汽车外文翻译

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汽车导航外文翻译中英

Automotive navigation systemAn automotive avigation system is a satellite navigation system designed for use in automobiles. It typically uses a GPS navigation device to acquire position data to locate the user on a road in the unit's map database. Using the road database, the unit can give directions to other locations along roads also in its database. Dead reckoning using distance data from sensors attached to the drivetrain, a gyroscope and an accelerometer can be used for greater reliability, as GPS signal loss and/or multipath can occur due to urban canyons or tunnels.Some sorts can be taken out of the car and used hand-held while walking. HistoryAutomotive navigation systems were the subject of extensive experimentation, including some efforts to reach mass markets, prior to the availability of commercialGPS.Most major technologies required for modern automobile navigation were already established when the microprocessor emerged in the 1970s to support their integration and enhancement by computer software. These technologies subsequently underwent extensive refinement, and a variety of system architectures had been explored by the time practical systems reached the market in the late 1980s. Among the other enhancements of the 1980s was the development of color displays for digital maps and of CD-ROMs for digital map storage.However, there is some question about who made the first commercially available automotive navigation system. There seems to be little room for doubt that Etak was first to make available a digital system that usedmap-matching to improve on dead reckoning instrumentation. Etak's systems, which accessed digital map information stored on standard cassette tapes, arguably made car navigation systems practical for the first time.[2] However, Japanese efforts on both digital and analog systems predate Etak's founding.Steven Lobbezoo developed the first commercially available satellite navigation system for cars. It was produced in Berlin from start 1984 to January 1986. Publicly presented first at the Hannover fair in 1985 in Germany, the system was shown in operation on the evening news from the first German television channel in that year. It used a modified IBM PC, a large disc for map data and a flat screen, built into the glove compartment. It was called Homer Alpine claims to have created the first automotive navigation system in 1981.However, according to the company's own historical timeline,[3] the company claims to have co-developed an analog automotive navigation product called the Electro Gyrocator, working with Honda. This engineering effort was abandoned in 1985. Although there are reports of the Electro Gyrocator being offered as a dealer option on the Honda Accord in 1981, it's not clear whether an actual product was released, whether any customers took delivery of an Electro Gyrocator-equipped Accord, or even whether the unit appeared in any dealer showrooms; Honda's own official history appears to pronounce the Electro Gyrocator as not practical.Honda claims[4] to have created the first navigation system starting in 1983, and culminating with general availability in the 1990 Acura Legend. The original analogElectro Gyrocator system used an accelerometer to navigate using inertial navigation, as the GPS system was not yet generally available. However, it appears from Honda's concessions in their own account of the Electro Gyrocator project that Etak actually trumped Honda's analog effort with a truly practical digital system, albeit one whose effective range of operation was limited by the availability of appropriately digitized street map data.TechnologyVisualizationNavigation systems may (or may not) use a combination of any of the following:▪top view for the map▪top view for the map with the map rotating with the automobile (so that "up" on the map always corresponds to "forward" in the vehicle)▪bird's-eye view for the map or the next curve▪linear gauge for distance, which is redundant if a rotating map is used ▪numbers for distance▪schematic pictograms▪voice promptsRoad databaseContentsThe road database is a vector map of some area of interest. Street names or numbers and house numbers are encoded as geographic coordinates so that the user can find some desired destination by street address .Points of interest will also be stored with their geographic coordinates. Point of interest specialties include speed cameras, fuel stations, publicparking, and "parked here".Contents can be produced by the user base as their cars drive along existing streets and communicating via the internet, yielding a free and up-to-date map.Physical Storage FormatThe Physical Storage Format (PSF) initiative is an industry grouping of car manufacturers, navigation system suppliers and map data suppliers whose objective is the standardization of the data format used in car navigation systems, as well as allow a map update capability. Standardization would improve interoperability, specifically by allowing the same navigation maps to be used in navigation systems from 19 manufacturers. Companies involved include BMW, Volkswagen, Daimler,Renault, ADIT, Aisin AW, Alpine Electronics, Navigon, Bosch, DENSO, Mitsubishi, Harman Becker, Panasonic, PTV, Continental AG, Clarion, Navteq, Tele Atlas and Zenrin.MediaThe road database may be stored in solid state read-only memory (ROM), optical media (CD or DVD), solid state flash memory, magnetic media (hard disk), or a combination. A common scheme is to have a basemap permanently stored in ROM that can be augmented with detailed information for a region the user is interested in. A ROM is always programmed at the factory; the other media may bepreprogrammed, downloaded from a CD or DVD viaa computer or wireless connection (bluetooth, Wi-Fi), or directly used utilizing a card reader.Some navigation device makers provide free map updates for their customers. These updates are often obtained from the vendor's website, which is accessed by connecting the navigation device to a PC.汽车导航系统汽车导航系统是一个设计供汽车使用的卫星导航系统。

汽车英语

目录第一部分专业外文翻译材料原文 (2)第二部分专业万文翻译材料译文 (8)参考文献 (14)专业外文翻译材料原文Automotive power transmission device between the engine and the wheel drive train car called. It should ensure that the car has a variety of driving conditions necessary for traction, speed, and to ensure coordination between the traction and speed changes and other features that make the car has good power and fuel economy; also ensure the car can reverse, and left and right drive wheels can adapt to the requirements of the differential，And power transmission can be smoothly bonded or completely, the rapid separation as required. Driveline including clutch, transmission, drive shaft, main gear, differential and axle and other parts of the drive train in different ways according to the energy transfer is divided into mechanical transmission, hydraulic transmission, hydraulic, electric transmission and so on. First, the composition of the transmission systemClutch function: 1, the clutch can gradually combined to ensure a smooth start car engines and automotive drivetrain. 2, the clutch can temporarily cut off the engine and drive train, easy engine starting and transmission shift, in order to guarantee smooth drivetrain shift work. 3, the clutch can limit the transmitted torque, to prevent overloading the driveline.Composition: active part, the driven part, the pressing means, separating means and control mechanism.Universal transmission function:in the car any angle and relative position between a pair of shafts to transmit power between changes often occur shaft.The universal drive axleDrive axle gearing (or transmission)power came through deceleration by twisting, changing the direction of power transmission power by deceleration by twisting, (when the engine is longitudinal) after changing the direction of power transmission, assigned to the left and right wheels, making the car running, and allows the drive wheels to the left and right at different speeds. Drive axle assembly is the last of its drivetrain from the main reducer, differential, axle and axle components.Transmission functions: (1)change the transmission ratio: expanding the scope of variation of torque and speed of the drive wheel to adapt to frequent changes in driving conditions, such as start, acceleration, uphill, so that the engine work in favorable conditions. (2) in the direction of rota0 tion of the engine under the same premise, so the car can travel backwards. (3) the use of neutral, interrupt the power transmission, to allow the engine to start, idling, and to facilitate the transmission shift or power output.Second, the transmission consists of：the speed change transmission mechanism and operating mechanism Most ordinary transmission gear and some planetary gear drive. Ordinary gear shift mechanism for general use gears and clutch slip. How associated gear slip displacement gear and gear points. With triple sliding gear shift, a large axial dimension; with displacement sliding gear transmission, compact structure, but smaller than the gear change. There mesh type clutch and friction points. When using the clutch is engaged, the transmission speed difference should stop or very hour, with a friction clutch for shifting in operation at any speed difference, but small carrying capacity, and can not guarantee strict two-axis synchronization. To overcome this drawback, the engagement clutch friction plate tops to, when the first gear wheel driven by the friction plates to the synchronous speed and then joined. Planetary gear transmission brake control gear available.Third, the structural characteristics of the transmission Automatic transmission automatically selects the gear .and has the following salient features: 1.Good driving performance.2.manipulate simple.3.high traffic safety.4. to reduce emissions. 5. You can extend engine and driveline life. 6.increase productivity. but the automatic transmission drawback is:Its structure is more complicated, but also more difficult to repair. Another automatic transmission transmission efficiency is not high enough, of course, by matching engine optimization, lockup, and other measures to increase the number of gears, thetransmission efficiency can be close to the efficiency of the automatic transmission manual transmission level.Fourth, the transmission Category:1), according to the gear ratio change the way: a stepped, stepless and comprehensive formula①stepped: a step-most widely used transmission, which uses a gear drive, with a number of valuation ratios.a gear train used by different: there is a fixed axis (ordinary gear transmission) and the axis of the rotary transmission (planetary gear transmission) two.b. At present, the transmission drive cars and light and medium trucks than the usual 3 to 5 forward gears and one reverse gear.c. In the heavy-duty vehicles using a modular transmission, the use of more stalls, usually made of a combination of two transmissions.②stepless: stepless transmission ratio within a certain range can be varied by an infinite number of levels.a. Are common type and a hydraulic power (dynamic liquid) two.b. Electricity formula also used in the driveline trend widely used, its variable transmission member for DC series wound motor.c. A hydraulic drive unit is a hydraulic torque converter.③comprehensive type: integrated gearbox is defined by the torque converter and gear-type stepped transmission consisting of hydraulic mechanical transmission. Transmission ratio can be made infinitely variable within a few discontinuities between the maximum and minimum range, the current is widely used.2), by manipulating points: Forced manipulation, automatic and semi-automatic actuated actuated①. Forced actuated transmission shift lever operated directly by the driver, used for most cars.②. Robotic gearbox gear ratio selection (shift) is automatic. The driver simply manipulating the accelerator pedal, you can control the speed.③. Semi-automatic gearbox, there are two forms of manipulationa.Kind of common robotic several stalls, the rest of the stalls operated by the driver;b.The other is a preselected type, i.e., the driver in advance with the button selected gear, when the clutch pedal or the accelerator pedal is released, turned an electromagnetic device or hydraulic device to shift.3), by using the method points: manual transmission (MT), the automatic transmission (AT), manual transmission, continuously variable transmission (CVT), double-clutch gearbox and EMT, AMT sequence transmission, etc.Fifth, the transmission worksCar needs transmission, which is by the physical characteristics determined by an automobile engine. First, any engine has a speed limit, speed exceeds this maximum, the engine will explode. Secondly, if read horsepower and its application, you will know when have reached the maximum horsepower and torque, low speed range of the engine. For example, the engine may at 5,500 r / time to produce maximum horsepower. In the vehicle acceleration or deceleration, so that the presence of the transmission gear ratio between the engine and the drive wheels can be changed. By changing the gear ratio, the engine speed can be maintained below the speed limit, and the engine rotation speed zone close to optimum performance. Ideally, the range of the transmission gear ratio change is very large, and thus the engine always operates in the best performance of a single speed. This is a continuously variable transmission (CVT) of the CVT gear ratio range of the concept is virtually no limit. Past, CVT will not work with a four-speed and five-speed transmission contend in cost, size and reliability, so they are not visible in production cars. Currently, the improvement of the design of CVT has been so popular. Toyota Prius is a hybrid car using CVT.A transmission connected to the engine through a clutch. Thus, the same transmission input shaft speed and the engine.Six, synchronizerSince the transmission input shaft and the output shaft to the respective speed of rotation, there will be a "synchronous" change gear problems. Two rotation speed is not the same gear meshing force is bound to happen impact collision damage gear. Therefore, the transmission shift to adopt the old "feet clutch" approach, upshift stay a while in the neutral position, the downshift to refuel door in the neutral position, in order to reduce the speed differential gear. However, this operation is more complex and difficult to grasp accurate. So the designers to create a "synchronizer", by synchronizing allows gear to be engaging to a consistent speed and smooth engagement. There are pressure-type synchronizer, inertial and other types of self-energizing type. Currently on all synchronous transmission inertia synchronizer is used, which is mainly composed of clutch, synchronization lock ring and other components, it is characterized by relying on friction to achieve synchronization. Clutches, synchronized to be joined on the lock ring and ring gears are chamfered (locking angle), the inner cone synchronization lock ring and outer ring gear to be engaged in contact friction cone. Locking cone angle have been made in the design of appropriate choice, conical friction makes meshing gear sets to be quickly synchronized with the ring, but will produce a locking action to prevent the gear meshing before synchronization. When the inner cone synchronization lock ring and outside the ring gear to be engaged cone contact, the role of friction torque gear speed quickly reduce (or increase) to synchronous speed lock ring is equal to both synchronous rotation, gear relative to the genlock loop speed is zero, and thus the moment of inertia also disappeared, then under the force of the push, the clutch unimpeded synchronization lock ring engagement ring, and further engagement with the ring gear to be engaged and to complete shifting process. Transmission and synchronizers implementations from different manufacturers in different ways, but the basic principle is the same. Acting synchronizer is in contact with the canines before, so that the collar and the gear friction contact occurs. Thus, before the canine bonding, you can make the collar and the gear speed to achieve synchronization, as shown: blue cone axis gear engagement ring cone friction between the cone and the collar of the shaft ring and gear synchronization. Slide along the outer collar, so that theengagement gear canines. Automatic transmission fluid coupling function why no increase in torque effect: fluid coupling, only the pump and turbine, turbine oil without changing the flow direction of the guide wheel. When working pump oil to pass turbine wheel, and then through the turbine wheel return pump, oil pump through the turbine wheel return changed the direction of rotation, the flow direction and the opposite direction of rotation of the pump impeller. Engine crankshaft while being rotated, the need to overcome the resistance from the reverse of the turbine oil. Engine power has been weakened. Therefore, only the coupling fluid coupling condition, and never have increased torque conditions.When the car started and low speed high torque is required, and fluid couplings can not meet this need. So early production car with hydraulic coupling has started slow, slow-speed zone speed obvious shortcomings.In order to meet the needs of the car started and needs more torque at low speeds, and Hyundai have all switched to the torque converter. When the torque converter pump wheel fast moving, turbine load and driving resistance by the slower speed limit, between the pump and turbine produces a speed difference. This speed difference exists in the entire variable torque area. This speed difference on the formation of residual energy. That is, since the number of pump rotation is faster than the number of revolutions of the turbine, so that the oil pump to the turbine in turn drives the turbine in addition to, but also the remaining part of the energy, which is the residual energy. The difference between the number of revolutions of the pump impeller and the turbine, the greater the greater the residual energy. This residual fluid coupling in energy become an obstacle to the resistance of crankshaft rotation, and finally converted to heat, wasted. Torque converter is different, the speed difference between the pump and turbine is larger, the better residual energy only when the pump is higher than the number of vortex rotation revolutions to produce residual energy in order to increase the torque. Turbine braking (when the stall point and the starting point) of its maximum torque ratio. Fluid from the pump to turn a turbine, and then by changing the direction of the guide wheel and then return to the pump wheel, between the pump and turbine oil circulation formation. Only the presence of oil in circulation,in order to produce the torque conditions. With the increase in the number of revolutions of the turbine, the torque of the linear decline. After a critical point, the same number of turbines and rotary pumps, oil pump drive rotation of the turbine wheel in addition to, but has no residual energy, oil flow angle is changed to a minimum point, turbine oil returned toward the guide wheel on the back. Because of the one-way clutch is only responsible for the lock, turn left, turn right and not lock, so when the oil shocks on the back of the guide wheel is fixed on the one-way clutches, guide wheels began to rotate, the guide wheel starts spinning the moment is called the critical point . Prior to the critical point after coupling conditions for variable torque conditions, the critical point. Torque converter torque ratio increases with the turbo speed decreases, and decreases the number of revolutions of the turbine increases. I.e., with the running resistance torque increases, according to the running resistance of the automatic stepless variable torque in the low speed region. Torque converter transmission efficiency is increased with the number of revolutions of the turbine increases: only when the pump and turbine speed is close, will have a coupling conditions. Coupling conditions only in the car at high speed only, no coupling conditions at low speeds. As a guide wheel torque-device remains stationary while the torque conditions, the coupling conditions began to rotate. If the guide wheel rotating at the moment when they condition, it shows that the occurrence of a one-way clutch slip faults. When the guide wheel coupling conditions must be rotated, so when you do not spin, there is a one-way clutch catching fault occurred. The automatic transmission has been able to achieve automatic shift work because the driver depresses the throttle position or engine intake manifold vacuum and the traveling speed of the car can command the automatic shift system working, automatic shifting system, the control valves different working conditions will control the transmission gear mechanism and the brake is separated and combined with the release of the brake clutch, and changing the power transmission path of the transmission gear mechanism, transmission gear to achieve transformation.A conventional hydraulic automatic transmission according to changes in traveling speed of the car and the throttle opening degree, the automatic transmissiongear. Its shift control is mechanically converted vehicle speed and the throttle opening signal to control the oil pressure and the oil pressure is applied to both ends of the shift valve, to control the position of the shift valve, thereby changing the shifting actuator elements (clutches and brakes) of the oil. Thus, the work of hydraulic oil into the corresponding actuator, the clutch combination or separation, or release the brake, the control of the planetary gear transmission upshift or downshift to achieve automatic transmission.Electronically controlled hydraulic automatic transmission is added an electronic control system based on Automatic Transmission formed. It does this by monitoring the operating state sensor and switch and automobile engine, the driver's instructions to accept, and the obtained information into an electric signal is input to the electronic control unit. Electronic control unit based on these signals, the shift control valve via the solenoid valve of the hydraulic control apparatus to open or close access shift clutch and brake oil passage, thereby controlling the gear shift timing and transformation, in order to achieve automatic transmission .Torque converter utilizing flow of the liquid, the torque from the engine is transmitted to the rear planetary gear mechanism is increased, at the same time, the hydraulic control apparatus according to the travel required (throttle opening, vehicle speed) to manipulate the planetary gear system to obtain the corresponding The gear ratio and rotational direction, to achieve upshifts, downshifts, forward or backward. The above process, the torque is increased, the throttle opening degree and the vehicle speed signal to the hydraulic control means to manipulate, and change the direction of rotation than the planetary gear transmission mechanism, are performed automatically inside the transmission, the driver does not need to operate, namely, automatic shift (shift). Electronically controlled automatic transmission system: Many modern vehicles equipped with electronically controlled automatic shifting device, can more effectively control the transmission shift, to enhance driving performance, fuel consumption saving effect.专业万文翻译材料译文汽车发动机与驱动轮之间的动力传递装置称为汽车的传动系。

