HELPING HOUSING MANAGERS UNDERSTAND THE MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENTS OF THEIR STOCK- TENANTS ’

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从_信_达_标准探讨_商务英语翻译_英译汉_某些译例之处理

第9卷第1期2010年2月常州信息职业技术学院学报Journal of Changzhou Vocational College of Information Technology Vol.9No.1Feb.2010收稿日期：2009-12-24作者简介：刘义（1981-），男，讲师，硕士，从事研究方向：翻译理论与实践从“信、达”标准探讨《商务英语翻译（英译汉）》某些译例之处理刘义（绍兴文理学院元培学院外语系浙江绍兴312000）摘要：作为一本高校英语专业教科书，《商务英语翻译（英译汉）》中某些例句的翻译存在着不足之处，有些译文意思偏离原文，有些汉语的表达存在着一定的问题。

将这些不足之处加以归类，分析错误原因，提出改进意见，并主张忠实与通顺是翻译的根本标准。

关键词：《商务英语翻译》；翻译错误；翻译原则中图分类号：H 315.9文献标志码：B文章编号：1672-2434（2010）01-0089-04Discussing Some Translation Examples in English-Chinese Translation for International Business from the Perspective of Faithfulness and ExpressivenessLIU Yi（Department of Foreign Languages ，Yuanpei College ，Shaoxing University ，Shaoxing 312000，China ）Abstract ：English-Chinese Translation for International Business ，a college textbook for English majors ，is found with some flawedtranslation examples.Some of them are not faithful to the source language and some are not expressive in Chinese.This pa-per attempts to categorize these mistakes ，analyzes their causes ，and puts forward some suggestions for improvement.Moreo-ver ，this paper insists on faithfulness and expressiveness as the fundamental criteria for translation.Key words ：English-Chinese Translation for International Business ；translation mistakes ；translation criteria0引言张新红等编著的《商务英语翻译（英译汉）》（以下简称《商务英语翻译》）［1］一书译例恰当翔实，从单词到语句再到篇章，由浅入深，由表及里，讲解了英汉翻译中的普遍原则和实用技巧。

国际商务International BusinessCh_9_Emerging_Markets

International Business: Strategy, Management, and the New Realities
10
The New Global Challengers
Some 100 companies from Emerging Markets poised to become important 21st-century MNEs. Examples: • Brazil: Embraer, Sadia & Perdiago, Natura Mexico: America Movil, Groupo Modelo India: RanbGalanz, Haier, Chunlan Group Corp., Lenovo, Pearl River Piano Turkey: Koc Holding, Vestel & Sisecam
Chapter 9
Understanding Emerging Markets
International Business Strategy, Management & the New Realities by Cavusgil, Knight and Riesenberger
International Business: Strategy, Management, and the New Realities
International Business: Strategy, Management, and the New Realities
6
Developing Economies
• Low discretionary incomes; limited proportion of personal income spent on purchases other than food, clothing, and housing. • As a proportion of world population, 17% live on less than $1 per day; 40% live on less than $2 per day • Combination of low income and high birth rates tends to perpetuate poverty. • Sometimes called underdeveloped countries or third-world countries, but these terms are imprecise

