关于汽车的外文翻译(最新整理)
汽车专业英语课文翻译1
Types of Automobiles汽车的类型The automobile industry is a fast developing industry. Form the later 18th century when the first automobile was put on road, this industry has developed tremendously. Now there are thousands of factories all over the world manufacturing numerous types of automobiles. This industry employs crores of men and women directly and indirectly in allied industries. The automobile engines are also being used in engine powered machines for agriculture, construction and manufacturing processes. Various types of small engines are also being used in lawn movers, power saws, snow removers and similar equipment. The automobile industry is a developing and demanding industry which does not find its end or saturation point. There is a great demand for varied types of automotive products, vehicles and engines. There is also a great demand for trained and experienced persons in this industry for diagnosing motor vehicle troubles, repairing and replacing engines components, transmissions, propeller shafts, differentials, axles, steering system components, brake system components, suspension components, air conditioners, heaters, body and glass work.汽车产业是一个迅速发展的行业。
汽车作文英语及翻译
Title:The Evolution of AutomobilesEnglish Composition:The automobile has been a significant part of human history,evolving from the early horseless carriages to the modern marvels of engineering we see today.The journey of the automobile is a testament to human ingenuity and the relentless pursuit of progress.In the late19th century,the first automobiles were a far cry from the sleek,powerful machines we know today.They were rudimentary,with limited speed and range,and were often more of a novelty than a practical mode of transportation.However,the invention of the internal combustion engine by Karl Benz in1885marked a turning point in the history of the automobile.The20th century saw a rapid advancement in automotive technology.The Ford Model T, introduced in1908,revolutionized the industry by making cars affordable for the average person.The assembly line production method pioneered by Henry Ford not only reduced the cost of cars but also made them more accessible to the masses.As the years went by,automobiles became more than just a means of transportation.They became a symbol of status and a canvas for artistic expression.The1950s and1960s were particularly notable for the rise of muscle cars and the iconic designs that still influence car aesthetics today.The environmental concerns of the late20th and early21st centuries have led to a new era in automotive development.Electric vehicles EVs and hybrid cars are becoming increasingly popular as consumers and governments alike seek to reduce carbon emissions and combat climate panies like Tesla have pushed the boundaries of what is possible with electric power,offering performance and range that rival their gasoline counterparts.The future of the automobile is as exciting as it is uncertain.With advancements in autonomous driving technology,we may soon see a world where cars drive themselves, freeing up time for passengers and reducing the risk of accidents.The integration of smart city infrastructure and vehicletovehicle communication could further enhance the driving experience,making it safer and more efficient.In conclusion,the automobile has come a long way since its inception,and its evolution shows no signs of slowing down.From the early experiments to the hightech vehicles of today,the automobile has always been a reflection of our societys values,desires,andtechnological capabilities.Translation in Chinese:汽车一直是人类历史的重要组成部分，从早期的无马马车演变为今天我们所看到的现代工程奇迹。
汽车 专业 外文 文献 英文 翻译
外文文献原稿和译文原稿A New Type Car -- Hybrid Electric VehicleWith skyrocketing fuel prices and changes in weather patterns, many car manufacturers claimed to develop the kind of vehicles that will increase the mileage and reduce the emissions. Hybrid car is a kind of vehicle which can meet above requirements. A hybrid car features a small fuel-efficient gas engine combined with an electric motor that assists the engine.The reasons of building such a complicated machine are twofold: to reduce tailpipe emissions and to improve mileage. Firstly, hybrid cars are good for the environment. They can reduce smog by 90 percent and they use far less gasoline than conventional cars. Meanwhile, hybrid cars burn less gasoline per mile, so they release fewer greenhouse gases. Secondly, hybrid cars are economical. Hybrid cars, which run on gas and electricity, can get up to 55 to 60 miles per gallon in city driving, while a typical SUV might use three times as much gas for the same distance! There are three reasons can mainly account for that: 1) Hybrid engines are much smaller than those on conventional cars. A hybrid car engine is to accommodate the 99% of driving time when a car is not going up hills or accelerating quickly. When extra acceleration power is needed, it relies on the battery to provide additional force. 2) Hybrid gasoline engine can shut off when the car is stopped and run off their electric motor and battery.3) Hybrid cars often recover braking energy. Electric motors could take the lost kinetic energy in braking and use it to charge the battery. Furthermore, hybrids are better than all-electric cars because hybrid car batteries recharge as you drive so there is no need to plug in. Most electric cars need to be recharged every 50-100miles. Also, most electric cars cannot go faster than 50-60 mph, while hybrids can.Hybrid cars bridge the gap between electric and gasoline-powered cars by traveling further and driving faster and hybrid gas-electric cars are proving to be a feasible alternative at a time of high gas prices. So, in my opinion, hybrid cars will have a bright future.How Does Hybrid Electric Vehicle Work？You probably own a gasoline or diesel-engine car. You may have heard ofelectric vehicles too. A hybrid vehicle or hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) is a combination of both. Hybrid vehicles utilize two or more sources of energy for propulsion. In the case of HEVs, a combustion engine and an electric motor are used.How it works depends on the type of drive train it has. A hybrid vehicle can either have a parallel or series or parallel-series drive train.Parallel HybridThe parallel hybrid car has a gas tank, a combustion engine, transmission, electric motor, and batteries.A parallel hybrid is designed to run directly from either the combustion engine or the electric motor. It can run using both the engine and the motor. As a conventional vehicle, the parallel hybrid draws its power from the combustion engine which will then drive the transmission that turns the wheels. If it is using the electric motor, the car draws its power from the batteries. The energy from the batteries will then power the electric motor that drives the transmission and turns the wheel.Both the combustion engine and the electric motor are used at the same time during quick acceleration, on steep ascend, or when either the engine or the motor needs additional boost.Since the engine is directly connected to the wheels in a parallel drive train, it eliminates the inefficiency of converting mechanical energy into electrical energy and back. This makes a very effective vehicle to drive on the highway.Series HybridThe series hybrid car also has a gas tank, a combustion engine, transmission, electric motor, and batteries with the addition of the generator. The generator can be the electric motor or it can be another separate component.The series configuration is the simplest among the 3. The engine is not connected to the transmission rather it is connected to the electric motor. This means that the transmission can be driven only by the electric motor which draws its energy from the battery pack, the engine or the generator.A hybrid car with a series drive train is more suited for city driving conditions since the engine will not be subjected to the varying speed demands (stop, go, and idle) that contributes to fuel consumption.Series-Parallel HybridThe series-parallel configuration solves the individual problems of the parallel and series hybrid. By combining the 2 designs, the transmission can be directly connected to the engine or can be separated for optimum fuel consumption. The Toyota Prius and the Ford Escape Hybrid use this technology.Honda’s hybridFor those of you who have toyed with the idea of buying a hybrid but were discouraged by the price, you are not alone. In fact, despite the growing concern for the environment, not to mention the skyrocketing price of gas, hybrid cars still only represent a small percentage of global car sales, and a major reason for this is the cost.Hybrids are considered the wave of the future because they not only reduce emissions, addressing the issue of climate change, but they get great gas mileage, animportant consideration with the current price of oil. It should be noted that hybrids can also improve the power of the engine, which compromises any advantages in fuel efficiency and emissions. Whatever the application, however, the technology makes the cars more expensive.Because of this, they are the vehicle of choice for only a small niche of people who can afford them, and they currently enjoy a special status amongst the image conscious celebrity-set. For most average consumers, however, they are not an option.That may soon change.Honda Motor Corporation, one of the largest car manufacturers in the world and a leader in fuel efficient technology, has unveiled it’s plan to introduce a low-cost hybrid by 2009. If they can pull it off, they hope to make the hybrid a more mainstream car that will be more appealing to the general public, with the ultimate goal of achieving greater sales and broader appeal than their current incarnation.This, of course, is making Detroit nervous, and may signal a need for American car makers to start making greener and more fuel efficient vehicles, something they could afford to ignore in the past because hybrid cars weren’t worth their attention (due to such a small market share) while gas-guzzling SUVs have such high profit margins.Honda, meanwhile, has had to confront a growing need to compete with Toyota, which has not only grown to be the world’s largest automaker, but makes the car that has become synonymous with the hybrid movement, the Prius. Honda is therefore faced with the seemingly insurmountable task of challenging Toyota’s dominance in the market.Concurrently, Toyota is racing to lower production costs on the Prius, as well, which would hopefully result in a lower cost to the consumer. All eyes are on a potentially favorable car buyers market in 2009.In the meantime, with even adamant global warming naysayers warming up (no pun intended) to the possibilities of an ecological disaster on the horizon, maybe it’s time that we got over our need to drive huge SUVs and start moderating our fuel consumption.Then again, as gas prices hovering around $4.00 and with no ceiling in sight, we may have little choice in the matter.Engine Operating PrinciplesMost automobile dngines are internal combustion, reciprocating 4-stroke gasoline engines, but other types have been used, including the diesel, the rotary ( Wankel ) , the 2-srtoke, and stratified charge.Reciprocating means up and down or banck and forth, It is the up and down action of a piston in the cylinder blick, or engine block. The blick is an iron or aluminum casting that contains engine cylinders and passges called water jackets for coolant circulation. The top of the block is covered with the cylinder head. Which forms the combustion chanber. The bottom of the block is covered with an oil pan or oil sump.Power is produced by the linear motion of a piston in a cylinder. However, this linear motion must be changed into rotary motion to turn the wheels of cars of trucks. The piston is attached to the top of a connecting rod by a pin, called a piston pin or wrist pin. The bottom of the connecting rod is attached to the crankshaft. The connecting rod transmits the up-and-down motion of the piston to the crankshaft, which changes it into rotary motion.The connecting rod is mounted on the crankshaft with large beaings called rod bearings. Similar bearings, called main bearings, are used to mount the crankshaft in the block. Shown in Fig. 1-1The diameter of the cylinder is called the engine bore. Displacement and compression ratio are two frequently used engine specifications. Displacement indicates engine size, and compression ratio compares the total cylinder volume to compression chamber volume.The term stroke is used to describe the movement of the iston within the cylinder, as well as the distance of piston travel. Depending on the type of engine the operating cycle may require either two or four strokes to complete. The 4-stroke engine is also called Otto cycle engine, in honor of the German engineer, Dr. Nikolaus Otto, who first applied the principle in 1876. In the 4-stroke engine, four strokes of the piston in the cylinder are required to complete one full operating cycle. Each stroke is named after the action it performs intake, compression, power, and exhaust in that order, shown in Fig1-2.1、Intake strokeAs the piston moves down, the vaporized mixture of fuel and air enters the cylinder through open intake valve. To obtain the maximum filling of the cylinder the intake valve opens about 10°before t.b.c., giving 20°overlap. The inlet valve remains open until some 50°after b.d.c. to take advantage of incoming mixture.2、 Compression strokeThe piston turns up, the intake valve closes, the mixture is compressed within the combustion chamber, while the pressure rise to about 1Mpa, depending on various factors including the compression ratio, throttle opening and engine speed. Near the top of the stroke the mixture is ignited by a spark which bridges the gap of the spark plug.3、 Power strokeThe expanding gases of combustion produces a rise in pressure of the gas to some 3.5Mpa, and the piston is forced down in the cylinder. The exhaust valve opens near the bottom of the stroke.4、Exhust strokeThe piston moves back up with the exhaust valve open some 50°before b.d.d., allowing the pressure within the cylinder to fall and to reduce ‘back’pressure on the piston during the exhaust stroke, and the burned gases are pushed out to prepare for the next intake stroke.The intake valve usually opens just before the exhaust stroke. This 4-stroke cycle is continuously repeared in every as long as the engineremains running.A 2-stroke engine also goes through four actions to complete one operatingcycle.However, the intake and the compression actions are combined in one seroke, and the power and exhaust actions are combined in the other stroke. The term2-stroke cycle or 2-stroke is preferred to the term 2-cycle, which is really not accurate.In automobile engines, all pistons are attached to a single crankshaft. The more cylinders an engine has, the more power strokes produced for cach revolution. This means that an 8-cylinder engine runs more smoothly bdcause the power atrokes are closer together in time and in degrees of engine rotation.The cylinders of multi-cylinder automotive engines arranged in one of three ways. 1、Inline engines use a single block of cylinder.Most 4-cylinder and any 6-cylinder engines are of this design. The cylinders do not have to be vertical. They can be inclined either side.2、V-type engines use two equal bands of cylinders, usually inclined 60degrees or 90degrees from the cach other. Most V-type engines have 6 or 8 cylinders, although V-4 and V-12 engines have been built.3、Horizontally opposed or pancake engines have two equal banks of cylinders 180degreeas apart. These space saving engine designs are often air-cooled, and are found in the Chevrolet Carvair, Porsches, Subaus, and V olkswagens. Subaus design is liquid cooled.Late-model V olkswagen vans use a liquid-cooled version of the air cooled VWhorizontally opposed engine.译文新型汽车----混合动力汽车在油价飞涨的今天，汽车制造商被要求发展一种排放低，行驶里程长的汽车。