汽车英语外文翻译

外文翻译:Piston Engine OperationCustomer’s ConcernInternal combustion engines come in a variety of sizes and power ratings . They supply the mechanical energy needed to put compact , mid-size , and full-size vehicles in motion . Four-cylinder engines power smaller vehicles and provide better fuel economy than larger engines . More powerful six-and eight-cylinder engines are used to power most medium-and full-size vehicles . Ten-and twelve-cylinder engines provide high-performance power for sport models and workhorse power for heavy-duty pickup trucks .Engine construction may differ by manufacturer ,but all piston engines operate on the same principles . A good understanding of these principles will be important in your career as an automotive technician .Technician’s ChallengeAs an automotive technician , you need to find answers to these questions:1 . How does an internal combustion engine produce power ? How does it convert heat into motion ? How is fuel burned inside the engine ?2 . What are the basics of engine construction ？What parts make up an engine ? What is a cylinder , piston , crankshaft , and camshaft ?3 . What is the purpose of the air induction , fuel , ignition , lubricating ,cooling , and exhaust systems ? How do they work together ?Objectives:●Describe the function of the pistons .●Describe the purpose of the connecting rods and crankshaft .●Diagnose abnormal exhaust color , odor , and sound ；determine necessaryaction .Types of EnginesAutomotive engines are internal combustion engines . See Fig. 1-1 . An engine is a machine that turns heat energy into mechanical energy . An internal combustion engine burns fuel internally . The heat produced from burning a fuel creates the power that moves the vehicle .Most automotive engines are called reciprocating engines because their pistons move up and down inside the cylinders , See Fig. 1-2. A piston is a cylindrical plugthat fits inside the cylinder , It receives and transmits motion as a result of pressure changes applied to it .There are two types of internal combustion piston engines : spark-ignition (gasoline) and compression ignition (diesel) .Internal combustion piston engines differ in :●The type of fuel they use .●The way ignition of the air/fuel mixture occurs .Spark-Ignition EngineMost spark-ignition engines run on liquid fuels , such as gasoline , alcohol , or a gasoline/alcohol blend . Some spark-ignition engines run on gaseous fuels , such as propane or natural gas .Air and fuel enter the engine cylinders to create a combustible mixture . The pistons compress (squeeze) the mixture to about one-eighth of its original volume . The ignition system produces a spark at the spark plug, igniting the compressed mixture . As the mixture burns, temperature and pressure increase in the cylinder , The high pressure forces the piston down in the cylinder . This causes the crankshaft to rotate . Gears and shafts carry this motion to the wheels that drive the vehicle . Compression-ignition EngineA diesel ( compression ignition ) engine runs on a light fuel oil similar to kerosene . In this type of engine , the piston compresses only air . Compressing air to about one-twentieth of its original volume raises its temperature to 1,000°F （538°C）or higher . The fuel is injected ( sprayed ) into the cylinder , where it is ignited by the heated air . As the mixture burns , the pressure forces the piston down in the cylinder .Engine ConstructionSpark and compression-ignition engines are similar in construction . Both have engine blocks and cylinder heads . Both have pistons that move up and down in the cylinders . The cylinders , or cylinder bores , are machined openings through the engine block . A cylinder head covers the top of the cylinders . The bottom of each cylinder is open . The pistons are connected through this opening to the crankshaft .The two travel limits for a piston are defined as top dead center ( TDC ) and bottom dead center ( BDC ) . A piston stroke takes place when the piston moves from TDC to BDC or from BDC to TDC .see fig 1-3The Engine BlockThe engine block , also called the cylinder block , is a precision metal casting . See Fig.1-4.The block contains the :●Cylinders , or cylinder bores .●Pistons and connecting rod assemblies .●Camshaft , for engines that do not have an overhead camshaft design.●Crankshaft.Figure 1-5 shows the events that take place in the cylinder of a spark-ignition engine . The piston has completed its intake stroke . It is at its lower limit of travel , bottom dead center . See Fig. 1-5(a). The space above the piston contains the air/fuel mixture .Next , the piston moves up the cylinder toward top dead center . See Fig.1-5(b). This motion compresses the mixture . As the piston nears top dead center , an electric spark ignites the mixture . The mixture burns rapidly . This creates heat and high pressure that push the piston down in the cylinder . See Fig. 1-5( c ).This downward movement creates power . At the bottom of the power stroke , the piston begins the exhaust stroke and moves up in the cylinder .The exhaust valves open , and the burned gases are pushed from the cylinder . See Fig. 1-5( d ).Piston and Piston Rings Figure 1-6 shows a piston and piston rings . Pistons are usually made of an aluminum alloy , which is aluminum mixed with other metals . They are slightly smaller than the cylinders so that they can move up and down freely .The small gap between the piston and cylinder wall is known as piston clearance . See Fig. 1-7 . Piston clearance provides the sliding fit . If not properly sealed , this gap allows some of the compressed air/fuel mixture and combustion gases to leak past the piston . This leakage is called blowby . Blowby reduces power , wastes fuel , and pollutes the air . The piston rings seal the gap between the piston and the cylinder wall . Each ring fits into ring grooves cut into the piston . There are two types of piston rings:●Compression rings form a sliding seal between the piston and the cylinder wall .They reduce or control blowby of combustion gases .●Oil rings , or oil-control rings , scrape excess oil from the cylinder wall and returnit to the crankcase .Crankshaft The reciprocating motion of the pistons must be changed to rotary motion . Rotary motion is what turns the vehicle’s drive wheels . The connecting rodsand the crankshaft make this conversion possible . A piston pin connecting rod each piston to the small end of the connecting rod. The connecting rod connects the piston to the crankshaft. See Fig. 1-8.The rod cap and rod bolts attach the connecting rod to the connecting rod journal. The journal holds a split bearing ( two halves ) , or connecting rod bearing , in place in the cap and rod . See Fig. 1-9. A slight clearance allows the connecting rod journal to turn inside the bearing . Oil fills this clearance to lubricate the bearing and prevent metal-to-metal contact. As the crankshaft turns , the connecting rod journal moves in a circle .As the piston moves up and down in the cylinder its connecting rod journal moves in a circle around the centerline of the crankshaft. On the down stroke the centerline of the crankshaft. On the down stroke the connecting rod moves to one side, as its lower end follows the movement of the crankshaft rod journal. As the piston reaches BDC, the connecting rod journal continues to move up the connecting rod pushes the piston up on the next stroke. In this way, the crankshaft changes the reciprocating motion of the piston to rotary motion at the drivetrain .The Cylinder HeadFigure 1-10 shows a cylinder head . The cylinder head is bolted to the top of the engine block . The cylinder head contains the :●Intake valves ,exhaust valves , and connecting parts .●Camshaft for engines with overhead camshaft design●Combustion chamber ( the upper portion of the cylinder located in the head ) .Hot Gases Are Really CoolA diesel engine would have no power without hot air to ignite the fuel within its cylinders . When a diesel engine piston moves up on the compression stroke , it compresses the air above it , This causes the air pressure and temperature increases so much that a light spray of fuel ignites as soon as it mixes with the highly compressed air in the top of the cylinder !Increasing the pressure for a gas ( air ) trapped in a container increases the temperature . Increasing the temperature increases the pressure . Gas pressure also decreases with decreasing temperature .Safety First: Personal Protection Use eye protection . Wear gloves and clothing with long sleeves .Caution Do not heat an empty bottle in the microwave . Always put some waterinside the bottle . Never heat the bottle with the top sealed .Exploring Temperature and PressureMeets NATEF Science Standards for understanding the relationship between pressure and temperature and the effect of how adding heat causes vaporization .Here’s a simple experiment that you may want to try at home .It’s just the reverse of what happens to the air within an engine’s cylinder on the compression stroke .1 . Remove the lid from the plastic bottle and rinse it thoroughly.2 . Add 4 tablespoons of water to the bottle . Heat it a microwave oven for 1 minute .3 . Remove the warm bottle from the oven. Screw on the lid tightly.4 . Run cold water over the bottle for a minute or so , Observe what happens . Results and Analysis As you probably observed , when the warm plastic bottle is cooled , it collapses . Can you explain why ?Materials and Equipment(1)Small plastic bottle with a screw-on top(2)Microwave oven and sink or water hose(3) 4 tablespoons of waterFig. 1-9 Crankshaft with one piston and connecting rod assembly . This shows how the piston attaches through the connecting rod to the rod journal on the crankshaft .What is the function of the crankshaft ?Each cylinder has one or more intake valves and exhaust valves . See Fig.1-11. The intake valve controls the flow of the air/fuel mixture into the cylinder . The exhaust valve controls the flow of exhaust gas from the cylinder , The valves fit in the intake and exhaust ports of the cylinder head .Most cylinders have two ports , or holes , in the combustion chamber area of the cylinder head . One port is the intake port ; the other is the exhaust port . The air/fuel mixture enters the cylinder through the intake port . Burned gases leave the cylinder through the exhaust port . Some engines have multiple intake and exhaust ports and valves .When a valve closes , it seals tightly against the valve seat . A valve seat is the surface against which the valve face comes in contact to provide a seal against leakage . In the closed position , the valve moves off its seat ,the port is open . The air/fuel mixture or exhaust gas can then pass through the port .The timing of valve opening and closing will vary with engine design . The intake valve opens before the intake stroke begins and closes after it ends . Theexhaust valve opens before the exhaust stroke begins and closes after it ends , This valve overlap improves engine “breathing,”or the flow of air/fuel mixture and exhaust gases into and out of the cylinders.第一章活塞式发动机的工作客户的关注内燃发动机在各种尺寸和额定功率上的要求。