Doing Better at Doing Good When Why and How Consumers Respond to CSR

Doing Betterat Doing Good:W HEN, W HY, AND H OWC ONSUMERS R ESPOND TOC ORPORATE S OCIAL I NITIATIVESC.B. BhattacharyaSankar SenI n recent years, few notions have so fully captured the corporate imagi-nation as that of corporate social responsibility (CSR), deﬁned broadlyas a company’s “status and activities with respect to its perceived societalor, at least, stakeholder obligations.”1While CSR is by no means a new idea,2more companies than ever before are backing CSR initiatives such as cor-porate philanthropy, cause-related marketing, minority support programs, and socially responsible employment and manufacturing practices—and they are doing so with real ﬁnancial and marketing muscle.3The web sites of more than 80% of the Fortune 500companies address CSR issues, reﬂecting the pervasive belief among business leaders that in today’s marketplace CSR is not only an ethical/ideological imperative, but also an economic one.4In other words, com-panies today are increasingly aware of both the normative and business casefor engaging in CSR;5not only is “doing good” “the right thing to do,” but it also leads to “doing better” through its positive effects on key stakeholder groups.One important stakeholder group that appears to be particularly suscep-tible to a company’s CSR initiatives are its customers; marketplace polls suggest that a positive relationship exists between a company’s CSR actions and con-sumers’ reactions to that company and its product(s).6For example, the 2002 Corporate Citizenship poll conducted by Cone Communications ﬁnds that “84% of Americans say they would be likely to switch brands to one associated with a good cause, if price and quality are similar.”7Similarly, a 2001 Hill & Knowl-ton/Harris Interactive poll reveals that “79% of Americans take corporate citi-zenship into account when deciding whether to buy a particular company’s product and 36% consider corporate citizenship an important factor when mak-ing purchasing decisions.”8These ﬁndings are corroborated by a growing body ofThe authors thank the Hitachi foundation for their generous support of this research.academic research that attests to the generally positive inﬂuence of CSR—across a range of product categories—on consumers’ company evaluations and product purchase intentions.9This positive link of CSR to consumer patronage is spurring companies to devote greater energies and resources to CSR initiatives. In other words, the lure of greater consumer proﬁts has contributed signiﬁcantly in recent years to the strengthening of the business case for CSR activity, shifting the debate about CSR from “whether” to “how.” Notably, however, a clear articulation of the “how” question is not a straightforward matter. Moral imperatives notwith-standing, business leaders are struggling with the appropriate goals guiding the formulation and deployment of CSR initiatives that will reap the greatest bene-ﬁts for their companies. They are also, at the same time, realizing the concomi-tant and urgent need to measure the returns to various CSR programs. To this end, many companies are beginning to embrace practices such as social audits,corporate social reporting, and the triple bottom line.10Our research shows that consumer reactions to CSR are not as straightfor-ward and evident as the marketplace polls suggest; there are numerous factors that affect whether a ﬁrm’s CSR activities translate into consumer purchases.Although (when asked directly) people say that CSR matters in their purchase decisions, the statistics reported in these aggregate marketplace polls mask the real nature of customer response to CSR initiatives. Take for example the caseof PNC bank. Its web site documents itssupport of a wide variety of initiatives,asserting that “from arts to education to healthcare, PNC funds programs that makea difference.” However, are each of these initiatives viewed equally favorably by PNC’s customers? Furthermore, in whatother ways apart from a switch to PNCbank do customers react to their CSR initiatives? Price and quality are rarely equal (recall the question posed by the Cone Communications survey), making it difﬁcult for managers to gauge the implications of the poll ﬁndings for CSR strategies in the marketplace. In other words, it is difﬁcult for companies to formulate, implement, and evaluate effective CSR strategies based on such information alone. It is important for managers to understand how and why consumers’ respond to CSR initiatives, and our research-guided framework can help with that difﬁcult task.By understanding consumer reactions to CSR, ﬁrms can develop CSRstrategies that are optimal from not only a normative perspective, but also a business one. Such an understanding hinges on three basic ideas, depicted in Figure 1. First, in thinking about CSR initiatives from a consumer perspective,“one size does not ﬁt all.” Second, in thinking about the consumer-speciﬁc out-comes of CSR, companies need to consider not only external outcomes such as purchase and loyalty, but internal ones such as consumers’ awareness, attitudes,C.B. Bhattacharya is an Associate Professor of Marketing at the School of Management atBoston University. <cb@>Sankar Sen is an Associate Professor of Marketingat the Zicklin School of Business at Baruch College, CUNY . <sankar_sen@>and attributions about why companies are engaging in CSR activities. This isparticularly important given that in the face of decreasing product differentiation and heightened competition, CSR initiatives are an innovative and less-imitable means of strengthening customer relationships. Similarly, given the relationship-strengthening nature of CSR, companies need to go beyond brand purchase behavior as an outcome of CSR to understand other more relational behaviors,such as word-of-mouth and resilience to negative company information. Finally,a key distinction between marketing mix attributes such as promotions (which CSR is often associated with) and CSR initiatives lies in the multi-faceted impact of the latter. Beyond the “primary” impact on the brand and company, CSR ini-tiatives can also inﬂuence “secondary” outcomes related to both the partner organizations (e.g., nonproﬁts) and the cause or social issue at the core of the company’s CSR efforts. For example, the cross-sector partnership between Home Depot and Habitat for Humanity may not only inﬂuence customers’ perceptions and behaviors towards Home Depot and its products, but also enhance their support (i.e., money, time) of Habitat for Humanity as well as their attitudestowards the issue of housing for the underprivileged. These secondary outcomes of CSR are something companies interested in gauging the “social return” on their CSR investments need to better understand.Figure 2 presents a detailed articulation of when, how, and why CSRworks. Using a variety of methodologies such as focus groups, in-depth inter-views, surveys, and experiments,11our research on various facets of consumer reactions to CSR supports what we call a contingent, consumer-centric concep-tualization of CSR.FIGURE 1.A Contingent View of CSRCompany BeneﬁtstoCompanyBeneﬁts toConsumerBeneﬁts to Issue/CauseConsumer CSRInitiatives CompetitionA Contingent Framework of CSROverview of FindingsOur research reveals three key ﬁndings. First, there is signiﬁcant hetero-geneity across consumers in their reactions to CSR initiatives; what works for one consumer segment does not work for another. Second, the impact of CSR initiatives on outcomes “internal” to the consumer (e.g., awareness, attitudes,and attributions) is signiﬁcantly greater and more easily assessable than its impact on the “external” or visible outcomes (e.g., purchase behavior, word-of-mouth). Third, the focal company is not the only one that beneﬁts from FIGURE 2.CSR FrameworkCSR Activity T ype Community Support Diversity Employee SupportEnvironmentNon-US OperationsProductInvestmentMoney/GoodsTimePersonnelExpertise ConsumerCSR SupportOverall AttitudesCompanyMarketing StrategyIndustryReputationSize/DemographicsCSRDistinctivenessCoherenceReputation (Cause)Fit Consumer Segment Characteristics Company Marketing Strategy Competitors CSR Activity Marketing StrategyCompany Awareness Attributions Attitude Attachment Consumer Well-being Issue/CauseAwarenessAttitudeCompanyPurchasePrice PremiumLoyaltyWOMResilience Consumer Behavior ModiﬁcationIssue/Cause Support:Time,Money,WOM Input Outcomes:Internal Outcomes:Externalengaging in CSR initiatives; both consumers and the social issues the initiatives represent beneﬁt as well. This multifaceted impact of CSR distinguishes it from the other traditional marketing mix attributes (e.g., promotions) and, together, our ﬁndings point out the myopic nature of the studies that focus solely on the behavioral beneﬁts of CSR to the company.Based on these ﬁndings, our CSR framework is separated into three broad parts—the company-speciﬁc inputs, and the internal and the external outputs from consumers—that beneﬁt the focal company, the consumers themselves, and the social issues. In light of the heterogeneity we observed in consumer responses, our model reﬂects two sets of “multiplier” factors (depicted through the dotted line relationships) that moderate the effects of the CSR initiatives on the internal outcomes and that moderate the effects of the internal outcomes on the external outcomes. These factors are broadly classiﬁable into three categories, those pertaining to the company, the consumers, and the competition.Inputs:CSR ActivitiesDeﬁnitions of CSR abound, ranging from narrow, speciﬁc conceptuali-zations to broader ones. We adopt the relatively broad deﬁnition provided by Brown and Dacin as the company’s “status and activities with respect to its per-ceived societal obligations.”12This deﬁnition of CSR is consistent with that of the Business for Social Responsibility organization as “achieving commercial success in ways that honor ethical values and respect people, communities, and the natural environment.”13One comprehensive summarization of the different CSR actions is contained in Socrates: The Corporate Social Ratings Monitor, a database that describes and rates over 600 companies in terms of their CSR records.14This database reduces the numerous, diverse CSR initiatives undertaken by these companies into six broad domains:Community Support (e.g., support of arts and health programs, educa-tional and housing initiatives for the economically disadvantaged, andgenerous/innovative giving),Diversity (e.g., gender, race, family, sexual orientation, and disability),Employee Support (e.g., concern for safety, job security, proﬁt-sharing, union relations, and employee involvement),Environment (e.g., environment friendly products, hazardous waste management, use of ozone-depleting chemicals, animal testing, pollution control, and recycling),Non-U.S. Operations (e.g., overseas labor practices (including sweatshops) and operations in countries with human rights violations), and Product (e.g., product safety, R&D/innovation, marketing/contracting controversies, and antitrust disputes).A company can engage in CSR activities spanning one or more of these six basic domains. A key challenge facing companies hoping to assess theeffectiveness of their CSR endeavors is to ascertain clearly and concretely the value of the resources devoted to these activities. In other words, companies need to get an accurate sense of their own investments in their diverse CSR activities. To do so in a consumer-centric manner, companies need to identify clearly what consumers consider to be CSR-related activities and ascertain the amount of resources devoted to such activities. This would include money and goods, time and personnel, and intangible assets (such as intellectual capital) invested in achieving the CSR objectives.Internal Outcomes:CompanyAwarenessClearly, consumers’ awareness of a company’s CSR activities is a key pre-requisite to their positive reactions to such activities. Notably, the ﬁndings from both our focus groups and survey research show that there is signiﬁcant hetero-geneity among consumers in terms of awareness and knowledge of companies’CSR activities: while there certainly are a handful of “CSR mavens,” large swaths of consumers do not seem to be aware that by and large most companies engage in CSR initiatives. Of course, a few companies such as Ben and Jerry’s, Stony-ﬁeld Farms, and Newman’s Own have excelled in positioning themselves onthe CSR platform—and, not surprisingly, these were names that repeatedly came up in our research as companies that are CSR oriented. However, the following comment from a focus group respondent was the more typical response: “There are a lot of times when you don’t even know what these companies are doing.”Overall, given that awareness is a necessary condition for any favorable attitudinal and/or behavioral response to be evoked, the current low levels of general CSR awareness are a key stumbling block for companies looking to reap the positive beneﬁts of engaging in such initiatives.AttributionsAttributions refer to causal reasoning consumers engage in when trying to understand a company’s CSR activities (i.e., “Why is company X engaging in CSR activity Y”). Such attributions determine the extent to which consumers are likely to react positively to a company’s CSR activities. Consumers do question why companies engage in CSR and, more importantly, are generally wary of the sincerity of a company’s CSR motives. In the words of a survey respondent:“Just because a company supports a cause, doesn’t mean they care about any-thing but a proﬁt. It’s just a tax write-off. Fake images like that turn me off to them.”Two factors that seem to moderate this suspicion on the part of consum-ers are the reputation of the company and the ﬁt between the company and the cause. Speciﬁcally, consumers are particularly skeptical when companies witha negative reputation are involved in causes closely related to their business (e.g., Philip Morris’s recent campaign of “talk to your kids about not smoking”).Yoon, Gurhan-Canli, and Swartz have found similar “backﬁre” effects in their research.15Interestingly, however, we found that some consumers are tolerant of the idea that while CSR initiatives beneﬁt a cause or a nonproﬁt organization, part of the motivation behind such initiatives may include furthering the com-pany’s bottom line. As one focus group participant put it: “It’s a two-way street.”Finally, consumers seem to distinguish between companies that adopt a proactive stance as far as their CSR initiatives are concerned versus those that use CSR as a defensive, competitive mechanism just to be able to keep up. Con-sumers view proactive companies more favorably: “It makes a difference if their founding principles are based on social responsibility or if they are trying to do it as a sort of add-on after the fact.” Tom’s of Maine and Patagonia were men-tioned as examples of companies that were pioneers in CSR.AttitudeBy and large, consumers have a favorable attitude towards companies that engage in CSR. In our experimental research, consumers’ company eval-uations were positively inﬂuenced after reviewing CSR information about the company. Interestingly, this positive relationship is even stronger among con-sumers that perceive the focal company to have a better reputation, perceive a high ﬁt between the company and the cause, and have a personal connectionto the cause that is represented by the company’s CSR initiative.AttachmentAn important internal consumer response to CSR initiatives is the sense of attachment or connection consumers feel with companies engaging in CSR activities they care about—a phenomenon we call “consumer-company identi-ﬁcation.”16Such identiﬁcation is a powerful state driven by individuals’ needs for self-deﬁnition and social identity that prompts them to develop a sense of attachment or overlap with select organizations.17In turn, identiﬁcation prompts consumers to engage in a variety of behaviors favorable to the company (e.g., loyalty, word of mouth)—and in this sense, it is a pivotal driver of CSR’s positive effects on consumers’ company patronage behaviors.Organizational identiﬁcation research draws on social identity theory18to suggest that people are more likely to identify with an organization when they perceive its identity to be enduring, distinctive, and capable of enhancing their self-esteem. A company’s character, as revealed by its CSR actions, is not only “fundamental and relatively enduring,”19but also often more distinctive by virtue of its disparate and idiosyncratic bases (e.g., egalitarian employment poli-cies, sponsorship of social causes, and environmentalism) than by other facets of the company-schema (e.g., manufacturing expertise), particularly among successful competitors. Moreover, identiﬁcation with an organization engaged in “do good” CSR actions can clearly contribute to consumers’ self-esteem.The ﬁndings from both our qualitative and experimental researchshow that consumers do indeed identify with select companies when they are strong supporters of the companies’ CSR initiatives. The following quotes frominterview respondents reveal their identiﬁcation with certain companies (namely, The Body Shop, Apple, and Kodak) because of the CSR initiatives undertaken by these companies:“I was initially attracted to The Body Shop because of their strong stand againstanimal testing and their employment practices in third-world countries. They are very big on transferring skills rather than just employing cheap labor. I do followthe news stories about [The Body Shop], I look for their stores when I am travel-ing ... when I read positive stories about [The Body Shop] it makes me proud,and I would be disappointed to read anything bad, although I have not yet.”“I strongly identify with the culture of the company [Apple], because of theirinvolvement in education and child development.”“I feel some overlap [with] Kodak [because it] supports our community and hasalways been an advocate of many charitable organizations that I also support.”Internal Outcomes:ConsumerWell-BeingOne of the more interesting ﬁndings to emerge from our focus groups was that a company’s CSR activities can affect its consumers’ general sense of well-being, without such well-being necessarily translating to company-speciﬁc beneﬁts. Several focus group participants acknowledged that their awareness of the CSR activity that speciﬁc companies engage in enhanced their sense of well-being, even if their behavior towards that company was unaffected as a result.“I like walking in store A and knowing that there’s something going to cause Y,and I like walking down the aisle at store B and seeing that something is going to go to cause Z. But it’s more just that I am happy that it’s going on, not so muchthat it impacts what I am going to buy.”While outcomes such as well-being are not directed at the company that is engaging in the CSR activities, companies would do well to at least acknowl-edge if not assess the contribution of their CSR efforts to the subjective well-being of their target markets. Over the long run, such well-being may lead to greater patronage, positively affecting the company’s bottom line.Internal Outcomes:IssueAwarenessOur focus groups results showed that when companies put their adver-tising and promotional muscle behind speciﬁc causes, awareness of that cause is likely to increase. Cases in point are Avon’s sustained sponsorship of “Race for the Cure” and Yoplait’s (General Mills) sponsorship of breast cancer research. One of our participants put forth the general case: “[When a company advertises a cause], I am more apt to remember the charity.”AttitudesThus far, most CSR research has been focused on the beneﬁts to the com-pany of socially responsible actions. Our research shows that when a company’s support of a certain issue takes the form of cause sponsorship or the support of a nonproﬁt (e.g., American Express and Share Our Strength), such afﬁliation can enhance consumers’ attitudes towards the cause or the nonproﬁt as well. Specif-ically, consumers react more favorably to a cause or a nonproﬁt when the spon-soring company has a good reputation and the cause or the nonproﬁt is not perceived to be a natural ﬁt for the company.CSR Program MultiplierThe extent to which a company’s CSR initiatives will lead to the positive internal outcomes—for the company, the consumer, and the relevant issues—will depend on a set of external factors or multipliers pertaining to the company and the consumer. Speciﬁcally, a company’s overall marketing strategy and the position of CSR within it is likely to affect the extent to which its CSR activities translate to positive internal outcomes (as in the case of Ben & Jerry’s or The Body Shop). Similarly, belonging to a certain industries (e.g., oil, tobacco, and alcohol) is likely to dampen the effect of CSR initiatives due largely to the unfa-vorable often cynical attributions that consumers are likely to make in these instances. As noted, a company’s reputation magniﬁes the internal outcomesof CSR; consumers are not only likely to be more aware of what such companies are doing, but also more likely to make favorable attributions regarding their CSR actions and, therefore, have more positive attitudes towards such compa-nies. Not surprisingly, however, our research in the context of corporate-non-proﬁt alliances shows that for companies with extremely positive reputations, additional CSR activities may not contribute much to positive internal outcomes due to ceiling effects. Finally, a company’s size and demographics contribute to the strength of the relationship between its CSR activities and the internal out-comes. Our focus groups and surveys revealed that consumers are more likely to make positive attributions and have positive attitudes when the company engag-ing in CSR is small rather than big, local rather than national, and a small, per-sonal, privately owned operation rather than a big impersonal conglomerate or multinational. In the words of a survey respondent:“Recently many formerly socially responsible companies, such as StonyﬁeldFarms and Boca have been consumed by other multinational corporations, suchas Dannon and General Foods. I feel that if the parent company is not sociallyresponsible in all of their product lines, this strongly diminishes the validity of any gestures in their other product lines. Therefore, I do have mixed feelings aboutStonyﬁeld although I am very glad that they make it possible to get organic yogurt in a regular market.”Certain dimensions of a company’s CSR efforts are likely to moderate the relationship between CSR and internal outcomes. Distinctive CSR initiatives that set the company apart from its competitors are not only more likely to catchconsumers’ attention, but also to generate attributions and attitudes. Our research shows that consumers’ attributions and attitudes are much more posi-tive when they view the company as a pioneer in its CSR policies. Similarly, in cases where companies engage in many CSR initiatives in multiple domains, perceptions that such efforts cohere into a natural, sensible whole is likely to result in more positive internal outcomes. The same is true in the case where the company’s CSR initiatives are perceived to ﬁt well with its overall position-ing or marketing strategy.In our study, consumers’ support of the CSR issues emerged as one of the key moderators of their reactions to a company’s CSR efforts; the more sup-portive consumers were of the CSR issues, the more positive the outcomes. Sim-ilarly, consumers appear to vary in the extent to which they support companies’engagement in CSR activities, particularly if they believe that such activities detract from the company’s ability to produce high-quality products and ser-vices. Results of our experiments show that such beliefs are likely to be stronger when a company makes a “mediocre” product yet has an “excellent” CSR record. Overall, consumers with more favorable views on CSR in general are, not surprisingly, more likely to demonstrate positive internal outcomes. External Outcomes:CompanyPurchaseThere is a positive link between CSR and purchase behavior only when a variety of contingent conditions are satisﬁed: when the consumer supports the issue central to the company’s CSR efforts, when there is a high companyto issue/cause ﬁt, when the product itself is of high quality, and when the con-sumer is not asked to pay a premium for social responsibility. For the most part, our respondents say that if CSR plays a role at all in purchase, it matters at the margin and they are unwilling, even if they view the CSR initiatives positively, to trade-off CSR for product quality and/or price. As one respondent noted: “I felt guilty about it, but I just couldn’t get myself to [pay more for the socially responsible product].”This reluctance to compromise on core attributes such as price and quality is one of the main reasons why CSR initiatives tend to result in positive com-pany attitudes that do not, in turn, translate into greater purchase behavior.20In fact, our experimental research shows that some consumers may even penal-ize companies if they perceive that CSR initiatives are typically realized at the expense of investments in product and/or service quality. Such adverse effects are particularly likely to hurt sales when these consumers do not feel that the company’s CSR efforts somehow improve the product (e.g., Nike’s better treat-ment of its overseas employees leads to a better shoe), in some cases even detracting from its ability to provide or maintain a high-quality product.Consumers are more sensitive to “irresponsible” than to “responsible”corporate behavior. In other words, there is an asymmetric effect and “doingbad” hurts more than “doing good” helps. As one of our focus group participants put it: “I’m more likely to avoid a company that truly annoys me, like Exxon, than I am to go out of my way to buy from a company that is doing public good.” This ﬁnding was also validated by our experimental research, in which the “irresponsible” CSR behavior was one of omission (i.e., a company not doing anything in the CSR realm) rather than commission (i.e., a company actually doing bad things).LoyaltyOur research shows that companies that are perceived to have distin-guished themselves on the CSR platform seem to enjoy a loyal following among a segment of their customers. Typically, such loyalty is an outcome of the con-sumer-company identiﬁcation concept noted earlier. One of our interview par-ticipants hinted at the idea that being loyal to such a company (The Body Shop, in this case) is a symbiotic relationship:“What brings me back to their stores is the feeling that every purchase from them is in a way a contribution to the improvement of life in places where their product comes from and, at the same time, a way to take care of myself. Even thoughtheir product is not unique, I am very loyal to them. If their prices went up rela-tive to similar product, I would still buy it, even if I had to cut down on the totalamount.”This sense of making a difference to important social issues through one’s purchase echoed in the above statement is likely a key contributor to positive attitudes over the long run, which in turn helps engender loyalty. As with most of our ﬁndings, another key condition for expressing such loyalty is the con-sumer’s personal support of the CSR cause: “If you keep supporting what your customers believe in, they keep coming back”ResilienceA less obvious yet valuable way in which consumers reward companies for being socially responsible is through their “resilience to negative information about the company.” This concept has been discussed in the consumer-company identiﬁcation literature and refers to consumers’ willingness to overlook or even forgive a company when there is an occasional, possibly inadvertent, lapse on its part. Our interview respondents touched on this theme:“If I saw something I didn’t like, I would still give them [Good Earth Store]another chance.”“Anheuser Busch went through that whole scandal a couple of years ago aboutmarketing to children. I can guarantee you there wasn’t one little dip in its salesin St. Louis.”Consumers’ motivations to downplay or minimize negative information about a company (e.g., in the event of a crises)21that they perceive to be socially responsible is a key reason why investing in CSR is akin to “building a reservoir of goodwill” and why companies need to view CSR as a long-term, strategic CALIFORNIA MANAGEMENT REVIEW VOL.47,NO.1FALL 200419。

当前公租房管理存在的问题探讨与对策

当前公租房管理存在的问题探讨与对策发表时间：2012-12-18T15:01:07.593Z 来源：《建筑学研究前沿》2012年9月供稿作者：张晓宾[导读] 公租房与廉租房，经济适用房等一样，是政府推出的旨在提高广大中低收入群众生活水平的举措。

张晓宾重庆市北碚区房屋管理所 400700摘要：公租房与廉租房，经济适用房等一样，是政府推出的旨在提高广大中低收入群众生活水平的举措。

怎样将这一民心工程落实到位，让其成为真正的利民措施，是城市管理者必须认真考虑的。

公租房是个正在摸索中的新事物，近几年的发展中，公租房管理出现了筹资困难，租金定价困难，群众不叫好等问题，本文针对这些问题，提出一些看法和探讨。

关键词：公租房政策投资政策持续性The current public housing management problems and CountermeasuresZhang XiaobinChongqing city Beibei district housing management 400700Abstract: Fair rent a house and low rent housing, affordable housing and so on, is the government's aims to improve low-income people living standard measure. How will the project of common feelings of people to fulfil reach the designated position, make it become real people measures, is the city managers must consider carefully. Public housing is an exploration of the new things, the development in recent years, public housing management of the difficulty of financing, rent pricing difficult, masses not good problems, aiming at these problems, put forward some opinions and discuss.Key words: public housing policy investment policy continuity公租房与廉租房，经济适用房等一样，是政府推出的旨在提高广大中低收入群众生活水平的举措。