汽车英语外文翻译
外文翻译:Piston Engine OperationCustomer’s ConcernInternal combustion engines come in a variety of sizes and power ratings . They supply the mechanical energy needed to put compact , mid-size , and full-size vehicles in motion . Four-cylinder engines power smaller vehicles and provide better fuel economy than larger engines . More powerful six-and eight-cylinder engines are used to power most medium-and full-size vehicles . Ten-and twelve-cylinder engines provide high-performance power for sport models and workhorse power for heavy-duty pickup trucks .Engine construction may differ by manufacturer ,but all piston engines operate on the same principles . A good understanding of these principles will be important in your career as an automotive technician .Technician’s ChallengeAs an automotive technician , you need to find answers to these questions:1 . How does an internal combustion engine produce power ? How does it convert heat into motion ? How is fuel burned inside the engine ?2 . What are the basics of engine construction ？What parts make up an engine ? What is a cylinder , piston , crankshaft , and camshaft ?3 . What is the purpose of the air induction , fuel , ignition , lubricating ,cooling , and exhaust systems ? How do they work together ?Objectives:●Describe the function of the pistons .●Describe the purpose of the connecting rods and crankshaft .●Diagnose abnormal exhaust color , odor , and sound ；determine necessaryaction .Types of EnginesAutomotive engines are internal combustion engines . See Fig. 1-1 . An engine is a machine that turns heat energy into mechanical energy . An internal combustion engine burns fuel internally . The heat produced from burning a fuel creates the power that moves the vehicle .Most automotive engines are called reciprocating engines because their pistons move up and down inside the cylinders , See Fig. 1-2. A piston is a cylindrical plugthat fits inside the cylinder , It receives and transmits motion as a result of pressure changes applied to it .There are two types of internal combustion piston engines : spark-ignition (gasoline) and compression ignition (diesel) .Internal combustion piston engines differ in :●The type of fuel they use .●The way ignition of the air/fuel mixture occurs .Spark-Ignition EngineMost spark-ignition engines run on liquid fuels , such as gasoline , alcohol , or a gasoline/alcohol blend . Some spark-ignition engines run on gaseous fuels , such as propane or natural gas .Air and fuel enter the engine cylinders to create a combustible mixture . The pistons compress (squeeze) the mixture to about one-eighth of its original volume . The ignition system produces a spark at the spark plug, igniting the compressed mixture . As the mixture burns, temperature and pressure increase in the cylinder , The high pressure forces the piston down in the cylinder . This causes the crankshaft to rotate . Gears and shafts carry this motion to the wheels that drive the vehicle . Compression-ignition EngineA diesel ( compression ignition ) engine runs on a light fuel oil similar to kerosene . In this type of engine , the piston compresses only air . Compressing air to about one-twentieth of its original volume raises its temperature to 1,000°F （538°C）or higher . The fuel is injected ( sprayed ) into the cylinder , where it is ignited by the heated air . As the mixture burns , the pressure forces the piston down in the cylinder .Engine ConstructionSpark and compression-ignition engines are similar in construction . Both have engine blocks and cylinder heads . Both have pistons that move up and down in the cylinders . The cylinders , or cylinder bores , are machined openings through the engine block . A cylinder head covers the top of the cylinders . The bottom of each cylinder is open . The pistons are connected through this opening to the crankshaft .The two travel limits for a piston are defined as top dead center ( TDC ) and bottom dead center ( BDC ) . A piston stroke takes place when the piston moves from TDC to BDC or from BDC to TDC .see fig 1-3The Engine BlockThe engine block , also called the cylinder block , is a precision metal casting . See Fig.1-4.The block contains the :●Cylinders , or cylinder bores .●Pistons and connecting rod assemblies .●Camshaft , for engines that do not have an overhead camshaft design.●Crankshaft.Figure 1-5 shows the events that take place in the cylinder of a spark-ignition engine . The piston has completed its intake stroke . It is at its lower limit of travel , bottom dead center . See Fig. 1-5(a). The space above the piston contains the air/fuel mixture .Next , the piston moves up the cylinder toward top dead center . See Fig.1-5(b). This motion compresses the mixture . As the piston nears top dead center , an electric spark ignites the mixture . The mixture burns rapidly . This creates heat and high pressure that push the piston down in the cylinder . See Fig. 1-5( c ).This downward movement creates power . At the bottom of the power stroke , the piston begins the exhaust stroke and moves up in the cylinder .The exhaust valves open , and the burned gases are pushed from the cylinder . See Fig. 1-5( d ).Piston and Piston Rings Figure 1-6 shows a piston and piston rings . Pistons are usually made of an aluminum alloy , which is aluminum mixed with other metals . They are slightly smaller than the cylinders so that they can move up and down freely .The small gap between the piston and cylinder wall is known as piston clearance . See Fig. 1-7 . Piston clearance provides the sliding fit . If not properly sealed , this gap allows some of the compressed air/fuel mixture and combustion gases to leak past the piston . This leakage is called blowby . Blowby reduces power , wastes fuel , and pollutes the air . The piston rings seal the gap between the piston and the cylinder wall . Each ring fits into ring grooves cut into the piston . There are two types of piston rings:●Compression rings form a sliding seal between the piston and the cylinder wall .They reduce or control blowby of combustion gases .●Oil rings , or oil-control rings , scrape excess oil from the cylinder wall and returnit to the crankcase .Crankshaft The reciprocating motion of the pistons must be changed to rotary motion . Rotary motion is what turns the vehicle’s drive wheels . The connecting rodsand the crankshaft make this conversion possible . A piston pin connecting rod each piston to the small end of the connecting rod. The connecting rod connects the piston to the crankshaft. See Fig. 1-8.The rod cap and rod bolts attach the connecting rod to the connecting rod journal. The journal holds a split bearing ( two halves ) , or connecting rod bearing , in place in the cap and rod . See Fig. 1-9. A slight clearance allows the connecting rod journal to turn inside the bearing . Oil fills this clearance to lubricate the bearing and prevent metal-to-metal contact. As the crankshaft turns , the connecting rod journal moves in a circle .As the piston moves up and down in the cylinder its connecting rod journal moves in a circle around the centerline of the crankshaft. On the down stroke the centerline of the crankshaft. On the down stroke the connecting rod moves to one side, as its lower end follows the movement of the crankshaft rod journal. As the piston reaches BDC, the connecting rod journal continues to move up the connecting rod pushes the piston up on the next stroke. In this way, the crankshaft changes the reciprocating motion of the piston to rotary motion at the drivetrain .The Cylinder HeadFigure 1-10 shows a cylinder head . The cylinder head is bolted to the top of the engine block . The cylinder head contains the :●Intake valves ,exhaust valves , and connecting parts .●Camshaft for engines with overhead camshaft design●Combustion chamber ( the upper portion of the cylinder located in the head ) .Hot Gases Are Really CoolA diesel engine would have no power without hot air to ignite the fuel within its cylinders . When a diesel engine piston moves up on the compression stroke , it compresses the air above it , This causes the air pressure and temperature increases so much that a light spray of fuel ignites as soon as it mixes with the highly compressed air in the top of the cylinder !Increasing the pressure for a gas ( air ) trapped in a container increases the temperature . Increasing the temperature increases the pressure . Gas pressure also decreases with decreasing temperature .Safety First: Personal Protection Use eye protection . Wear gloves and clothing with long sleeves .Caution Do not heat an empty bottle in the microwave . Always put some waterinside the bottle . Never heat the bottle with the top sealed .Exploring Temperature and PressureMeets NATEF Science Standards for understanding the relationship between pressure and temperature and the effect of how adding heat causes vaporization .Here’s a simple experiment that you may want to try at home .It’s just the reverse of what happens to the air within an engine’s cylinder on the compression stroke .1 . Remove the lid from the plastic bottle and rinse it thoroughly.2 . Add 4 tablespoons of water to the bottle . Heat it a microwave oven for 1 minute .3 . Remove the warm bottle from the oven. Screw on the lid tightly.4 . Run cold water over the bottle for a minute or so , Observe what happens . Results and Analysis As you probably observed , when the warm plastic bottle is cooled , it collapses . Can you explain why ?Materials and Equipment(1)Small plastic bottle with a screw-on top(2)Microwave oven and sink or water hose(3) 4 tablespoons of waterFig. 1-9 Crankshaft with one piston and connecting rod assembly . This shows how the piston attaches through the connecting rod to the rod journal on the crankshaft .What is the function of the crankshaft ?Each cylinder has one or more intake valves and exhaust valves . See Fig.1-11. The intake valve controls the flow of the air/fuel mixture into the cylinder . The exhaust valve controls the flow of exhaust gas from the cylinder , The valves fit in the intake and exhaust ports of the cylinder head .Most cylinders have two ports , or holes , in the combustion chamber area of the cylinder head . One port is the intake port ; the other is the exhaust port . The air/fuel mixture enters the cylinder through the intake port . Burned gases leave the cylinder through the exhaust port . Some engines have multiple intake and exhaust ports and valves .When a valve closes , it seals tightly against the valve seat . A valve seat is the surface against which the valve face comes in contact to provide a seal against leakage . In the closed position , the valve moves off its seat ,the port is open . The air/fuel mixture or exhaust gas can then pass through the port .The timing of valve opening and closing will vary with engine design . The intake valve opens before the intake stroke begins and closes after it ends . Theexhaust valve opens before the exhaust stroke begins and closes after it ends , This valve overlap improves engine “breathing,”or the flow of air/fuel mixture and exhaust gases into and out of the cylinders.第一章活塞式发动机的工作客户的关注内燃发动机在各种尺寸和额定功率上的要求。
最全汽车行业术语英文翻译
最全汽车行业术语英文翻译1. 汽车类型- Sedan: 轿车- Hatchback: 掀背车- SUV (Sport Utility Vehicle): 运动型多功能车- MPV (Multi-Purpose Vehicle): 多功能车- Coupe: 轿跑车- Convertible: 敞篷车- Pickup: 皮卡车- Van: 面包车- Electric Vehicle (EV): 电动汽车- Hybrid Vehicle: 混合动力汽车2. 发动机和动力系统- Engine: 发动机- Horsepower (HP): 马力- Torque: 扭矩- Fuel Injection: 燃油喷射- Turbocharger: 涡轮增压器- Supercharger: 机械增压器- Cylinder: 气缸- Transmission: 变速器- Manual Transmission: 手动变速器- Automatic Transmission: 自动变速器- Continuously Variable Transmission (CVT): 连续变速器- Four-Wheel Drive (4WD): 四轮驱动- All-Wheel Drive (AWD): 全轮驱动- Electric Motor: 电动机- Battery Pack: 电池组3. 车身部件- Chassis: 底盘- Bodywork: 车身- Hood: 发动机盖- Trunk: 后备箱- Bumper: 保险杠- Fender: 车翼- Door: 车门- Windshield: 前挡风玻璃- Roof: 车顶- Spoiler: 尾翼- Headlights: 前灯- Taillights: 尾灯4. 汽车零部件- Brakes: 制动器- Suspension: 悬挂系统- Steering Wheel: 方向盘- Tires: 轮胎- Exhaust System: 排气系统- Air Conditioning: 空调系统- Radiator: 散热器- Battery: 电池- Alternator: 发电机- Starter Motor: 起动机- Fuel Pump: 燃油泵- Ignition System: 点火系统5. 汽车性能指标- Acceleration: 加速度- Top Speed: 极速- 0-60 mph Time: 0-96公里/小时加速时间- Fuel Efficiency: 燃油效率- Range: 续航里程- Curb Weight: 空载重量- Gross Vehicle Weight (GVW): 总重量- Wheelbase: 轴距6. 安全设备- Seatbelt: 安全带- Airbags: 气囊- Anti-lock Braking System (ABS): 防抱死制动系统- Electronic Stability Control (ESC): 电子稳定控制系统- Tire Pressure Monitoring System (TPMS): 轮胎气压监测系统- Adaptive Cruise Control: 自适应巡航控制- Blind Spot Detection: 盲点监测以上是最全汽车行业术语的英文翻译，希望能对您有所帮助！。
各类汽车中英文对译
各类汽车中英文对译乘用车定义：包括驾驶座在内不多于9座，主要用作乘用的汽车，俗称轿车。
PC=Passenger Car; PV=Passenger Vehicle; MC=Motor Car1 乘用车（折背式车身、三厢车）/轿车 saloon, sedan, saloon car, 3-box sedan; 4门轿车 four door car2 活顶乘用车(轿车) convertible （saloon, car), cabriolet, drop head; 活门活顶乘用车 convertible coupe, 2-door convertible, cabriolet coupe2,3 运动型轿车，跑车 sport car, sport/sports car; 双门跑车 sport coupe, 2-door sedan3 高性能乘用车，GT车，高速旅行轿车 GT car = grand touring car4 旅行轿车 station wagon, WG = wagon, estate, estate car, estate wagon小型乘用车(05年前大部分为双门，甚至为双门单排座，但近年来四门的日益增多，四门必为双排座)coupe5 双门轿车 2-door sedan6 客货两用车，皮卡，轿卡(在美国，皮卡属于轻型货车) PU = pickup/ pick-up/pickup car/pickup truck7 休闲车 RV = recreational vehicle运动型多用途车，多用途跑车 SUV = sport utility vehicle 超时乘用车 off-road passenger car8 4门硬顶轿车 4-door hardtop saloon9 无中(门）柱硬顶轿车 pillared hardtop saloon10 高级乘用车，高级轿车 Pullman saloon/sedan, executive limousine11 赛车 racecar, sport car12 多用途乘用车，多功能车 MPV = multipurpose passenger vehicle, APV = all purpose vehicle; 单厢式车辆/轿车 one box vehicle; 短头乘用车(一半以上的发动机长度位于车辆前风窗玻璃最前点以后，且方向盘中心位于车辆总长的前四分之一部分内) forward control passenger car; 家用多用途乘用车 family MPV专用汽车 SPV = Special-Purpose Vehicle Types1 垃圾车 refuese truck / garbage truck; 自装卸垃圾车refuse collector(collecting truck) / garbage collector (removal truck)2 食品车 beverage truck3 仓栅式汽车 stake truck / box truck4 罐式车 tanker / tank truck/ tank lorry / motor tank truck5 厢式载货车 van truck / box-type truck / van / van-type truck6 救援车 wrecker truck / break down lorry7 除雪车 snow remover / snow removal truck / snow sweeper8 学生客车/校车 school bus9 混凝土搅拌运输车 concrete mixer / truck mixer / mobile mixer10 宿营车、旅居车 MH = motor home / mobile home / camper11 救护车 ambulance car(van) / motorized ambulance unit / motor ambulance12 汽车起重机 crane truck / crane mobile13 集装箱运输车 container platform vehicle / container car(truck, carrier, lorry, vehicle)14 摩托雪撬 snowmobile。
汽车种类英语作文带翻译
2. SUV（运动型多用途车）
SUV is a type of vehicle that combines the features of a truck with those of a passenger car. It has a larger interior space and higher ground clearance, making it suitable for off-road driving and carrying bulky items. SUVs are popular among outdoor enthusiasts and families who need extra space for their activities.
SUV是一种将货车与乘用车的特点结合在一起的车型。它拥有更大的内部空间和较高的离地间隙，适合越野驾驶和携带大件物品。SUV深受户外爱好者和需要额外空间进行活动的家庭的欢迎。
3. Coupe（轿跑车）
Coupe is a two-door car with a sporty design and a sloping roof. It is known for its stylish look and high performance. Coupes are often favored by young drivers who want a more dynamic driving experience. However, they may not be as practical as sedans or SUVs due to their limited rear seating and cargo space.