汽车车辆底盘外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译

ChassisChassis include the clutch , the transmission, the drive shaft, the final drive assembly, the front suspension, the rear suspension, the steering system ,the brake system, the wheels and tires.1.clutchThe engine produces the power to drive the vehicle . The drive line or drive train transfer the power of the engine to the wheels . The drive train consists of the parts from the back of the flywheel to the wheels . These parts include the clutch , the transmission ,the drive shaft ,and the final drive assembly .The clutch which includes the flywheel ,clutch disc , pressure plate , springs , pressure plate cover and the linkage necessary to operate the clutch is a rotating mechanism between the engine and the transmission . It operates through friction which comes from contact between the parts . That is the reason why the clutch is called a friction mechanism . After engagement, the clutch must continue to transmit all engine torque to transmission depending on the friction without slippage . The clutch is also used to disengage the engine from the drive train whenever the gears in the transmission are being shifted from gear ratio to another .To start the engine or shift the gears , the driver has to depress the clutch pedal with the purpose of disengagement the transmission from the engine . At that time , the driven members connected to the transmission input shaft are either stationary or rotating at a speed that is slower of faster than the driving members connected to engine crankshaft . There is no spring pressure on the clutch assembly parts . So there is no friction between the driving members and driven members . As the driver lets loose the clutch pedal , spring pressure increase on the clutch parts . Friction between the parts also increases . The pressure exerted by the springs on the driven members is controlled by the driver through the clutch pedal and linkage . The positive engagement of the driving and driven members is made possible the friction between the surfaces of the members . When full spring pressure is applied , the speed of the driving and driven members should be the same . At the moment , the clutch must actas a coupling device and transmit all engine power to the transmission , without slipping .However , the transmission should be engaged to the engine gradually in order to operate the car smoothly and minimize torsional shock on the drive train because an engine at idle just develop little power . Otherwise , the driving members are connected with the driven members too quickly and the engine would be stalled .The flywheel is a major part of the clutch . The flywheel mounts to the engine‟s crankshaft and transmits engine torque to the clutch assembly . The flywheel , when coupled with the clutch disc and pressure plate makes and breaks the flow of power the engine to the transmission .The flywheel provides a mounting location for the clutch assembly as well . When the clutch is applied , the flywheel transfers engine torque to the clutch disc . Because of its weight , the flywheel helps to smooth engine operation . The flywheel also has a large ring gear at its outer edge , which engages with a pinion gear on the starter motor during engine cranking .The clutch disc fits between the flywheel and the pressure plate . The clutch disc has a splined hub that fits over splines on the transmission input shaft . A splined hub has grooves that match splines on the shaft . These splines fit in the grooves . Thus , the two parts held together . However , back –and –forth movement of the disc on the shaft is possible . Attached to the input shaft , the disc turns at the speed of the shaft .The clutch pressure plate is generally made of cast iron . It is round and about the same diameter as the clutch disc . One side of the pressure plate is machined smooth . This side will press the clutch disc facing are against the flywheel . The outer side has shapes to facilitate attachment of spring and release mechanism . The two primary types of pressure plate assemblies are coil spring assembly and diaphragm spring .In a coil spring clutch the pressure plate is backed by a number of coil springs and housed with them in a pressed –steed cover bolted to the flywheel . The spring push against the cover . Neither the driven plate nor the pressure plate is connected rigidly to the flywheel and both can move either towards it o away . When the clutch pedal is depressed a thrust pad riding on a carbon or ball thrust bearing is forced towards the flywheel . Levers pivoted sothat they engage with the thrust pad at one end and the pressure plate tat the other end pull the pressure plate back against its springs . This releases pressure on the driven plate disconnecting the gearbox from the engine .Diaphragm spring pressure plate assemblies are widely used in most modern cars . The diaphragm spring is a single thin sheet of metal which yields when pressure is applied to it . When pressure is removed the metal spring back to its original shape . The center portion of the diaphragm spring is slit into numerous fingers that act as release levers . When the clutch assembly rotates with the engine these weights are flung outwards by centrifugal plate and cause the levers to press against the pressure plate . During disengagement of the clutch the fingers are moved forward by the release bearing . The spring pivots over the fulcrum ring and its outer rim moves away from the flywheel . The retracting spring pulls the pressure plate away from the clutch plate thus disengaging the clutch .When engaged the release bearing and the fingers of the diaphragm spring move towards the transmission . As the diaphragm pivots over the pivot ring its outer rim forces the pressure plate against the clutch disc so that the clutch plate is engaged to flywheel .The advantages of a diaphragm type pressure plate assembly are its compactness , lower weight , fewer moving parts , less effort to engage , reduces rotational imbalance by providing a balanced force around the pressure plate and less chances of clutch slippage .The clutch pedal is connected to the disengagement mechanism either by a cable or , more commonly , by a hydraulic system . Either way , pushing the pedal down operates the disengagement mechanism which puts pressure on the fingers of the clutch diaphragm via a release bearing and causes the diaphragm to release the clutch plate . With a hydraulic mechanism , the clutch pedal arm operates a piston in the clutch master cylinder . This forces hydraulic fluid through a pipe to the cutch release cylinder where another operates the clutch disengagement mechanism by a cable .The other parts including the clutch fork , release bearing , bell – housing , bell housing cover , and pilot bushing are needed to couple and uncouple the transmission . The clutch fork , which connects to the linkage , actually operates the clutch . The release bearing fits between the clutch fork and the pressure plate assembly . The bell housing covers the clutchassembly . The bell housing cover fastens to the bottom of the bell housing . This removable cover allows a mechanic to inspect the clutch without removing the transmission and bell housing . A pilot bushing fits into the back of the crankshaft and holds the transmission input shaft .2.AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSIONThe modern automatic transmission is by far , the most complicated mechanical component in today‟s automobile . It is a type of transmission that sifts itself . A fluid coupling or torque converter is used instead of a manually operated clutch to connect the transmission to the engine .There are two basic types of automatic transmission based on whether the vehicle is rear wheel drive or front wheel drive . On a rear wheel drive car , the transmission is usually mounted to the back of the engine and is located under the hump in the center of the floorboard alongside the gas pedal position . A drive shaft connects the transmission to the final drive which is located in the rear axle and is used to send power to the rear wheels . Power flow on this system is simple and straight forward going from the engine , through the torque converter , then trough the transmission and drive shaft until it reaches the final drive where it is split and sent to the two rear transmission .On a front wheel drive car , the transmission is usually combined with the final drive to form what is called a transaxle . The engine on a front wheel drive car is usually mounted sideways in the car with the transaxle tucked under it on the side of the engine facing the rear of the car . Front axles are connected directly to the transaxle and provide power to front wheels . In this example , power floes from the engine , through the torque converter to a larger chain that sends the power through a 180 degree turn to the transmission that is along side the engine . From there , the power is routed through the transmission to the final drive where it is split and sent to the two front wheels through the drive axles .There are a number of other arrangements including front drive vehicles where the engine is mounted front to back instead of sideways and there are other systems that drive all four wheels but the two systems described here are by far the most popular . A much lesspopular rear and is connected by a drive shaft to the torque converter which is still mounted on the engine . This system is found on the new Corvette and is used in order to balance the weight evenly between the front and rear wheels for improved performance and handling . Another rear drive system mounts everything , the engine , transmission and final drive in the rear . This rear engine arrangement is popular on the Porsche.The modern automatic transmission consists of many components and systems that designed to work together in a symphony of planetary gear sets , the hydraulic system, seals and gaskets , the torque converter , the governor and the modulator or throttle cable and computer controls that has evolved over the years into what many mechanical inclined individuals consider to be an art from . Here try to used simple , generic explanation where possible to describe these systems .1）Planetary gear setsAutomatic transmission contain many gears in various combinations . In a manual transmission , gears slide along shafts as you move the shift lever from one position to another , engaging various sizes gears as required in order to provide the correct gear ratio . In an automatic transmission , how ever , the gears are never physically moved and are always engaged to the same gears . This is accomplished through the use of planetary gear sets .The basic planetary gear set consists of a sun gear , a ring and two or more planet gears , all remaining in constant mesh . The planet gears are connected to each other through a common carrier which allows the gears to spin on shafts called “pinions” which are attached to the carrier .One example of a way that this system can be used is by connecting the ring gear to the input shaft coming from the engine , connecting the planet carrier to the output shaft , and locking the sun gear so that it can‟t move . In this scenario , when we turn the ring gear , the planets will “walk” along the sun gear ( which is held stationary ) causing the planet carrier to turn the output shaft in the same direction as the input shaft but at a slower speed causing gear reduction ( similar to a car in first gear ) .If we unlock the sun gear and lock any two elements together , this will cause all three elements to turn at the same speed so that to output shaft will turn at the same rate of speed asthe input shaft . This is like a car that is third or high gear . Another way we can use a planetary gear set is by locking the planet carrier from moving , then applying power to the ring gear which will cause the sun gear to turn in opposite direction giving us reverse gear .The illustration in Figure shows how the simple system described above would look in an actual transmission . The input shaft is connected to the ring gear , the output shaft is connected to the planet carrier which is also connected to a “Multi-disk” clutch pack . The sun gear is connected to drum which is also connected to the other half of the clutch pack . Surrounding the outside of the drum is a band that can be tightened around the drum when required to prevent the drum with the attached sun gear from turning .The clutch pack is used , in this instance , to lock the planet carrier with the sun gear forcing both to turn at the same speed . If both the clutch pack and the band were released , the system would be in neutral . Turning the input shaft would turn the planet gears against the sun gear , but since noting is holding the sun gear , it will just spin free and have no effect on the output shaft . To place the unit in first gear , the band is applied to hold the sun gear from moving . To shift from first to high gear , the band is released and the clutch is applied causing the output shaft to turn at the same speed as the input shaft .Many more combinations are possible using two or more planetary sets connected in various way to provide the different forward speeds and reverse that are found in modern automatic transmission .2）Clutch packA clutch pack consists of alternating disks that fit inside a clutch drum . Half of the disks are steel and have splines that fit into groves on the inside of the drum . The other half have a friction material bonded to their surface and have splines on the inside edge that fit groves on the outer surface of the adjoining hub . There is a piston inside the drum that is activated by oil pressure at the appropriate time to squeeze the clutch pack together so that the two components become locked and turn as one .3）One-way ClutchA one-way clutch ( also known as a “sprag” clutch ) is a device that will allow a component such as ring gear to turn freely in one direction but not in the other . This effect is just like thatbicycle , where the pedals will turn the wheel when pedaling forward , but will spin free when pedaling backward .A common place where a one-way clutch is used is in first gear when the shifter is in the drive position . When you begin to accelerate from a stop , the transmission starts out in first gear . But have you ever noticed what happens if you release the gas while it is still in first gear ? The vehicle continues to coast as if you were in neutral . Now , shift into Low gear instead of Drive . When you let go of the gas in this case , you will feel the engine slow you down just like a standard shift car . The reason for this is that in Drive , one-way clutch is used whereas in Low , a clutch pack or a band is used .4）Torque ConverterOn automatic transmission , the torque converter takes the place of the clutch found on standard shift vehicles . It is there to allow the engine to continue running when the vehicle comes to a stop . The principle behind a torque converter is like taking a fan that is plugged into the wall and blowing air into another fan which is unplugged . If you grab the blade on the unplugged fan , you are able to hold it from turning but as soon as you let go , it will begin to speed up until it comes close to speed of the powered fan . The difference with a torque converter is that instead of using air it used oil or transmission fluid , to be more precise .A torque converter is a lager doughnut shaped device that is mounted between the engine and the transmission . It consists of three internal elements that work together to transmit power to the transmission . The three elements of the torque converter are the pump , the Turbine , and the Stator . The pump is mounted directly to the torque housing which in turn is bolted directly to the engine‟s crankshaft and turns at engine speed . The turbine is inside the housing and is connected directly to the input shaft of the transmission providing power to move the vehicle . The stator is mounted to a one-way clutch so that it can spin freely in one direction but not in the other . Each of the three elements has fins mounted in them to precisely direct the flow of oil through the converter .With the engine running , transmission fluid is pulled into the pump section and is pushed outward by centrifugal force until it reaches the turbine section which stars it running . The fluid continues in a circular motion back towards the center of the turbine where it entersthe stator . If the turbine is moving considerably slower than the pump , the fluid will make contact with the front of the stator fins which push the stator into the one way clutch and prevent it from turning . With the stator stopped , the fluid is directed by the stator fins to re-enter the pump at a “help” angle providing a torque increase . As the speed of the turbine catches up with the pump , the fluid starts hitting the stator blades on the back-side causing the stator to turn in the same direction as the pump and turbine . As the speed increase , all three elements begin to turn at approximately the same speed . Sine the …80s , in order to improve fuel economy , torque converters have been equipped with a lockup clutch which locks the turbine to the pump as the vehicle reaches approximately 40-50 mph . This lockup is controlled by computer and usually won‟t engage unless the transmission is in 3rd or 4th gear .5）Hydraulic SystemThe hydraulic system is a complex maze of passage and tubes that sends that sends transmission fluid and under pressure to all parts of the transmission and torque converter and . Transmission fluid serves a number of purpose including : shift control ,general lubrication and transmission cooling . Unlike the engine ,which uses oil primary for lubrication ,every aspect of a transmission …s function is dependant on a constant supply of fluid is send pressure . In order to keep the transmission at normal operating temperature , a portion of the fluid is send to through one of two steel tubes to a special chamber that is submerged in anti-freeze in the radiator . Fluid passing through this chamber is cooled and then returned to the transmission through the other steel tube . A typical transmission has an avenge of ten quarts of fluid between the transmission , torque converter , and cooler tank , In fact , most of the components of a transmission are constantly submerged in fluid including the clutch packs and bands . The friction surfaces on these parts are designed to operate properly only when they are submerged in oil .6）Oil PumpThe transmission oil pump ( not to confused with the pump element inside the torque converter ) is responsible for producing all the oil pressure that is required in the transmission . The oil pump is mounted to front of the transmission case and is directly connected to aflange on the engine crankshaft , the pump will produce pressure whenever the engine is running as there is a sufficient amount of transmission fluid available . The oil enters the pump through a filter that is located at bottom of the transmission oil pan and travels up a pickup tube directly to the oil pump . The oil is then sent , under pressure to the pressure regulator , the valve body and the rest of the components , as required .7）Valve BodyThe valve body is the control center of the automatic transmission . It contains a maze of channels and passages that direct hydraulic fluid to the numerous valves which when activate the appropriate clutch pack of band servo to smoothly shift to the appropriate gear for each driving situation . Each of the many valves in the valve body has a specific purpose and is named for that function . For example the 2-3 shift valve activates the 2nd gear up-shift or the 3-2 shift timing valve which determines when a downshift should occur .The most important valve and the one that you have direct control over is the manual valve. The manual valve is directly connected to the gear shift handle and covers and uncovers various passages depending on what position the gear shift is paced in . When you place the gear shift in Drive , for instance , the manual valve directs fluid to the clutch pack ( s ) that activates 1st gear . It also sets up to monitor vehicle speed and throttle position so that it can determine the optimal time and the force for the 1-2 shift . On computer controlled transmission , you will also have electrical solenoids that are mounted in the valve body to direct fluid to the appropriate clutch packs or bands under computer control to more precisely control shift points .8）Seals and GasketsAn automatic transmission has many seals and gaskets to control the flow of hydraulic fluid and to keep it from leaking out . There are two main external seals : the front seal and the rear seal . The front seal seals the point where the torque converter mounts to the transmission case . This seal allows fluid to freely move from the converter to the transmission but keeps the fluid from leaking out . The rear seal keeps fluid from leaking past the output shaft .A seal is usually made of rubber ( similar to the rubber in a windshield wiper blade )and is used to keep oil from leaking past a moving part such as a spinning shaft . In some cases , the rubber is assisted by a spring that holds he rubber in close contact with the spinning shaft .A gasket is a type of seal used to seal two stationary parts that are fasted together . Some common gasket materials are : paper , cork , rubber , silicone and soft metal .Aside from the main seals , there are also a number of other seals and gasket that vary from transmission to transmission . A common example is the rubber O-ring that seals the shaft for the shift control lever . This is the shaft that you move when you manipulate the gear shifter . Another example that is common to most transmission is the oil pan gasket . In fact , seals are required anywhere that a device needs to pass through the transmission case with each one being a potential source for leaks .9）Computer ControlsThe computer uses sensors on the engine and transmission to detect such things as throttle position , vehicle speed , engine speed , engine load , stop light switch position , etc . to control exact shift points as well as how soft or firm the shift should be . Some computerized transmission even learn your driving style and constantly adapt to it so that every shift is timed precisely when you would need it .Because of computer controls , sports models are coming out with the ability to take manual control of the transmission as through it were a stick shift lever through a special gate , then tapping it in one direction or the other in order to up-shift at will . The computer monitors this activity to make sure that the driver dose not select a gear that could over speed the engine and damage it .Another advantage to these “ smart” transmission is that they have a self diagnostic mode which can detect a problem early on and warn you with an indicator light on the dash .A technician can then plug test equipment in and retrieve a list of trouble codes that will help pinpoint where the problem is .3．The Differential SystemWhen a vehicle is cornered the inner wheel moves through a shorter distance than theouter wheel . This means that the inner wheel must slow down and the outer wheel must speed up . During this period it is desirable that each driving maintains its driving action . The differential performs these two tasks . The principle of the bevel type differential can be seen if the unit is considered as two discs and a lever .When the vehicle is traveling straight , the lever will divide the diving force equally and both discs will move the same amount .When the vehicle corners , the driving will still be divided equally but the inner disc will now move through a smaller distance ;this will cause the lever to pivot about its center which will prize forward the outer disc to give it a greater movement . This action shows that the torque applied to each driving wheel is always equal – hence the differential is sometimes called a torque equalizer .4．Brake SystemThe breaking system is the most important system in cars . If the brakes fail , the result can be disastrous . Brakes are actually energy conversion devices , which convert the kinetic energy ( momentum ) of the vehicle into thermal ( heat ) . When stepping on the brakes , the driver commands a stopping force ten times as powerful as the force that puts the car in motion . The braking system can exert thousands of pounds of pressure on each of the four brakes .The brake system is composed of the following basic components : the “master cylinder” which is located under the hood , and is directly connected to the brake pedal , converts driver foot‟s mechanical pressure into hydraulic pressure . Steel “brake lines” and flexible “brake hoses” connect the master cylinder to the “slave cylinders” located at each wheel . Brake fluid , specially designed to work in extre me condition , fills the system . “Shoes” and “Pads” are pushed by the salve cylinders to contact the “drum” and “rotors” thus causing drag , which ( hopefully ) slows the car .The typical brake system consists of disk brakes in front and either disk or drum brakes in the rear connected by a system of tubes and hoses that link the brake at each wheel to the master cylinder .Stepping on the brake pedal , a plunger is actually been pushing against in the master cylinder which forces hydraulic oil ( brake fluid ) through a series of tubes and hoses to the braking unit at each wheel . Since hydraulic fluid ( or any fluid for that matter ) cannot be compressed , pushing fluid through a pipe is just like pushing a steel bar through pipe . Unlike a steel bar , however , fluid can be directed through many twists and turns on its way to its destination , arriving with the exact same motion and pressure that it started with . It is very important that the fluid is pure liquid and that there are no air bubbles in it . Air can compress , which causes a sponginess to the pedal and severely reduced braking efficiency . If air is suspected , then the system must be bled to remove the air . There are “bleeder screws” at each wheel and caliper for this purpose .On a disk brakes , the fluid from the master cylinder is forced into a caliper where it pressure against a piston . The piton , in-turn , squeezes two brake pads against the disk ( rotor ) which is attached to the wheel , forcing it to slow down or stop . This process is similar to the wheel ,causing the wheel to stop . In either case , the friction surface of the pads on a disk brake system , on the shoes on a drum brake convert the forward motion of the vehicle into heat . Heat is what causes the friction surfaces ( lining ) of the pads and shoes to eventually wear out and require replacement .Brake fluid is a special oil that has specifics properties . It is designed to withstand cold temperatures without thickening as well as very high temperatures without boiling . ( If the brake fluid should boil , it will cause you to have a spongy pedal and the car will be hard to stop ) .The brake fluid reservoir is on top of the master cylinder . Most cars today have a transparent reservoir so that you can see the level without opening the cover . The brake fluid lever will drop slightly as the brake pads wear . This is a normal condition and no cause for concern . If the lever drops noticeably over a short period of time or goes down to about two thirds full , have your brakes checked as soon as possible . Keep the reservoir covered expect for the amount of time you need to fill it and never leave a can of brake fluid uncovered . Brake fluid must maintain a very high boiling point . Exposure to air will cause the fluid to absorb moisture which will lower that boiling point .。