SignalTEK 10G 10G Ethernet Troubleshooter and Band

Why do I need a10G Ethernet T ester?ProblemLAN networks are at risk Solution SignalTEK 10G willAvoid network downtimeTroubleshoot Ethernet connectivity issues faster using diagnostic tools.Pinpoint bottlenecks fasterDiscover which part of your network is causing the bottleneck.Validate network upgradesVerify Multi-Gigabit switch upgrades to 1/2.5/5 and 10Gb/s speeds.Prove the maximum bandwidthProvide “proof of performance” PDF reports to the client.The new SignalTEK 10G measures the maximum bandwidth of the network cabling up to 10 Gigabits per second. Bysimulating actual network traffic users can test, troubleshoot and document network and data cable performance up to 10 Gigabit Ethernet standards.SignalTEK 10G has built-in Wi-Fi connectivity to connect seamlessly to the free AnyWARE Cloud test management system. AnyWARE Cloud offers pre-configuration to eliminate errors on-site, label printer connectivity to save time and “proof of performance” PDF reports for the clients.SignalTEK 10G10G Ethernet Troubleshooter and Bandwidth TesterIncrease your network speedfrom 1Gb/s to 10Gb/sProblemThere are 111 billion metres of Cat5e/Cat6 cabling installed globally that is limited to 1Gb/s bandwidth speeds due to the current switches deployed. Upgrading to Multi-Gigabit switches could increase speed but it is unclear what bandwidth the existing cabling will support.SolutionUse SignalTEK 10G to verify what the data cabling will support (up to 10Gb/s) before spending moneyon new Multi-Gigabit switches delivering2.5/5/10Gb/s speeds. Use the SignalTEK 10G again following the upgrade to prove performance to the client with the “proof of performance” PDF reports.As simple as 1-2-3Easy to understand traffic light status - The simple traffic lightindicator displays Good, Marginal or Poor power level based onIEEE 802.3 1G/10G limits.Max throughput test - The SignalTEK 10G will prove the maximumavailable bandwidth over the fibre link up to 10Gb/s.Discover a faulty SFP – The SFP temperature is measured to helpunderstand if it has become faulty.Will my existing cablinginfrastructure supportMulti-Gigabit technology?10G/Multi-Gigabit Performance90W PoE for AV and Digital SignageTest copper and fibrevertical cablingVoIP testing and troubleshootingMeets your network needs today and tomorrow.The SignalTEK 10G will help to increase network bandwidth without replacing expensive cableinfrastructure, troubleshoot PoE and Ethernet issues and prove the maximum bandwidth up to 10 Gigabits per second.6Testing through Network testing andConduct preventative maintenance testing, audit network capabilities and Prove performance of new cableinstallations up to 10GNetwork T estingThe SignalTEK 10G is also a network tester for troubleshooting and maintenance of active and passive copper and fibre networks.Port & network summary info Press the Autotest button to display summary information and allow for detailed inspection of networkparameters.VLAN detection & operationAutomatic detection of VLAN IDsallows the user to configure SignalTEK10G for operation on a VLAN.Custom WiremapUse a list of wiremap templates forcommon Ethernet cable types aswell as non-Ethernet cables, such asProfinet and ISDN.CDP/LLDP/EDP port informationShow port information using Cisco Discovery Protocol (CPD). Link Layer Discovery Protocol (LLDP) and Extreme Discovery Protocol (EDP).NetscanDisplay list of IP and MAC addressesof every device connected tothe network.72-hour event logFind rogue devices and intermittentissues using the 72-hour event log.SignalTEK 10G logs all network eventsover a 72-hour period to help diagnose connectivity issues faster, reducing hours onsite and reducing trips to the site. Leave the tester onsite, connect remotely tomonitor network activity, view the event log and control all functions of the tester from the office.The SignalTEK 10G will log all network eventsover a 72-hour period to help diagnose connectivity issues faster, reducing hoursonsite and reducing trips to site.72-hour event log captures network events down to the second eliminatingguessworkNo more trial and errorAccurately measure the maximum power available Supports PoE up to 90W (PoE++)Test all PoE Classes (0-8) and Types (af/at/bt)Identifies the powered pairsDetermine whether power is from a switch or mid-span injectorVerify the PoE installationPass / Fail indication to IEEE standards Extended power testSome switches may provide power exceeding their IEEE Class rating. Measure the maximum available power up to 90 watts.PoE T esting.Eliminate GuessworkThe SignalTEK 10Geliminates guesswork when installing, maintaining and troubleshooting wherePoE is deployed up to 90W (PoE++).10Adoption of Power over Ethernet (PoE)In just a few short years we have seen many different applications increasing adopt PoE, such as monitors, digital signage, phones, security cameras, lighting and access control.Previously technicians had to understand all the various standards, device power outputs and cable lengths to be sure a device will operate successfully.The SignalTEK 10G identifies the Class of the PoEsource and power available up to 90W to a PoE device regardless of cable length, cable quality or other factors. A clear pass/fail is provided to IEEE 802.3af/at/bt standards.The SignalTEK 10G identifies the Class of the PoE source and power available up to 90W to a PoE deviceregardless of cable length, cablequality or other factors.11Proof of PerformanceCloud software• Operates anywhere with a web browser – AnyWARE Cloud operates on a PC, Mac and tablet devices (Android and iOS)• Free storage – No need for separate servers or backup systems.• Easy to find project files – Attach all project filesincluding cable layout drawings, videos, and photos into the AnyWARE Cloud. Everything you need in one place. • Share reports easier – Use AnyWARE Cloud to share links to the test reports eliminating the need to manually email large attachments.• Reduce training time with WalkMe – AnyWARE Cloud is embedded with the WalkMe digital adoption platform providing proactive, step-by-step guidance on all key tasks.Fleet management• Easily manage the certifier fleet – Fleet manager allows you to see who has the SignalTEK 10G when the software was last updated and when the results were last synced. Allowing you to manage tester downtime and ensuring results are transferred back to the office and not lost or deleted.Professional PDF reporting• Customer profiles – Create a profile for each of thecustomers with their company logo, address and contact details. This information is automatically pulled through to the reports, saving time.Report formats• Summary report – This is a report showing multiple tests per page.• Detailed report – This is a comprehensive report with all the measurement results with one page per test. Reports can be generated on the SignalTEK 10G or on the free IDEAL AnyWARE Cloud.The AnyWARE Cloudmanagement system allows real time collaboration between Project Managers and Field Technicians. There is no need for Field Technicians to setup the SignalTEK 10G, Project Managers pre-configure thejobs and tests in the AnyWARE Cloud, eliminating potential mistakes and compressing the time taken to prepare reports for customers.Test Management SoftwareIDEAL AnyWARE Cloud Jobs screenIDEAL AnyWARE Cloud Test Result report12ax throughput test up to 10GComplete ConnectivityWi-Fi connectivity to the AnyWARE Cloud management system. USB connection for transferring test dataBuilt-in PDF ReportingReports can be generated directly from the SignalTEK 10G as well as the CloudPartner FinderProvides audible tone and visible indicator when connected tothe remote unitTouchscreenHigh resolution impact resistant touchscreenfor ease of useInternal LoadspeakerAudible tones assist theuser when testingIntuitive UserInterfaceSimplified user interfacefor easy setup andoperationRugged DesignRubberised housing, protected screenand protected measurement portLabel Printer ConnectivityEasily send label IDs to printers for fast and accurate labellingSignalTEK 10GPart NoDescriptionUPGRADE10GFIB UPGRADE SignalTEK 10G - Fibre testing option UPGRADE10GNETUPGRADE SignalTEK 10G - Network testing optionSignalTEK 10G is a future-proof investment as additional features can be unlocked with a simple license key when required. There are two upgrade options to choose from: fibre testing and advanced network testing.Future-proof the investment14Who is SignalTEK 10G designed for?SolutionSignalTEK 10GCT R157000SignalTEK 10GFT R157001SignalTEK 10GNT R157002SignalTEK 10GPRO R157003CategoryDisplays voltage and which pairs have PoEPass / Fail to PoE IEEE standardsMax power available (up to 90 watts)Type (af/at/bt) and Class (1 to 8)P o EF i b r eo p t i o n a lC o p p e rUptime efficiency and 72 hour event log Switch Speed - 100M, 1G, 2.5G, 5G, 10G Testing with packet loss, jitter and delay VLAN, PING, TraceRoute, Hub blink, NetScanProve network performance up to 10GCDP/LLDP/EDP port information N e t w o r ko p t i o n a lPass / Fail to fibre IEEE standards Wiremap, distance to fault, length Optical Tx/Rx power indication Max bandwidth test up to 10Gb/s SFP temperature, vendor and model Cable tracing (with compatible probe)Max bandwidth test up to 10Gb/sData transmission test 1/2.5/5/10GbSupports SFP/SFP+ (MM&SM)Pass / Fail to copper IEEE standardsData transmission test 1/10Gb NbaseT/Multi-Gigabit test 1/2.5/5/10Gb 15Proof of PerformanceIDEAL NETWORKS, SignalTEK and the IDEAL AnyWARE logos are trademarks or registered trademarks of IDEAL INDUSTRIES NETWORKS LIMITED.IDEAL INDUSTRIES NETWORKS LIMITEDStokenchurch House, Oxford Road, Stokenchurch, High Wycombe, Buckinghamshire, HP14 3SX, UK.Tel. +44 (0)1925 428 380 | Fax. +44 (0)1925 428 381********************Specification subject to change without notice. E&OE© IDEAL INDUSTRIES NETWORKS LIMITED 2020Publication no.: 157805 Rev.1SignalTEK 10G10G Ethernet Troubleshooterand Bandwidth TesterOrdering informationOptional Accessories。

Housing Department

Name of Estate
(Location of the Recreation Grounds)
District Mini- Basket Volley BadCouncil soccer ball ball minton Others District Pitch Court Court Court
Southern
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1
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Tin Wan Estate
(Basketball Court: near Tin Lai House)
Southern
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1------Hing Tung Estate Management Office, G/F, Hing Hong House, Hing Tung Estate, Sai Wan Ho, Hong Kong Tel.: 2567 8846 Fax: 2568 2695 Hing Wah (2) Estate Office, Unit 701-710, 7/F, On Hing House, Hing Wah (2) Estate, Chai Wan, Hong Kong Tel.: 2557 0115 Fax: 2515 1975 Siu Sai Wan Estate Management Office, Unit 10, G/F, Sui Lung House, Siu Sai Wan Estate, Chai Wan, Hong Kong Tel.: 2557 7301 Fax: 2505 2143 Ap Lei Chau Estate Office, Unit 29, G/F, Lei Ning House, Ap Lei Chau Estate, Aberdeen, Hong Kong Tel.: 2554 4941 Fax: 3695 0353 Tin Wan Estate Management Office, G/F, Tin Lai House, Tin Wan Estate, Aberdeen, Hong Kong Tel.: 2538 5016 Fax: 2538 7002

云南省住房公积金提取条件及流程

云南省住房公积金提取条件及流程The housing provident fund in Yunnan province is an important social security system for residents, helping them with housing-related expenses such as buying, building, or renovating homes. 云南省的住房公积金是居民重要的社会保障制度，帮助他们支付与购买、建造或翻修房屋相关的开支。

In order to qualify for housing provident fund withdrawals in Yunnan province, individuals must meet certain conditions. The conditions may differ according to the purpose of withdrawal, such as for purchasing a first home, medical expenses, or education fees. Individuals should check with their local housing provident fund management center for specific requirements. 为了符合在云南省提取住房公积金的条件，个人必须满足一定条件。

这些条件可能根据提取的目的不同而有所不同，例如购买首套房、医疗费用或教育费用。

个人应与当地的住房公积金管理中心核实具体要求。

The process of withdrawing housing provident fund in Yunnan province usually involves submitting an application to the relevant authorities. The application form typically requires personalinformation, details of the amount to be withdrawn, and supporting documents. Once the application is approved, the funds are typically disbursed directly to the designated account. 在云南省提取住房公积金的流程通常涉及向有关部门提交申请。

