things: that the period from 1650 to 1750 was 10 by great poverty, and that industrialization certainly did not worsen and may have actually improved the conditions for the majority of the populace.1. ［A］admitted ［B］believed ［C］claimed ［D］predicted2. ［A］plain ［B］average ［C］mean ［D］normal3. ［A］momentary ［B］prompt ［C］instant ［D］immediate4. ［A］bulk ［B］host ［C］gross ［D］magnitude5. ［A］On ［B］With ［C］For ［D］By6. ［A］broadly ［B］thoroughly ［C］generally ［D］completely7. ［A］however ［B］meanwhile ［C］therefore ［D］moreover8. ［A］at ［B］in ［C］about ［D］for9. ［A］manifested ［B］approved ［C］shown ［D］speculated10. ［A］noted ［B］impressed ［C］labeled ［D］markedSection ⅡReading ComprehensionDirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. (40 points)Text 1Few creations of big technology capture the imagination like giant dams. Perhaps it is humankind‟s long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the idea of forcing the waters to do our bidding so fascinating. But to be fascinated is also, sometimes, to be blind. Several giant dam projects threaten to do more harm than good.The lesson from dams is that big is not always beautiful. It doesn‟t help that building a big, powerful dam has become a symbol of achievement for nations and people striving to assert themselves. Egypt‟s leadership in the Arab world was cemented by the Aswan High Dam. Turkey‟s bid for Firs t World status includes the giant Ataturk Dam.But big dams tend not to work as intended. The Aswan Dam, for example, stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left -- all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity.And yet, the myth of controlling the waters persists. This week, in the heart of civilized Europe, Slovaks and Hungarians stopped just short of sending in the troops in their contention over a dam on the Danube. The huge complex will probably have all the usual problems of big dams. But Slovakia is bidding for independence from the Czechs, and now needs a dam to prove itself.Meanwhile, in India, the World Bank has given the go-ahead to the even more wrong-headed Narmada Dam. And the bank has done this even though its advisors say the dam will cause hardship for the powerless and environmental destruction. The benefits are for the powerful, but they are far from guaranteed.Proper, scientific study of the impacts of dams and of the cost and benefits of controlling water can help to resolve these conflicts. Hydroelectric power and flood control and irrigation are possible without building monster dams. But when you are dealing with myths, it is hard to be either proper, or scientific. It is time that the world learned the lessons of Aswan. You don‟t need a dam to be saved.11. The third sentence of Paragraph 1 implies that ________.[A] people would be happy if they shut their eyes to reality[B] the blind could be happier than the sighted[C] over-excited people tend to neglect vital things[D] fascination makes people lose their eyesight12. In Paragraph 5, “the powerless” probably refers to ________.[A] areas short of electricity[B] dams without power stations[C] poor countries around India[D] common people in the Narmada Dam area13. What is the myth concerning giant dams?[A] They bring in more fertile soil.[B] They help defend the country.[C] They strengthen international ties.[D] They have universal control of the waters.14. What the author tries to suggest may best be interpreted as ________.