外文音译命名法的例子

音译法音译法就是模仿外文商标的发音而进行汉译的方法。

这种方法应用非常普遍，其特点是翻译快捷、简便，并能保留原名的音韵之美，让人体验到正宗的异国情调，同时也满足部分消费者追崇“洋味”的心理。

他们往往认为这种商标更能体现自己的身份和地位。

通常是若原语商标构不成意义,或属新奇型或专有独用型,多采用音译法。

如大家熟知的一些品牌：Motorola摩托罗拉，Nokia诺基亚，Sony索尼等代表的系列产品;Ford福特，Audi奥迪，BUICK别克，LINCOLN 林肯等轿车;adidas阿迪达斯，CHANEL夏奈尔，Pierre Cardin皮尔卡丹等服装;ROLEX劳利士，OMEGA欧米茄等手表;BOSS波士，ELIXIR 怡丽丝尔，BVLGARI宝格丽，LANC?ME兰蔻等化妆品;Levi's李维斯(牛仔服);ALIDA阿俪达(高级女鞋);Finbid芬必得(药品);Corona科罗娜，(啤酒);MacLaren麦克拉伦(婴儿车);Cartier卡地亚(珠宝手饰)等。

直译法直译法就是根据外文商标的语言，直接把词意翻译成汉语的方法。

译文的目的语与原文的始发语表达的形式和内容往往相同。

这也是一种应用广泛的方法，其特点是“不失真”，能保留原名传递的意义、信息、情感等，直接传达原文的语义，让消费者更能体会到原商标的涵义，甚至引发联想而产生兴趣、好感，利于商品的销售。

一般说来，如果商标原名本身具有某种特定的涵义或某种象征意义，就应尽可能地考虑直译。

如英国汽车Lotus，直译为“莲花”，能给人以许多美好的联想：莲“出淤泥而不染，濯清莲而不妖”的高洁、质朴，莲“香远益清”的芳香，“亭亭的风姿”，“姣姣的风韵”，“清水出芙蓉，天然去雕饰”不施粉黛的天生丽质，无与伦比的脱俗气质等等;床上用品Fair Lady译为“贵妇人”，给人一种高雅的感觉;轿车Crown译为“皇冠”，暗示轿车的显贵，若音译为“克朗”，感觉就相差甚远。

汽车专业外文翻译----当今汽车面临的挑战

中文2380字当今汽车面临的挑战自上世纪下半叶，中东石油危机导致世界性油荒，以及石油系不可再生资源，迫使世界上几乎所有著名汽车制造厂商都在加速研制“低油耗、低价格，小排量、小车身”一般发展中国家老百姓都能买得起的轿车。

事实上“二低二小”轿车（国人谓之“经济型轿车”）并不是临时应付穷人的权宜之计，而是为了节约能源、减少污染、少占行车空间及停车用地，在有经济效益的同时，社会效益的意义更大。

发达国家几十年来一直没有停止过此类车的研发和生产，汽车大国日、英、德、法、意、韩的低排量汽车市场一直占据汽车市场50%左右。

波兰、捷克和前南斯拉夫等国的市场比例更高，经济型轿车达到80%以上。

早在上世纪的五十年代，日本政府就公布了“轻四轮法”，规定此档车不仅可以享受减税、减保险金、免征过桥、过渡费、简化车照、驾照手续等等。

到了本世纪的今天，德国大众汽车公司已推出节能型奥迪A2百公里油耗3L的LuPo型轿车。

意大利菲亚特汽车公司将在2002年出品的1.2L“Punto”轿车，百公里油耗2.9L，售价1.2万马克（约人民币5.2万元）。

此外福特的Fiesta 、雷诺Clio、日产Micra等微型轿车都是风靡世界的流行车型。

由此可见，价格低廉、油耗低、小排量、轻污染、轻便灵活、用途广泛的经济型轿车已成为全球汽车市场最受欢迎的车型之一，各国政府不仅在用车政策上网开一面，而且在各方面都加以大力鼓励与有力扶持。

经济型轿车在汽车分类中可分为A级车和B级车，A 级车的发动机排量通常在1.0L以下，车身总长度一般不超过3.5M，两门，如韩国大宇Matiz、日本铃木Alto等。

B级车的发动机排量通常在1.0-1.5L之间，车长不超过3.75M，四门，性能比也较强，并有更多的车型变化，如雷诺Clio、标致206等。

目前，西欧所产的A级的B级车总量约在430多万辆，预计到2005年将达到500万辆。

在当今亚洲地区A+B级车合计超过了300万辆，预计到2005年合计生产量将达到400万辆。

汽车导航外文翻译中英对照

汽车专业外文翻译(中英文翻译)

附录1外文翻译Automobile Brake SystemThe braking system is the most important system in cars. If the brakes fail, the result can be disastrous. Brakes are actually energy conversion devices, which convert the kinetic energy (momentum) of the vehicle into thermal energy (heat).When stepping on the brakes, the driver commands a stopping force ten times as powerful as the force that puts the car in motion. The braking system can exert thousands of pounds of pressure on each of the four brakes.Two complete independent braking systems are used on the car. They are the service brake and the parking brake.The service brake acts to slow, stop, or hold the vehicle during normal driving. They are foot-operated by the driver depressing and releasing the brake pedal. The primary purpose of the brake is to hold the vehicle stationary while it is unattended. The parking brake is mechanically operated by when a separate parking brake foot pedal or hand lever is set.The brake system is composed of the following basic components: the “master cylinder” which is located under the hood, and is directly connected to the brake pedal, converts driver foot’s mechanical pressure into hydraulic pressure. Steel “brake lines” and flexible “brake hoses”connect the master cylinder to the “slave cylinders” located at each wheel. Brake fluid, specially designed to work in extreme conditions, fills the system. “Shoes” and “pads” are pushed by the slave cylinders to contact the “drums” and “rotors” thus causing drag, which (hopefully) slows the car.The typical brake system consists of disk brakes in front and either disk or drum brakes in the rear connected by a system of tubes and hoses that link the brake at each wheel to the master cylinder (Figure).Basically, all car brakes are friction brakes. When the driver applies the brake, the control device forces brake shoes, or pads, against the rotating brake drum or disks at wheel. Frictionbetween the shoes or pads and the drums or disks then slows or stops the wheel so that the car is braked.In most modern brake systems (see Figure 15.1), there is a fluid-filled cylinder, called master cylinder, which contains two separate sections, there is a piston in each section and both pistons are connected to a brake pedal in the driver’s compartment. When the brake is pushed down, brake fluid is sent from the master cylinder to the wheels. At the wheels, the fluid pushes shoes, or pads, against revolving drums or disks. The friction between the stationary shoes, or pads, and the revolving drums or disks slows and stops them. This slows or stops the revolving wheels, which, in turn, slow or stop the car.The brake fluid reservoir is on top of the master cylinder. Most cars today have a transparent r reservoir so that you can see the level without opening the cover. The brake fluid level will drop slightly as the brake pads wear. This is a normal condition and no cause for concern. If the level drops noticeably over a short period of time or goes down to about two thirds full, have your brakes checked as soon as possible. Keep the reservoir covered except for the amount of time you need to fill it and never leave a cam of brake fluid uncovered. Brake fluid must maintain a very high boiling point. Exposure to air will cause the fluid to absorb moisture which will lower that boiling point.The brake fluid travels from the master cylinder to the wheels through a series of steel tubes and reinforced rubber hoses. Rubber hoses are only used in places that require flexibility, such as at the front wheels, which move up and down as well as steer. The rest of the system uses non-corrosive seamless steel tubing with special fittings at all attachment points. If a steel line requires a repair, the best procedure is to replace the compete line. If this is not practical, a line can be repaired using special splice fittings that are made for brake system repair. You must never use copper tubing to repair a brake system. They are dangerous and illegal.Drum brakes, it consists of the brake drum, an expander, pull back springs, a stationary back plate, two shoes with friction linings, and anchor pins. The stationary back plate is secured to the flange of the axle housing or to the steering knuckle. The brake drum is mounted on the wheel hub. There is a clearance between the inner surface of the drum and the shoe lining. To apply brakes, the driver pushes pedal, the expander expands the shoes and presses them to the drum. Friction between the brake drum and the friction linings brakes the wheels and the vehicle stops. To release brakes, the driver release the pedal, the pull back spring retracts the shoes thus permitting free rotation of the wheels.Disk brakes, it has a metal disk instead of a drum. A flat shoe, or disk-brake pad, is located on each side of the disk. The shoes squeeze the rotating disk to stop the car. Fluid from the master cylinder forces the pistons to move in, toward the disk. This action pushes the friction pads tightly against the disk. The friction between the shoes and disk slows and stops it. This provides the braking action. Pistons are made of either plastic or metal. There are three general types of disk brakes. They are the floating-caliper type, the fixed-caliper type, and the sliding-caliper type. Floating-caliper and sliding-caliper disk brakes use a single piston. Fixed-caliper disk brakes have either two or four pistons.The brake system assemblies are actuated by mechanical, hydraulic or pneumatic devices. The mechanical leverage is used in the parking brakes fitted in all automobile. When the brake pedal is depressed, the rod pushes the piston of brake master cylinder which presses the fluid. The fluid flows through the pipelines to the power brake unit and then to the wheel cylinder. The fluidpressure expands the cylinder pistons thus pressing the shoes to the drum or disk. If the pedal is released, the piston returns to the initial position, the pull back springs retract the shoes, the fluid is forced back to the master cylinder and braking ceases.The primary purpose of the parking brake is to hold the vehicle stationary while it is unattended. The parking brake is mechanically operated by the driver when a separate parking braking hand lever is set. The hand brake is normally used when the car has already stopped. A lever is pulled and the rear brakes are approached and locked in the “on” position. The car may now be left without fear of its rolling away. When the driver wants to move the car again, he must press a button before the lever can be released. The hand brake must also be able to stop the car in the event of the foot brake failing. For this reason, it is separate from the foot brake uses cable or rods instead of the hydraulic system.Anti-lock Brake SystemAnti-lock brake systems make braking safer and more convenient, Anti-lock brake systems modulate brake system hydraulic pressure to prevent the brakes from locking and the tires from skidding on slippery pavement or during a panic stop.Anti-lock brake systems have been used on aircraft for years, and some domestic car were offered with an early form of anti-lock braking in late 1990’s. Recently, several automakers have introduced more sophisticated anti-lock system. Investigations in Europe, where anti-lock braking systems have been available for a decade, have led one manufacture to state that the number of traffic accidents could be reduced by seven and a half percent if all cars had anti-lock brakes. So some sources predict that all cars will offer anti-lock brakes to improve the safety of the car.Anti-lock systems modulate brake application force several times per second to hold the tires at a controlled amount of slip; all systems accomplish this in basically the same way. One or more speed sensors generate alternating current signal whose frequency increases with the wheel rotational speed. An electronic control unit continuously monitors these signals and if the frequency of a signal drops too rapidly indicating that a wheel is about to lock, the control unit instructs a modulating device to reduce hydraulic pressure to the brake at the affected wheel. When sensor signals indicate the wheel is again rotating normally, the control unit allows increased hydraulic pressure to the brake. This release-apply cycle occurs several time per second to “pump” the b rakes like a driver might but at a much faster rate.In addition to their basic operation, anti-lock systems have two other things in common. First, they do not operate until the brakes are applied with enough force to lock or nearly lock a wheel. At all other times, the system stands ready to function but does not interfere with normal braking. Second, if the anti-lock system fail in any way, the brakes continue to operate without anti-lock capability. A warning light on the instrument panel alerts the driver when a problem exists in the anti-lock system.The current Bosch component Anti-lock Braking System (ABSⅡ), is a second generation design wildly used by European automakers such as BWM, Mercedes-Benz and Porsche. ABSⅡsystem consists of : four wheel speed sensor, electronic control unit and modulator assembly.A speed sensor is fitted at each wheel sends signals about wheel rotation to control unit. Each speed sensor consists of a sensor unit and a gear wheel. The front sensor mounts to the steering knuckle and its gear wheel is pressed onto the stub axle that rotates with the wheel. The rear sensor mounts the rear suspension member and its gear wheel is pressed onto the axle. The sensor itself is a winding with a magnetic core. The core creates a magnetic field around thewinding, and as the teeth of the gear wheel move through this field, an alternating current is induced in the winding. The control unit monitors the rate o change in this frequency to determine impending brake lockup.The cont rol unit’s function can be divided into three parts: signal processing, logic and safety circuitry. The signal processing section is the converter that receives the alternating current signals form the speed sensors and converts them into digital form for the logic section. The logic section then analyzes the digitized signals to calculate any brake pressure changes needed. If impending lockup is sensed, the logic section sends commands to the modulator assembly.Modulator assemblyThe hydraulic modulator assembly regulates pressure to the wheel brakes when it receives commands from the control utuit. The modulator assembly can maintain or reduce pressure over the level it receives from the master cylinder, it also can never apply the brakes by itself. The modulator assembly consists of three high-speed electric solenoid valves, two fluid reservoirs and a turn delivery pump equipped with inlet and outlet check valves. The modulator electrical connector and controlling relays are concealed under a plastic cover of the assembly.Each front wheel is served by electric solenoid valve modulated independently by the control unit. The rear brakes are served by a single solenoid valve and modulated together using the select-low principle. During anti-braking system operation, the control unit cycles the solenoid valves to either hold or release pressure the brake lines. When pressure is released from the brake lines during anti-braking operation, it is routed to a fluid reservoir. There is one reservoir for the front brake circuit. The reservoirs are low-pressure accumulators that store fluid under slight spring pressure until the return delivery pump can return the fluid through the brake lines to the master cylinder.译文汽车制动系统制动系统是汽车中最重要的系统。