汽车外文翻译 外文文献
外文文献翻译附录A（英文原文）Adaptive Clutch Engaging Process Control Automatic Mechanical Transmission LIU Hai’ou(刘海鸥),CHEN HUI’yan(陈慧岩),DING Hua’rong(丁华荣),HE Zhong’bo(何忠波) Abstract: Based on detail analysis of cluch engaging process control targets and adaptive demands,a control strategy which is based on speed signal,different from that of based on main clutch displacement signal,is put forward.It considers both jerk and slipping work which are the most commonly used quality evaluating indexes of vehicle starting phase.The adaptive control system and its reference model are discussed profoundly.Taking the adaptability to different starting gears and different road conditions as examples,some proving field test records are shown to illusrate the main clutch adaptive control strategy at starting phase.Proving field test gives acceptable results. Key words: automatic mechanical transmission(AMT); transmission technology; adaptive control; main clutch engagement The engaging process control strategy of friction main clutch,whether wet or dry,is the focus in vehicle technology field.Some of the control strategies are based on main clutch displacement signal.An adaptive control strategy has been developed, which is based on main clutch out put shaft speed signal grounded on our research work.It is proved to have extensive adaptability. 1 Control Targets and Adaptive Demands The most commonly used quality evaluating indexes of vehicle starting phase are jerk and slipping work. Jerk—As an index evaluating the smoothness in vehicle starting phase, the jerk is the rate of vehicle longitudinal acceleration.According to this definition,the expression of jerk is given as j=da/dt=d2v/dt2 (1) where j is the jerk;v and a are the vehicle running speed and acceleration respectively. According to vehicle dynamics,the vehicle-run-ning speed is determined by the balance between engine traction force and running resistance and can be expressed as t v D e g gd Gd v A C f G T r i i 2 015 . 21 ) sin ( (2) Where e T is the engine out put torque;G is the vehicle total weight; r is the driving wheel radius; f and are the road resistance coefficient and ram p way angle respectively; D C is the air resistance coefficient. The function of a mechanism is to transform motion from one rigid body to another as part of the action of a machine,There are three types of common mechanical device that can be used as basic elements of a mechanism. 1.—Gear system,in which toothed members in contact transmit motion between rotating shafts. 2.Cam system,where a uniform motion of an input member I converted into a nonunifirm motion of the output member. 3.Plane and spatial linkages are also useful in creating mechanical motions for a point or rigid body. Mechanisms form thee basic geometrical element of many mechanical devices including automatic machinery,typewriters,mechanical toys,textile machinery,and others.A mechanism typically is designed to create a desired motion of a rigid body relative to a reference member.Kinematic design,or kinematic syntheses,of mechanisms often is the first step in the design of a complete machine.When forces are considered,the additional problems of dynamics,bearing loads,stresses,lubrication,and the like are introduced,aad the larger problem become one of machine design. Gear are machine elements that transmit motion by means of successively engaging teeth,Gears transmit motion from one ratating shaft to another, or to a rack that translates. Numerous applications exist in which a constant angular velocity ratio(or constant torque ratio)must be transmitted between shafts, Based on the variety of gear types available, there is no restriction that the input and the output shafts need be either in-line or parallel.Nonlinear angular velocity tratios are also available by using noncircccuar gear,In order to maintain a constant angular velocity,the individual tooth prifle must obey the fundamental law of gearing:for a pair of gears to transmit a constant angular velocity ratio,the shape of theircontacting profiles must be such that the common normal passes through a fixed point on the line of the centers. There are several standard gear types.For applications with parallel shafts,straight spur gear,parallel helical,or herringbone gears are usually used,In the case of intersecting shafts,straight bevel or spiral bevel gears are employed.For nonintersecting and nonparallel shafts,crossed helical,worm,face,skew bevel or hypoid gears would be acceptable choices.For spur gears,the pirch circles of mating gears are tangent to wach other.They roll on one another without sliding.The addendum is the height by which a tooth projects beyond the pitch circle(also the tadial distance between the pitch circle and the addendum circle).The clearance is the amount by which the dedendum (tooth height below the pitch circle)in a given gear exceeds the addendum of its mating gear,The tooth thickness is the distance across the tooth along the are of the pitch circle while the tooth space is the distance between adjacent teeth along the are of the pitch circle.TRhe backlash is the amount by which the width of the tooth space exceeds the thickness of the engaging tooth at the pitchi circle. Helical gears are used to transmit motion between parallel shafts.The helix angle I the same on each gear,but one gear must have a right-hand helix and the other a left-hand helix.The shape of the tooth is the angular edge of the paper becomes a helix.If wo unwind this paper,eachpoint on the angulaaar edge genetares an involute curve,The surface obtained when every point on the edge generates an involute is called an involute helicoids.in helical gears,the line is diagonal across the face of the tooth,It is this gradual engagement of the teeth and the smooth transfer of load from one tooth to another,which give helical gears the ability to transmit heavy loads at high soeeds,Helical gears subject the shaft bearings to both radial and thrust loads.When the thrust loads become high or are objectionable for other reasons,it may be desirable to use double helical gears.A doublehelical gear(herringbone)is equivalent to two helical gears of opposite hand,mounted side by side on he same shaft.They develop opposite thrust reactions and thus cancel at the thrust load.when two or more single helcal gears are mounted on the same shaft,the hand of the gears should be selected so as to produce the minimum thrust load. Straight bevel gears are easy to design and simple to manufacture and give very good results in service if they are mounted accurately and positively.As in the case of spur gears,however,they become noisy at higher values of the pitch-line velocity.In shese cases it is often good design practice to go to the spiral bevel gear,which is the bevel counterpart of the helical gear.As in the case of helicaal gears,spiral bevel bears give a much smoother tooth action than strain bevel gears,and hence are useful where high speed are encountered.It is frequently desirable,as in the case of automotive differential applications,to have gearing similar to bevel gears but with the shaft offset.Such gears are called hyoid gears because their pitch surfaces are hyperboloids of revolution,The tooth action between such gears is a combination of rolling and slidin along a straight line and has much in common with that of worm gears. A shaft is a rotating or stationary ually of circular cross section,having mounted power-transmission lements.Shafmay subjected to bending,tension,compression,or torsional loads,acting singly or in combination with one another,When they are combined,one may expect to find both static and fatigue strength to be important design considerations,since a single shaft may be subjected too static stresses,completely reversed,and repeated stresses,aii acting at the same time. The word “shaft” cover numerous variationgs,such as axles and spindles.An axle is a shaft,either stationary or rotating,not subjected to torsion load.A short rotating shaft is often called a spindle. When either the lateral or the torsional deflection of a shaft must be held to close limits,the shaft must besized on the basis of deflection,before analyzing the stresses,The reason for this is that,if the shaft is made stiff enough so that the deflection is not too large,it is probable that the resulting stresses will be safe,But by no means should the designer assume that they are safe;it is almost always necessary to calculate them so that he knows they are within acceptable limits.Whenever possible,the power-transmission elements,such as gears or pulleys ,should be located close to the supporting bearings.This reduces the bending moment,and hence the deflection and bending stress. According to the discussion of vehicle dynamics, the control of jerk and slipping work is related to the change rate of main clutch transmitting torque. However, the torque transducer cannot be installed in the control system,so the transient torque signal cannot be obtained directly.A method that some investigators use is to control the output torque through controlling main clutch engaging displacement.But the displacement can only reflect torque change indirectly. Their corresponding relationship is affected by many factors. And once the installed position changes or the signal drifts,it will be difficult to control the transmitting torque value accurately. The main clutch adaptive control strategy based on the speed signal adjusts the transmitting torque based on the jerk and the slipping work known from the change of rotating speed signal. 2 Conclusions ①The key technique of adaptive control strategy based on speed signal is the reference model. Different from the strategy based on main clutch displacement signal, it can reflect vehicle dynamics during engaging process and so can satisfy the engaging demands well. ②The reference model based on speed signal can be illustrated by the speed change course curve. Set the parameters for each sector correctly according to smooth and fast engaging demands, and the adaptive control target can be realized through adopting PWM/PFM control method. ③A large amount of tests that were conducted for along time show that thecontrol strategy based on speed signal has good adaptability and can adapt to different gears, road conditions, load, main clutch parameters(temperature, attrition wear and friction material) and driving styles. References: [1] Horn J,Bamberger J,Michan P,et al.Flatness-based clutch control for automated manual transmission[J]. Control Engineering Practice,2003(11):1353-1359.[2] Toshimichi Minowa,Tatsuya Ochi,Hiroshi Kuroiwa, et al. Smooth gear shift control technology for clutch-to-clutch shifting[R].SAE199120121054,1991. [3] Xi Jun qiang.Research on brushless electric motor driven automatic main clutch and its control strategy[D].Beijing:School of Vehicular and Transportation, Beijing Institute of Technology, 2001.(inChinese) [4] Lei Yu long, Ge An lin, Li Yong jun. Main clutch control strategy at vehicle starting phase[J]. Automotive Engineering,2000(4):266-269. (inChinese) [5] Andrew Szadkowski. Shiftability and Shift Quality Issues in Clutch Transmission Systems[R]. SAE 912697,1991. 附录B（译文）适应性离合器在机械自动传动中的加工控制刘海鸥，陈慧岩，丁华荣，何忠波（机械和车辆工程学校，北京技术学院，北京100081，中国）摘要：依靠对离合器运行过程的详细分析控制目标和适应的要求，一个主要依靠速度信号而不是那些依靠离合器的移动信号的控制策略被迅速发展。
汽车专业外文翻译(中英文翻译)
附录1外文翻译Automobile Brake SystemThe braking system is the most important system in cars. If the brakes fail, the result can be disastrous. Brakes are actually energy conversion devices, which convert the kinetic energy (momentum) of the vehicle into thermal energy (heat).When stepping on the brakes, the driver commands a stopping force ten times as powerful as the force that puts the car in motion. The braking system can exert thousands of pounds of pressure on each of the four brakes.Two complete independent braking systems are used on the car. They are the service brake and the parking brake.The service brake acts to slow, stop, or hold the vehicle during normal driving. They are foot-operated by the driver depressing and releasing the brake pedal. The primary purpose of the brake is to hold the vehicle stationary while it is unattended. The parking brake is mechanically operated by when a separate parking brake foot pedal or hand lever is set.The brake system is composed of the following basic components: the “master cylinder” which is located under the hood, and is directly connected to the brake pedal, converts driver foot’s mechanical pressure into hydraulic pressure. Steel “brake lines” and flexible “brake hoses”connect the master cylinder to the “slave cylinders” located at each wheel. Brake fluid, specially designed to work in extreme conditions, fills the system. “Shoes” and “pads” are pushed by the slave cylinders to contact the “drums” and “rotors” thus causing drag, which (hopefully) slows the car.The typical brake system consists of disk brakes in front and either disk or drum brakes in the rear connected by a system of tubes and hoses that link the brake at each wheel to the master cylinder (Figure).Basically, all car brakes are friction brakes. When the driver applies the brake, the control device forces brake shoes, or pads, against the rotating brake drum or disks at wheel. Frictionbetween the shoes or pads and the drums or disks then slows or stops the wheel so that the car is braked.In most modern brake systems (see Figure 15.1), there is a fluid-filled cylinder, called master cylinder, which contains two separate sections, there is a piston in each section and both pistons are connected to a brake pedal in the driver’s compartment. When the brake is pushed down, brake fluid is sent from the master cylinder to the wheels. At the wheels, the fluid pushes shoes, or pads, against revolving drums or disks. The friction between the stationary shoes, or pads, and the revolving drums or disks slows and stops them. This slows or stops the revolving wheels, which, in turn, slow or stop the car.The brake fluid reservoir is on top of the master cylinder. Most cars today have a transparent r reservoir so that you can see the level without opening the cover. The brake fluid level will drop slightly as the brake pads wear. This is a normal condition and no cause for concern. If the level drops noticeably over a short period of time or goes down to about two thirds full, have your brakes checked as soon as possible. Keep the reservoir covered except for the amount of time you need to fill it and never leave a cam of brake fluid uncovered. Brake fluid must maintain a very high boiling point. Exposure to air will cause the fluid to absorb moisture which will lower that boiling point.The brake fluid travels from the master cylinder to the wheels through a series of steel tubes and reinforced rubber hoses. Rubber hoses are only used in places that require flexibility, such as at the front wheels, which move up and down as well as steer. The rest of the system uses non-corrosive seamless steel tubing with special fittings at all attachment points. If a steel line requires a repair, the best procedure is to replace the compete line. If this is not practical, a line can be repaired using special splice fittings that are made for brake system repair. You must never use copper tubing to repair a brake system. They are dangerous and illegal.Drum brakes, it consists of the brake drum, an expander, pull back springs, a stationary back plate, two shoes with friction linings, and anchor pins. The stationary back plate is secured to the flange of the axle housing or to the steering knuckle. The brake drum is mounted on the wheel hub. There is a clearance between the inner surface of the drum and the shoe lining. To apply brakes, the driver pushes pedal, the expander expands the shoes and presses them to the drum. Friction between the brake drum and the friction linings brakes the wheels and the vehicle stops. To release brakes, the driver release the pedal, the pull back spring retracts the shoes thus permitting free rotation of the wheels.Disk brakes, it has a metal disk instead of a drum. A flat shoe, or disk-brake pad, is located on each side of the disk. The shoes squeeze the rotating disk to stop the car. Fluid from the master cylinder forces the pistons to move in, toward the disk. This action pushes the friction pads tightly against the disk. The friction between the shoes and disk slows and stops it. This provides the braking action. Pistons are made of either plastic or metal. There are three general types of disk brakes. They are the floating-caliper type, the fixed-caliper type, and the sliding-caliper type. Floating-caliper and sliding-caliper disk brakes use a single piston. Fixed-caliper disk brakes have either two or four pistons.The brake system assemblies are actuated by mechanical, hydraulic or pneumatic devices. The mechanical leverage is used in the parking brakes fitted in all automobile. When the brake pedal is depressed, the rod pushes the piston of brake master cylinder which presses the fluid. The fluid flows through the pipelines to the power brake unit and then to the wheel cylinder. The fluidpressure expands the cylinder pistons thus pressing the shoes to the drum or disk. If the pedal is released, the piston returns to the initial position, the pull back springs retract the shoes, the fluid is forced back to the master cylinder and braking ceases.The primary purpose of the parking brake is to hold the vehicle stationary while it is unattended. The parking brake is mechanically operated by the driver when a separate parking braking hand lever is set. The hand brake is normally used when the car has already stopped. A lever is pulled and the rear brakes are approached and locked in the “on” position. The car may now be left without fear of its rolling away. When the driver wants to move the car again, he must press a button before the lever can be released. The hand brake must also be able to stop the car in the event of the foot brake failing. For this reason, it is separate from the foot brake uses cable or rods instead of the hydraulic system.Anti-lock Brake SystemAnti-lock brake systems make braking safer and more convenient, Anti-lock brake systems modulate brake system hydraulic pressure to prevent the brakes from locking and the tires from skidding on slippery pavement or during a panic stop.Anti-lock brake systems have been used on aircraft for years, and some domestic car were offered with an early form of anti-lock braking in late 1990’s. Recently, several automakers have introduced more sophisticated anti-lock system. Investigations in Europe, where anti-lock braking systems have been available for a decade, have led one manufacture to state that the number of traffic accidents could be reduced by seven and a half percent if all cars had anti-lock brakes. So some sources predict that all cars will offer anti-lock brakes to improve the safety of the car.Anti-lock systems modulate brake application force several times per second to hold the tires at a controlled amount of slip; all systems accomplish this in basically the same way. One or more speed sensors generate alternating current signal whose frequency increases with the wheel rotational speed. An electronic control unit continuously monitors these signals and if the frequency of a signal drops too rapidly indicating that a wheel is about to lock, the control unit instructs a modulating device to reduce hydraulic