[A] “It‟s no use crying over spilt milk”[B] “More haste, less speed”[C] “Look before you leap”[D] “He who laughs last laughs best”Text 2Well, no gain without pain, they say. But what about pain without gain? Everywhere you go in America, you hear tales of corporate revival. What is harder to establish is whether the productivity revolution that businessmen assume they are presiding over is for real.The official statistics are mildly discouraging. They show that, if you lump manufacturing and services together, productivity has grown on average by 1.2% since 1987. That is somewhat faster than the average during the previous decade. And since 1991, productivity has increased by about 2% a year, which is more than twice the 1978-87 average. The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is due to the usual rebound that occurs at this point in a business cycle, and so is not conclusive evidence of a revival in the underlying trend. There is, as Robert Rubin, the treasury sec retary, says, a “disjunction” between the mass of business anecdote that points to a leap in productivity and the picture reflected by the statistics.Some of this can be easily explained. New ways of organizing the workplace -- all thatre-engineering and downsizing -- are only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy, which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery, new technology, and investment in education and training. Moreover, most of the changes that companies make are intended to keep them profitable, and this need not always mean increasing productivity: switching to new markets or improving quality can matter just as much.Two other explanations are more speculative. First, some of the business restructuring of recent years may have been ineptly done. Second, even if it was well done, it may have spread much less widely than people suppose.Leonard Schlesinger, a Harvard academic and former chief executive of Au Bong Pain, a rapidly growi ng chain of bakery cafes, says that much “re-engineering” has been crude. In many cases, he believes, the loss of revenue has been greater than the reductions in cost. His colleague, Michael Beer, says that far too many companies have applied re-engineering in a mechanistic fashion, chopping out costs without giving sufficient thought to long-term profitability. BBDO‟s Al Rosenshine is blunter. He dismisses a lot of the work of re-engineering consultants as mere rubbish -- “the worst sort of ambulance chasing.”15. According to the author, the American economic situation is ________.[A] not as good as it seems[B] at its turning point[C] much better than it seems[D] near to complete recovery16. The official statistics on productivity growth ________.[A] exclude the usual rebound in a business cycle[B] fall short of businessmen‟s anticipation[C] meet the expectation of business people[D] fail to reflect the true state of economy17. The author raises the question “what about pain without gain?” because ________.[A] he questions the truth of “no gain without pain”[B] he does not think the productivity revolution works[C] he wonders if the official statistics are misleading[D] he has conclusive evidence for the revival of businesses18. Which of the following statements is NOT mentioned in the passage?[A] Radical reforms are essential for the increase of productivity.[B] New ways of organizing workplaces may help to increase productivity.[C] The reduction of costs is not a sure way to gain long-term profitability.[D] The consultants are a bunch of good-for-nothings.Text 3Science has long had an uneasy relationship with other aspects of culture. Think of Gallileo’s 17th-century trial for his rebelling belief before the Catholic Church or poet William Blake‟s harsh remarks against the mechanistic worldview of Isaac Newton. The schism between science and the humanities has, if anything, deepened in this century.Until recently, the scientific community was so powerful that it could afford to ignore its critics -- but no longer. As funding for science has declined, scientists have attacked “anti-science” in several books, notably Higher Superstition, by Paul R. Gross, a biologist at the University of Virginia, and Norman Levitt, a mathematician at Rutgers University; and The Demon-Haunted World, by Carl Sagan of Cornell University.Defenders of science have also voiced their concerns at meetings such as “The Flight from Science and Reason,” held in New York City in 1995, and “Science in the Age of (Mis) information,” which assembled last June near