新视野大学英语第二版第二册reading4

新视野⼤学英语第⼆版第⼆册reading4Part 1 Word Dictation(每⼩题：1 分)Directions: Listen and write down the words you hear. You are going to listen to the recording twice. During the first time, write the word that you hear. Check your answers as you listen the second time.1.overseas2.insurance3.destination4.territory/doc/cdf5e833c5da50e2524d7fd4.html press6.departure7.gravity8.security9.identical10.volunterr11.resist12.purchase13.digital14.teedious15.objectionPart 2 Understanding Long Conversations(每⼩题：1 分)Directions: In this section you'll hear a long conversation or conversations. Listen carefully and choose the best answer to the questions you hear.Questions 1 to 5 are based on the same passage or dialog.1.A. Her classes.B. A student.C. Her boyfriend.D. Her friends.2.A. Taking her classes.B. Seeing her friends.C. Complaining.D. Hating everyone.3.A. He feels the same as the woman.B. He feels people complain too much.C. He doesn't like anyone.D. He doesn't hate anyone.4.A. It is something strange.B. It is something for children.C. It is something he dislikes.D. It is best at McDonald's.5.A. Girlfriend and boyfriend.B. Teacher and student.C. Mother and son.D. Father and daughter.Questions 6 to 10 are based on the same passage or dialog. 6.A. Teach classes.B. Lead a conference.C. Attend a conference and tour.D. Work at a hotel.7.A. At a friend's home.B. At a hotel.C. At a university.D. At her aunt's home.8.A. One or two days.B. Three or four days.C. About a week.D. Just four days.9.A. Clothing, computer, and books.B. CD player, clothing, and books.C. Books, gifts and computer.D. Computer, books and clothing.10.A. Her parents are on the same trip.B. She enjoys traveling to different countries.C. She was born in that country.D. She enjoys the travel very much.Part 3 Understanding Passages(每⼩题：1 分)Directions: In this section you'll hear a passage or passages. Listen carefully and choose the best answer to the questions you hear.Questions 1 to 5 are based on the same passage or dialog. 1.A. They will be alone too often at home.B. They will be alone more often at college.C. They will not like the loneliness of college.D. They will not want to be close to others.2.A. They can't be taken care of by parents.B. They can't be alone enough.C. They can't find people to socialize with.D. They can't see brothers and sisters.3.A. To get together with others.B. To do more studying.C. To live with roommates.D. To find a little time alone.4.A. Seeing his family.B. having more private times.C. People being nearby.D. Someone always watching.5.A. His mother.B. His roommate.C. His whole family.D. His study group.Questions 6 to 10 are based on the same passage or dialog. 6.A. Arriving passengers.B. Departing passengers.C. People boarding a boat.D. People departing from a train.7.A. Walk straight ahead to a man at the gate.B. Have a pleasant journey to Middleton.C. Wait for a transport to bring their luggage.D. Walk to their right to get their luggage.8.A. At CarouselB.B. At the blue area.C. Near the green area.D. At the gate.9.A. A card.B. A transport.C. A plane ticket.D. A green sign.10.A. Every 24 minutes.B. Every 10 minutes.C. Every 25 minutes.D. Every 15 minutes.Questions 11 to 15 are based on the same passage or dialog.11.A. To advertise a new film To Be or Not to Be.B. To inform people that a film will not be shown.C. To discuss the characters in To Be or Not to Be.D. To discuss William Shakespeare's life.12.A. Shakespeare may not have been the actual writer.B. The ceiling of the theater is damaged.C. The subject is not very funny.D. The times are very inconvenient.13.A. At 2, 4, and 8 pm beginning Saturday.B. At 4, 6, and 8 pm beginning Saturday.C. At 2, 4, and 8 am beginning Sunday.D. At 2, 6, and 8 pm beginning Sunday.14.A. Humorous.B. Sad.C. Exciting.D. Dark.15.A. The birth of certain of Shakespeare's plays.B. The return of Shakespeare.C. The movies about Shakespeare.D. The questions about Shakespeare.Part 4 Vocabulary and Structure(每⼩题：0.5 分)Directions: Choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D.1.As __________ as you work hard and perform well,opportunities will be made available to you as the company succeeds and grows.A. bestC. muchD. long2.My roses grow well as long __________ they have justenough water and plenty of plant food.A. asB. soC. sinceD. for3.The general orders them all to be driven out at once, without __________.A. failureB. failC. failingD. failed4.She picked __________ a stone and threw it at the window.A. onB. forC. upD. at5.I picked __________ a magazine that was lying on the table.A. upC. onD. by6.You lose your head when you get upset and lose __________ of your actions.A. owningB. controlC. objectionD. eyesight7.The bicycle that Jim has today is a far __________ from the old one that he used to ride.A. awayB. distanceC. cryD. sight8.Thinking someone is stupid is a far __________ from saying so.A. traceB. soundC. voiceD. cry9.People who want the typist's job will be judged __________how accurate and fast they are.A. in favor ofB. in terms ofC. in ways ofD. in spite of10._____________ he works hard, I don't mind when he finishes the experiment.A. As soon asB. As long asC. As well asD. So far as11.Great importance was laid on expanding education, with girls as well as boys ___________ to go to school.A. to be encouragedB. being encouragedC. been encouragedD. be encouraged12.Homework __________ on time will lead to better grades.A. doneB. be doneC. having doneD. having been done13.Although always on time himself, the professor was quite used __________ late for his lecture.A. to students to beB. to students beingC. for students to beD. for students being14.Until then, his family _____________ from him for six months.A. didn't hearB. hasn't heardC. hasn't been hearingD. hadn't heard15.The fifth-generation computers, with the ability to think for themselves, _______ and perfected now.A. developedB. are being developedC. have developedD. will have been developed16.The gray building is where the workers live, and the white oneis where the spare parts ____________.A. are producingB. are producedC. producedD. being produced17.It might be asked what the author's basic _______ were; then we could understand his works better.A. meaningB. intentionsC. educationsD. interests18.After that they drove to the Guest House at ___________ speed.A. topB. headC. wholeD. every19.He has failed me so many times that I no longer place any___________ in what he promises.A. wishB. beliefC. creditD. trust20.She _____________ Christian when she was only a junior middle school student.A. startedB. joinedC. becameD. happened21.This ticket ____________ you to a free meal in our new restaurant.A. givesB. grantsC. entitlesD. credits22. A completely new situation is likely to __________ when the age for leaving school is raised to 16.A. affectB. riseC. ariseD. happen23.People at the store will _________ your TV set without charge because it is so new.A. bringB. buyC. repairD. return24.In case of emergency, please ___________ the orders of the ship staff.A. postB. transferD. obey25.When workers are organized and united, managers find it hard to lay them _____________.A. offB. asideC. outD. down26.She bought a blue and yellow hat to __________ her new blue dress.A. matchB. shadeC. combineD. marry27.I can hardly believe my eyes. This ___________ man is actually a scientist who once won the Nobel Prize.A. remarkableB. unusualC. magnificentD. unremarkable28.I don't have courage to tell him the bad news to his face, so I have to do it in a(n) ____________ way.A. directC. indirectD. brave29.My bag looks __________ to Mary's, so I often take hers by mistake.A. the sameB. identicalC. differentD. like30.The girl has made up her mind to go abroad with her boyfrienddespite her parents' _________.A. agreementB. allowingC. lettingD. objection31.As so many overseas business people have come to start andbuild new businesses, the place looks much more _________ than it did a few years ago.A. propertiedB. tediousC. prosperousD. unremarkable32.She is very nice, but because she has a ________ way ofspeaking, she is slow in making friends.A. forbidB. forbiddingC. forbadeD. forbidden33.His company promised to pay for his health _______ inaddition to other benefits.A. examinationC. checkD. insurance34.________ students often find it difficult to live in China at first.A. OutsideB. OverseasC. NationalD. Abroad35.After she became a lawyer, she decided to ___________ criminal law.A. workB. practiceC. devoteD. deal36.The student's first attempt at writing a play was a far__________ from the work of Shakespeare.A. awayB. wayC. cry37.The survivors __________ to a floating tree in hopes of rescue.A. tiedB. seizedC. claimedD. clung38.The weakening housing market continued to take its__________ on the industry.A. tollB. profitC. insuranceD. security39.I expected a bigger payment, but I suppose you have to be __________ for small mercies.A. pleasantB. thankingC. gratitudeD. thankful40.I was __________ than angry when I saw how they'd ruinedthe landscape.A. muchB. littleC. moreD. less41.He __________ for military service against the wishes of his parents.A. volunteeredB. fanciedC. enteredD. imagined42.I don't know who on __________ stole the diamond last night.A. worldB. earthC. floorD. ground43.I want you to succeed without __________ and firmly believe that you will succeed if you try hard enough.A. failingB. failedD. failure44.She couldn't __________ laughing at him in those clothes.A. declineB. rejectC. refuseD. resist45.Anne __________ from outside her home last Wednesday.A. appearedB. vanishedC. lostD. entered46.The aircraft vanished without __________.A. traceB. troubleC. destinationD. product47.There were several wet __________ on the wall.A. partsB. decreasesC. patches。

崇拜自然还是征服自然的英语作文

崇拜自然还是征服自然的英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Should We Revere Nature or Conquer It?Nature is all around us – the trees, animals, mountains, rivers, and everything else in the great outdoors. It's where we get our food, water, and even the air we breathe. Some people think we should revere or deeply respect nature and live in harmony with it. But others believe we should try to conquer and control nature to make our lives easier and more comfortable. Which view is right? Let me share my thoughts.On the one hand, revering nature means appreciating all the amazing things it gives us and being grateful for its beauty and power. Have you ever gone hiking in the mountains and looked out over a vast valley with the sun setting behind the peaks? Or watched a bird skillfully building its nest? Or tasted a freshly picked, juicy strawberry? Nature provides us with wonderful sights, sounds, and experiences that make us say "Wow!" It would be wrong not to revere the natural world.Plus, if we don't respect nature, we could really mess things up. We've all learned how pollution from factories and cars is hurting the environment by making the air and water dirtier. If we keep chopping down forests and paving over green spaces, we're destroying habitats that plants and animals need to survive. We rely on bees to pollinate crops so we can grow food – but bee populations are declining partly because of pesticides. If we don't revere nature and protect it, the natural systems that we depend on could break down.Native American tribes and other indigenous groups have long set an example of living in harmony with the land and revering nature as sacred. They treat the earth with respect and only take what they need from it – not in a wasteful and destructive way. They see humans as part of nature, not masters over it. That philosophy seems really wise to me. If we all had more reverence for nature, our planet would be healthier.On the other hand, the main argument for conquering nature is that it allows people to live more comfortably and conveniently. By clearing forests, digging mines, building dams, and using the earth's resources, we've been able to create modern cities with tall buildings, paved roads, electricity, and running water. We've developed technology like air conditioning,heaters, and refrigerators to keep us at ideal temperatures despite the outdoor conditions. Medical advances have helped us overcome diseases and live longer. You could say we've freed ourselves from nature's threats and harsh elements.Some people believe that conquering nature through technology, industry, and development is not just a convenience but a necessity for our growing global population. They argue that unless we harness and control natural resources, we can't produce enough food, energy, and materials to support billions of humans and raise living standards worldwide. Everyone wants gadgets, transportation, housing – and providing those things requires conquering nature to some degree.There's another argument that humans are simply the most advanced species on earth, so it's natural for us to use our intelligence to exert control over nature for our benefit, just like past civilizations did. Indigenous people were conquering nature too by hunting animals and cultivating crops – they just did it on a smaller scale. Now our technology has advanced so much, we can reshape the natural world in far bigger ways. And diseases, storms, drought, and other nature events kill people, so conquering nature protects our health and safety. Maybeconquering and controlling it is just the next logical step in human progress.So those are some of the main views on both sides of the debate. Personally, I can see merits to both perspectives. We should definitely revere and respect nature because it's awesome and we depend on it for our survival in so many ways. But I can also understand why some conquering and shaping of nature has been necessary for building our modern society. We need things like farms, housing, roads, and energy sources.The way I see it, the ideal approach is to strike a careful balance where we develop in sustainable ways that don't destroy habitats and pollute wildly. We can revere the beauty and importance of nature while still using its resources responsibly through methods like renewable energy, sustainable farming practices, and protecting ecosystems. We can live with nature, not just in it or totally separated from it.We're probably never going to go back to beinghunter-gatherers, but we also shouldn't go too far in paving over every green space, chopping down every forest, and polluting every waterway. A little reverence for nature can go a long way toward preserving the lands, waters, plants, and animals we all need to survive and thrive. Maybe that's a perspective we couldall get behind, no matter which side we started on. Nature and humans living together in harmony – that's the dream!篇2Revering Nature or Conquering NatureHave you ever gone on a hike in the woods and felt really small compared to the tall trees and huge rocks around you? Or have you watched the waves crashing against the shore and thought about how powerful the ocean is? Nature is amazing and can make you feel so tiny! But people have also found ways to control parts of nature to make our lives easier and more comfortable.So which is better - revering and respecting nature, or conquering and controlling it? That's a really difficult question to answer! I've been thinking about it a lot lately.On one hand, nature is beautiful, peaceful, and an important part of life on Earth. All the animals, plants, mountains, rivers, and everything else in nature have been here for millions of years before humans came along. We are part of nature too, even if we like to think we are smarter and more advanced than other creatures. Nature provides us with food, water, air to breathe, and all the resources we need to live. It helps regulate the climateand weather patterns that make the planet habitable for life. Spending time in nature can make you feel calm and happy. There's nothing quite like watching a sunset over the ocean or hiking through a forest on a sunny day.Many cultures and religions teach the importance of living in harmony with nature and not disturbing the natural balance and order of things. Native American tribes saw themselves as caretakers and protectors of the land. They used only what they needed from nature and tried not to damage or disrupt it unnecessarily. Other traditions like Buddhism, Hinduism, and Taoism also emphasize respecting nature and all living things.There are also many environmentalists and scientists who warn about the dangers of humans damaging nature too much through pollution, deforestation, overfishing, and other activities. They say if we keep disrupting natural systems and cycles, it could lead to climate change, loss of biodiversity, lack of resources, and an unlivable planet for humans and many other species. Protecting nature seems really important for our own survival and that of many other living things.But on the other hand, humans have become the most advanced and dominant species on Earth precisely because we have found ways to control and reshape the natural world to fitour needs and make our lives easier. We have used our intelligence to build shelters, grow crops, make fire, develop medicine, invent technology, and more - all by modifying nature to our advantage.Living purely at the mercy of nature would be incredibly difficult, even impossible for most people today. We can't all hunt and gather food, we need protection from harsh weather and climates, we need ways to travel long distances for resources, and so on. By conquering parts of nature, we are able to have more comfortable lives with less suffering, hunger, and danger.For example, we build dams to control rivers and store water for drinking and irrigation instead of being at the mercy of flooding or drought. We clear forests to create farmland and cities to live in. We extract oil, gas, metals, and other materials from nature to run our industries and produce the goods we need. We raise and breed animals for food instead of just hunting in the wild. Through science and technology, we can overcome natural limitations and find solutions to problems like disease, transportation, and energy needs. Conquering nature has allowed human civilization to develop and advance rapidly over the centuries.So which view is correct - revering or conquering nature? To be honest, I think both perspectives make some good points and the answer lies somewhere in the middle. We shouldn't just mindlessly destroy and disrupt the natural world without any concern for the consequences. But we also can't abandon all the progress and benefits that controlling nature has brought to humanity either.The best approach is to strike a balance - to use nature's resources wisely and responsibly, not wastefully. To develop technologies that work in harmony with nature's systems rather than against them. To preserve and protect wilderness areas, endangered species, and ecological cycles while still meeting human needs for food, shelter, energy, etc. To conquer nature where truly necessary, but to also revere it for its power, beauty, and role in sustaining all life.This balance is not easy to achieve, but I think it's the ideal solution. Humans are a part of the natural world after all, not separate from it. We depend on healthy ecosystems and natural resources, so protecting nature is protecting ourselves in the long run. But we are also the most intelligent species, with abilities to modify our surroundings like no other. The key is to use our knowledge and abilities carefully and responsibly, notrecklessly. To be wise stewards and managers of the planet, not just conquerors or passive admirers.What do you think? How would you balance revering and conquering nature? It's such an important issue that will impact all of our lives and the future of the planet itself. I may only be a kid, but I believe we all have a responsibility to consider these questions and make good choices when it comes to how we treat the natural world around us. The Earth is our home, and we need to take care of it!篇3Nature is Amazing!I love nature! There's just something special about being outside among the trees, flowers, animals and fresh air. Whenever my family goes camping or hiking, I feel so free and happy. The great outdoors is wonderful.Some people say we should revere nature - that means respect it and leave it alone. They think we shouldn't do too much to change the natural environment. We should just admire and enjoy the beauty of mountains, forests, oceans and wildlife the way they already are.But other people believe we should conquer nature. That means using science and technology to control the natural world and reshape it however we want for our own purposes. If a forest is in the way of building a new city, we should just chop it down. If we need more farmland, we can flatten some hills. With our human intelligence and tools, we can overpower and remake nature into whatever form is most useful for us.So which view is right? Should we revere nature and not disturb it very much? Or should we feel free to conquer nature and mold it however we please? I've been thinking about this a lot, and here's what I believe:I do think nature is truly amazing and we shouldn't wreck it just because we can. The natural world is like a beautiful masterpiece painting, carefully crafted over millions of years. The animals, plants, landscapes, and ecosystems all fit together perfectly. It would be a shame to damage such an awesome artwork!When I see a towering waterfall, winding river, or vast forest stretched out before me, I feel a sense of peace and wonder. The nature scene seems flawless just the way it is. And all the living creatures like deer, birds, and insects have found the perfect way to survive together in their environment over centuries ofevolution. Why mess with something so finely balanced and tuned? That would be disrespectful.Nature also provides us with so much that we need to live - food, water, fresh air, materials for clothing and shelter, and more. If we destroy too much nature, we'll be destroying things we can't live without in the long run. It's wise to preserve what gives us life!At the same time, I can't fully agree with just revering nature and never changing it at all. Humans have always adapted the natural environment to our needs at least a little bit. We cultivate crops, build shelters, make clothes, and reshape things like wood and metal that come from nature. As long as we're alive on this planet, we'll need to make some alterations.I don't think even people who say they "revere" nature actually want to live exactly like cavemen, painting on rock walls and hunting with spears. We all use modern technology to some degree to improve our lives through subduing nature - even if it's just by turning on a lightbulb at night instead of a fire. There's some element of conquering nature in everyone's lifestyle.What I personally believe we should strive for is a healthy balance and compromise. Let's not go too far in conquering nature through extreme damage like tearing down entire forestsor polluting on a massive scale. We need to respect natural resources and ecosystems as much as possible so we can keep benefiting from them for future generations.But we also shouldn't be so rigid in revering nature that we can't adapt it at all to positive human needs and progress through careful development. With wisdom and good management, we can enjoy nature's blessings while still improving our lives in a sustainable way.It's kind of like caring for a beautiful garden. You don't want to completely strip it out and replace it with a concrete parking lot. But you also can't just leave it to the weeds and fungi to totally overgrow everything including your house. The best solution is responsible gardening through pruning, planting, watering, and shaping the trees and flowers into an organized, functional landscape that looks nice but also meets your living needs.We can treat the whole planet with a similar caring approach. Instead of destroying or stagnating, we should aim to be excellent stewards and managers of the amazing natural resources around us. We strike a balance through selective changes that enhance human welfare and potential while alsopreserving the robustness, richness, and longevity of nature's invaluable gifts.Yes, nature is breathtakingly awesome and awe-inspiring! I get so excited seeing all the mind-blowing variety of life on our planet. But nature isn't some fragile thing we can never interact with. Humans are part of the grand natural system too. We just need to be highly responsible, ethical guardians who don't abuse our ability to reshape our environment.Through wisdom, diligence and care, we can marvel at the splendor of untamed landscapes and environments while still applying technology and effort to improve our standard of living and future potential as a species. We don't conquer nature through domination or revere it through total estrangement. We harmonize with and gently guide nature's path through the partnership of excellent stewardship.At least, that's what I think we should do based on what I've learned so far. Mother Nature is precious and should be respected. But human ingenuity is also incredibly valuable and not something to discard. I believe striking the right balance between these two powerful forces is the key to making the world an amazing place for all.。