pressure to the brake at the affected wheel. When sensor signals indicate the wheel is again rotating normally, the control unit allows increased hydraulic pressure to the brake. This release-apply cycle occurs several time per second to “pump” the b rakes like a driver might but at a much faster rate.In addition to their basic operation, anti-lock systems have two other things in common. First, they do not operate until the brakes are applied with enough force to lock or nearly lock a wheel. At all other times, the system stands ready to function but does not interfere with normal braking. Second, if the anti-lock system fail in any way, the brakes continue to operate without anti-lock capability. A warning light on the instrument panel alerts the driver when a problem exists in the anti-lock system.The current Bosch component Anti-lock Braking System (ABSⅡ), is a second generation design wildly used by European automakers such as BWM, Mercedes-Benz and Porsche. ABSⅡsystem consists of : four wheel speed sensor, electronic control unit and modulator assembly.A speed sensor is fitted at each wheel sends signals about wheel rotation to control unit. Each speed sensor consists of a sensor unit and a gear wheel. The front sensor mounts to the steering knuckle and its gear wheel is pressed onto the stub axle that rotates with the wheel. The rear sensor mounts the rear suspension member and its gear wheel is pressed onto the axle. The sensor itself is a winding with a magnetic core. The core creates a magnetic field around thewinding, and as the teeth of the gear wheel move through this field, an alternating current is induced in the winding. The control unit monitors the rate o change in this frequency to determine impending brake lockup.The cont rol unit’s function can be divided into three parts: signal processing, logic and safety circuitry. The signal processing section is the converter that receives the alternating current signals form the speed sensors and converts them into digital form for the logic section. The logic section then analyzes the digitized signals to calculate any brake pressure changes needed. If impending lockup is sensed, the logic section sends commands to the modulator assembly.Modulator assemblyThe hydraulic modulator assembly regulates pressure to the wheel brakes when it receives commands from the control utuit. The modulator assembly can maintain or reduce pressure over the level it receives from the master cylinder, it also can never apply the brakes by itself. The modulator assembly consists of three high-speed electric solenoid valves, two fluid reservoirs and a turn delivery pump equipped with inlet and outlet check valves. The modulator electrical connector and controlling relays are concealed under a plastic cover of the assembly.Each front wheel is served by electric solenoid valve modulated independently by the control unit. The rear brakes are served by a single solenoid valve and modulated together using the select-low principle. During anti-braking system operation, the control unit cycles the solenoid valves to either hold or release pressure the brake lines. When pressure is released from the brake lines during anti-braking operation, it is routed to a fluid reservoir. There is one reservoir for the front brake circuit. The reservoirs are low-pressure accumulators that store fluid under slight spring pressure until the return delivery pump can return the fluid through the brake lines to the master cylinder.译文汽车制动系统制动系统是汽车中最重要的系统。
汽车专业外文翻译(英文+译文)
normal driving. They are foot·operated by the driver depressing and releasing the brake pedal. The parking brake's purposes are to hold a car stationary while it is unattended, and to keep the car from rolling on unleveled ground. It is also called the handbrakc. Basically, all car brakes are friction brakes. When the driver applies the brake, the control device will force brake shoes or pads against the rotating brake drums or discs at
wheels. Friction between the shoes or pads and the drums or disks then slows or stops the wheels so that the car is braked. Disc brake Disc brakes are used on the front wheels of most cars and on aU four wheels on many cars. The main components of a disc brake are the brake pads, the caliper which contains a piston, and the rotor which is mounted to the hub. The disc brake is a lot like the brakes on a bicycle. Bicycle brakes have a caliper, which squeezes the brake pads against the wheel. In a disc brake, the brake pads squeeze the rotor instead of the wheel, and the force is transmitted hydraulically instead of through a cable. Friction between the pads and the disc slows the disc down. A moving car has a certain amount of kinetic energy, and the brakes have to remove this energy from the car in order to stop it. The brakes convert the kinetic energy to heat generated by the friction between the pads and the disc, so the car stops. Drum brake So if disk brakes are so great, how come we still have cars with drum brakes? The reason is cost. While all most vehicles for many years have disk brakes on the front wheels, drum brakes are cheaper to produce for the rear wheels. Drum brake is shown in Fig. Drum brakes consist of a backing plate, brake shoes, brake drum, wheel cylinder, return springs and an automatic or sc1f·adjusting system. When you apply the brakes, the wheel cylinder pushes the brake shoes into contact with the machined surface on the inside of the drum. When the pressure is released, return springs pull the shoes back to their rest position. As the brake linings wear, the shoes must travel a greater distance to reach the drum. When
汽车作文英语及翻译
汽车作文英语及翻译Title: The Marvel of Automobiles。
Automobiles, marvels of modern engineering, have revolutionized human civilization in multifaceted ways. From enhancing mobility to reshaping economies, theirimpact is profound and ubiquitous. In this essay, we delve into the significance of automobiles, exploring their evolution, societal implications, and future prospects.First and foremost, automobiles have redefined transportation, making travel more accessible and efficient. With the invention of the automobile, the constraints of distance and time were dramatically diminished. Peoplecould traverse vast distances in significantly shorter durations, unlocking unprecedented opportunities for exploration, commerce, and cultural exchange.Moreover, automobiles have catalyzed urbanization by enabling the development of sprawling metropolisesinterconnected by intricate networks of roads and highways. Cities transformed into bustling hubs of activity, with automobiles serving as the lifeblood of their economic vitality. The automobile industry itself burgeoned into a cornerstone of the global economy, generating employment, fostering innovation, and propelling technological advancement.However, the proliferation of automobiles has not been without its challenges. Environmental degradation, traffic congestion, and safety concerns have emerged as pressing issues necessitating concerted efforts toward sustainable transportation solutions. The advent of electric vehicles represents a promising avenue for mitigating the environmental impact of traditional combustion engines. Additionally, advancements in autonomous driving technologies hold the potential to enhance safety and alleviate congestion through optimized traffic management systems.Looking ahead, the future of automobiles is poised for further evolution and innovation. With the advent ofartificial intelligence and the Internet of Things, automobiles are transitioning into interconnected smart devices capable of seamless integration with our digital lives. From self-diagnosing maintenance issues to providing personalized travel recommendations, smart automobiles are poised to revolutionize the driving experience.In conclusion, automobiles stand as emblematic symbols of human ingenuity and progress. They have profoundly reshaped our world, facilitating unprecedented levels of mobility, connectivity, and economic prosperity. However, with great power comes great responsibility, and it is imperative that we navigate the future of automobiles with foresight and stewardship, ensuring that they continue to enrich our lives while safeguarding the planet and its inhabitants.汽车，现代工程的奇迹，以多方面的方式改变了人类文明。
汽车专业外文翻译5
英文翻译Motor Cars1. How the Engine WorksAn engine that converts heat energy into mechanical energy is called a heat engine ,and the car engine is one type of heat engine. It derives heat from the burning or 'combustion', of a fuel and converts this heat into useful work for driving the car.The fuel used in the vast majority of car engines is petrol, which is one of the many products obtained from crude oil found in the earth. Petrol, when mixed with the right amount of air, will burn when a flame or spark is applied to it.In the car engine, air mixed with petrol is taken into a confined space and compressed. The mixture is then ignited and it burns. In burning it heats the air, which expands, and the force of expansion is then converted into a rotary movement to drive the wheels of the car.To be able to use this energy effectively we have to control the burning or combustion process and the force of expansion. Firstly, we need a tube, or 'cylinder', closed at one end, in which to compress and burn the petrol and air mixture. Then we need a piston which can slide freely in the cylinder, and which can be driven outwards by theforce of expansion. To convert the outward movement of the piston into a rotary movement we must join it by a connecting rods to a crankshaft. We need one passage for the entry of the mixture into the cylinder and another to let out the used gases. To control the entry of the mixture and the exhaust of the gases we need valves, and these are called the inlet and exhaust valves. Finally, we need some means of igniting the mixture in the top of the cylinder, the part called the combustion chamber; and for this we use a sparking plug.By timing the opening and closing of the valves and by timing the arrival of the spark we can control the whole sequence of events and make the piston move in and out over and over again.THE CYLINDERSMotor-car engines may have four, six, or eight cylinders. Look at figure 1.These cylinders are usually mounted in a cylinder block on top of the engine. Beneath the cylinder block is the crankcase, which contains two shafts, the crankshaft and the camshaft. As you have read, the crankshaft is revolved by the outward movement ofthe pistons in the cylinders. This rotary movement of the crankshaft transmits the power developed by the engine through the gearbox to the driving wheels and sets the car in motion.When the crankshaft rotates it also causes the rotation of the camshaft, which lies alongside it in the crankcase. As the camshaft rotates, it pushes up rods alongside each cylinder to open and shut the valves at the top of the cylinder.There are two valves to each cylinder. The inlet valve lets air and petrol into the combustion chamber of the cylinder when it is opened. When the exhaust valve is opened the gases formed after the combustion in the chamber are allowed to escape . These gases are led away from the car through an exhaust pipe.Let us examine the action of one of the cylinders in more detail. Look at figure 2.In (a) the piston is near the top of the cylinder with the inlet valve open and the exhaust valve closed, If the crankshaft is turned, either by hand or by the starter motor ,the piston is drawn down by the connecting rod and a charge of petrol-air mixture rushes in. When the piston reaches the bottom of its stroke the inlet valve is closed by the action of a spring. This stroke is called the induction stroke.In (b) both valves are closed and the crankshaft forces the piston up to compress the mixture in the top of the cylinder. This, then, is called the 'compression' stroke. Towards the end of the compression stroke a spark from the sparking plug causes the mixture to ignite.In (c) we see that the heat of combustion has caused a rapid rise in pressure in the combustion chamber and this has forced the piston down. Through the connecting rod the piston causes the crankshaft to continue to rotate. This stroke is called the'expansion' or 'power' stroke, and we can say now that the engine has 'fired'. At the end ofthis stroke, as the crankshaft rotates, causing the camshaft alongside it to continue to rotate, one of the cams on the camshaft pushes up the rod, which causes the exhaust valve to open, allowing the exhaust gases to escape.In (d) we see the fourth and final stroke, the 'exhaust' stroke. The exhaust valve has been forced open by the rotation of the camshaft, and the crankshaft, continuing to rotate, drives the piston back up the cylinder, forcing out the exhaust gases. At the end of this stroke the exhaust valve is closed by the action of a spring, and the camshaft, continuing to rotate, pushes up a second rod to force the inlet valve open. Now the cylinder will receive another charge of petrol-air mixture, and the sequence of four strokes, 'induction', 'compression', 'expansion' or 'power', and 'exhaust', will startagain.Because there is a four-stroke sequence, or 'cycle', in this type of internal combustion engine it is called a four-stroke engine. There are also two一stroke engines used, for example, for motor scooters, and for some motor cycles.Let us think of a car with four cylinders. Remember that it is only on the expansion stroke that power is transmitted to make the crankshaft rotate. Let us number the cylinders, 1,2,3,4. They may transmit power in this order. 1,2,4,3. This means that when number 1 cylinder is on the expansion stroke, number 2 is on the compression stroke, number 4 is on the induction stroke, and number 3 cylinder is on the exhaust stroke. The four pistons, moving up and down inside their cylinders in this order, push down rods connected to the crankshaft at different times and at different points along its shaft. This keeps the crankshaft revolving and the crankshaft, when the gears are engaged, keeps the car moving.2. The Fuel and Ignition SystemsThe fuel system includes a fuel tank, a fuel pump, and a carburetor.The fuel pump may be operated either mechanically from the engine camshaft or electrically. Its function is to pump petrol from the petrol tank and deliver it to the carburetor. It contains a fine filler to exclude particles of dust or dirt which may have found their way into the tank.The carburetor is mounted on the inlet pipe, or inlet 'manifold', which leads to the inlet valves of each cylinder. Its function is to 'carburet', or mix, the required amounts of petrol and air for combustion in the cylinders. It regulates automatically the proportions of petrol and air and also allows the driver to control the rate of delivery of the mixture, and so vary the speed of the engine.See figure 3. This is a simple type of carburetor. It makes use of a fuel reservoir or "float chamber" to which petrol is pumped by the petrol pump. The level of the petrol in. the chamber is kept constant by the action of a float which, as it rises with the petrol, closes a needle valve when the correct level is reached. The petrol from the float chamber flows to a small jet situated in a narrow tube called the choke tube. When the engine is running, i.e. when the pistons are moving up and down in the cylinders, air is drawn in and passes through the choke tube. Here it mixes with the petrol and passes out into the inlet manifold of the engine. The amount of mixture allowed to pass is controlled by a butterfly valve, or ’throttle', situated in the carburetor outlet. This valve is operated by the accelerator pedal. An air cleaner may be connected to the air inlet to remove dust from the air and prevent it getting into thecylinders and down into the engine lubricating oil, where it can cause increased engine wear.The proportion of air and petrol required at varying engine speeds is controlled automatically. When starting a cold engine a much richer mixture, one with a higher proportion of petrol to air, is required. This is obtained by restricting the amount of air entering the carburetor. In most cars the driver does this by pulling out a knob called the choke and this partly closes the tube carrying air to the cylinders. The driver must remember to push the choke in again as soon as possible after starting to avoid damage to the engine and waste of fuel.THE IGNITION SYSTEMThe function of the ignition system is to provide the spark in the combustion chamber to ignite the mixture of petrol and air at the right instant. The system nor many comprises a coil, a distributor, and sparking plugs.The coil produces the high-voltage impulse required to make the spark at the sparking plugs. It really consists of two coils of insulated wire wound one around the other so that the number of turns in the inner, 'secondary', coil is much greater than that in the outer, 'primary', coil.A low voltage is supplied to the primary coil and suddenly interrupted. At that moment an impulse at very much higher voltage is induced in the secondary coil.V oltages of 6 or 12 volts supplied to the primary, low一tension, coil result in voltages of 10,000 volts or more being obtained from the secondary, high tension, coil. When the car is started the low-tension supply is provided by the car's battery.Remember that the low-tension supply must be broken suddenly to produce the high-tension supply from the secondary coil. This is done in an instrument called the distributor. The distributor is placed between the coil and the sparking plugs.Inside the distributor are contact points. The contact between them is broken by a revolving cam, which forces them apart. Then they are forced together again by a spring pressing against the arm holding one contact. It is when the contact points are forced apart that the low一tension supply, going through a lead to the coil, is suddenly interrupted.A second lead, going from the coil back to the distributor, conveys the high-tension (H.T.) supply to the distributor head. From there other leads distribute the H. T. supply to each of the sparking plugs in turn.You will remember that each cylinder of the car has a sparking plug. The metal part of the sparking plug is screwed into the combustion chamber of the cylinder. Theplug contains two electrodes with a small gap between them. When the plug receives a high-tension impulse from the distributor a spark is caused as the impulse jumps the gap between the two electrodes. This spark ignites the petrol-air mixture in the combustion chamber.3. Cooling and Lubricating the EngineThe combustion of the mixture in the engine naturally makes a great deal of heat and the engine must not be allowed to become overheated. The function of the cooling system is to control this heat.The engine may be either water or air cooled, but the vast majority is water cooled. Water in the water jacket surrounding the cylinders picks up the surplus heat from the engine and the heated water rises. It then circulates through the radiator, where it is cooled by the passage of air past the radiator tubes, and returns to the bottom of the water jacket. A fan, which is driven from the engine crankshaft, assists cooling by increasing the draught through the radiator at low speeds. A pump may be used to help in circulating the water.The engine must also be prevented from running too cool and therefore