Buffalo.Anti-science clearly means different things to different people. Gross and Levitt find fault primarily with sociolog ists, philosophers and other academics who have questioned science‟s objectivity. Sagan is more concerned with those who believe in ghosts, creationism and other phenomena that contradict the scientific worldview.A survey of news stories in 1996 reveals that the anti-science tag has been attached to many other groups as well, from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research.Few would dispute that the term applies to the Unabomber, whose manifesto, published in 1995, scorns science and longs for return to a pre-technological utopia. But surely that does not mean environmentalists concerned about uncontrolled industrial growth are anti-science, as an essay in US News & World Report last May seemed to suggest.The environmentalists, inevitably, respond to such critics. The true enemies of science, argues Paul Ehrlich of Stanford University, a pioneer of environmental studies, are those who question the evidence supporting global warming, the depletion of the ozone layer and other consequences of industrial growth.Indeed, some observers fear that the anti-science epithet is in danger of becoming meaningless. “The term …anti-science‟ can lump together too many, quite different things,” notes Harvard University philosopher Gerald Holton in his 1993 work Science and Anti-Science. “They have in common only one thing that they tend to annoy or threaten those who regard themselves as more enlightened.”19. Th e word “schism” (Line 4, Paragraph 1) in the context probably means ________.[A] confrontation[B] dissatisfaction[C] separation[D] contempt20. Paragraphs 2 and 3 are written to ________.[A] discuss the cause of the decline of science‟s power[B] s how the author‟s sympathy with scientists[C] explain the way in which science develops[D] exemplify the division of science and the humanities21. Which of the following is true according to the passage?[A] Environmentalists were blamed for anti-science in an essay.[B] Politicians are not subject to the labeling of anti-science.[C] The “more enlightened” tend to tag others as anti-science.[D] Tagging environmentalists as “anti-science” is justifiable.22. The author‟s attitude toward the issue of “science vs. anti-science” is ________.[A] impartial[B] subjective[C] biased[D] puzzlingText 4Emerging from the 1980 census is the picture of a nation developing more and more regional competition, as population growth in the Northeast and Midwest reaches a near standstill.This development -- and its strong implications for US politics and economy in years ahead -- has enthroned the South as America‟s most densely populated region for the first time in the history of the nation‟s head counting.Altogether, the US population rose in the 1970s by 23.2 million people -- numerically the third-largest growth ever recorded in a single decade. Even so, that gain adds up to only 11.4 percent, lowest in American annual records except for the Depression years.Americans have been migrating south and west in larger numbers since World War II, and the pattern still prevails.Three sun-belt states -- Florida, Texas and California -- together had nearly 10 million more people in 1980 than a decade earlier. Among large cities, San Diego moved from 14th to 8th and San Antonio from 15th to 10th -- with Cleveland and Washington. D. C., dropping out of the top 10.Not all that shift can be attributed to the movement out of the snow belt, census officials say. Nonstop waves of immigrants played a role, too -- and so did bigger crops of babies as yesterday‟s “baby boom” generation reached its child bearing years.Moreover, demographers see the continuing shift south and west as joined by a related but newer phenomenon: More and more, Americans apparently are looking not just for places with more jobs but with fewer people, too. Some instances—■Regionally, the Rocky Mountain states reported the most rapid growth rate -- 37.1 percent since 1970 in a vast area with only 5 percent of the US population.