汽车专业外文文献英文翻译

外文文献原稿和译文原稿A New Type Car -- Hybrid Electric VehicleWith skyrocketing fuel prices and changes in weather patterns, many car manufacturers claimed to develop the kind of vehicles that will increase the mileage and reduce the emissions. Hybrid car is a kind of vehicle which can meet above requirements. A hybrid car features a small fuel-efficient gas engine combined with an electric motor that assists the engine.The reasons of building such a complicated machine are twofold: to reduce tailpipe emissions and to improve mileage. Firstly, hybrid cars are good for the environment. They can reduce smog by 90 percent and they use far less gasoline than conventional cars. Meanwhile, hybrid cars burn less gasoline per mile, so they release fewer greenhouse gases. Secondly, hybrid cars are economical. Hybrid cars, which run on gas and electricity, can get up to 55 to 60 miles per gallon in city driving, while a typical SUV might use three times as much gas for the same distance! There are three reasons can mainly account for that: 1) Hybrid engines are much smaller than those on conventional cars. A hybrid car engine is to accommodate the 99% of driving time when a car is not going up hills or accelerating quickly. When extra acceleration power is needed, it relies on the battery to provide additional force. 2) Hybrid gasoline engine can shut off when the car is stopped and run off their electric motor and battery.3) Hybrid cars often recover braking energy. Electric motors could take the lost kinetic energy in braking and use it to charge the battery. Furthermore, hybrids are better than all-electric cars because hybrid car batteries recharge as you drive so there is no need to plug in. Most electric cars need to be recharged every 50-100miles. Also, most electric cars cannot go faster than 50-60 mph, while hybrids can.Hybrid cars bridge the gap between electric and gasoline-powered cars by traveling further and driving faster and hybrid gas-electric cars are proving to be a feasible alternative at a time of high gas prices. So, in my opinion, hybrid cars will have a bright future.How Does Hybrid Electric Vehicle Work？You probably own a gasoline or diesel-engine car. You may have heard of electric vehicles too. A hybrid vehicle or hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) is a combination of both. Hybrid vehicles utilize two or more sources of energy for propulsion. In the case of HEVs, a combustion engine and an electric motor are used.How it works depends on the type of drive train it has. A hybrid vehicle can either have a parallel or series or parallel-series drive train.Parallel HybridThe parallel hybrid car has a gas tank, a combustion engine, transmission,electric motor, and batteries.A parallel hybrid is designed to run directly from either the combustion engine or the electric motor. It can run using both the engine and the motor. As a conventional vehicle, the parallel hybrid draws its power from the combustion engine which will then drive the transmission that turns the wheels. If it is using the electric motor, the car draws its power from the batteries. The energy from the batteries will then power the electric motor that drives the transmission and turns the wheel.Both the combustion engine and the electric motor are used at the same time during quick acceleration, on steep ascend, or when either the engine or the motor needs additional boost.Since the engine is directly connected to the wheels in a parallel drive train, it eliminates the inefficiency of converting mechanical energy into electrical energy and back. This makes a very effective vehicle to drive on the highway.Series HybridThe series hybrid car also has a gas tank, a combustion engine, transmission, electric motor, and batteries with the addition of the generator. The generator can be the electric motor or it can be another separate component.The series configuration is the simplest among the 3. The engine is not connected to the transmission rather it is connected to the electric motor. This means that the transmission can be driven only by the electric motor which draws its energy from the battery pack, the engine or the generator.A hybrid car with a series drive train is more suited for city driving conditions since the engine will not be subjected to the varying speed demands (stop, go, and idle) that contributes to fuel consumption.Series-Parallel HybridThe series-parallel configuration solves the individual problems of the parallel and series hybrid. By combining the 2 designs, the transmission can be directly connected to the engine or can be separated for optimum fuel consumption. The Toyota Prius and the Ford Escape Hybrid use this technology.Honda’s hybridFor those of you who have toyed with the idea of buying a hybrid but were discouraged by the price, you are not alone. In fact, despite the growing concern for the environment, not to mention the skyrocketing price of gas, hybrid cars still only represent a small percentage of global car sales, and a major reason for this is the cost.Hybrids are considered the wave of the future because they not only reduce emissions, addressing the issue of climate change, but they get great gas mileage, an important consideration with the current price of oil. It should be noted that hybrids can also improve the power of the engine, which compromises any advantages in fuel efficiency and emissions. Whatever the application, however, the technology makes the cars more expensive.Because of this, they are the vehicle of choice for only a small niche of people who can afford them, and they currently enjoy a special status amongst the image conscious celebrity-set. For most average consumers, however, they are not an option.That may soon change.Honda Motor Corporation, one of the largest car manufacturers in the world and a leader in fuel efficient technology, has unveiled it’s plan to introduce a low-cost hybrid by 2009. If they can pull it off, they hope to make the hybrid a more mainstream car that will be more appealing to the general public, with the ultimate goal of achieving greater sales and broader appeal than their current incarnation.This, of course, is making Detroit nervous, and may signal a need for American car makers to start making greener and more fuel efficient vehicles, something they could afford to ignore in the past because hybrid cars weren’t worth their attention (due to such a small market share) while gas-guzzling SUVs have such high profit margins.Honda, meanwhile, has had to confront a growing need to compete with Toyota, which has not only grown to be the world’s largest automaker, but makes the car that has become synonymous with the hybrid movement, the Prius. Honda is therefore faced with the seemingly insurmountable task of challenging Toyota’s dominance in the market.Concurrently, Toyota is racing to lower production costs on the Prius, as well, which would hopefully result in a lower cost to the consumer. All eyes are on a potentially favorable car buyers market in 2009.In the meantime, with even adamant global warming naysayers warming up (no pun intended) to the possibilities of an ecological disaster on the horizon, maybe it’s time that we got over our need to drive huge SUVs and start moderating our fuel consumption.Then again, as gas prices hovering around $4.00 and with no ceiling in sight, we may have little choice in the matter.Engine Operating PrinciplesMost automobile dngines are internal combustion, reciprocating 4-stroke gasoline engines, but other types have been used, including the diesel, the rotary ( Wankel ) , the 2-srtoke, and stratified charge.Reciprocating means up and down or banck and forth, It is the up and down action of a piston in the cylinder blick, or engine block. The blick is an iron or aluminum casting that contains engine cylinders and passges called water jackets for coolant circulation. The top of the block is covered with the cylinder head. Which forms the combustion chanber. The bottom of the block is covered with an oil pan or oil sump.Power is produced by the linear motion of a piston in a cylinder. However, this linear motion must be changed into rotary motion to turn the wheels of cars of trucks. The piston is attached to the top of a connecting rod by a pin, called a piston pin or wrist pin. The bottom of the connecting rod is attached to the crankshaft. The connecting rod transmits the up-and-down motion of the piston to the crankshaft, which changes it into rotary motion.The connecting rod is mounted on the crankshaft with large beaings called rodbearings. Similar bearings, called main bearings, are used to mount the crankshaft in the block. Shown in Fig. 1-1The diameter of the cylinder is called the engine bore. Displacement and compression ratio are two frequently used engine specifications. Displacement indicates engine size, and compression ratio compares the total cylinder volume to compression chamber volume.The term stroke is used to describe the movement of the iston within the cylinder, as well as the distance of piston travel. Depending on the type of engine the operating cycle may require either two or four strokes to complete. The 4-stroke engine is also called Otto cycle engine, in honor of the German engineer, Dr. Nikolaus Otto, who first applied the principle in 1876. In the 4-stroke engine, four strokes of the piston in the cylinder are required to complete one full operating cycle. Each stroke is named after the action it performs intake, compression, power, and exhaust in that order, shown in Fig1-2.1、Intake strokeAs the piston moves down, the vaporized mixture of fuel and air enters the cylinder through open intake valve. To obtain the maximum filling of the cylinder the intake valve opens about 10°before t.b.c., giving 20°overlap. The inlet valve remains open until some 50°after b.d.c. to take advantage of incoming mixture.2、 Compression strokeThe piston turns up, the intake valve closes, the mixture is compressed within the combustion chamber, while the pressure rise to about 1Mpa, depending on various factors including the compression ratio, throttle opening and engine speed. Near the top of the stroke the mixture is ignited by a spark which bridges the gap of the spark plug.3、 Power strokeThe expanding gases of combustion produces a rise in pressure of the gas to some 3.5Mpa, and the piston is forced down in the cylinder. The exhaust valve opens near the bottom of the stroke.4、Exhust strokeThe piston moves back up with the exhaust valve open some 50°before b.d.d., allowing the pressure within the cylinder to fall and to reduce ‘back’pressure on the piston during the exhaust stroke, and the burned gases are pushed out to prepare for the next intake stroke.The intake valve usually opens just before the exhaust stroke. This 4-stroke cycle is continuously repeared in every as long as the engineremains running.A 2-stroke engine also goes through four actions to complete one operating cycle.However, the intake and the compression actions are combined in one seroke, and the power and exhaust actions are combined in the other stroke. The term2-stroke cycle or 2-stroke is preferred to the term 2-cycle, which is really not accurate.In automobile engines, all pistons are attached to a single crankshaft. The more cylinders an engine has, the more power strokes produced for cach revolution. This means that an 8-cylinder engine runs more smoothly bdcause the power atrokes arecloser together in time and in degrees of engine rotation.The cylinders of multi-cylinder automotive engines arranged in one of three ways. 1、Inline engines use a single block of cylinder.Most 4-cylinder and any 6-cylinder engines are of this design. The cylinders do not have to be vertical. They can be inclined either side.2、V-type engines use two equal bands of cylinders, usually inclined 60degrees or 90degrees from the cach other. Most V-type engines have 6 or 8 cylinders, although V-4 and V-12 engines have been built.3、Horizontally opposed or pancake engines have two equal banks of cylinders 180degreeas apart. These space saving engine designs are often air-cooled, and are found in the Chevrolet Carvair, Porsches, Subaus, and V olkswagens. Subaus design is liquid cooled.Late-model V olkswagen vans use a liquid-cooled version of the air cooled VWhorizontally opposed engine.译文新型汽车----混合动力汽车在油价飞涨的今天，汽车制造商被要求发展一种排放低，行驶里程长的汽车。