新视野大学英语读写教程第四册第五单元B篇原文和翻译

In extreme cases, r
oommate conflict can lead to serious violence, as it did at Harvard last spring: One student killed her roommate before committing suicide. Many schools have started conflict resolution programs to calm tensions that otherwise can build up like a volcano preparing to explode, ultimately resulting in physical violence. Some colleges have resorted to “roommate contracts” that all new students fill out and sign after attending a seminar on roommate relations. Students detail behavioral guidelines for their room, including acceptable hours for study and sleep, a policy for use of each other's possessions and how messages will be handled. Although the contracts are not binding and will never go to a jury, copies are given to the floor's residential adviser in case conflicts later arise. “The contract gives us permission to talk about issues which students forget or are afraid to talk about,” says the director of residential programs.

社会服务包括哪些工作英语作文

社会服务包括哪些工作英语作文英文回答：Social work is a broad field that encompasses a wide range of jobs and roles. Social workers help peoplenavigate life's challenges, such as poverty, mental illness, addiction, and family problems. They work with individuals, families, groups, and communities to provide support, resources, and advocacy.Some of the most common job titles for social workers include:Caseworker: Caseworkers provide direct services to clients, such as assessment, counseling, and case management. They work with clients to develop goals and plans to overcome challenges and improve their lives.Therapist: Therapists provide psychotherapy to clients to help them address mental health issues, such asdepression, anxiety, and trauma. They use a variety of therapeutic techniques to help clients understand their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, and to develop coping mechanisms.Social worker: Social workers provide a wide range of services to clients, such as case management, counseling, advocacy, and community outreach. They work with clients to address issues such as poverty, housing, food insecurity, and healthcare.Policy analyst: Policy analysts research and analyze social issues and policies to develop and advocate for policies that improve the lives of people in need. They work with government agencies, non-profit organizations, and other stakeholders to inform policy decisions and advocate for social justice.Program manager: Program managers oversee the development and implementation of social service programs. They work with staff, volunteers, and community partners to ensure that programs are meeting the needs of clients andachieving their goals.Researcher: Researchers conduct studies to investigate social issues and develop evidence-based practices forsocial work. They work with universities, research institutions, and government agencies to design and conduct studies, analyze data, and publish their findings.Social workers play a vital role in helping people improve their lives and overcome challenges. They are committed to social justice and to ensuring that everyone has the opportunity to live a fulfilling life.中文回答：社会服务涵盖的工作非常广泛。

情感支持动物英语翻译

情感支持动物英语翻译Emotional Support Animals (ESAs) are a type of assistance animal that provide comfort and support to individuals experiencing emotional or mental health issues. Unlikeservice animals, which are trained to perform specific tasks for individuals with disabilities, ESAs are not required to undergo any specialized training. Their primary function isto offer companionship and emotional stability to their owners.Here are some key points about emotional support animals in English:1. Definition: An ESA is an animal that provides emotional, cognitive, or psychiatric support to individuals with mental health conditions.2. Legal Recognition: In the United States, ESAs are recognized under the Fair Housing Act (FHA) and the AirCarrier Access Act (ACAA). This means they can live withtheir owners in housing that has a no-pet policy and cantravel with their owners on airplanes without additional fees.3. Types of Animals: While dogs and cats are the most common ESAs, other animals can also serve in this capacity,including rabbits, birds, and even miniature horses, provided they are well-behaved and do not pose a threat to others.4. Documentation: To have an ESA, an individual must have a letter from a licensed mental health professional statingthat they have a mental or emotional disability and that the animal provides necessary support.5. Training: Unlike service animals, ESAs do not need to be trained to perform specific tasks. Their role is primarily to provide a calming presence for their owner.6. Public Access: ESAs are not granted the same public access rights as service animals. They are generally not allowed in places where pets are typically prohibited, such as restaurants and stores, unless there is a specific policy in place to accommodate them.7. Responsibilities of Owners: Owners of ESAs are responsible for their animals' behavior and must ensure they do not cause harm or disruption to others.8. Travel: When traveling, ESA owners must provide their ESA letter to the airline in advance and may be asked to sign a document stating that they are responsible for their animal's behavior during the journey.9. Housing: Landlords and property managers cannot charge extra fees or deposits for ESAs, and they must make reasonable accommodations for ESAs, even if they have a no-pet policy.10. Misrepresentation: It is important to note that falsely claiming an animal is an ESA to gain access to housing ortravel benefits is illegal and can result in penalties.Understanding the role and rights of emotional support animals is crucial for those who rely on them for mental health support, as well as for landlords, airlines, and others who may interact with ESAs.。

房屋建筑工程英语

房屋建筑工程英语Here is an essay on the topic of "Housing Construction Engineering" in English, with a word count of over 1000 words.Housing construction engineering is a critical field that plays a vital role in the development and growth of our built environment. It encompasses the planning, design, and construction of residential, commercial, and industrial buildings, as well as infrastructure projects such as roads, bridges, and utilities. The field of housing construction engineering requires a multidisciplinary approach, drawing upon expertise from various disciplines, including civil engineering, architecture, project management, and environmental science.One of the primary objectives of housing construction engineering is to create safe, functional, and sustainable living and working spaces. This involves the careful consideration of factors such as structural integrity, energy efficiency, accessibility, and environmental impact. Engineers in this field must possess a deep understanding of materials, construction techniques, and building codes to ensure that the structures they design and build can withstand the test of time and provide a comfortable and secure environment for occupants.The process of housing construction engineering typically begins with the initial planning and design phase. During this stage, engineers work closely with architects, urban planners, and other stakeholders to develop a comprehensive plan that addresses the specific needs and requirements of the project. This may include considerations such as site selection, zoning regulations, and the integration of sustainable design principles.Once the planning and design phase is complete, the construction process can begin. This involves the coordination of various trades, including electricians, plumbers, and carpenters, to ensure that the building is constructed according to the approved plans and specifications. Housing construction engineers play a crucial role in overseeing the construction process, monitoring the quality of work, and ensuring that the project stays on schedule and within budget.Throughout the construction process, housing construction engineers must also consider the impact of the project on the surrounding environment. This may include measures to mitigate the effects of construction on local ecosystems, manage stormwater runoff, and reduce the carbon footprint of the building. By incorporating sustainable design principles and incorporating green technologies, housing construction engineers can help to create more environmentally responsible and energy-efficient buildings.In addition to the construction of new buildings, housing construction engineering also plays a vital role in the renovation and rehabilitation of existing structures. As buildings age, they may require upgrades or repairs to maintain their structural integrity, improve energy efficiency, or adapt to changing needs. Housing construction engineers work closely with building owners and managers to assess the condition of a structure, identify areas in need of improvement, and develop a plan for renovations or retrofits.One of the key challenges facing the field of housing construction engineering is the need to balance the demands of cost, efficiency, and sustainability. As construction costs continue to rise, there is a growing emphasis on finding innovative ways to reduce expenses while still maintaining high standards of quality and safety. This may involve the use of new materials, the adoption of prefabrication techniques, or the integration of renewable energy sources.Another significant challenge is the need to adapt to changing environmental conditions and regulatory requirements. As concerns about climate change and resource depletion grow, housing construction engineers must stay informed about the latest developments in sustainable design and construction practices. This may include the use of energy-efficient building materials, the incorporation of water conservation strategies, and the integration ofrenewable energy technologies.Despite these challenges, the field of housing construction engineering remains an essential and dynamic field that continues to evolve and adapt to the changing needs of our society. By leveraging the latest technologies, incorporating sustainable design principles, and collaborating with a diverse range of stakeholders, housing construction engineers play a crucial role in shaping the built environment and improving the quality of life for communities around the world.。

北京租房英文作文

北京租房英文作文Looking for a place to rent in Beijing can be quite a challenge. The housing market is competitive and the prices are high. It's important to be prepared to act quickly when you find a place you like.When searching for a rental in Beijing, it's essential to consider the location. The city is large and diverse, with different neighborhoods offering different amenities and vibes. Whether you prefer the bustling city center or a quieter suburban area, there are plenty of options to choose from.One thing to keep in mind when renting in Beijing is the language barrier. Many landlords and property managers may not speak English, so it's helpful to have a basic understanding of Mandarin or have a local friend who can assist you in the process.In Beijing, it's common for landlords to require adeposit of at least one month's rent, along with the first month's rent upfront. Be prepared to have these funds available when you find a place you want to rent.When renting in Beijing, it's important to carefully read and understand the terms of the lease agreement. Make sure you are clear on the responsibilities of both the tenant and the landlord, as well as any additional fees or charges that may apply.Beijing is a vibrant and exciting city to live in, and finding the right rental can make all the difference. With some patience and diligence, you can find a place that suits your needs and allows you to enjoy all that the city has to offer.。

小区物业英语作文题目大全

小区物业英语作文题目大全Possible English Essay Topic:A Comprehensive Guide to Small Community Property Management。