■Among states, Nevada and Arizona grew fastest of all: 63.5 and 53.1 percent respectively. Except for Florida and Texas, the top 10 in rate of growth is composed of Western states with 7.5 million people -- about 9 per square mile.The flight from overcrowdedness affects the migration from snow belt to more bearable climates.Nowhere do 1980 census statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious living than in the Far West. There, California added 3.7 million to its population in the 1970s, more than any other state.In that decade, however, large numbers also migrated from California, mostly to other partsof the West. Often they chose -- and still are choosing -- somewhat colder climates such as Oregon, Idaho and Alaska in order to escape smog, crime and other plagues of urbanization in the Golden State.As a result, California‟s growth rat e dropped during the 1970s, to 18.5 percent -- little more than two thirds the 1960s‟ growth figure and considerably below that of other Western states.23. Discerned from the perplexing picture of population growth the 1980 census provided,America in 1970s ________.[A] enjoyed the lowest net growth of population in history[B] witnessed a southwestern shift of population[C] underwent an unparalleled period of population growth[D] brought to a standstill its pattern of migration since World War II24. The census distinguished itself from previous studies on population movement in that________.[A] it stresses the climatic influence on population distribution[B] it highlights the contribution of continuous waves of immigrants[C] it reveals the Ameri cans‟ new pursuit of spacious living[D] it elaborates the delayed effects of yesterday‟s “baby boom”25. We can see from the available statistics that ________.[A] California was once the most thinly populated area in the whole US[B] the top 10 states in growth rate of population were all located in the West[C] cities with better climates benefited unanimously from migration[D] Arizona ranked second of all states in its growth rate of population26. The word “demographers” (Line 1, Paragraph 8) most probably means ________.[A] people in favor of the trend of democracy[B] advocates of migration between states[C] scientists engaged in the study of population[D] conservatives clinging to old patterns of lifeText 5Scattered around the globe are more than 100 small regions of isolated volcanic activity known to geologists as hot spots. Unlike most of the world‟s volcanoes, they are not always found at the boundaries of the great drifting plates that make up the earth‟s surface; on the contrary, many of them lie deep in the interior of a plate. Most of the hot spots move only slowly, and in some cases the movement of the plates past them has left trails of dead volcanoes. The hot spots and their volcanic trails are milestones that mark the passage of the plates.That the plates are moving is now beyond dispute. Africa and South America, for example, are moving away from each other as new material is injected into the sea floor between them. The complementary coastlines and certain geological features that seem to span the ocean are reminders of where the two continents were once joined. The relative motion of the plates carrying these continents has been constructed in detail, but the motion of one plate with respect to another cannot readily be translated into motion with respect to the earth‟s interior. It is not possible to determine whether both continents are moving in opposite directions or whether one continent is stationary and the other is drifting away from it. Hot spots, anchored in the deeper layers of the earth, provide the measuring instruments needed to resolve the question. From an analysis of thehot-spot population it appears that the African plate is stationary and that it has not moved during the past 30 million years.The