汽车类(外文翻译)--汽车营销automotive marketing(译文+英文)—-毕业论文设计

Automotive MarketingFirst, the auto parts network management conceptAmerican auto parts of automobile fittings dealer Raymond is located in a suburban Atlanta, American and other accessories, this shop to shop and its characteristics, but is online transactions, and car accessories sales related services are available on the Internet. This distributior store of salespeople have extensive network of knowledge, they patiently helped no online trading experience of customer finish on the Internet. If the customer need, they also can be free of imparting knowledge of online transactions. In order to reflect the rapid and convenient online sales, they provide 24-hour services, if the customer questions, they always strive to reply in 15 minutes. The customer need, sitting at home before entering the store sells computer, then the website can complete all want to do, watch shop fittings, download the pictures, auto prices, orders, etc. Then, you can sit at home or in his own maintenance shop of door-to-door salesman received by car accessories.Online transaction does have many advantages. To save time, this is obvious. In this way, said dealers trade become a way to attract customers, people gradually accept it and approved. At the same time, the online trading reduced many expenses, including the staff, management, marketing, etc, and save the cost of expenses on auto parts price on the customer benefit.This is the foreign auto accessories sales of a networked management. This through the Internet and e-commerce fulfillment of our country, and online business, the auto parts marketing MVP has important significance. From the current situation of auto parts, auto sales network throughout the circulation of construction is not perfect, or in an internal network condition. The network Settings are mostly for enterprise internal coordination and daily management, instead of e-commerce.China's online accessories sales prospects from abroad, also can be the development of auto parts online sales of enlightenment. In the foreign auto accessories sales, how to do? "" zero kilometers sales How to provide the most satisfactory service to customers? With the Internet, these two problems can greatly alleviate. Now, especially developed countries around the world through the Internet to buy auto accessories are expanding quickly.Second, the auto parts network management advantagesOnline purchase of auto parts for car dealers and customers, whether for auto parts manufacturing enterprise, it is a good thing. First, for auto parts manufacturing enterprise, the Internet can more easily collect customers to buy auto parts in the process of the various issues, and timely information feedback to the auto parts manufacturing enterprises. According to the above analysis, the enterprise can produce customer purchase intention, thus producing according with market demand as the auto parts. This saves time and cost, and snatch market opportunities. Secondly, the use of Internet information and convenient services, manufacturing enterprises can promptly informed accessories vendors inventory and sales, thereby adjusting their production and auto parts allocation plan. Auto accessories vendors reduce inventory, accelerate the cash flow, obtained satisfactory returns. For users, they can through the Internet, like "menu" optional choose oneself need auto parts.The market information for auto parts manufacturing enterprise and the seller is important, and can be easily obtained through the Internet. Internet auto parts vendors canprovide customers to production enterprise of real-time field information. The demand of information can help to reduce automobile accessories sales production enterprise charges, which usually cost will account for auto parts price of around 15% final sales. If the promotion costs, the cost is higher proportion. In fact, the Internet can also play a role of advertising.Before that, the sellers of auto parts distribution has always sold in part, and another part of the poor. Money is part of the occupied fee is caused to sell the car accessories. Through the Internet, the production enterprises and vendors can be avoided in production and sales market sales bad auto parts. With the advent of the Internet and convenient service, not only saves time and cost, and more importantly, the Internet can cause a concept of change, auto parts manufacturing enterprise, distributors and customers to be stuck nearlier more.Third, China's automobile fittings network management development trendChina's auto accessories network management and e-commerce, has started to present development trend. Many of the current domestic large and medium-sized car repair enterprises established computer management system, realized the internal network. This covers the entire network maintenance services. To receive from business, dispatching material inspection. Computerized control can be made to understand the undertakings in real-time monitoring, which can form, and greatly improve the efficiency of the staff, more important is to replace manual accounting and management, strengthen accessories.Meanwhile, some large scale, the current operating performance good car accessories dealers also introduced a computerized management. Because of automotive products, so use variety of such management software, the personnel must be higher requirements after a period of training to mount guard. Such auto parts management network covers the whole process of operation. From the incoming, retail and wholesale price is determined according to the models, and such Numbers classified management, finally to do account settlement and delivery, and XiaoZhang. Chain-like management make better dealer has put the network management of the whole FenXiaoDian to it, formed a certain scale of network connection. Many automobile fittings all dealers from network management gained good returns. The most prominent feature is reflected in the commodity, through the network management allocations, can reach twice the result with half the effort.In addition, in recent years the old car accessories circulation system gradually broken, auto parts market, constantly mature vigorous development. Some far-sighted insight, the operator has felt the network era, and start a near the market network. Like changchun automobile fittings, west of Beijing automobile fittings, Shanghai auto parts market such as the city of virtual network construction and the development of the market for 2000. But the reality is that the network is quite childish, but certainly not realize online trading and service.With the quickening pace of "two", the personage inside course of study to commend "trinity" sales mode in the earth gradually. For example, in the choice of Shanghai general dealers, whether to have "trinity" sales ability to determine the object, such as a "trinity" whole car accessories sales mode is a microcosm of network flow field. Because it includes from truckload sale, spare parts supply and maintenance.Mention auto parts network management and e-commerce, somebody thinks, car accessories telephone shopping is actually e-commerce, because only communicationplatform between different, the operation is basically the same. Actually this kind of understanding is not accurate, phone business and e-commerce is more like Cousins, in many ways, phone business congenital deficiency. First, consumers from the phone in understanding the information is limited, can fully satisfy customer's requirements. Secondly, if advertisers, or printing accessories for customers, due to the directory of accessories sales, cost of printing more and more high, but slow renewal speed. In addition, on the telephone exchanges, due to the environment, voice, speaking, the influence of factors, make telephone service personnel difficulty and error rates increased. Just as phone business, management content in depth and breadth aspect further development will be limited.Fourth,Auto parts distribution system and network management of constructionAuto parts distribution system and network management of construction iis now a successful online trading tangible products such as books, audio and video products, clothing, etc., and auto parts as a certain scientific and technological content, some products are statemandatory standard industrial products, to achieve on-line transactions, compared with other industrial products, have their advantages, sellers and buyers as long as posted on the Internet and input information about auto parts, such as vehicles, cars, parts name, part number, manufacture, price, quantity, etc., you can sell online or purchase.To truly realize the concept of e-commerce online sales, buyers and sellers in addition to solving the "integrity" issues, but also must establish a complete set of efficient logistics distribution system.Speaking before the factors that limit development of electronic commerce, nothing more than a means of payment, security authentication, the real make up, will find car parts logistics and distribution system is the most difficult, the most facile, the most expensive one.Many auto parts e-commerce companies are trying to find the existing physical network, such as postal services, courier and even newspaper delivery company as a delivery system.However, a suitable auto parts distribution and e-commerce system should look like?The conditions of physical network can be transformed into an auto parts distribution system of e-commerce will be the lowest cost?Five, Auto parts network management is the only way for the development and reform of the road networkThe Chinese auto parts sales development should be appropriate for the situation in China, with Chinese characteristics, the way the Internet business. Indeed, the United States, network operators have achieved great success, but we can not ignore this brilliant behind the social basis of the United States strong material foundation. As early as 100 years ago, the U.S. has established a comprehensive road, rail, postal services, courier delivery system combining; today's society, Americans have been accustomed to "free currency trading." It can be said that today's Internet economy development in the United States should be a very natural result and is more than 200 years the United States as a free market economy based on natural product. Like a child to climb from the start with their bare hands, and then learn to walk, over time learned to run naturally. As the development of China, only two aspects of payment and delivery has become a fatal problem "bottleneck." How to combine the development of China's national conditions and characteristics of the Internet, be able to realistically do something practical auto parts network operators today is the development of priority. China'sauto parts e-commerce and enterprise network operators must follow the joint and it should be a very natural result is more than 200 years the United States as a free market economy based on natural product. Like a child to climb from the start with their bare hands, and then learn to walk, over time learned to run naturally. As the development of China, only two aspects of payment and distribution has become a fatal problem "bottleneck."How to combine the development of China's national conditions and characteristics of the Internet, Being able to realistically do something practical auto parts network operators today is the development of priority.汽车营销一、汽车配件网络化经营的概念美国汽车配件经销商雷蒙德的汽车配件店位于美国亚特兰大市的一个郊外，这个小店与别的配件店并无二致，但其特色是网上交易，任何与汽车配件销售相关的服务均可在互联网上实现。