the temperature of the water is normally controlled within certain limits by the action of a device known as a thermostat. This has the effect of varying the circulation of the water so that, for instance, when the engine is first started less water is allowed to circulate and the engine warms up quickly.The cooling system can, of course, freeze up in very cold weather, and this can cause considerable damage. For this reason it is advisable to add good antifreeze solution, on that can be left in throughout the summer, which will prevent freezing in winter and protect the system from corrosion all the year round.THE LUBRICATION SYSTEMLubrication is necessary for two main reasons to reduce friction and wear in the engine, and to help carry away was to heat from the bearings, in which the crankshaft and camshaft revolve inside the crankcase, from the pistons, and from the other working parts. In addition, it helps the piston rings to seal in the combustion gases, to prevent them escaping down into the cylinders. (These piston rings are rings fitted into grooves around the top of each piston.)The majority of engines have what is known as a 'force feed', or pressure, lubricating system. The bottom of the crankcase is enclosed by a sheet-metal pan, or 'sump'. This holds the engine lubricating oil and has a drain plug through which used oil may be drained off. A pump draws oil from the sump and pumps it through a filterand then through channels, called 'oil ways', to the bearings of the crankshaft and camshaft, and also to the valve gear. At the same time, oil flowing from the bearings forms an oil mist in the crankcase and this mist lubricates the cylinder walls.A warning light or oil gauge, controlled by the pressure of the oil in the system, is usually provided so that the driver will know when the system is not functioning and the oil is not circulating properly. If the system is not functioning properly the working parts may seize up and cause serious damage to the car engine. It is, therefore, essential for the driver to stop the engine as soon as he sees his warning light come on.4. The BrakesThe brakes function by absorbing in friction the energy possessed by the moving car. In so doing they convert the energy into heat.There are two types of brakes, the drum brake and the disc brake. Either or both types may be fitted, but where both types are used it is usual for the disc brakes to be fitted to the front wheels.DRUM BRAKESThe drum brake consists of a pair of semicircular brake shoes mounted on a fixed back plate and situated inside a drum. This drum is fixed to the road wheel and rotates with it. One end of each shoe is on a pivot and a spring holds the other end in contact with the piston of a hydraulic cylinder. (In front brakes it is usual to use two hydraulic cylinders in order to equalize the pressures exerted by the shoes. See figure 4.) Each shoe is faced with material, known as brake lining, which produces high, frictional resistance.The hydraulic system comprises a master cylinder and the slave cylinders, which are the cylinders on the road wheels. The slave cylinders are connected to the master cylinder by tubing and the whole system is filled with hydraulic fluid. A piston in the master cylinder is connected to the brake pedal, so that when the driver depresses. The pedal the fluid is forced out to each slave cylinder and operates their pistons. The fluid pushes the pistons out of their cylinders. They, in turn, push against the inner ends of the brake shoes and force them against the brake drums in each wheel. We say that the brakes are on. This friction of the shoes against the drums, which are fixed to the road wheels, slows down or stops the car. As the brake pedal is allowed to come up, the hydraulic fluid returns to its original position, the pistons retract, and a spring attached to each brake shoe returns it also to its original position, free of the brake drum. Now we say that the brakes are off.The brakes may also be operated by mechanical linkages from the foot pedal and handbrake lever. Common practice is to operate both from and rear brakes hydraulically with a secondary mechanical system operating the rear brakes only from the hand lever. One of the great advantages of hydraulic operation is that the system is self-balancing, which means that the same pressure is automatically produced at all four brakes, whereas mechanical linkages have to be very carefully adjusted for balance. Of course, if more pressure is put on one of the brakes than on the others there-is a danger that the car will skid.The mechanical linkage operating on the rear brakes is a system of rods or cables connecting the handbrake lever to the brake-shoe mechanisms, which work entirely Independently of the hydraulic system.Drum brakes are prone to a reduction in the braking effort, known as 'fade', caused by the overheating of the linings and the drum. Fade can affect all or only some of the brakes at a time, but it is not permanent, and full efficiency returns as soon as the brakes have cooled down. However, fading is unlikely to occur except after the brakes have been used repeatedly in slowing the car from a high speed or after braking continuously down a steep hill. Descending such a hill, it would have been preferable to use engine braking by changing down into a lower gear. Drum brakes can be made less prone to fade by improving the cooling arrangements, by arranging for more air to be deflected over them, for example.DISC BRAKESThe disc brake consists of a steel disc with friction pads operated by slave hydraulic cylinders. The steel disc is attached to the road wheel and rotates with it. Part of this steel disc is enclosed in a caliper. (See figure 5) This caliper contains two friction pads, one on each side of the disc, and two hydraulic cylinders, one outside each pad. The pads are normally held apart by a spring, but when the driver depresses the brake pedal, pistons from the hydraulic cylinders force the pads against the sides of the disc. Because the disc is not enclosed all the way round, the heat generated when the brakes are applied is dissipated very much more quickly than it is from brake shoes which are entirely enclosed inside a drum. This means that disc brakes are less prone to fade than drum brakes.汽车1. 发动机如何工作一个把热能源转换成机械的能源的发动机叫做一个热发动机，而且汽车发动机是热发动机的一个类型。
关于汽车的外文翻译
Automotive safety systems and technology research and analysisAbstract: auto parts of good and bad will directly affect the safety of the car, are directly related to the people's life safety and security in wealth. This article mainly from the car's active safety technology and passive safety technology two aspects elaborated the importance of car parts, and how to improve the safety of the car.Key words: automobile, active safety technology, passive safety technologyAs traffic tools of the modernization and absolute number increase sharply, traffic accidents are also increasing. Car accident has become severe global social issues. Undoubtedly, advanced auto safety facilities are the driving safety indispensable safeguard. So, we should start, from technology to research and development of high performance, high safety car, also want to strengthen the regular inspection in cars, so timely maintenance investigation, make cars often in good technical status, so as to improve the safety performance of the car.Here we introduced active safety technology and automobile car passive safety technology. Auto safety is according to the traffic accident happened before and after the classified. One is in a traffic accident take safety measures, especially before immediately will produce risk condition, drivers manipulate the steering wheel avoid or emergency brake to avoid traffic accidents. In the car, drive in usually to ensure the basic manipulation stability, drivers on the surrounding environment and to ensure the visual recognition sex drive the car itself, developed the basic performance ant-lock braking system (ABS), prevent slippery drive system (ASR), active suspension, power steering and four-wheel drive (4WD), four-wheel steering (4WS), lighting system, wiper, the rearview mirror, prevent from rear-end collision car alarm system and laser radar, etc. These security devices and technology, called active safety system, can also be called preventive security system. On the other hand, in order to reduce traffic accidents and company by personnel directly suffer degree, ensure company take staff andpedestrian safety, says the security for passive safety, can also be called conflict safety. When after the accident, in order to prevent disasters, including prevent the expansion of fire and make crew from traffic accident can extricate the security devices and systems, called prevent disaster expand security system. One．Automobile active security technology1. ABS braking systemAnt-lock Braking System (Braking System, lock do by ABS computers as ABS), hydraulic device, the wheel speed sensors, brake hydraulic pipeline and electrical wiring etc. Their structures are shown below.ABS tasseled for the car in various driving conditions braking performance and brake safety particularly important, especially is emergency braking, can make full use of the peak between tire and road surface adhesion properties, improve performance and reduce automobile fight sideslip braking distance, give full play to the braking performance, but also increase the automobile braking process control. So as to reduce the possibility of car accidents.No installation ABS car, if the driving force trample brake pedal, wheel will rapidly lower speed, and finally wheels stop turning, but body because of inertia remains forward sliding. This phenomenon was at the wheel and pavement occur between larger "slip", appear this kind of situation, the car tires of automobile lateral spreads almost disappear, so poor force will appear the following phenomena:(1) Steering stability fall: the steering wheel is ineffective, vehicle tail manipulation of curl, serious when vehicle circles or appear folding phenomenon;(2) Handling fall: manipulate the steering wheel and short of steering requirements;(3) Braking distance extended: more than general braking distance.So, we can imagine to have installed ABS system of the car safety is very important.2．the ASR drive torque control systemABS are used to prevent car braking process wheel lock, will wheel slidingrate control in ideal range, so as to shorten the braking distance, improve automobile braking direction stability and steering control, so as to improve the safety of the car. Along with the increase of vehicle performance requirements, not only in braking process required to prevent wheel lock, and asked the driver to prevent drive roller skating turn in the process, making cars in the direction stability, driving process steering control ability and acceleration performance, so are improved by the car drive torque steering system ASR (Accelerations Regulation) Slip. ASR is the perfect complement and ABS ASR, but most alone is set with ABS combined together, commonly used ABS/ASR says, called antiskid control system.ASR is mainly used to prevent car in the beginning, accelerate the wheels, guarantee slip in the car accelerated rate and improve the stability in bad pavement drive attached conditions. It makes no difference speed in the car lock ice roads and muddy road started and to improve its capacity, also can prevent high in speed by turning cars gliding pavement and rear lateral spreads phenomenon.Anyhow, prevent the wheel because ASR slip, can maximize the engine driving moment of cars had enough, ensure the longitudinal force, lateral force and manipulation of power, make cars in starting, steering and accelerate the process, in gliding and muddy road, in a mountain area downhill process can steadily driving, guarantees the safety, reducing tire wear and fuel consumption, and improves the car driving capability.3．VDC systemABS/ASR system successfully solves the brake and the car when driven direction stability problem, but cannot solve the vehicle steering stability problem driving direction. For example when steering road, inevitably by lateral and longitudinal force, only local surface can provide full lateral and longitudinal force, the pilot can control vehicles. If the ground adhesion ability lower lateral, will damage cars driving ability predetermined direction. Rainy days cars driving, often high-speed steering lateral sliding out, it is the ground because of insufficient lateral adhesion ability. To resolve the issue, and developed countries automobile industry recently in ABS/ASR system on the basis of the development of dynamicControl system (into car Dynamics Control, the abbreviation VDC Vehicle). The system of the car brake, driving, suspension, steering, engine and so on various main assembly control system in function, structure organic ground comprehensive together, can make cars in all kinds of bad working conditions, such as ice road pavement, commuting, river bend pavement and took evasive action moving line, braking and acceleration and the downhill for different conditions, such as bearing, different type pressure and different levels of type wear all have good direction stability, to show the best driving performance. VDC applications, in braking, acceleration and steering aspects of driver's fully released request, is the car of active safety driving a new milestone.VDC of steering control system is mainly by driving for each wheel brake control and engine power output control to realize. For example, if the car turn left front wheel for steering the inadequate capacity tend to slip out of the corner, VDC system can measure imminent, just know lateral spreads left rear brake adopt appropriate measures. If at the same corner, because rear wheel tend to slip out of favor of lateral overmuch, VDC system is proper braking to front-right wheel failure, maintain the stability of the vehicle driving. In extreme cases, VDC system can also take reduce engine to reduce the power output, and to reduce the speed of the demand side adhesion ability to maintain the stability of the vehicle driving. Adopt VDC system, automobile in folio pavement or corner of pavement braking distance still can further reduce.4．CCS cars cruise control systemAuto cruise Control System (Cruiser Control System, abbreviation for CCS) is can make automobile work in engine favorable speed range, reduce driver's driving manipulate labor intensity, improve the driving comfort the automatic driving device.Car cruising system (CCS) role is required by the driver: after a normally-closed switch, no speed on the accelerator pedal can automatically keep the speed, make the vehicle with the fixed speed. Using this device, when on the highway after a long time, the driver driving not have to control the accelerator pedal, reduce fatigue, while reducing unnecessary speed change, can reduce savefuel.Auto cruise control system is the earliest development of the automotive electronic control system. This system USES another speed sensor, will speed signal input engine control microcomputer, by microcomputer control vacuum system work. This system can make use of the server, speed control switch lever and brake pedal on vacuum lift switches etc, its function and basic system the same.In this system, electronic control device can accord change of driving resistance, automatic regulation engine throttle Angle, make the speed constant. Such not only reduce unnecessary speed change, which saves fuel, also reduced the driver's burden. The electronic cruise control system which is shown in figure 2.Two. Automobile passive safety technology1. Seat beltCar seat belt is a safety device, it can in car collision or sharp turn, make crew to keep its original position as possible without mobile and rotation, avoid collision with in-car hard parts caused damage. Seat belts and airbags, as modern cars are safety devices, but the long history of the former, popularize the scope.The seemingly simple seat belt actually not "simple". Attention has been at the forefront of traffic safety, through the analysis of general motors after a car accident found: seat belt not only makes people protect the lives, can be in more than half of the accident to reduce or even eliminate drivers, motorists are the chance of injury. Car collision or unexpected emergency braking force generated great inertia, will allow the driver and passenger and car windscreen, steering wheel, seat, collision happened objects such as secondary to drive is caused extremely easily crew serious damage, even drive occupant seats or threw the apex, seat belts can will ride in the seat. Bondage personnel When has the accident, which can effectively prevent the collision, and its buffer role can absorbs a great deal of kinetic energy, reduce rides personnel extent of the injuries.Fasten your seat belt airbags play our role is also an important condition. Because the airbag to maximize role for the ride in the impact of the physicallocation, sitting instant action have extremely strict and the requirements. Otherwise, the airbag started strong instantaneous wallops to head are fragile site, may cause serious damage, especially for children, this damage can be fatal. Even the most ordinary three belts, try a can timely in crash that lived rides the bundle, ensure the upper part of a ride in the airbag fully extended range, make the airbag most effectively play efficacy. Accordingly, must not because the car is equipped with airbags and feel carefree seat belt fastened, only to reduce or eliminate the traffic accident happen.2. The airbagWhen the front collision happened strong, because inertia, who rides the body forward fast moving, then seat belts and will try to "pull" rides on person the body, absorb some of the impact energy, while the airbag with "the eyepiece trend" inflatable and completely open; Then the rides the upper body will sink to airbags, gas also began from the vent air uniform escaping, and absorbed most of the impact energy; Subsequently, the ride back seat and return to the body. Above the whole process is almost always happens in a flash, who rides the completely in passive situation, in this case, the passive rely on auxiliary occupant protection system is the only option. Airbags development design is based on the protection on seat belt Co., LTD; they cooperate with each other to ride the play the auxiliary protective effect.Seat belt usage in under the condition of the crew, balloon help reduce chest, head and facial injuries in the seriousness of the collision. When car collision happened before, the first is the car to stop motion, car under the action of inertial force crews to go forward with the original speed still sport. Not wearing a seatbelt crews will and steering dish, front windscreen together, so it can be severely hurt; Wearing a seatbelt as car stop the crew can stop moving forward movement and gradually. If collision violent, crew forward movement of the seat belts, even faster in the complete stop before motion, still and in-car things together. If this fashion in steering the disk or within the popup balloon inflated dash, it can protect the occupant reduce the possibility of car together with things, more uniform dispersion head, chest, absorb the impact energy of movement, thus crew hasadded effect of seat belts.In addition to seat belts and airbags outside car passive safety technology includes car bumper, automobile safety glass, security body, occupant head and neck protection system (WHIPS), etc. These vehicles to improve the safety performance has very important contributionThree. Automobile active safety new technology1. Eye Car skillsEye Car technology can make each driver eyes in the same relative height, guarantee of pavement and the surrounding a six-lane unimpeded sight and best visibility. This technology can also offer a specific driving environment.Eye Car through the use of first-class motor mobile automatic will different figure driver's eyes tuned to the same height to solve the problem, meanwhile, visibility of steering dish, brake and accelerate pedals and floor and the central adjustment to constitute console to their respective driving conditions. Meanwhile to the former pillar design, will it again from drivers sights removed. Because the bus driver received the most crucial information generally have 90% from outside, acquired through the eyes observe. So, this improvement for vehicle safety is of great significance.2. Cam Car technologyCam Car technology aims to help improve the driver of perception. The technical features are:(1) Installed in the car to camera system on both sides before to make drivers can bypass the large vehicle behind a car or see ahead of pedestrians. In a typical driving situation in the crowded traffic, the pilot of the centre-left cornering could more easily view the opposite of vehicles.