significance of hot spots is not confined to their role as a frame of reference. It now appears that they also have an important influence on the geophysical processes that propel the plates across the globe. When a continental plate come to rest over a hot spot, the material rising from deeper layers creates a broad dome. As the dome grows, it develops deep fissures (cracks); in at least a few cases the continent may break entirely along some of these fissures, so that the hot spot initiates the formation of a new ocean. Thus just as earlier theories have explained the mobility of the continents, so hot spots may explain their mutability (inconstancy).27. The author believes that ________.[A] the motion of the plates corresponds to that of the earth‟s interior[B] the geological theory about drifting plates has been proved to be true[C] the hot spots and the plates move slowly in opposite directions[D] the movement of hot spots proves the continents are moving apart28. That Africa and South America were once joined can be deduced from the fact that________.[A] the two continents are still moving in opposite directions[B] they have been found to share certain geological features[C] the African plate has been stable for 30 million years[D] over 100 hot spots are scattered all around the globe29. The hot spot theory may prove useful in explaining ________.[A] the structure of the African plates[B] the revival of dead volcanoes[C] the mobility of the continents[D] the formation of new oceans30. The passage is mainly about ________.[A] the features of volcanic activities[B] the importance of the theory about drifting plates[C] the significance of hot spots in geophysical studies[D] the process of the formation of volcanoesSection IV English-Chinese TranslationDirections:Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. Your translation must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)They were, by far, the largest and most distant objects that scientists had ever detected: a strip of enormous cosmic clouds some 15 billion light-years from earth. 31) But even more important,it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past, for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago. That was just about the moment that the universe was born. What the researchers found was at once both amazing and expected: the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration‟s Cosmic Background Explorer satellite -- Cobe -- had discovered landmark evidence that the universe did in fact begin with the primeval explosion that has become known as the Big Bang (the theory that the universe originated in an explosion from a single mass of energy).32) The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang, first put forward in the 1920s, to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos. According to the theory, the universe burst into being as a submicroscopic, unimaginably dense knot of pure energy that flew outward in all directions, emitting radiation as it went, condensing into particles and then into atoms of gas. Over billions of years, the gas was compressed by gravity into galaxies, stars, plants and eventually, even humans.Cobe is designed to see just the biggest structures, but astronomers would like to see much smaller hot spots as well, the seeds of local objects like clusters and superclusters of galaxies. They shouldn‟t have long to wait. 33) Astrophysicists working with ground-based detectors at the South Pole and balloon-borne instruments are closing in on such structures, and may report their findings soon.34) If the small hot spots look as expected, that will be a triumph for yet another scientific idea, a refinement of the Big Bang called the inflationary universe theory. Inflation says that very early on, the universe expanded in size by more than a trillion trillion trillion trillion fold in much less than a second, propelled by a sort of antigravity. 