Possible Introduction:Small community property management, also known as neighborhood or residential property management, refers to the administration and maintenance of shared spaces and facilities within a housing complex or a group of adjacent homes. This task is often delegated to a professional property management company or a volunteer homeowners' association, depending on the size, complexity, and budget of the community. However, even if you are not directly involved in managing your small community property, it is essential to understand the basic principles, challenges, and benefits of this field. In this essay, we will provide a comprehensive guide to small community propertymanagement, covering topics such as communication, finance, maintenance, legal issues, and sustainability.Possible Body Paragraphs:Communication:Effective communication is the cornerstone of small community property management, as it allows residents, managers, and vendors to share information, resolve conflicts, and coordinate activities. Therefore, it is crucial to establish clear and transparent channels of communication and to use them regularly. Some common communication tools for small community property management include email, social media, newsletters, bulletin boards, meetings, and surveys. It is also important to listen to residents' feedback, concerns, and suggestions and to address them promptly and respectfully. Good communication can enhance the sense of community, increase trust and cooperation, and prevent misunderstandings and disputes.Finance:Small community property management involves various financial responsibilities, such as budgeting, collecting fees, paying bills, and investing in capital improvements. To ensure financial stability and transparency, it is advisable to create a realistic and comprehensive budget that covers all the expected expenses and income sources. The budget should be reviewed and revised periodically, based on the actual performance and changing needs of the community. It is also essential to collect fees and fines promptly and fairly, and to use them for the designated purposes only. Additionally, small community property management may involve investing in long-term projects, such as energy efficiency upgrades, landscaping, or security systems. In such cases, it is important to weigh the costs and benefits, seek professional advice, and involve residents in the decision-making process.Maintenance:Small community property management includes the maintenance and repair of common areas, such as sidewalks,parking lots, playgrounds, pools, and clubhouses. Regular and preventive maintenance can prolong the lifespan of these facilities, reduce safety hazards, and enhance the aesthetic appeal of the community. To ensure efficient and effective maintenance, it is advisable to create a maintenance plan that outlines the tasks, schedule, and budget for each area. The plan should also assign responsibilities to specific individuals or teams, such as maintenance staff, contractors, or volunteers. It is also important to monitor the quality of the maintenance work, address any issues or complaints promptly, and document the maintenance history for future reference.Legal Issues:Small community property management involves various legal issues, such as liability, insurance, contracts, and regulations. To avoid legal disputes and liabilities, it is essential to understand and comply with the relevant laws and regulations, such as zoning, building codes, and environmental standards. It is also advisable to obtain appropriate insurance coverage for the community, such asliability, property, and worker's compensation insurance. Additionally, small community property management mayinvolve signing contracts with vendors, such as landscapers, plumbers, or security companies. It is important to review and negotiate these contracts carefully, to ensure thatthey reflect the needs and interests of the community, andto seek legal advice if necessary.Sustainability:Small community property management can also contribute to the sustainability and resilience of the community andthe environment. For example, small community property management can promote energy efficiency, water conservation, waste reduction, and green landscaping practices. To achieve these goals, it is advisable to conduct a sustainability assessment that identifies the current practices, opportunities, and challenges of the community. Based on the assessment, the community can develop a sustainability plan that sets goals, targets, and actions for improving the environmental performance of the community. The plan should also involve residents, managers,and vendors in the implementation and monitoring of the sustainability practices.Possible Conclusion:Small community property management is a complex and rewarding field that requires a range of skills, knowledge, and attitudes. By following the principles and practices outlined in this guide, small community property managers can enhance the quality of life, safety, and sustainability of the community, and foster a sense of belonging, trust, and cooperation among residents. Whether you are a resident, a manager, or a vendor of a small community property, it is important to understand and support the goals and values of this field, and to contribute to its continuous improvement and innovation.。

福利院策划书

福利院策划书英文回答：As a social worker with a passion for helping the underprivileged, I am eager to present a comprehensive proposal for the establishment of a state-of-the-art welfare center. This center will serve as a beacon of hope and support for individuals and families facing life's challenges, empowering them to overcome adversity and achieve their full potential.The welfare center will be a safe and welcoming space where individuals can access a wide range of essential services, including:Emergency shelter and housing assistance: Providing temporary or permanent housing for those experiencing homelessness or facing housing insecurity.Food assistance: Distributing food to individuals andfamilies in need, including perishable and non-perishable goods.Clothing and personal hygiene: Providing clothing, toiletries, and other essentials to ensure the well-being and dignity of our clients.Healthcare and mental health services: Offering access to healthcare professionals, counseling, and support groups to address the physical and emotional needs of our clients.Job training and employment services: Providing job training programs, job placement assistance, and financial support to help individuals gain employment and achieve financial stability.Education and childcare: Offering educational programs, childcare services, and after-school programs to support the development and well-being of children.Legal aid and advocacy: Providing legal assistance and advocacy to ensure that our clients' rights are protectedand that they have access to justice.The welfare center will be staffed by a compassionate and dedicated team of professionals, including social workers, case managers, healthcare workers, and educators. We will work closely with local organizations and community partners to provide a comprehensive network of support services for our clients.Our goal is to create a transformative space where individuals and families can access the resources and support they need to overcome their challenges, rebuild their lives, and achieve their dreams. We believe that every person deserves a chance to succeed, and we are committed to providing them with the tools and guidance they need to reach their full potential.中文回答：作为一名热心帮助弱势群体的社会工作者，我迫切地想提出一个为建立一个最先进的福利中心而写的全面提案。

许一篇关于城市类似我可以养宠物的英语作文

许一篇关于城市类似我可以养宠物的英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Keeping Pets in the City: A Furry Companion's TaleAs a student living in the heart of a bustling metropolis, the idea of having a furry companion by my side might seem like a far-fetched dream. After all, city life is often associated with cramped apartments, busy schedules, and a general lack of green spaces. However, I've come to realize that owning a pet in an urban setting is not only possible but can also bring immense joy and countless benefits to one's life.I still vividly remember the day I brought home my beloved feline friend, Whiskers. Despite the skepticism from some of my friends and family, who warned me about the challenges of pet ownership in a city, I was determined to make it work. Little did I know that this decision would turn out to be one of the best choices I've ever made.Living in a city can be overwhelming at times, with the constant noise, crowds, and fast-paced lifestyle. However, coming home to Whiskers' warm greeting and playful antics hasbecome a much-needed respite from the urban chaos. Her presence has taught me the importance of slowing down and appreciating the simple joys in life, like watching her chase after a catnip-filled toy or basking in the warm sunlight filtering through the window.Contrary to popular belief, city living doesn't have to be a barrier to responsible pet ownership. With a little creativity and dedication, it's entirely possible to provide a nurturing environment for our four-legged companions. For instance, I've learned to utilize every inch of my small apartment to create engaging play areas and hiding spots for Whiskers. A strategically placed cat tree near the window allows her to indulge her natural instincts to climb and observe the world outside, while a cozy bed tucked away in a quiet corner provides her with a peaceful retreat.One of the biggest concerns about owning a pet in the city is often the lack of outdoor space. However, I've discovered that with a little planning and effort, this challenge can be easily overcome. Regular walks around the neighborhood parks or even exploring the city's hidden green spaces have become our cherished bonding rituals. Whiskers seems to relish theseadventures, taking in the sights, smells, and sounds of the urban jungle with wide-eyed curiosity.Moreover, having a pet in the city has taught me valuable lessons in responsibility and time management. Caring for Whiskers requires a consistent routine, from ensuring she has fresh food and water to regular playtime and litter box maintenance. While it may seem daunting at first, this structured routine has actually helped me become more organized and disciplined in my daily life, skills that will undoubtedly serve me well in my future endeavors.Beyond the personal benefits, owning a pet in the city has also opened my eyes to the importance of community and篇2Pets in the City: A Furry Companion for Urban DwellersAs a student living in the heart of a bustling metropolis, the idea of having a furry companion might seem like a distant dream. Towering skyscrapers, crowded streets, and the constant buzz of city life don't exactly conjure up images of a cozy home for a four-legged friend. However, after careful consideration and research, I've come to realize that owning a pet in the city isnot only possible but can also be an incredibly rewarding experience.While it's true that city living presents its own set of challenges when it comes to pet ownership, the benefits of having a furry (or feathery, or scaly) companion far outweigh the potential drawbacks. For starters, pets offer a much-needed dose of stress relief and companionship in the often-hectic pace of urban life. Coming home to the wagging tail of a dog or the purring embrace of a cat can instantly melt away the day's worries and provide a sense of comfort and joy that is truly priceless.But the advantages of pet ownership extend far beyond emotional support. Studies have shown that having a pet can actually improve physical health by lowering blood pressure, reducing the risk of heart disease, and even boosting the immune system. And let's not forget the mental health benefits –caring for a pet can alleviate symptoms of depression, anxiety, and loneliness, which are all too common among city dwellers.One of the biggest concerns about owning a pet in the city is the lack of space. After all, how can a dog or cat thrive in a cramped apartment or condo? The truth is, with a little creativity and dedication, even the smallest of urban abodes canaccommodate a furry friend. It's all about choosing the right breed and providing ample exercise and stimulation.For instance, smaller dog breeds like French Bulldogs, Pugs, and Cavalier King Charles Spaniels are well-suited for city living due to their compact size and relatively low exercise requirements. Of course, daily walks and playtime are still essential, but these pups can get their energy out in local parks, dog runs, or even on a short stroll around the block.Cats, on the other hand, are often the perfect urban pet. With their independent nature and low-maintenance grooming needs, felines can thrive in even the tiniest of apartments. As long as they have access to a litter box, scratching post, and plenty of toys and perches to keep them entertained, cats can lead happy and fulfilling lives in the city.And let's not forget about the wide array of small pets like guinea pigs, hamsters, and birds, which can be excellent companions for urban dwellers with limited space. These critters require minimal room and can provide endless hours of entertainment and companionship.Of course, owning a pet in the city isn't without its challenges. Finding pet-friendly housing can be a daunting task, as many landlords and property managers have strict no-petpolicies. Additionally, the costs associated with pet ownership, such as veterinary care, food, and supplies, can add up quickly, especially in urban areas where prices tend to be higher.However, with proper planning and budgeting, these obstacles can be overcome. Many cities have seen a surge in pet-friendly housing options, catering to the growing number of urban dwellers who want to share their lives with a furry (or feathery, or scaly) companion. And while the upfront costs of pet ownership can be daunting, the long-term benefits of improved mental and physical health can far outweigh the financial investment.In my opinion, the joy and companionship that a pet can bring to an urban lifestyle are invaluable. Whether it's the unconditional love of a dog, the soothing purrs of a cat, or the cheerful chirps of a bird, having a furry (or feathery, or scaly) friend can turn even the smallest of city apartments into a warm and welcoming home.So, to all my fellow city-dwelling students out there, I encourage you to consider the possibility of pet ownership. With a little research, preparation, and dedication, you too can experience the countless benefits of having a furry companion by your side in the concrete jungle. Who knows, your next studybuddy or cuddle partner might just have four legs and a wagging tail.篇3Keeping Pets in the City: A Personal PerspectiveWhen you think of having a pet, you might picture a big house with a backyard full of room to run and play. But what if I told you that you can have an amazing furry (or feathery or scaly) friend even when living in a small apartment right in the heart of a major city? That's right, city living doesn't have to mean going pet-free. With some creativity and the right pet for your space, urban dwellers can absolutely experience the joy of caring for an animal companion.I should know - I've lived in a one-bedroom apartment downtown for the past three years, and I can't imagine my life without my dog Rufus. My parents were hesitant when I first brought up the idea of getting a dog after moving out on my own. "How will you find an apartment that allows pets?" they asked. "And even if you do, a city isn't the right environment to keep an animal cooped up all day." While their concerns were valid, I was determined to make it work.The first step was finding pet-friendly housing. More and more landlords and property managers are relaxing their "no pets" policies, especially for smaller animals like cats and dogs under 25 pounds. The demand from millennial urban renters who want pet companionship is simply too high to ignore. I scoured listings for places that allowed dogs with a reasonable pet fee or rent premium. When I found my current place, I gladly paid the extra 35 per month to be able to have Rufus.Next, I had to pick the right pet for my lifestyle and living space. A high-energy breed that needs tons of outdoor exercise and room to run was out of the question. After lots of research, I settled on a Jack Russell Terrier mix - energetic but small,。

英语作文-房屋租赁服务行业的人工智能技术应用

英语作文-房屋租赁服务行业的人工智能技术应用Artificial Intelligence (AI) has revolutionized various industries, and the rental housing service sector is no exception. In recent years, AI technologies have been increasingly integrated into the processes of property management, tenant interaction, and operational efficiency within the housing rental industry.One of the most prominent applications of AI in the housing rental sector is in customer service and interaction. AI-powered chatbots and virtual assistants have become ubiquitous tools for property management companies and landlords. These AI systems are capable of handling a wide range of tenant inquiries and issues, such as maintenance requests, rental payment inquiries, lease queries, and even general information about the property. By leveraging natural language processing (NLP) and machine learning algorithms, these chatbots can provide quick and accurate responses to tenants, improving overall customer satisfaction and reducing the workload on property management staff.Moreover, AI technology is instrumental in optimizing the process of tenant screening and selection. Traditionally, screening tenants involved manual review of applications, credit checks, and references, which could be time-consuming and prone to human error. AI algorithms can now analyze large volumes of data to assess prospective tenants' creditworthiness and rental history efficiently. These algorithms can detect patterns and correlations that may not be immediately apparent to human reviewers, thereby helping landlords make more informed decisions while minimizing the risk of rental defaults and property damage.In addition to customer service and tenant screening, AI is also enhancing operational efficiency in property management. AI-driven predictive analytics can forecast market trends and rental demand, enabling property managers to adjust rental pricing strategies accordingly. By analyzing historical data and external factors such aseconomic indicators and local market conditions, AI algorithms can recommend optimal rental rates and vacancy management strategies to maximize occupancy rates and rental income.Furthermore, AI technology is streamlining property maintenance and facility management. Internet of Things (IoT) devices equipped with AI algorithms can monitor the condition of rental units in real-time, detecting anomalies such as water leaks, HVAC malfunctions, or security breaches. This proactive approach allows property managers to address maintenance issues promptly before they escalate, thus reducing operational costs and enhancing tenant satisfaction.Another significant application of AI in the housing rental industry is in personalized marketing and tenant engagement. AI algorithms analyze tenant preferences, behaviors, and feedback to deliver targeted marketing campaigns and personalized recommendations. By tailoring communication and promotional offers to individual tenant needs, property managers can foster stronger tenant relationships and improve tenant retention rates.In conclusion, the integration of AI technologies into the housing rental service industry represents a transformative shift towards greater efficiency, enhanced customer experience, and improved operational outcomes. From AI-powered chatbots for customer service to predictive analytics for pricing and maintenance, these technologies are reshaping how properties are managed and how tenants interact with rental services. As AI continues to evolve, its potential to revolutionize the housing rental industry will only grow, offering new opportunities for innovation and efficiency in property management practices.。