(2) Side after buy video camera provides broader visual profile of vision. The camera coverage than traditional rearview mirror wants wide, especially for the adjacent driveway.(3) Installed in a car, the four miniatures sectored form to decorate after a camera can obtain the car panoramic perspective. Image via electronic synthesis,has the zoom and 160 ° wide-angle ability.(4) "night eye" (Night Eye) camera can be in low illumination conditions, when the car is in reverse gear, even in a dark cases can also provide car close range after small images.Four. Automobile passive safety new technology1. Future airbags(1) It cans inflatable screen system. This is a new safety design; its basic principle is to protect in-car occupant's head, when that happens it will carry on the air, air after the tent shape is swelling.(2) Tubular inflatable structure head air sac. This system for supplement current side protection system, still stopover in protecting the chest and abdomen, brachial ministry, to head protection were insufficient. It with rigid body structure, the door body protective just beams, side air sac, can form a complete side safe defend net, this will be the future security protection trend.(3) Head support system. Head support system generally called the headrest, vehicles which the headrest, with seats, not just for comfortable fact is more important to safety. Vehicle if in an emergency brake, the body will have strong to and fro, because the principle of inertia occupant body swinging, especially neck must follow. If no head support buffer headrest, neck injury caused by damage is very surprising.(4) The external airbags.2. Adaptive constraint technology system (ARTS)New adaptive constraint technology system (ARTS) use a series of sensors to monitor the driver seat, seat belt use, in front of the occupant take quality and location and intensity of the collision of the collisions and collision force direction, then according to the specific information such as the collision of each front airbag characteristics of the crew on regulated. The system can further reduce due to improper airbag for crew on the damage, especially for smaller front row figure crew.3. Automobile energy-absorbing direction columnAuto absorbing in automobile direction tubing through collisions of redistribution to steering wheel wallop, would wallop path to deliver shunt quickly, making the minimum of load on the steering wheel. The steering column by hollow tubes and steering bearings form. Traditional hollow tubes and the steering column steering bearings is integral, steering shaft top and steering connections, the connecting with direction below. And suck can direction string of characteristic is will the steering column in two, divided into unblock steering column and the steering column under two parts; Inside of the steering shaft also divided into two sections, with outgoing quarter agencies between them connected. Once a collision make direction, outgoing quarter mechanism has displacement bottom tailor-made steering shaft will fold, under the steering column move on the steering column, to achieve "indented within" and thus expand space reduce damage.Five. The tire pressure monitoring systemIn a car's tyros high-speed process, all drivers fault is the most worry and the most difficult to prevent, is also sudden traffic accident happened important reasons. According to statistics, China highway in the traffic accident is caused due to 70% of a flat tire, and in the U.S. this ratio is as high as 80%. How to prevent a blowout has become an important task of safe driving. According to the national quality supervise center of rubber tires in the expert analysis, maintain the standard tire pressure driving and the timely discovery tire is to prevent leakage of key blowout. Tire Pressure and Monitoring System (TPMS) - car Tire Pressure Monitoring System will no doubt is the ideal tool. The system is mainly used in automobile driving to tire pressure real-time automatic monitoring; to a flat tire and depression are the police, in order to ensure safety.Drivers from the monitors can know each tire pressure value, when tire pressure below the club set pressure limit, monitor will automatically alarm.Anyhow, car active safety technology and passive safety technology for the safety of automobile driving is very important, and besides, such as environmental factor, artificial factor of the vehicle safety is also very important. Therefore, wemust be prepared to all aspects of requirements and technology, to ensure the safety of vehicle driving.。
汽车的发明英语作文译文
汽车的发明英语作文译文The Invention of the Automobile。
The invention of the automobile marks a significant milestone in human history. Its impact on society, economy, and culture is profound and enduring. Let's delve into its origins, development, and influence.The concept of a self-propelled vehicle dates back to ancient times, but it wasn't until the late 19th century that the modern automobile began to take shape. In 1886, German engineer Karl Benz patented the first gasoline-powered automobile, the Benz Patent-Motorwagen. This invention laid the groundwork for the automotive industry as we know it today.The automobile quickly evolved from a novelty to a practical mode of transportation. Improved designs, advancements in engineering, and mass production techniques made cars more affordable and accessible to the public.Henry Ford's introduction of the assembly line in the early 20th century revolutionized car manufacturing, further driving down costs and increasing production efficiency.The widespread adoption of automobiles transformed society in numerous ways. It revolutionized transportation, providing individuals with unprecedented mobility and freedom. People could now travel greater distances in shorter amounts of time, opening up new opportunities for work, leisure, and exploration.The automobile also had a profound impact on the economy. The automotive industry became a major driver of economic growth, creating jobs, stimulating demand for related industries such as oil, steel, and rubber, and fueling innovation and technological advancements.Furthermore, the automobile reshaped urban landscapes and paved the way for suburbanization. The construction of highways and the expansion of road networks facilitated suburban growth, as people could now live farther away from city centers and commute to work by car.However, the widespread use of automobiles also brought about challenges and concerns. Issues such as traffic congestion, air pollution, and dependence on fossil fuels became increasingly prevalent as car ownership soared. Efforts to address these challenges led to the development of alternative fuel vehicles, such as electric and hybrid cars, as well as initiatives to improve fuel efficiency and reduce emissions.Despite these challenges, the automobile remains an indispensable part of modern life. It has become ingrained in our culture, symbolizing freedom, independence, and individuality. From iconic models like the Ford Model T to sleek, high-performance sports cars, automobiles continue to capture our imagination and shape our collective identity.In conclusion, the invention of the automobile has had a profound and far-reaching impact on society. From its humble beginnings in the late 19th century to its status as a cultural icon in the 21st century, the automobile hasrevolutionized the way we live, work, and travel. While it has brought about challenges and concerns, its contributions to human progress and development cannot be overstated.。
汽车作文英语及翻译
汽车作文英语及翻译Cars have become an essential part of our daily lives. They provide us with convenience and freedom, allowing us to travel wherever and whenever we want. However, with the increasing number of cars on the road, there are also some negative effects that come with it.First and foremost, cars have greatly improved our mobility. We can easily drive to work, go on road trips, and visit friends and family. This has made our lives much more convenient and has opened up countless opportunities for exploration and adventure. Additionally, cars have also played a crucial role in the transportation of goods and services, contributing to the growth of our economy.On the other hand, the rise in the number of cars has also led to several environmental and social issues. The burning of fossil fuels in cars releases harmful pollutants into the atmosphere, contributing to air pollution and climate change. Furthermore, the reliance on cars has ledto an increase in traffic congestion, road accidents, and noise pollution. This has not only impacted our physical environment but has also affected our mental and emotional well-being.In order to address these issues, it is important for us to explore alternative modes of transportation. For example, public transportation, cycling, and walking areall sustainable and eco-friendly options that can help reduce our dependence on cars. Additionally, the development of electric and hybrid cars can help minimize the environmental impact of traditional gasoline-powered vehicles. By embracing these alternatives, we can work towards creating a more sustainable and harmonious relationship between cars and the environment.In conclusion, cars have undoubtedly revolutionized the way we live and have provided us with unparalleled freedom and convenience. However, it is important for us to recognize and address the negative effects that come with the widespread use of cars. By exploring alternative transportation options and embracing sustainabletechnologies, we can work towards mitigating the environmental and social impacts of cars, while still enjoying the benefits they bring to our lives.汽车已经成为我们日常生活中不可或缺的一部分。
车辆外文翻译
附录A外文文献原文：In recent years, along with the social life of car motorization, increasing quantities, cause the traffic situation intricate, make drivers to offer the operating frequency increases, driving you need to lighten the fatigue, improve ma nipulation portability and flexibility, and thus power steering system requirements for more and more is also high.So far, automotive steering system through the traditional mechanical steering system, hydraulic steering system and electric hydraulic steering system and electric power steering system four stages of development, the future is likely to wire control power steering system development. Now automotive steering system is in hydraulic steering system and electric hydraulic steering system to electric power steering system development stages of transition .1. the traditional mechanical steering systemTraditional mechanical steering system (MS) mainly by steering control agencies, steering gear and steering transmission mechanism 3 parts. Steering control mechanism is the pilot control redirector work institutions, including the steering wheel at the input from components. The steering wheel steering is coming from torque according to certain transmission amplifier and output increases force device, steering the earliest USES is the worm type, later have a screw nut type, rack-and pinion type, circulation ball type and other forms. Steering transmission mechanism is passed to the output torque steering steering wheel agencies, including the steering wheel from pitman arm of components . When the car needs to change directions, the pilot through turned the steering wheel, steering moment, steering, via steering shaft, horizontal bars and straight bars such as the steering trapezoid arm parts, and to make the day deflection change of direction.Traditional mechanical steering system is the advantage of simple structure, reliable operation, the production cost is low. Its defect is also very obvious: (1) with the bus speed improvement and automotive quality increases, steering control, turning to more and more demanding increased the difficulty. (2) is the ratio is fixed, namely Angle transfer characteristics, cause the car can't change the steering response characteristics are unable to control and transmission in the process of steering cannot with speed and lateral acceleration and other parameters of the changes, the pilot must compensate for car before in turn the steering response characteristics of certain operating compensation, such virtually increased the mental and physical burdens driver .2. hydraulic steering systemHydraulic steering system (HPS) is the traditional mechanical steering system basis with a set of additional hydraulic booster, generally by oil pump, v-shaped belt wheel, oil injection equipment, power devices and control valves etc. It with hydraulicoil pump is the power, through the movement to promote produced mechanical redirector work.Because the system through hydraulic works used to promote the traditional mechanical steering mechanism of steering movement so as to reduce the labor intensity, a driver in a certain extent, solve the traditional mechanical steering system caused because of transmission ratio fixed to "light" and "sensitive" the contradiction between. But, this kind of power steering system is driven by the steering wheel rotates the hydraulic system directly change torsion bar is the channel area to provide oiling the instrumentality of variable. Namely the discretion of size and speed boost have no relation with steering Angle, only concerned. Steering dish of greater perspective, turn the instrumentality of hydraulic systems provide is bigger also. Meanwhile, this system has the following weakness: (1) no matter car turn not to, as long as the engine and hydraulic motor drive ZhuLiBeng will work under the energy, the extra consumption engine. (2) the steering characteristics not adjusted, high-speed and same speed dynamical characteristics. In low-speed steering need bigger boost, often for engine speed and low power poor effect, while in high-speed steering need smaller, will boost for engine speed high and power function big, bring about steering too sensitive, that the car manipulation stability becomes poor. (3) the inherent hydraulic system of the hydraulic oil leakage problems and steering noise makes steering comfort, meantime, dramatically reduced environmental pollution.Because of hydraulic steering system reliable work, mature technology, can provide the big steering and has been widely used.3. electrohydraulic power steering systemElectrohydraulic power steering system at work steering characteristics can be changed. It basically has two kinds: electric hydraulic steering system (ECHPS) and electric hydraulic steering system (EHPS). Now automotive applications is the largest electric hydraulic booster turn from system.3.1 electronic control hydraulic power steering systemElectric hydraulic steering system (ECHPS) in hydraulic steering system is based on the liquid flow rate increased control solenoid valves, torque sensor, the wheel speed sensors and steering control unit etc components. Ideally, car in spin to try to deft, request when in cars to different speed operation, which can real-time provide corresponding steering to overcome the running speed to make drivers to resistance to manipulate the steering wheel can both lightweight, and have enough way feeling.In steering process, through the torque sensor, speed sensor etc sensing device will shift to rate, speed transfer to parameters such as steering control unit. After decoding, control by electromagnetic valve with liquid flow speed changing, and change the size of the moment, make grants to individual driver according to speed and driving conditions, changes to manipulate portability and stability to harmony. But at the same time, ECHPS also exist because of oil pump continuous work caused by excess energy consumption, the hydraulic system occupies a large space, easy to leak, noise big shortcomings, and increased its speed detection control device. Andthe control valve of structure than HPS complex and cost is higher, which are mainly applied in limousines and sports by using the car.3.2 electric hydraulic steering systemElectric hydraulic steering system (EHPS) is in hydraulic steering system developed on the basis of. Its characteristic is driven by the engine turns ZhuLiBeng shifted the hydraulic motor drive, and increased its speed sensor, steering angular velocity sensor and steering control unit etc electricals. The system of hydraulic oil tank, oil pump, motors and steering control unit has integrated in motor oil pump in the group. Work steering control unit according to car of the speed and steering Angle calculated as the input signal output signal, control ideal appropriate power, motor output ZhuLiBeng driven hydraulic work. Through the hydraulic oil for steering gear provide power.Electrohydraulic power steering system although in hydraulic steering system basis of technology has greatly improved, but the existence of hydraulic equipment are still made the system, such as the hard to overcome shortcomings existing oil leakage, not easy installation and maintenance, etc. Although realized the change, but the dynamical characteristics in hydraulic booster system based on electronic control device increased again, making the system structure is complex, cost increases. Because electro-hydraulic steering system technology, may realize the mature electronic-controlled system integration, vehicle as traditional hydraulic steering system to electric power steering system of intermediate technology of transition, in certain time will continue to receive applications and development.4. electric power steering system (EPAS or EPS)Electric power steering system is the traditional mechanical steering system foundation, increased sensor device, electronic control devices and steering mechanism, etc. Its characteristic is to use electric actuators in different driving conditions for pilot provide appropriate support. System mainly consists of the electronic control unit ECU, torque sensor, the wheel speed