35) Odd though it sounds, cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary particle physics, and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true.31. ________32. ________33. ________34. ________35. ________Section V WritingDirections:[A] Study the following cartoon carefully and write an essay in no less than 150 words.[B] Your essay must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)[C] Your essay should meet the requirements below:1. Write out the messages conveyed by the cartoon.2. Give your commentsn.1998年英语试题答案Part ⅠCloze Test1. A2. B3. D4. A5. D6. D7. A8.B9. C 10. DPart ⅡReading ComprehensionPart APassage 111. C 12. D 13.D 14. CPassage 215.A 16.B 17.B 18.APassage 319.C 20.D 21.A 22.APassage 423.B 24.C 25.D 26.CPassage 527.B 28.B 29.C 30.CPart ⅢEnglish-Chinese Translation31.更为重要的是，这是科学家们能够观测到的最遥远的过去的景象，因为他们看到的是150亿年前宇宙云的形状和结构。
1999年考研英语真题及解析
1999年考研英语真题精解精析1999年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题按照《1999年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语考试大纲（非英语专业）》要求命制，体现了《大纲》的考核目标、形式和内容。
1999年试题题型与1998年相比，没有改变，继续沿用往年的考试题型，语法结构和词汇部分所考查的重点依旧保持不变。
命题长度上，增加了10道题目，计分没有变化；“短文写作”题量上没做任何改动，但计分增加了5分，这对考生来说既是机遇也是挑战。
如果准备充分、备考得法，就会轻松提高5分，反之，可能会丢掉这部分的分数。
总体难度方面，各部分都较1998年略有增加。
SectionⅠCloze Test【文章综述】本文是围绕安全生产这个话题的一篇论证性文章。
第一段是安全生产的基本介绍：它不是新事物，而是企业制定并不断实施自己的安全计划以建立无事故工作氛围的做法。
第二段指出，成功有效的安全计划的侧重点各不相同，但都遵循某些基本的思想。
第三段强调安全生产对企业的意义：其价值是不可低估的，它决定了工厂的运营是盈利还是亏损。
【英汉对照】Industrial safety does not just happen. Companies41low accident rates plan their safety programs,work hard to organize them,and continue working to keep them42and active. When the work is well done,a43of accident-free operations is established44time lost due to injuries is kept at a minimum.Successful safety programs may45greatly in the emphasis placed on certain aspects of the program.Some place great emphasis on mechanical guarding.Others stress safe work practices by46 rules or regulations.47others depend on an emotional appeal to the worker.But,there are certain basic ideas that must be used in every program if maximum results are to be obtained. There can be no question about the value of a safety program.From a financial standpoint alone,safety 48.The fewer the injury49,the better the workman's insurance rate.This may mean the difference between operating at50or at a loss.安全生产并不是偶然事件：事故发生41率低的公司制定自己的安全计划，努力付诸实施，并且不断使之保持42活力、发挥作用。
1998年全国硕士研究生考试试题及答案英语
这篇关于1998年全国硕⼠研究⽣考试试题及答案英语，是特地为⼤家整理的，希望对⼤家有所帮助！Part ⅠStructure and Vocabulary(每题0.5分，共20分)Section A Directions: Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked ［A］，［B］，［C］and ［D］.Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET Ⅰ by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (5 points) Example: I have been to the Great Wall three times 1979.［A］from［B］after［C］for［D］since The sentence should read, I have been to the Great Wall three times since 1979.”Therefore, you should choose ［D］. Sample Answer ［A］［B］［C］［D］ 1、I worked so late in the office last night that I hardly had time [] the last bus.（本题分值：0.5分）【正确答案】 B ［注释］本题考查⾮谓语动词的⽤法区别。
HARDLY HAVE TIME TO DO 需⽤不定式，不能⽤现在分词。
［A］项表⽰动作在主句动作之前发⽣，因此，也不对。
［A］to have caught ［B］to catch ［C］catching ［D］having caught2、As it turned out to be a small house party,we [] so formally.（本题分值：0.5分）【正确答案】 D ［注释］本题考查情态动词NEED的否定⽤法。
1998年考研英语真题答案及精析
1998年考研英语真题答案及精析考研英语真题答案及精析1998年考研英语真题答案快速扫描1.B 2.D 3.B 4.C 5.A 6.D 7.C 8.D 9.A 10.A(11~20略:新大纲不再考查的部分)21.C 22.B 23.D 24.D 25.D 26.A 27.C 28.B 29.C 30.B31.A 32.A 33.D 34.A 35.B 36.C 37.A 38.C 39.B 40.D41.A 42.B 43.D 44.A 45.D 46.D 47.A 48.B 49.C 50.D51.C 52.D 53.D 54.C 55.A 56.B 57.B 58.A 59.C 60.D61.A 62.A 63.B 64.C 65.D 66.C 67.B 68.B 69.D 70.C1998年考研英语真题答案系统精析Part Ⅰ Structu re and Vocabulary Section A1.the last bus.A. to have caughtB. to catchC. catchingD. having caught昨晚我在办公室工作得太晚，差一点儿没赶上最后一趟公交车。
B【考核知识点】非谓语动词动词不定式和分词都可作后置定语，动词不定式表示将来的动作；分词表示一般动作；根据句意可知，所填之词修饰“time”，表示去乘车的时间，是将来的时间，所以C、D不对；“to have caught”是不定式的完成形式，表示动作发生在“had time”之前，用在此处显然不对，所以A选项也不对。
“hardly had time to do sth.”意为“几乎没有时间，来不及去做某事”，而“have a hard time doing sth.” 则意为“做某事不容易”。