住宿条件英语作文

住宿条件英语作文Title: Accommodation Conditions in English-speaking Countries。

Living conditions vary greatly from one place to another, and when it comes to accommodations in English-speaking countries, there are several factors to consider. From dormitories to homestays, apartments to hostels, each option offers its own set of advantages and disadvantages. In this essay, we will delve into the diverse range of accommodation conditions prevalent in English-speaking countries.To begin with, let's explore the typical accommodations available for students studying abroad. Universities often provide on-campus dormitories or student housing, which offer convenience in terms of proximity to classes and campus facilities. These accommodations usually come furnished and may include amenities such as communal kitchens, laundry facilities, and study areas. While livingon campus fosters a sense of community among students and facilitates easy access to academic resources, it may also come with limitations on privacy and freedom.Alternatively, some students opt for off-campus housing options such as apartments or shared houses. Renting an apartment provides greater autonomy and privacy compared to dormitory living. However, it also entails additional responsibilities such as managing utilities, maintaining cleanliness, and dealing with landlords or property managers. Shared housing arrangements, where students rent rooms in a house with shared common areas, offer a balance between independence and social interaction.For those seeking a more immersive cultural experience, homestays are an excellent choice. A homestay involvesliving with a local host family, where students become part of the household and participate in daily life activities. This option allows for cultural exchange, language practice, and firsthand exposure to local customs and traditions. However, homestays may vary in terms of comfort and amenities, and compatibility with the host family plays acrucial role in the overall experience.Travelers and backpackers often favor hostels asbudget-friendly accommodation options. Hostels typically offer dormitory-style rooms with shared facilities such as bathrooms and kitchens. While they may lack the privacy and comfort of private accommodations, hostels provide a social atmosphere where guests can meet fellow travelers, exchange travel tips, and form friendships. Moreover, many hostels organize social events and tours, enhancing the overall travel experience.In addition to these conventional options, the rise of alternative lodging platforms such as Airbnb has revolutionized the accommodation landscape. Airbnb allows travelers to book unique accommodations ranging fromprivate rooms to entire homes, often at competitive prices. This flexibility appeals to a wide range of travelers seeking personalized experiences and local authenticity. However, it's essential to exercise caution and research thoroughly to ensure the legitimacy and safety of Airbnb listings.In terms of amenities and facilities, accommodations in English-speaking countries generally adhere to high standards. Basic amenities such as electricity, water, heating, and internet access are widely available acrossall types of accommodations. However, the quality and range of facilities may vary depending on factors such as location, price, and accommodation type. Luxury apartments and boutique hotels offer premium amenities such as fitness centers, swimming pools, and concierge services, cateringto discerning travelers seeking luxury and comfort.In conclusion, the accommodation conditions in English-speaking countries encompass a diverse array of options catering to different preferences, budgets, and needs. Whether it's student housing, homestays, hostels, or alternative lodging, each option offers its own unique advantages and considerations. By carefully evaluating factors such as location, amenities, and cultural immersion opportunities, travelers and students can make informed decisions to ensure a comfortable and enriching stay abroad.。