sensors, motor, clutch and the steering assembly etc.Electric power steering system working principle is: the pilot control steering, the sensor will pilot role in steering wheel torque signal, speed signal, engine speed signal input ECU, ECU of the input signal calculations, inquires the booster form, determine the size and direction target current, so as to control motor current and the direction, by slowing institutions and clutch motor torque transfer to steering mechanism will be, so as to provide the proper power; driver When steering system malfunction, EPS system does not support. Don't turn circumstances, motor doesn't work. Electric power steering system can real-time in different speed for car turned to provide different under the instrumentality of guarantee in low-speed driving car deft and agile, high speed is stable and reliable. Electric power steering system generally consists of mechanical parts and controlling part. Mechanical parts mainly include transmission unit (the clutch, the steering assembly) and execution unit (electrical), etc. Control part mainly according to sensors to speed and torque signal for computing,drive motor control instructions issued to provide power for steering.EPS compared with HPS, except to save energy outside, due to the elimination of the hydraulic system and improve the environmental performance, solves the malpractices of hydraulic drive brings. The system is made of manufacturers to provide to the vehicle manufacturer, can be directly mounted. Under different conditions of different models, and different for different drivers steering properties, through software modification, convenient and quick. Complete EPS system also includes fault diagnosis and safety protection system. When malfunction happened, could stop booster, automatic recovery to manually control mode and warning signal, and show the memory of abnormal content such as torque sensor itself anomalies, and motor speed sensor abnormal work abnormal, battery abnormal etc.Electric power steering system has become the vehicle steering system technology development, but the system of mainstream has its limitations, because motor power steering and provide power is limited, if the body is heavier, steering system needs to have larger drive power, electric power steering system is ragged. So the system more for small cars, has lots of equipment to senior cars, and gradually to regular cars and small commercial vehicle development.5. wire control power steering systemWith power Steering technology development, the Wire control power Steering system (Steering By Wire, abbreviation SBW) is as automobile electronic technology development and grows the latest achievements of a brand-new Steering system. It through the wire transfer signals, control actuator action to replace traditional steering system of mechanical transmission and mechanical connection from the main controller, help torque in corresponding parameters, after decoding to turn his orders, by executive motor steering motor provides.SBW cancelled and steering wheel steering plate between mechanical connection device, now the steering wheel module, steering executive module and the main controller ECU, three main parts and automatic protection fault systems, power auxiliary module. It is made up of a real-time bus structure (for example, FlexRay HTTP or CAN) connected to the equipment. Can easily and other system integration, unified coordination control. System work, sensor test driver's steering data, then through the data bus would signals to the ECU, and getting feedback from steering control system command. Steering control system is also obtained from steering control agencies, and the steering instructions drivers from steering system obtain wheel situation, thus command the steering system of sports. Steering system KongZhiChe cycle to need Angle, and will wheel corner and rotationa l torque feedback to the rest of the system, such as steering control agencies, in order to make drivers get way feeling, the size of the road are according to different conditions can be controlled by steering control system. The steering system has many advantages: (1) the intervene problem to eliminate steering; (2) removed originally steering system modules of mechanical connection between rigid, has greatly facilitated the system's total decorate; (3) comfort enhancement; (4) can be personalized land suitable for specific driver and driving environment, and steering behavior could beabout driving through software to realize; (5) the crash to eliminate the possibility of hacking, don't hurt the driver set to prevent injury institutions; 6 the driver went leg activity space increases, more convenient.Ship-turning plate and the steering without mechanical connection between, generating let pilot able to perceive cars driving condition and actual road conditions "lk feeling" is more difficult, so current power steering system wire used only for some concept car. Has not conducted batch production and installation, its reliability and cost is the main cause of blocking its development. Mainly displays in if micro controller appears problem, steering system will completely failure, it is not like electric power steering system and electric hydraulic steering system and hydraulic steering system, in motor or hydraulic system problems, still can take the human to control the car. The system of micro controller if malfunction, because no mechanical system is connected the steering wheel and steering gear, so it could not control cars to turn around.6. for wire control power steering system outlookAlthough wire control power steering system now not satisfactory, but SBW still clear is car development direction. SBW system eliminates mechanical connection between the design of steering wheel, tyre will be greatly simplified. Not only improve the design efficiency, but also improve the economy, and car improve overall safety. SBW system work mainly by the electronic components to assume. The application of electronic components marks a considerable amount of mechanical parts reductions, and steering system the size and weight of ease. The whole process of steering by electronic device to achieve, which greatly improved vehicle fuel efficiency. Because only in need to, we have energy consumption. Based on instantaneous driver condition, the control unit of data from receiving other systems, actuator force needed only supply tires. Steering performance improvement is dependent on sensor receives speed, traction control system and other related variables. When the accident happened to the driver, the most dangerous is the steering wheel collisions. In the car with SBW system, many injuries and deaths due to the steering wheel can be eliminated.Due to the elimination of the mechanical connection, so to high reliability is absolutely necessary. In Europe, have related standards, such as IEC 61508 and EN 61511. Pure electronic system cannot guarantee failure conditional probability of less than 10 times failure/hour. Because of this and designed the system structure of the fault tolerance, and accurate processing strategy method is necessary. In the control strategies to avoid the failure data errors, and from, active detection, self diagnosis and protection will be used to achieve safety and reliability. For the foreseeable SWB system design and analysis of tolerance, it will become one of the important before SWB popular topic.附录B译文：近年来，随着社会生活的汽车化，汽车的数量不断增加，由此造成交通情况错综复杂，使得驾驶员转向盘的操作频率增大，这就需要减轻驾驶疲劳，提高操纵的轻便性和灵活性，因此对动力转向系统的要求也越来越高。
学位论文-—汽车专业 翻译 中英文(全)the automobile in america
The Automobile in the United StatesHistory 389, section 3. George Mason University. Spring 2010Science and Technology I, room 224. Tuesdays and Thursdays, 12 – 1:15 pm.Course Blackboard site: General advice: /teachingProfessor Zachary M. SchragE-mail: zschrag@ (please include ―389‖ in subject header).Office: Robinson B 357A. Tel. 703/594-1844. Office Hours: Mondays, 2-4 pm.While I greatly enjoy meeting students individually, department meetings and other commitments occasionally force me to cancel scheduled office hours, so please let me know in advance if you are coming to office hours. If you would like to meet some other time, please send me an e-mail with two or three proposed times.Course DescriptionThis course examines the biography of one of the most important characters in twentieth-century U.S. history: the automobile. Embracing the histories of business, policy, labor, the environment, technology, and culture, this course seeks a holistic understanding of the role of the car in American life. It will examine the invention and adoption of the automobile, the rise of assembly-line manufacturing, the evolution of roadside architecture, and the challenges posed by oil shortages. It seeks to draw a variety of students and encourage them to think about one of the fundamental interactions between humans and machines in the history of the nation and in their own lives.GoalsIn this course, students will:∙Reflect on the significance of the automobile in shaping the America we know today, including their own daily lives.∙Use the automobile to understand the interconnections among technology, business, labor, culture, and politics.∙Practice critical reading of primary and secondary sources, including texts, images, music, and motion pictures.∙Practice research skills using sources in electronic databases, on paper, and in the world around us.∙Practice skills of writing, editing, and revision.Readings∙Kathleen Franz. Tinkering: Consumers Reinvent The Early Automobile.University of Pennsylvania Press, 2005. ISBN-10: 0812238818∙Stephen Meyer. The Five Dollar Day: Labor Management and Social Control in the Ford Motor Company, 1908-1921. State University of New York Press, 1981. ISBN-10: 0873955099∙Chester Liebs. Main Street to Miracle Mile: American Roadside Architecture. The Johns Hopkins University Press; Reprint edition, 1995. ISBN-10: 0801850959∙Tom McCarthy. Auto Mania: Cars, Consumers, and the Environment. Yale University Press (2009), Paperback. ISBN-10: 0300158483. ISBN-13: 9780300158489∙Gordon Harvey. Writing With Sources: A Guide for Students. Second edition. Hackett, 2008. ISBN13: 9780872209442∙Zachary M. Schrag, ―Guidelines for History Students,‖/teaching/teaching.html.CollaborationThis course is designed to encourage the kind of collaboration that makes scholarship so much fun. While you are responsible for your own essays, you will get a great deal of help from each other identifying and interpreting primary and secondary sources, and revising your work.You must credit your classmates for the help that they give you, since a scholar should be proud of the use she has made of others’ work. Citation need not be terribly formal, but I suggest the following forms for citing work by your classmates:∙Joanna Student, "Lincoln’s Imagery," 26 January 2010, History 389 Discussion Board.For a document posted by a student, but written by someone else:∙Lisa Rein, ―Daring to Dream of Reducing Tysons Traffic,‖ Washington Post, 10 December 2009 (posted by Joanna Student).Online ComponentsExcept for the peer-editing, this course is designed to be paperless; all assignments except for the essay drafts should be posted on Blackboard, . You will also receive essay comments electronically.AssignmentsPlease note than 105 percentage points are available, to allow for illness, family emergencies, and other mishaps.Attendance and Participation (15 percent)Much of this course is discussion based, which means that each student’s learning de pends on the other students’ being prepared, punctual, and active. The participation grade is designed to encourage you to help other students learn, and to prepare you for a lifetime of meetings.The participation grade is based on your prompt arrival and active participation in discussions. The highest participation grades will go to students who animate class discussions by asking questions of their peers. The most valuable contributions often begin with the words, ―I don’t understand.‖ Answering such qu estions, and questions posed by the instructor, is also helpful.You should be in your seat, ready to take notes at 12 noon; chronic tardiness will lower your grade. To be counted as on time, you must sign in by 12 noon. To be counted present, you must sign the late attendance sheet. If you need to leave early, please speak to me before class. If you leave early without notifying me, you will be counted absent.You are expected to attend class twice a week. To allow for family and medical emergencies, up to two weeks’ absence is excused. After that, absence for any reason will sharply lower your grade, until you have missed half the course. At that point, you will receive no credit for participation. Chronic absence or tardiness will also affect the grades on your written work.At the end of each unit, you will submit a participation memo, explaining your contribution to the class discussions and your plans for future discussions.Reading Responses (8 percent. 1 percent each)On twelve occasions during the course, you are assigned short responses. They are due at 9 am on the day indicated.On discussion days for which you submit a response, you should be prepared to be called on to describe your findings to the class.There are two kinds of responses:Reading responses (1 point each)On eight occasions, you are assigned responses to the readings. Questions will be posted on Blackboard:.1. Choose one of the questions for that day’s reading and write a one-paragraph response, roughly 125 – 175 words. Write your response as if it were part of a longer essay. Begin with a clear topic sentence (See /teaching/topicsentences.html) that makes an argument rather than just stating facts. Then support that argument with specific facts and quotations from the reading. Use parentheses to indicate page numbers. I suggest you compose your response in a word processor or text editor, then paste it into the discussion board. Research responses (9 percent. 3 points each)On three occasions, you are asked to complete small research assignments. You will be assigned to a group, which will determine specific deadlines. Points are based on the ability of your choice of documents and analysis to spark class discussion.Specific assignments will be posted on Blackboard. All research assignments require the following steps:1. Find a document or image according to the specific assignment instructions.2. Write a one-paragraph analysis of the document or image following the examples at ―Document Analysis‖ </teaching/documentanalysis.html> or ―Image Analysis‖3. Post the document on the appropriate Blackboard discussion, along with the document as an attachment.Essays (60 percent. 15 percent each)On four occasions, you are assigned six-ten paragraph essays (roughly 800-1200 words). Please keep in mind the instructions at /teaching/index.html, especially those on thesis statements and topic sentences.The essays require the following steps:1. Read the essay question, posted on Blackboard.2. Assemble evidence from the assigned readings, from the documents you and your classmates have gathered, and from music and films played in class. Each essay should contain a mix of evidence from primary and secondary sources from the appropriate unit. Evidence from other units of the course may be helpful as well.3. Develop a thesis statement that answers the question and can be supported by your evidence. See /teaching/thesistemplate.html for a suggested form.4. Write a rough draft of your essay. Bring two copies to class.5. Share your rough draft with two of your classmates during the peer editing session. If you do not receive helpful comments, demand them.6. Revise the draft according to the helpful comments you received.Peer Editing InstructionsYour job as a peer editor is not to correct spelling and minor errors, or to provide uncritical encouragement. Rather, it is to demand that your peers teach you something you did not know before.Your comments should begin with one of the following forms, or a close approximation:1. Your paper corrected a misconception I had. Before reading it, I thought _________. But you showed me . . .2. Your paper answered a question I had. Before reading it, I could not understand why_________. But you showed me . . .3. Your paper explained the significance of _________. Before reading it, I couldn’t understand why _________ was important. But you showed me . . .4. For the most part, this paper did not teach me anything that wasn’t pretty obvious from listening to the lecture and reading the book. But I was struck by your comment that ―_________.‖ This comment [insert phrase 1, 2, or 3]. Could you expand this point into a thesis for the whole essay?Final Exam (10 percent)The final exam will be an in-class essay exam that will ask you to reflect on the course as a whole and to analyze primary documents.Extra Credit (1 percent each; up to 3 percent)The goal of this assignment is to get you to think about the course in relation to your daily life. For each week of the course, you may write a two-paragraph journal entry. Up to three entries will count toward course credit, but you may only submit one per week. The first paragraph should describe something that happened to you or that you witnessed involving ground transportation. It can be something that just happened, a news story or article you saw, or a story from your past—but make it something you’re willing to share with the class. The second paragraph should explain how that event or item illustrates or complicates the themes of the course.ScheduleWeek 1January 19 Introduction—Cars and ChoicesUnit 1: What is a car? 1878-1940January 21 Lecture: The Invention of the Car.Week 2January 26 Discussion. Reading 1 due: Tinkering, 1-73January 28 Workshop: reading primary sources.Read: ―How to Read a Primary Source,‖ ―Document Analysis,‖ and ―ImageAnalysis.‖ /teaching/Week 3February 2 Discussion. Group 1.Research 1 due:early automobiles (Harper’s) February 4 Discussion: Reading 2 due: Tinkering,74-102; 130-166Week 4February 9 Discussion. Group 2.Research 2 due:early automobiles (NYPL brochures) February 11 Peer Editing. Essay 1 draft dueUnit 2: Are cars democratic? 1908-1945Week 5February 16 Lecture: Making the Model T.Essay 1 final due.February 18 Discussion: Reading 3 due: Five Dollar Day, 1-65.Week 6February 23 Discussion: Industry filmsFebruary 25 Discussion Group 3.Research 3 due:(ProQuest historical newspapers). Week 7March 2 Discussion: Reading 4 due: Five Dollar Day, 67-147.March 4 Peer Editing. Essay 2 draft dueSPRING BREAKUnit 3: How should we build for cars? 1945-1973Week 8March 16 Lecture: The Automotive Landscape. Essay 2 final dueMarch 18 Discussion: Reading 5 due: Main Street to Miracle Mile, vi-73Week 9March 23 Discussion: Group 1.Research 4 due Postcards/photosMarch 25 Discussion: Group 2.Research 5 due Postcards/photosWeek 10March 30 Discussion: Group 3.Research 6 due:Photographs/photosApril 1 Peer Editing. Essay 3 draft due.Unit 4: Are cars sustainable? 1955-2010Week 11April 6 Film: Who Killed the Electric Car? Essay 3 final dueApril 8 Discussion: Reading 6 due: Auto Mania, 99-147Week 12April 13 Discussion: Groups 1 and 3.Research 7 due:Car AdsApril 15 Discussion: Reading 7 due: Auto Mania, 148-92Week 13April 20 Discussion: Reading 8 due Auto Mania, 193-252April 22 Discussion: Group 2.Research 8 due Government documents Week 14April 27 Peer Editing. Essay 4 draft dueConclusionApril 29 Exam Review. Essay 4 final due.Final Exam: Tuesday, May 11, 10:30 am – 1:15 pm.在美国汽车历史389，第3节。