故应该选B。
I had a hard time going back.She had a hard/difficult time finding her dog.I had no time to go shopping.2. As it turned out to be a small house party, we so formally.A. needn’t dress upB. did not need have dressed upC. did not need dress upD. needn’t have dressed up考研英语真题答案及精析原来那只不过是一个小小的家庭聚会，我们真没有必要穿戴得那么正式。
考研英语1998阅读真题解析
考研英语阅读真题解析（1998）Text 1核心词汇capture［5kAptFE］v./n.捕获,俘虏;夺得,攻占（capt+ure动词后缀→抓住毛病→逮捕）cement［si5ment］n.水泥;胶泥,胶接剂v.胶合;巩固,加强civilize［5sivilaiz］v.使文明,开化（civil市民→文明+ize动词后缀→文明化）complex［5kCmpleks］a.复杂的；综合的；联合体（com共同+plex重叠→全部重叠→复杂的）conflict［5kCnflikt9 kEn5flikt］n.战争;冲突(con共同+flict打击→共同打→冲突)deprive［di5praiv］vt.剥夺,夺去,使丧失（de去掉+prive→从个人身边拿走→剥夺），priv词根“个人的”（如private→priv+ate→私人的），使某物离开个人→剥夺drought［draut］n.旱灾,干旱go ahead n.批准，允许hydroelectric［5haidrEi5lektrik］a.水电的(hydro水+electric电→发电的)imagination［i9mAdVi5neiFEn］n.想象（力）；空想，幻觉；想象出来的事物（imagin想象+ation→想象）irrigation［9iri5geiFEn］n.灌溉；冲洗;水利mercy［5mE:si］n.仁慈,怜悯,宽恕myth［miW］n.神话;神话（总称）；想像的、虚构或不可能存在的事物、人persist［pE:5sist］v.（in）坚持,持续（per始终，完全＋sist→始终站着→坚持到底）proper［5prCpE］a.适合的;合乎体统的;固有的;有礼貌的resolve［ri5zClv］v.决心;（使）分解,溶解;决议n.解决;决心（困难）（re再+solve→再松开→解决）。
同根词：dissolve（v.溶解；解散）←dis+solvespill［spil］v.溢出,溅出n.摔下,跌下symbol［5simbEl］n.（符号；象征）即sym+bol，sym共同，bol看作ball，“共同喜欢球类运动”→这是现代人的“象征”wrong headed a. 执迷不悟的难句剖析难句1：Perhaps it is humankind’s long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the ideal of forcing the waters to do our bidding so fascinating.［分析］此句是一个强调句型，基本结构是“it is... that...”，强调部分的关键词是suffering，这个词就是后面that引导的从句的主语，句子的主干是“Suffering makes the ideal so fascinating”。
98考研英语阅读真题
98考研英语阅读真题在98年的考研英语阅读真题中，我们可以看到各种各样的文章题材，从科学研究到人文艺术，涵盖了广泛的领域。
在这篇文章中，我将选择其中几个真题进行分析和解读，以帮助考生更好地应对考试。
题目一：History of the Car在这个题目中，我们可以使用一种类似于历史文献的格式来进行写作。
首先，我们可以从汽车的起源开始，讲述汽车的发展历程，有关发明者的故事以及车辆类型和用途的变化。
接着，我们可以介绍汽车对交通运输和社会经济的影响，包括工业革命时期的重要作用以及现代社会的便利性。
最后，我们可以总结起来，强调汽车的重要性，并展望未来的发展方向。
题目二：The Impact of Global Warming这个题目需要我们分析全球变暖的影响，并提出对策和解决方案。
我们可以以科学研究报告的形式来进行写作。
首先，我们可以介绍全球变暖的原因和过程，包括温室气体排放和自然因素的影响。
然后，我们可以详细讨论全球变暖对地球环境和生态系统的影响，如冰川消融、海平面上升和生物多样性丧失。
接着，我们可以列举一些全球变暖对人类社会的影响，如干旱、洪涝和自然灾害的增加。
最后，我们可以提出一些减缓和适应全球变暖的解决方案，如减少排放、推动可再生能源和改善环境政策。
题目三：The Influence of Social Media这个题目需要我们研究社交媒体的影响，并提出相应的观点。
我们可以使用一种类似于社会学研究的格式来进行写作。
首先，我们可以介绍社交媒体的定义和起源，然后分析社交媒体对人际关系、社会交往和信息传播的影响。
接着，我们可以讨论社交媒体对个人心理健康和社会心理的影响，如焦虑、孤独和在线欺凌的增加。
最后，我们可以探讨社交媒体的正面影响，如信息传递的便利性和社交媒体在社会运动中的作用。
总结起来，针对不同的真题题目，我们可以选择不同的格式和写作方式。
重要的是要组织好文章的结构，提供准确的信息和观点，并以合适的语言风格来表达。
1998考研英语真题及解析
1998考研英语真题及解析考研英语对于众多学子来说，是攀登学术高峰道路上的一道重要关卡。
1998 年的考研英语真题，具有其独特的特点和考察重点。
下面我们就来详细剖析一下这一年的真题。
首先，在阅读理解部分，文章选材广泛，涵盖了科技、文化、社会等多个领域。
这就要求考生具备较广泛的知识背景和较强的理解能力。
比如，其中有一篇关于科技发展对人类生活影响的文章，不仅考查了考生对科技词汇的掌握，更考验了对复杂逻辑关系的梳理和理解。
在词汇方面，1998 年的真题中出现了一些高频且具有一定难度的词汇。
像“profound”（深刻的）、“phenomenon”（现象）、“consistent”（一致的）等。
这提醒考生在备考过程中，要注重积累常见的考研词汇，尤其是那些在不同语境中具有多种含义的词汇。
语法的考查也较为全面。
长难句的出现频率较高，需要考生能够准确地分析句子结构，找出主谓宾等主要成分。
例如，有一个句子“Despite the fact that the vast majority of Americans believe that it is wro ng to discriminate on the basis of race, gender, or sexual orientation, discrimination still persists in many aspects of our society” 这个句子中包含了一个让步状语从句和一个宾语从句，理解起来具有一定的难度。
完形填空部分，注重对词汇的辨析和上下文逻辑关系的把握。
考生需要通过对整篇文章的理解，选择最合适的词汇填入空白处。
同时，一些固定搭配和短语的考查也不容忽视。
翻译部分，句子结构较为复杂，需要考生在准确理解原文的基础上，用通顺流畅的中文进行表达。
在翻译过程中，不仅要注意词汇的准确翻译，还要注意调整语序，使译文符合中文的表达习惯。
写作部分，题目要求考生清晰地表达自己的观点，并能够用恰当的论据进行支持。
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1998年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题试题精解Section I Cloze Test一、文章总体分析本文在关于工业革命对英国人民生活的影响问题上提出了两种对立的观点。
第一段讲述了第一种观点，是大部分历史学家的看法，即工业革命的直接结果是给英国大多数人民带来了普遍的贫穷和苦难。
第二段讲述的是另一种人普遍持有的观点，即工业革命不但没有加重这种贫困，反而使绝大多数人的生活得到了改善。
二、试题具体解析1.[A] admitted承认[B] believed相信，认为[C] claimed声称[D] predicted预言[答案] A[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：上下文语义+ 动词词义辨析。
难度：0.54文章开篇指出：Until recently most historians spoke very critically of the Industrial Revolution，接着第二句又谈到，in the long run industrialization greatly raised the standard of living。
显然，后一句是对前一句的让步。
第三句又以But开头，暗示与第二句有转折关系。
因此可以肯定，这里要表达的意思是历史学家不得不承认既成事实。