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R E S E A R C HHELPING HOUSING MANAGERS UNDERSTAND THE MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENTS OF THEIR STOCK - TENANTS’ ISSUESFemi Olubodun and Trevor Mole*Bolton Institute, *University of Salford1.IntroductionAttention in housing research has been devoted to the study of housing tenure and characteristics, and the characterisation of housing expenditure pattern (Holme, 1985). More recent studies on the latter have stressed the primacy of the need to prioritise maintenance needs in property stock (Audit Commission, 1993), (Holme, 1994) and (Speeding et al, 1995), and the development of information systems for property maintenance (Allen and Hinks, 1994).Whilst these academic efforts are desirable and relevant to policy makers and housing maintenance practitioners, the lack of comprehensive and co-ordinated body of maintenance generators in housing is conspicuously notable.There exists an obvious gap in the body of research efforts in the field of housing viz;1)On one hand, there is the social researcher whose main interest and knowledge base is purely in the social characterisation of housing and do not give proper consideration to the implications and effects of the technical aspects of housing on his academic efforts.2)On the other hand is the technical researcher whose interest lies in the technology of housing asa building and effort is put into redressing the decay process in building without sufficientlybringing the social aspects to bear upon his academic exploits.This problem has long been only partially recognised by Holme when he commented that available data on local authority maintenance costs reflect global costing without including social environmental and technical factors common to local authority estate (Holme, 1985).This paper, as part of a PhD research programme, inter alia, sets out to develop a bridge for the existing gap by exploring the characteristics of the tenants of some L.A. housing estates and how they affect maintenance need. This effort has serious and complex social and policy implications. An understudy of tenants and their characteristics may be seen to impinge upon the policy of equal opportunity. However, without the proper integration of information relating to property and the users of the dwelling the phenomenon of housing maintenance need prediction will remain an intractable problem for housing managers.The hypothesis which the paper seeks to explore is that dwellings within the same estate and having every conceivable architectural attribute in space and time in common will exhibit different maintenance need profile as a result of differences in tenants’ characteristics. Simply put, a significant proportion of the variation in maintenance need will have its explanation in the differences in tenants' personalities, life style and attributes. Hence, a housing manager will be able to predict a part of his maintenance budget accurately given certain information about his tenants. In this vein, a housing manager who discounts tenant information in the development of a maintenance budget will not apply such resources to full effect.2.MethodologyThe study was based on a case study of a large local authority housing stock in England. This was achieved by collecting primary data on repair costs for sample dwellings from the authority’s Direct Labour Organisation (DLO) system. Alongside this, postal questionnaires were distributed to tenants of the sample dwellings. In total, 252 completed questionnaires provided quantitative data analysis, representing a response rate of about 40%.2.1Independent variablesThere are a number of measurable attributes which characterize the occupier of a residential property. These attributes are; tenants age (TENAGE), likelihood of moving from present home (MOVEPLAN), attitude to repair problems (REPIRATT), gender, presence of disabled person in dwelling (DISABLE), right-to-buy speculation of tenant (RTBCOMP), employment status (TEMPLOY1), length lived in last home (LENTLAST), length lived in current home (LENTLIVE), vandalism index for dwelling (VANDAL) and number of children (CHILDCT). Together, they give an insight into the behaviour and influence of the tenant as they impact upon the dwelling and hence on maintenance need.2.2Problems with cost records as a basis for the measurement of maintenance need How do we measure the maintenance need of a property?The inadequacies of maintenance cost records as yardsticks for measuring requirement are exhaustively documented (Baker, 1976), (HMSO, 1976), (Stone, 1980), (Hollis and Gibson, 1986) and (Brown and Robertson, 1990). In the absence of maintenance cost as an effective measure and is led to consider the total number of defects generated by the property through time as a ready-made objective indicator. For us to do this and be able to lay claim to it as an efficient and valid measure, we must establish that every defect reported by whatsoever means is equally important. To do this, the authors studied the pattern and distribution of the mean cost of defects in each dwelling included in the final survey. The closer to zero the standard deviation of the mean is, the more accurate it will be to assume that any two defects identified are equally important, at least in terms of cost. (Mean= 1413.12, S.D=1517.75). In this case, the deviation is too high to allow for any assumption of proximity within defects. Hence, it was decided that simply using the number of defects as a measure of maintenance generated by a property cannot be a valid or efficient index.Further to a preliminary interview with housing management team the mechanism for the identification of defects introduces a new dimension to the problem of using either maintenance cost or number of defects for this purpose. It is useful to know that the problem which impacts upon the criterion of interest has not to do with the pricing mechanisms as identified by (Stone, 1980). Any problem connected with this phenomenon is believed to have been taken care of by the homogeneity created by the use of a case study (this makes pricing error a common error to the data). The real problem lies in the way and manner defects are identified and the criteria for actioning defects schedules prepared by surveyors.1)The more aware tenants are of their rights, the higher the cost records associated with his/herdwelling. This disposition among tenants will, more than anything else, be dictated by whether or not the tenant is entitled to legal support.2)The degree to which pressure is generated by the tenant on local housing managementdepending upon user satisfaction and tolerance levels.Whilst the total number of defects over time is less useful because of the lack of validity and efficiency, it would be tantamount to throwing the baby out with the bath water to discard existing cost records on the grounds of being totally useless. Given some vital adjustments which can correct for existing anomalies in cost records, its validity and efficiency can be substantially improved as to render it a useful index. To achieve this objective, it was decided to corroborate existing cost data with a further survey of each dwelling in the sample.2.3Maintenance requirements IndicesTo assess some of the dimensions of maintenance requirements among our sample dwellings, it was decided to gather data on three indices as follows:-Historic maintenance measure-Satisfaction expressed by tenants on actual work carried out-Condition of propertyThe details of survey and assessment made on the sample dwellings can be obtained from the authors.2.3.1Derivation of the Satisfaction index - SATISFY1In a questionnaire survey instrument the tenants were asked to score their level of satisfaction with the repair works carried out on the property in the past five years. As expected, responses would be given only if the respondent has identified the a particular repair item as having occurred in the last five years as required in preceding lead question. Parity in responses to these two is therefore essential, the absence of which meant that a subject was discarded from further analysis.2.3.2Measuring and assessing existing property condition - PROPCONDTo assess this dimension of maintenance requirements among the dwelling population sample, data was gathered on three indices. The first of these was the year of last prior to painting repairs and external painting (P to P) on property. Based upon the year, points are allocated. Since the maintenance cost data were collected in 1995, the year 1994 was used as the cut-off point. This meant that P to P dated 1994 was awarded a full score of 10, with the score reduced by 1 for each preceding year of P to P. The score, as indicated below Table 1 varied from 10 to 0.Table 1: Scorings for PTPYear of last P to P Scale1994 101993 91992 81991 71990 61989 51988 41987 31986 21985 11984 0In our sample data, the latest P to P was dated 1984. The rationale for the scaling is based upon the premise that a property with more recent P to P repairs and external painting is in a generally better condition than one which is more dated (all other things being equal), and therefore scored more highly.The limitation of this index is the fact that degradation in external joinery (which prior to painting and external painting work seeks to control) is assumed to be strictly time related. Whereas, elevations which are more exposed are not accounted for. To account for building orientation will be to introduce minutiae tedium into the factor which will detract from the substance of the investigation.The second measure of property condition was a subjective assessment of the physical appearance of the building facade. The object was to make a general but superficial assessment of conditions of brickwork, roof and other external features of the building. Every dwelling was evaluated on a three-point scale indicating the strength of the assessment made. The scale, as indicated below Table 2 varied from 5 to 1.Table 2: Scorings for PHYCONDStrength of Evaluation ScaleGood 5Fair 3Poor 1The limitation of this index include in the subjectivity of the assessment and, on a stronger note, the inapplicability of this criterion to dwellings housed in high rise blcks which do not lend themselves to reasonable assessment of facade upon which reliable inferences could be drawn. To ameliorate this limitation, it was decided to employ an assessment of the lift and communal area conditions as an alternative to brickwork, roof and other external features in high rise blocks. The implication of this was that two dwellings in the sample population housed within the same block will necessarily have the same score. This is also the case for dwellings within the same block of walk-up-flats or cottage-flats.Table 3: Output Listing for cross-tabulation of CLASS (property) v. PHYCONDCLASS 1Page 1 of 1CountCol Pct RowPHYCOND100200300Total1.002736289154.0%33.3%32.2%37.1%3.0084731866.0%43.5%35.6%35.1%5.001525286840.0%23.1%32.2%27.8%Column5010887245Total20.4%44.1%35.5%100.0%Chi-Square Value DF SignificancePearson13.738704.00818Likelihood Ratio14.501554.00585Mantel-Haenszel test 2.834461.09226for linear associationMinimum Expected Frequency - 13.878Number of Missing Observations: 7The output listing displayed in Table 3 is a contingency table to test the association, if any, between PROCOND and CLASS (property). The Pearson X2 is strongly significant as shown by a p-value (much less than 0.05 at 0.0082). Since the null hypothesis for this statistic is that an association does not exist between the two variables, a significant X2 then enables us to reject the H0 in favour of the H1 . In other words, there is a statistical association between PROCOND and CLASS. This conclusion then requires that the contingency table be closely studied to discover any underlying pattern of association between the three classes of properties. The table reveals that 54% of high rise dwellings are classified as poor whilst only about a third of both low rise flats and houses are classified as poor. This accords, if not in magnitude, but at least in direction with social expectation. On this account, the reliability of the scoring of the dwellings on the variable is confirmed. Hence, the shortcomings of the index does not have significant bearing upon its validity.It is note worthy that the highest score on this index is 5 whilst the lowest is 1. It was decided not to maintain parity of score with the two other indices because of the comparatively high subjectivity of the index.A third measure of property condition (Propensity to carry out Repair) was constructed from tenant’s responses to a question on the survey instrument in which tenants were asked (how likely they were to carry out repairs identified in an earlier question) by themselves. Since the index is intended to measure the willingness of tenants to repair, it is developed by the transformation of the highest level of Likert scale shown by the respondent on whatsoever component it may.The transformation is given as follows:REPLIKE3 = 3N - 2Where N is the numerical score assigned to a Likert response on the questionnaire instrument.The object of the transformation is to achieve a highest and lowest possible scores of 10 and 1 respectively.The limiting factor on this index is the fact that aged or disabled tenants may not be able to repair, but may nevertheless possess attitude which enables them to keep property in good condition.A T-test between the index REPLIKE3 and DISABLE was conducted, which yielded an insignificant F-value, thus suggesting lack of homogeneity of variance hence, the unequal row is appropriate for the interpretation of the results. Given a significance level which approaches unity (p = 0.994), the hypothesis of equality of means between the two group of disabled and non-disabled hold. Upon this evidence, the authors conclude that tenant’s disability does not in any way distort the index.Furthermore, a correlation matrix of REPLIKE3 and TENAGE was developed. Contrary to our expectation, a negative and significant correlation exists between Tenants’ age and Propensity to Repair. Upon this strong statistical evidence, what the author expected to pose a limiting problem to the measure is substantially refuted.2.3.3Limitation of the overall measureOne would surmise that if the three criteria namely; Date of last P to P action, Physical (Facade) Condition and Tenant’s Propensity to Repair severally contribute to a common phenomenon as Property Condition being measured, then they should each be independent of one another. In other words, any correlation between them should be one of chance rather than of any systematic relationship. In this regard, the existence of any association between REPLIKE3 (Tenant’s propensity to repair) and any of the other two can easily be discountenanced without proof. However, at face value, it is not plausible to attribute a relationship of sort between PtoP and PHYCOND to chance. Indeed, the possibility exists thata more recent P to P action may have meant that more repairs to the external elements, (which the index PHYCOND measures), have had to be carried out as an adjunct to P to P action. If this proved to be the case, the consequence is that the two criteria significantly measures the same attribute (covariance is high), and hence an unwarranted statistical duplicity of measures. This position is not supported by the Covariance matrix of the regression of PHYCOND on PTP, with a low, though significantb coefficient of 0.1664.Similarly, the coefficients between PHYCOND and REPLIKE3 (tenant’s propensity to repair) is both sufficiently insignificant and low (b = 0.0733, p = 0.252) to support the hypothesis of non-existence of co-relation. In practice, a systematic relationship is unthinkable. How many tenants would take it upon themselves to provide an eternal facelift to properties. This is practically unexpected. The results confirm this position. Hence, there exists no valid basis for speculation as to the existence of a systematic relationship between the three measures of existing property condition (PROPCOND). Upon this moderately strong statistical evidence, the author can, without presumption, conclude that the construct PROPCOND is a valid and reliable construct of maintenance requirements or need.Of the three measures of PROPCOND, only PHYCOND (physical condition) and PTP (date of last prior to paint repairs and external painting) were significantly correlated (Spearman's rho = o.17, P < 0.01). The other two correlations were: PTP and REPLIKE3: (rho = -0.02, P = 0.72); REPLIKE3 and PHYCOND: (rho = 0.07, P = 0.25). These results suggest that multi-collinearity between the three measures is anything but wide spread, and therefore the confounding influence on the results is limited. Having established the reliability and the goodness of the data on the indices of maintenance need namely; historic maintenance costs (MAINCST), tenant’s satisfaction index for repairs (SATISFY) and property condition (PROCOND), it was decided to proceed unto further analyses to test relationships with the variables representing characteristics of the respondents (tenants).3.AnalysisThe groups of regression models were developed using the data (actual and derived) for the sample dwellings. The different groups were based upon the three indices for maintenance requirements.3.1Maintenance cost modelThe results of maintenance cost regression are shown in Table 4. Full regression model using all the 11 independent variables has a multiple coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.2698 and an F ratio of 5.7766 which satisfies the 95% level of significance. This value of (R2) shows that the variable altogether explain over a quarter of the variation in repair costs.Table 4: Variables in the EquationVariable B SE B Beta T Sig TLENTLIVE16.7865479.271380.142801 1.811.0720MOVEPLAN-113.792774108.348676-.076944-1.050.2951LENTLAST 5.3912548.326559.048001.647.5182REPIRATT118.50538797.907710 .084786 1.210.2278GENDER75.052912217.473460 .023980.345.7304TENAGE-868.777621173.057688 -.609818-5.020.0000DISABLE-1268.727140238.934418 -.363081-5.310.0000VANDAL 6.42522425.416966 .017037.253.8007RTBCOMP62.893750269.023746 .015607.234.8154CHILDCT117.166875315.024076 .031174.372.7104TEMPLOY1295.511616189.516149 .151801 1.559.1208(Constant)4681.2346541046.091207 4.475.0000Multiple R .51940R Square .26977Adjusted R Square .22307Standard Error 1382.39270Analysis of VarianceDF Sum of Squares Mean SquareRegression11 121431283.97324 11039207.63393Residual172 328693647.760461911009.58000F = 5.77664 Signif F = .0000Table 5: Variables in the EquationVariable B SE B Beta T Sig TLENTLIVE7.7949887.248625.070599 1.075.2833TENAGE-599.888398 95.687212 -.415866 -6.269.0000DISABLE-1268.407888 195.711928 -.368054 -6.481.0000(Constant)5342.385491 464.994214 11.489.0000Multiple R.48690R Square.23707Adjusted R Square.22765Standard Error1342.91553Analysis of VarianceDF Sum of Squares Mean SquareRegression3136175711.3449745391903.78166Residual243438231577.650981803422.13025F = 25.16987 Signif F = .0000Table 6:Variables in the EquationVariable B SE B Beta T Sig TTENAGE-546.72667481.861461-.378866-6.679 .0000DISABLE-1261.396325195.433851-.366139-6.454 .0000(Constant)5303.877763463.59248511.441 .0000Multiple R .48214R Square .23246Adjusted R Square .22619Standard Error 1342.00893Analysis of VarianceDF Sum of Squares Mean SquareRegression2133633506.2554766816753.12774Residual245441242055.288881800987.98077F = 37.10005 Signif F = .00003.1.1Maintenance Cost Model SummaryToward developing a better model, the variables with significant level of T less than 10% were excluded from the first model as in table 1. The reason for including variables at only 90% significance level is that some of the variables with such significance may improve their significance to the set 95% significance level when the highly weak variables are eliminated. This resulted in the regression model shown in Table 5 which comprises of three variables of which the variables TENAGE and DISABLE satisfy the 95% level of significance. The adjusted (R2) improved from .22307 to .22765, and the F ratio also improved from 5.7766 to 25.1699. In order to satisfy the 95% significance level, the variable LENTLIVE was eliminated from Table 6 model. The adjusted (R2) remained at about the same level at 0.2262 and the F ratio improved to 37.1001. This lead us to conclude that almost a quarter of the variation in repair expenditure is explained by the TENAGE and DISABLE.3.2Satisfaction modelThe satisfaction models are given in Tables 7 and 8. The full regression model of has an (R2) of 0.2022, indicating that 20.22% of the variation in satisfaction level is explained by the variations in the independent variables.Variable B SE B Beta T Sig TDISABLE-1.08887214.880355-.005439-.073 .9418CHILDCT9.15798019.366104.043172.473 .6369TEMPLOY114.93029211.825294.132886 1.263 .2086RTBCOMP-34.22203716.624754-.149056-2.058 .0412VANDAL-3.3619511.565401-.156333-2.148 .0332TENAGE7.89924910.889078.096550.725 .4692GENDER-7.13296213.542949-.039484-.527 .5991REPIRATT-5.2964246.341215-.064815-.835 .4048LENTLAST.907985.518934.139801 1.750 .0821MOVEPLAN-12.523819 6.852341-.145826-1.828 .0695LENTLIVE.480245.577579.071179.831 .4069(Constant)305.98913064.531598 4.742 .0000Multiple R.44964R Square.20218Adjusted R Square.14767Standard Error83.52098Analysis of VarianceDF Sum of Squares Mean SquareRegression11284601.7568325872.88698Residual1611123096.371216975.75386F = 3.70897 Signif F = .0001Table 8: Variables in the EquationVariable B SE B Beta T Sig TVANDAL-3.0139461.539530-.138871-1.958 .0519LENTLAST 1.275993.453752.198038 2.812 .0055RTBCOMP-37.75947816.099464-.164728-2.345 .0201MOVEPLAN-17.631031 6.162691-.204166-2.861 .0047(Constant)360.87344831.50246111.455 .0000Multiple R.39194R Square.15362Adjusted R Square.13405Standard Error84.08681Analysis of VarianceDF Sum of Squares Mean SquareRegression4222015.1532655503.78832Residual1731223212.323387070.59146F = 7.84995 Signif F = .00003.2.1Satisfaction Model SummaryTo develop a better model, the procedures from the previous round were repeated and all variables with t-values which did not meet the 90% level of significance were excluded from the Table 7 model. This resulted in Table 8 model in which the two variables (LENTLAST and MOVEPLAN) with weak t-values improved their t-values to the 95% significance level. The adjusted dropped from 0.2022 to 0.1341, but the F ratio increased from 3.7090 to 7.8500. The improved F ratio indicates that the significance of the latter model is higher than that of the former. It is therefore concluded that over 15% of the variation in tenant’s satisfaction with repair works is explained by four of the variables namely; VANDAL, LENTLAST, RTBCOMP and MOVEPLAN.3.3Property condition modelIn the property condition model, the full regression model is shown in Table 9. The (R2) of 0.1936 and the F ratio of 3.7745 are both significant at well above 95% significance level.Variable B SE B Beta T Sig T LENTLIVE.010529.023712.036693.444 .6576 MOVEPLAN-.031975.277102-.008857-.115 .9083 LENTLAST-.040312.021241-.147185-1.898 .0594 REPIRATT-.366057.250183-.107411-1.463 .1452 GENDER-.885653.553509-.116214-1.600 .1114 TENAGE-.753751.442257-.216742-1.704 .0901 DISABLE.469599.610434.055110.769 .4428VANDAL.169196.064898.184095 2.607 .0099RTBCOMP-.131569.687908-.013383-.191 .8485 CHILDCT1.243394.803626.135627 1.547 .1236TEMPLOY1.237556.484157.050013.491 .6243 (Constant)11.184218 2.674504 4.182 .0000 Multiple R.43994R Square.19355Adjusted R Square.14227Standard Error 3.53602Analysis of VarianceDF Sum of Squares Mean SquareRegression11519.1372547.19430Residual1732163.1005812.50347F = 3.77450 Signif F = .0001Table 10: Variables in the EquationVariable B SE B Beta T Sig T LENTLAST-.046685.020034-.161919-2.330 .0207 TENAGE-.885218.255503-.243134-3.465 .0006 VANDAL.128410.060298.133895 2.130 .0343GENDER-.792228.505534-.101201-1.567 .1185 (Constant)13.812065 1.4776009.348 .0000 Multiple R.37221R Square.13854Adjusted R Square.12274Standard Error 3.66805Analysis of VarianceDF Sum of Squares Mean SquareRegression4471.71609117.92902Residual2182933.1000513.45459F = 8.76497 Signif F = .0000Table 11: Variables in the EquationVariable B SE B Beta T Sig T LENTLAST-.051803.019832-.179668-2.612 .0096 TENAGE-.799432.250398-.219572-3.193 .0016 VANDAL.129221.060496.134741 2.136 .0338(Constant)12.397120 1.17352810.564 .0000 Multiple R.35894R Square.12884Adjusted R Square.11691Standard Error 3.68022Analysis of VarianceDF Sum of Squares Mean SquareRegression3438.67382146.22461Residual2192966.1423213.54403F = 10.79624 Signif F = .00003.3.1Property Condition ModelTo improve the model, the variables with significant level of T less than 10% were excluded from the Table 9 model. This resulted in the regression model shown in Table 10 which comprises of three variables of which the variable GENDER now fails the 90% level of significance for the T-value. The adjusted (R2) decreased from 0.1935 to 0.1385, but the F ratio improved to 8.7650, which is more than double the previous value. In order to satisfy the 95% significance level, the variable GENDER was eliminated from Table 10 model. The adjusted (R2) was only marginally reduced to 0.1288 and the F-ratio still improved to 10.7962.The variables contributing to principal variations in the property condition are LENTLAST, TENAGE and VANDAL.4.ConclusionThe three models are statistically satisfactory. Combining the three models leads us to suggest that six of the 11 independent variables are significant factors in the determination of maintenance requirements for housing stock. These include; TENAGE, DISABLE, VANDAL, LENTLAST, RTBCOMP and MOVEPLAN. The direction of the influence of each of these variables are clearly elicited in the Beta columns of the regression models.The apparent low explanatory power of the models is in line with our expectation, as the factors affecting maintenance requirements have elsewhere been established to be multi-facetted, and tenants attributes are only one of such facets. Hence, it is not expected that this family of variables should explain a disproportionately high percentage of the variation in the dependent variables.What this work demonstrates is that for maintenance managers to fully understand the needs of their estate is it insufficient to base such understanding on the physical characteristics and attributes of the property itself. The manager must also build into any budgetary prediction an allowance for variation in tenant profiles and their effects upon maintenance generation. In the past such an allowance may have been considered insignificant and somewhat marginal, however, this research has shown that the tenant influence could be as great as 25% of the total maintenance need as predicted.Appendix:Variables Description1..TEMPLOY1Employment status2..GENDER Gender3..VANDAL Vandalism index4..RTBCOMP Right-to-buy speculation5..MAINTCST Cost of repairs in last 5 years6..PTOP1Prior to painting repairs and external painting7..REPLIKE3Tenant’s disposition to initiate repair8..REPIRATT attitude to repair problems9..LENTLAST Length live in last home10..PHYCOND Assessment of dwelling condition11..MOVEPLAN Likelihood of moving from present home12..SATISFY1Satisfaction with repair works13..DISABLE Presence of disability or limiting illness14..LENTLIVE Length lived in current home15..CHILDCT Number of children in dwelling16..TENAGE Tenant’s age。