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Automotive safety systems and technology research and analysisAbstract: auto parts of good and bad will directly affect the safety of the car, are directly related to the people's life safety and security in wealth. This article mainly from the car's active safety technology and passive safety technology two aspects elaborated the importance of car parts, and how to improve the safety of the car.Key words: automobile, active safety technology, passive safety technologyAs traffic tools of the modernization and absolute number increase sharply, traffic accidents are also increasing. Car accident has become severe global social issues. Undoubtedly, advanced auto safety facilities are the driving safety indispensable safeguard. So, we should start, from technology to research and development of high performance, high safety car, also want to strengthen the regular inspection in cars, so timely maintenance investigation, make cars often in good technical status, so as to improve the safety performance of the car.Here we introduced active safety technology and automobile car passive safety technology. Auto safety is according to the traffic accident happened before and after the classified. One is in a traffic accident take safety measures, especially before immediately will produce risk condition, drivers manipulate the steering wheel avoid or emergency brake to avoid traffic accidents. In the car, drive in usually to ensure the basic manipulation stability, drivers on the surrounding environment and to ensure the visual recognition sex drive the car itself, developed the basic performance ant-lock braking system (ABS), prevent slippery drive system (ASR), active suspension, power steering and four-wheel drive (4WD), four-wheel steering (4WS), lighting system, wiper, the rearview mirror, prevent from rear-end collision car alarm system and laser radar, etc. These security devices and technology, called active safety system, can also be called preventive security system. On the other hand, in order to reduce traffic accidents and company by personnel directly suffer degree, ensure company take staff andpedestrian safety, says the security for passive safety, can also be called conflict safety. When after the accident, in order to prevent disasters, including prevent the expansion of fire and make crew from traffic accident can extricate the security devices and systems, called prevent disaster expand security system.One．Automobile active security technology1. ABS braking systemAnt-lock Braking System (Braking System, lock do by ABS computers as ABS), hydraulic device, the wheel speed sensors, brake hydraulic pipeline and electrical wiring etc. Their structures are shown below.ABS tasseled for the car in various driving conditions braking performance and brake safety particularly important, especially is emergency braking, can make full use of the peak between tire and road surface adhesion properties, improve performance and reduce automobile fight sideslip braking distance, give full play to the braking performance, but also increase the automobile braking process control. So as to reduce the possibility of car accidents.No installation ABS car, if the driving force trample brake pedal, wheel will rapidly lower speed, and finally wheels stop turning, but body because of inertia remains forward sliding. This phenomenon was at the wheel and pavement occur between larger "slip", appear this kind of situation, the car tires of automobile lateral spreads almost disappear, so poor force will appear the following phenomena:(1) Steering stability fall: the steering wheel is ineffective, vehicle tail manipulation of curl, serious when vehicle circles or appear folding phenomenon;(2) Handling fall: manipulate the steering wheel and short of steering requirements;(3) Braking distance extended: more than general braking distance.So, we can imagine to have installed ABS system of the car safety is very important.2．the ASR drive torque control systemABS are used to prevent car braking process wheel lock, will wheel slidingrate control in ideal range, so as to shorten the braking distance, improve automobile braking direction stability and steering control, so as to improve the safety of the car. Along with the increase of vehicle performance requirements, not only in braking process required to prevent wheel lock, and asked the driver to prevent drive roller skating turn in the process, making cars in the direction stability, driving process steering control ability and acceleration performance, so are improved by the car drive torque steering system ASR (Accelerations Regulation) Slip. ASR is the perfect complement and ABS ASR, but most alone is set with ABS combined together, commonly used ABS/ASR says, called antiskid control system.ASR is mainly used to prevent car in the beginning, accelerate the wheels, guarantee slip in the car accelerated rate and improve the stability in bad pavement drive attached conditions. It makes no difference speed in the car lock ice roads and muddy road started and to improve its capacity, also can prevent high in speed by turning cars gliding pavement and rear lateral spreads phenomenon.Anyhow, prevent the wheel because ASR slip, can maximize the engine driving moment of cars had enough, ensure the longitudinal force, lateral force and manipulation of power, make cars in starting, steering and accelerate the process, in gliding and muddy road, in a mountain area downhill process can steadily driving, guarantees the safety, reducing tire wear and fuel consumption, and improves the car driving capability.3．VDC systemABS/ASR system successfully solves the brake and the car when driven direction stability problem, but cannot solve the vehicle steering stability problem driving direction. For example when steering road, inevitably by lateral and longitudinal force, only local surface can provide full lateral and longitudinal force, the pilot can control vehicles. If the ground adhesion ability lower lateral, will damage cars driving ability predetermined direction. Rainy days cars driving, often high-speed steering lateral sliding out, it is the ground because of insufficient lateral adhesion ability. To resolve the issue, and developed countries automobile industry recently in ABS/ASR system on the basis of the development of dynamicControl system (into car Dynamics Control, the abbreviation VDC Vehicle). The system of the car brake, driving, suspension, steering, engine and so on various main assembly control system in function, structure organic ground comprehensive together, can make cars in all kinds of bad working conditions, such as ice road pavement, commuting, river bend pavement and took evasive action moving line, braking and acceleration and the downhill for different conditions, such as bearing, different type pressure and different levels of type wear all have good direction stability, to show the best driving performance. VDC applications, in braking, acceleration and steering aspects of driver's fully released request, is the car of active safety driving a new milestone.VDC of steering control system is mainly by driving for each wheel brake control and engine power output control to realize. For example, if the car turn left front wheel for steering the inadequate capacity tend to slip out of the corner, VDC system can measure imminent, just know lateral spreads left rear brake adopt appropriate measures. If at the same corner, because rear wheel tend to slip out of favor of lateral overmuch, VDC system is proper braking to front-right wheel failure, maintain the stability of the vehicle driving. In extreme cases, VDC system can also take reduce engine to reduce the power output, and to reduce the speed of the demand side adhesion ability to maintain the stability of the vehicle driving. Adopt VDC system, automobile in folio pavement or corner of pavement braking distance still can further reduce.4．CCS cars cruise control systemAuto cruise Control System (Cruiser Control System, abbreviation for CCS) is can make automobile work in engine favorable speed range, reduce driver's driving manipulate labor intensity, improve the driving comfort the automatic driving device.Car cruising system (CCS) role is required by the driver: after a normally-closed switch, no speed on the accelerator pedal can automatically keep the speed, make the vehicle with the fixed speed. Using this device, when on the highway after a long time, the driver driving not have to control the accelerator pedal, reduce fatigue, while reducing unnecessary speed change, can reduce save fuel.Auto cruise control system is the earliest development of the automotive electronic control system. This system USES another speed sensor, will speed signal input engine control microcomputer, by microcomputer control vacuum system work. This system can make use of the server, speed control switch lever and brake pedal on vacuum lift switches etc, its function and basic system the same.In this system, electronic control device can accord change of driving resistance, automatic regulation engine throttle Angle, make the speed constant. Such not only reduce unnecessary speed change, which saves fuel, also reduced the driver's burden. The electronic cruise control system which is shown in figure 2.Two. Automobile passive safety technology1. Seat beltCar seat belt is a safety device, it can in car collision or sharp turn, make crew to keep its original position as possible without mobile and rotation, avoid collision with in-car hard parts caused damage. Seat belts and airbags, as modern cars are safety devices, but the long history of the former, popularize the scope.The seemingly simple seat belt actually not "simple". Attention has been at the forefront of traffic safety, through the analysis of general motors after a car accident found: seat belt not only makes people protect the lives, can be in more than half of the accident to reduce or even eliminate drivers, motorists are the chance of injury. Car collision or unexpected emergency braking force generated great inertia, will allow the driver and passenger and car windscreen, steering wheel, seat, collision happened objects such as secondary to drive is caused extremely easily crew serious damage, even drive occupant seats or threw the apex, seat belts can will ride in the seat. Bondage personnel When has the accident, which can effectively prevent the collision, and its buffer role can absorbs a great deal of kinetic energy, reduce rides personnel extent of the injuries.Fasten your seat belt airbags play our role is also an important condition. Because the airbag to maximize role for the ride in the impact of the physical location, sitting instant action have extremely strict and the requirements.Otherwise, the airbag started strong instantaneous wallops to head are fragile site, may cause serious damage, especially for children, this damage can be fatal. Even the most ordinary three belts, try a can timely in crash that lived rides the bundle, ensure the upper part of a ride in the airbag fully extended range, make the airbag most effectively play efficacy. Accordingly, must not because the car is equipped with airbags and feel carefree seat belt fastened, only to reduce or eliminate the traffic accident happen.2. The airbagWhen the front collision happened strong, because inertia, who rides the body forward fast moving, then seat belts and will try to "pull" rides on person the body, absorb some of the impact energy, while the airbag with "the eyepiece trend" inflatable and completely open; Then the rides the upper body will sink to airbags, gas also began from the vent air uniform escaping, and absorbed most of the impact energy; Subsequently, the ride back seat and return to the body. Above the whole process is almost always happens in a flash, who rides the completely in passive situation, in this case, the passive rely on auxiliary occupant protection system is the only option. Airbags development design is based on the protection on seat belt Co., LTD; they cooperate with each other to ride the play the auxiliary protective effect.Seat belt usage in under the condition of the crew, balloon help reduce chest, head and facial injuries in the seriousness of the collision. When car collision happened before, the first is the car to stop motion, car under the action of inertial force crews to go forward with the original speed still sport. Not wearing a seatbelt crews will and steering dish, front windscreen together, so it can be severely hurt; Wearing a seatbelt as car stop the crew can stop moving forward movement and gradually. If collision violent, crew forward movement of the seat belts, even faster in the complete stop before motion, still and in-car things together. If this fashion in steering the disk or within the popup balloon inflated dash, it can protect the occupant reduce the possibility of car together with things, more uniform dispersion head, chest, absorb the impact energy of movement, thus crew has added effect of seat belts.In addition to seat belts and airbags outside car passive safety technology includes car bumper, automobile safety glass, security body, occupant head and neck protection system (WHIPS), etc. These vehicles to improve the safety performance has very important contributionThree. Automobile active safety new technology1. Eye Car skillsEye Car technology can make each driver eyes in the same relative height, guarantee of pavement and the surrounding a six-lane unimpeded sight and best visibility. This technology can also offer a specific driving environment.Eye Car through the use of first-class motor mobile automatic will different figure driver's eyes tuned to the same height to solve the problem, meanwhile, visibility of steering dish, brake and accelerate pedals and floor and the central adjustment to constitute console to their respective driving conditions. Meanwhile to the former pillar design, will it again from drivers sights removed. Because the bus driver received the most crucial information generally have 90% from outside, acquired through the eyes observe. So, this improvement for vehicle safety is of great significance.2. Cam Car technologyCam Car technology aims to help improve the driver of perception. The technical features are:(1) Installed in the car to camera system on both sides before to make drivers can bypass the large vehicle behind a car or see ahead of pedestrians. In a typical driving situation in the crowded traffic, the pilot of the centre-left cornering could more easily view the opposite of vehicles.(2) Side after buy video camera provides broader visual profile of vision. The camera coverage than traditional rearview mirror wants wide, especially for the adjacent driveway.(3) Installed in a car, the four miniatures sectored form to decorate after a camera can obtain the car panoramic perspective. Image via electronic synthesis, has the zoom and 160 ° wide-angle ability.(4) "night eye" (Night Eye) camera can be in low illumination conditions, when the car is in reverse gear, even in a dark cases can also provide car close range after small images.Four. Automobile passive safety new technology1. Future airbags(1) It cans inflatable screen system. This is a new safety design; its basic principle is to protect in-car occupant's head, when that happens it will carry on the air, air after the tent shape is swelling.(2) Tubular inflatable structure head air sac. This system for supplement current side protection system, still stopover in protecting the chest and abdomen, brachial ministry, to head protection were insufficient. It with rigid body structure, the door body protective just beams, side air sac, can form a complete side safe defend net, this will be the future security protection trend.(3) Head support system. Head support system generally called the headrest, vehicles which the headrest, with seats, not just for comfortable fact is more important to safety. Vehicle if in an emergency brake, the body will have strong to and fro, because the principle of inertia occupant body swinging, especially neck must follow. If no head support buffer headrest, neck injury caused by damage is very surprising.(4) The external airbags.2. Adaptive constraint technology system (ARTS)New adaptive constraint technology system (ARTS) use a series of sensors to monitor the driver seat, seat belt use, in front of the occupant take quality and location and intensity of the collision of the collisions and collision force direction, then according to the specific information such as the collision of each front airbag characteristics of the crew on regulated. The system can further reduce due to improper airbag for crew on the damage, especially for smaller front row figure crew.3. Automobile energy-absorbing direction columnAuto absorbing in automobile direction tubing through collisions of redistribution to steering wheel wallop, would wallop path to deliver shunt quickly, making the minimum of load on the steering wheel. The steering column by hollow tubes and steering bearings form. Traditional hollow tubes and the steering column steering bearings is integral, steering shaft top and steering connections, the connecting with direction below. And suck can direction string of characteristic is will the steering column in two, divided into unblock steering column and the steering column under two parts; Inside of the steering shaft also divided into two sections, with outgoing quarter agencies between them connected. Once a collision make direction, outgoing quarter mechanism has displacement bottom tailor-made steering shaft will fold, under the steering column move on the steering column, to achieve "indented within" and thus expand space reduce damage.Five. The tire pressure monitoring systemIn a car's tyros high-speed process, all drivers fault is the most worry and the most difficult to prevent, is also sudden traffic accident happened important reasons. According to statistics, China highway in the traffic accident is caused due to 70% of a flat tire, and in the U.S. this ratio is as high as 80%. How to prevent a blowout has become an important task of safe driving. According to the national quality supervise center of rubber tires in the expert analysis, maintain the standard tire pressure driving and the timely discovery tire is to prevent leakage of key blowout. Tire Pressure and Monitoring System (TPMS) - car Tire Pressure Monitoring System will no doubt is the ideal tool. The system is mainly used in automobile driving to tire pressure real-time automatic monitoring; to a flat tire and depression are the police, in order to ensure safety.Drivers from the monitors can know each tire pressure value, when tire pressure below the club set pressure limit, monitor will automatically alarm.Anyhow, car active safety technology and passive safety technology for the safety of automobile driving is very important, and besides, such as environmental factor, artificial factor of the vehicle safety is also very important. Therefore, we must be prepared to all aspects of requirements and technology, to ensure the safety of vehicle driving.汽车安全系统技术研究分析摘要：汽车各部件的好与坏将直接影响汽车行驶的安全性,直接关系着人们的生命安全和产财安全。