四个选项中，首先排除predicted，因为句子时态是过去时，表明"提高人们的生活水平"已经是事实，不存在"预测"了；其次believed和c laimed都是表达人们肯定态度的词语，它们和首句所表达的含义自相矛盾；因此只有admitted可以承接上下文，表示一种让步，意为"直到最近，大多数的历史学家对工业革命仍持强烈的批评态度。
尽管他们承认从长远角度来看，工业革命已大大地提高了一般人的生活水平。
"2.[A] plain（man）衣着朴素或相貌平平的人[B] average（man）平民，普通人[C] mean平均的，吝啬的，卑鄙的[D] normal（man）正常人[答案] B[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：形容词词义辨析。
难度：0.53本题要求考生判断工业革命提高了什么人的生活水平。
四个选项中，首先排除mean，它意为"平均的"时一般不能直接作定语修饰人，如：the mean temperature（平均气温），a mean motive（卑鄙的动机）而a mean man(自私的、刻薄的人)；A选项强调的衣着和相貌与上下文没有关系；从文意来看，这里只是泛泛谈到工业革命对一般人的影响，并无正常和不正常人的区分，因此，D项也不正确；只有average man符合语意，意为：工业化提高了普通老百姓的生活水平。
3.[A] momentary瞬间的, 刹那间的[B] prompt敏捷的，迅速的，即时的[C] instant直接的，立即的[D] immediate迅速的，直接的[答案] D[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：形容词词义辨析。
难度：0.22空格处的形容词修饰results。
从下文来看，考生需判断from 1750 to 1850 were widespread poverty and misery 是怎样一种后果。
四个选项中，momentary强调相当短促的一段时间，如：momentary joy（瞬息的喜悦）；prompt强调速度很快，如：Prompt payment of bills greatly helps our company.（迅速付款帮了我们公司大忙）；instant通常指不需要花很多时间就可以完成的，如：instant noodles（方便面）。
根据下文可知，这种结果持续了一百年，因此表示短暂时间的A、B、C这三个选项都应加以排除。
只有immediate除了表示"立刻的"，还有"直接的"之意，如：the immediate cause of death（死亡的直接原因），它和results搭配，意为"（工业革命的）直接结果"，符合文意。
此外，它与上句中时间状语in the long run形成对照。
4.[A] bulk（of）[B] host（of）[C] gross（of）[D] magnitude（of）[答案] A[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：修饰名词的前置短语。
难度：0.28从结构上看，空格所在名词组成the4of短语，并修饰不可数名词population。
首先排除host和gross，host组成的短语只能是a host of 或hosts of，意为"许多"，如：a host of students （许多学生）；gross作名词时，可表示"一罗（12打，144个）"，但只和具体数字而不和定冠词搭配，如：two grosses of bananas（两罗香蕉），它也可表示"总收入"，如：gross for the year（年收入），但我们不能说"对于英国人口总收入的广泛贫困"；magnitude意为"巨大"，如：The magnitude of the flood was impossible to comprehend.（这场水灾之大是无法想像的），但放入文中，表示"对于英国人口的巨大的广泛贫困"也不符合语意。
正确选项是bulk，the bulk of是固定搭配，意为"大多数，大部分"，相当于"the majority of"，在文中，the bulk of English population意为"大多数英国人"。
5.[A] On [B] With [C] For [D] By[答案] D[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：习惯搭配。
难度：0.48contrast的常用短语是by contrast 和in contrast，选项中其它介词都不和contrast搭配。
By contrast意为"对比起来，与之相比"，强调与另一事物进行比较，存在反差。
它可单独使用，也可在后面接比较对象，从文意上讲，文中空格前提到，1750和1850年间英国人民普遍贫穷和苦难（widespread poverty and misery），空格后则提到1650到1750间英国的繁荣富足（great abundance and prosperity），两者刚好形成鲜明的对比。
因此，选项D正确。
知识点补充：by contrast表示"对比之下"，可以和"with"连用，也可以单独使用，例如：His brother is very silent. By contrast, he is very out spoken.（他弟弟非常安静，相比之下，他非常健谈）；By contrast with his brother, he is very out spoken.（和弟弟相比，他非常健谈）。
in contrast必须与with或to连用，如：Her affected manner is in striking contrast with her sister s spontaneous gait.（她矫揉造作的样子和她妹妹天生的乐观形成了鲜明的对比）。
6.[A] broadly大体上，概括地，广泛地［B］thoroughly 彻底地［C］generally 通常地,一般地,普遍地［D］completely 完全地[答案] D[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：上下文语义+ 副词词义辨析。
难度：0.40从结构上来说，所填选项用来修饰形容词agricultural。
四个选项中，先排除A、C选项，它们一般不修饰形容词，而修饰动词。
如：The question must be considered broadly.（这个问题必须被广泛地考虑）；The plan has been generally accepted.（这项计划被人们普遍接受）。
thoroughly强调程度彻底；completely强调范围的广泛性。
根据常识或上文的提示可知，工业革命发生在1750年～1850年间，1750年以前，英国还没有工业革命的迹象。
也就是说，那时的英国还是一个纯粹的完完全全的农业国。
这里主要强调的是广度不是深度，因此D 是正确答案。
7.[A] however然而，表转折关系[B] meanwhile同时，表时间关系[C] therefore因此，所以，表因果关系[D] moreover而且，表递进关系[答案] A[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：逻辑关系。
难度：0.89两个逗号间显然要填入一个逻辑词。
考生关键要判断空格所在句子This view,7, is generally thought to be wrong 和上文之间的关系。
从上下文来看，句中的this view指的是上段历史学家们的观点，即大多数历史学家对工业革命仍持批判态度。
而这句话指出这种观点被普遍认为是错误的，接着下文又介绍了一种完全相反的观点。
因此空格处应是一种表转折关系的逻辑词，答案只能选however。
8.[A] at [B] in [C] about [D] for[答案] B[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：习惯搭配。
难度：0.74本题考查哪个介词与名词specialist搭配，表示"某方面的专家"。
能表达这个含义的介词只有in，如：a specialist in linguistics（语言学专家）。
类似的用法还有specialize in（擅长于，专攻）和expert in（…的专家），如：He specializes in math.（他专攻数学）；expert in teaching small children（幼儿教育专家）。
9.[A] manifested表现，证明[B] approved同意，批准，赞同[C] shown指出，显示，说明[D] speculated推测, 思索[答案] C[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：动词词义辨析。
难度：0.39本题要求考生判断"历史和经济学方面的专家"对两件事情作了什么动作。
首先，需要知道这两件事是什么。
从下文可知，一是1650年～1750年有显著的贫困（great poverty），二是工业革命当然没有加重这种贫困，而是使绝大多数人的生活得到了改善。
其中，第一件是客观事实，第二件是一种观点。