电动汽车外文翻译

IV. PRESENT STATUSAfter many years of development, EV technologies are becoming mature. Many advanced technologies are em-ployed to extend the driving range and reduce the cost. For example, the use of advanced IM drives and PM brushless motor drives to improve the electric propulsion system,the employment of advanced valve-regulated lead-acid(VRLA) battery, Ni-MH battery, Li-Ion battery, FCs, and ultracapacitors to improve the EV energy source, application of light body technology with light, but rigid material,low-drag coefficient body to reduce the aerodynamic resis-tance and low rolling resistance tires to reducing running resistance at low and medium driving speed, as well as the adoption of advanced charging, power steering, or variable temperature seats to enhance the EV auxiliaries. In the following paragraphs, some of the recently developed EV,HEV, and FCEV are illustrated with the intention to show the achievable technology, despite particular vehicle model.For example, EV1 has been discontinued and some models are for demonstration purpose only, i.e., NECAR5 and Ford P2000. These typical vehicles have been carefully chosen to represent the state of the art. GM EV1 and Nissan Altra EV represent advanced BEV using different types of motor and battery. Ford 2000P and NECAR5 represent the development stage of FCEV, Toyota Prius and Honda Insight represent the commercialization of HEV, Luciole and HKU 200 represent showcase BEV, and Reva represents commercially produced low-cost BEV. Showcasing the most advanced propulsion system,the 1997 two-seater GM EV1 is shown in Fig. 4. It had a front-wheel drive that adopted a 102-kW three-phase IM and a single-speed transaxle with dual-reduction of 10.946:1. It contained 26-module 312-V VRLA batteries that were inductively charged by a 6.6-kW offboard charger or a 1.2-kW onboard charger. This EV1 could offer an axle torque of 1640 Nm from zero to 7000 rpm and a propulsion power of 102 kW from 7000 to 14 000 rpm, leading to achieve a top speed of 128 km/h (electronically limited) and an acceleration from zero to 96 km/h in less than 9 s. For city driving, it could provide a range of 112 km per charge, whereas on highway operation, it offered 144 km per charge.In 1999, the EV1 adopted nickel-metal hybrid batteries as an optional equipment, hence, reaching 220 km per charge.Fig. 5 shows the 1997 four-seater Altra EV, which was the flagship of Nissan. It used a 62-kW PM brushless motor,which weighed only 39 kg, the highest power-to-weight ratio (1.6 kW/kg) for any EV motor available. Making use of max-imum efficiency control, the total efficiency of the propulsion system was more than 89%. Power came from the cobalt-based Li-Ion batteries, which had a specific energy of 90 Wh/kg, a specific power of 300 W/kg, and a long cycle life of about 1200 recharges. This battery pack could be charged up by an onboard inductive charging system within five hours.It could achieve a top speed of 120 km/h and a range of 192 km for city driving. In 1999, the Altra adopted the man-ganese-based Li-Ion batteries to further increase both spe-cific energy and specific power to 91 Wh/kg and 350 W/kg,respectively.The Ford P2000 symbolized the dedication of Ford in thedevelopment of FCEVs. Fig. 6 shows this four-door sedan,Fig. 4. GM EV1 (photo courtesy of General Motors).Fig. 5. Nissan Altra EV (photo courtesy of Nissan).Fig. 6. Ford P2000 (photo courtesy of Ford Motor Company).which was launched in the year 2000. It was powered bythe Ford’s Th!nk FC system, namely, the proton exchan gemembrane (PEM) FCs, which was fuelled by compressed hy-drogen gas (CHG) stored at 25 MPa and oxygen gas simply from the air. It adopted a three-phase IM,offering a peak power of 67 kW, a peak torque of 190 Nm, and a peak ef-ficiency of 91%. With the curb weight of 1514 kg, the P2000 could achieve a top speed of 128 km/h and a driving range of 160 km per charge.Daimler-Benz, now DaimlerChrysler, presented its first methanol-fuelled FCEV in 1997—the NECAR 3. It used PEM FCs to generate a power of 50 kW for propulsion.The hydrogen fuel was directly extracted from methanol via a mini reformer, thus bypassing the problem of having compressed gas canisters onboard the vehicle. The FCs were stored beneath the floor, while the reformer, methanol tank,and control systems were located in the boot. Based on this first generation methanol-fuelled FC propulsion system,Fig. 7. DaimlerChrysler NECAR 5 (photo courtesy of DaimlerChrysler).Fig. 8. Toyota Prius (photo courtesy of Toyota).the NECAR 3 could travel over 400 km on 38 L of liquid methanol. As shown in Fig. 7, the NECAR 5 launched in 2000 was the technological successor of the NECAR 3,while reducing the size of the drive system by half and the weight of the vehicle by 300 kg. It also boosted up the power to 75 kW to reach speeds over 150 km/h.The world’s first mass-production HEV was the Toyota Prius, as shown in Fig. 8. Its motive power was sourced from both a four-cylinder ICE (52 kW at 4500 rpm) and a PM brushless motor (33 kW at 1040–5600 rpm). Since it was an ICE-heavy HEV, a power split device, namely, the plane-tary gear, sent part of the ICE power to the wheels and part to a generator. The generated electrical energy could supply the electric motor to increase the motive power or could be stored in the 38-module nickel-metal hybrid batteries. The Prius could offer a top speed of 160 km/h, an acceleration from zero to 96 km/h in 12.7 s, and a fuel economy of 20 km/l for combined city and highway operation. Both of its fuel economy and exhaust emissions were much better than that of any conventional ICEVs. The Honda Insight, shown in Fig. 9, went on sale in December 2000. It employed an ICE-heavy hybrid system,combining a three-cylinder ICE (50 kW at 5700 rpm) and a PM synchronous motor (10 kW at 3000 rpm). The electric motor was powered by a 144-V Ni-MH battery pack,which was recharged by regenerative braking during normal cruising and downhill driving. The Insight was claimed to be the most fuel-efficient HEV with the fuel economy of 26–30km/l. Also, it satisfied the stringent ultra low-emission ehicle (ULEV) standard in California.To simultaneously address the problems of air pollution,wasteful energy consumption, and traffic safety, the Na tional Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES) in Japan presented a high-performance lightweight EV,Fig. 9. Honda Insight (photo courtesy of Honda).Fig. 10. NIES Luciole (photo courtesy of NIES, Japan).namely, the Luciole (formerly called Eco-Vehicle) in 1996 for conve-nient city commuting. As shown in Fig. 10, it adopted a tandem two-seater layout so that the seats could be kept comfortable and the safety in side crushes could be im-proved by thickening the doors. It was rear-wheel drive,which was powered by two inwheel PM brushless motors with the total output of 72 kW and 154 Nm. The battery pack contained 224-V VRLA batteries, mounted inside the square holes of the purpose-built chassis. The battery pack could be charged up by normal charging within five hours,by fast charging within fifteen minutes or even partially charged by solar charging. The Luciole could achieve a top speed of 130 km/h, a range on the Japan 10.15 Mode driving cycle of 130 km, and an acceleration from zero to 40 km/h in 3.9 s.Fig. 11 shows an EV, the U2001, which was developed by the University of Hong Kong (HKU) in 1993. It was a four-seater EV, which adopted a 45-kW PM hybrid motor and a 264-V nickel-cadmium (Ni-Cd) battery pack. This specially designed EV motor could offer high efficiencies over a wide operating range. It also incorporated a number of advanced EV technologies, such as the adoption of thermoelectric variable temperature seats to minimize the energy used for air-conditioning, the use of an audio nav-igation system to facilitate safe and user-friendly driving,and the use of an intelligent energy management system (EMS) to optimize the energy flow within the vehicle. The U2001 could offer a top speed of 110 km/h, an acceleration from zero to 48 km/h in 6.3 s, and a range of 176 km at 88-km/h operation.Apart from the USA, Europe, and Japan, India also plays an active role to commercialize EVs. Fig. 12 shows a two-door hatchback EV,Fig. 11. HKU U2001.Fig. 12. Reva EV (photo courtesy of Reva Electric Car Company).the Reva EV, which was launched in the year 2001 an d would be India’s first mass-produced EV. It adopted a separately excited DC motor (70 Nm, 13 kW peak) and a 48-V tubular LA battery pack. Its onboard charger (220 V, 2.2 kW) could provide 80% charge within 3h and 100% within 6 h. With the curb weight of 650 kg, the Reva EV could achieve a top speed of 65 km/h and a range of 80 km per charge. The most attractive feature was its incredibly low initial and running costs—the exfactory cost is about 5000 U.S. dollars and the running cost is less than one U.S.cent per kilometer. The major means of reducing the cost of this EV includes the system optimization and integration, low-cost local components, low-cost tooling,and simple automation. It can be seen from Table 2 that the sale and lease of Evs in USA from 1996 to 2000 were not successful; the major reason was that their cost was too expensive and their driving range did not fully satisf y the users’ need (Table 3).Table 2EVs Sold/Leased in the USA 1996–2000Table 3Key Data of Modern EVs。

二手汽车外文文献翻译

二手汽车-外文文献翻译————————————————————————————————作者：————————————————————————————————日期：学校代码：10128英文参考文献及译文题目：T h e U s e d C a r I n d u s t r y姓名：马威学院：能源与动力工程系别：交通运输系专业：交通运输班级：交通运输09-2指导教师：高志鹰副教授二〇一三年六月The Used Car IndustryWith annual sales of nearly $370 billion, the used vehicle industry represents almost half of the U.S. auto retail market and is the largest retail segment of the economy.In 2005, about 44 million used cars were sold in the U.S., which is more than double that of the nearly 17 million new cars sold. In 1898, the Empire State Motor Wagon Company is one of the very first used car companies. The used vehicle market is substantially larger than other large retail sectors, such as the school and office products market ($206 billion in estimated annual sales) and the home improvement market ($291 billion in Estimated annual sales).The Federal Trade Commission recommends that consumers consider a car retailer’s reputation when deciding where to purchase a used car.In the United States, an estimated 34% of consumers (in 2006) are buying a Vehicle history report for used cars. Vehicle history reports are one way to check the track record of any used vehicle. The report may indicate minor/moderate collision damage or improper vehicle maintenance.These reports will indicate items of public record, such as vehicle title branding, lemon law buybacks, odometer fraud, and product recall vehicle history reports provide customers with a record based on the vehicle's serial number.An attempt to identify vehicles which have been previously owned by hire car rental agencies, police and emergency services or taxi fleets is also made. Consumers should research vehicles carefully, as these reporting services only report the information to which they have access. In some places the government is a provider of vehicle history, but this is usually a limited service providing information on just one aspect of the history. Two vehicle history reporting services used to offer the service for free namely Install VIN and Vin Check. But currently customers need to pay to view vehicle reports through Instating. Vin Check became part of Auto Check and provides very little information for free, and customers need to buy a detailed report.Several of the services, most notably those in the United Kingdom and theUnited States, sell reports to dealers and then encourage the dealers to display the reports on their Internet sites. These reports are paid for by the dealer and then offered for free to potential buyers of the vehicle. Car check service is available online for the public and motor trade.Companies may add to the reports additional information gathered from police, finance and insurance companies.In the UK, the DVLA provides information (Car check) on the registration of vehicles to certain companies for consumer protection and anti-fraud purposes. Used car pricing reports typically produce three forms of pricing information. Dealer or Retail Price is the price you should expect to pay if buying from a licensed new-car or used-car dealer — retail price. Dealer Trade-in Price or wholesale price is the price you should expect to receive from a dealer if you trade in a car. This is also the price that a dealer will typically pay for a car at a dealer wholesale auction. Private-Party Price is the price you should expect to pay if you were buying from an individual. A private-party seller is hoping to get more money than they would with a trade-in to a dealer. A private-party buyer is hoping to pay less than the dealer retail price.The growth of the Internet has fueled the availability of information on the prices of used cars. This information was once only available in trade publications that dealers had access to. There are now numerous sources for used car pricing. Multiple sources of used car pricing means that listed values from different sources may differ. Each pricing guide receiving data from different sources and makes different judgments about that data. Pricing of used cars can be affected by geography. For example, convertibles have a higher demand in warmer climates than in cooler areas. Similarly, pickup trucks may be more in demand in rural than urban settings. The overall condition of the vehicle has a major impact on pricing. Condition is based on appearances, vehicle history, mechanical condition and mileage. There is much subjectivity in how the condition of a car is evaluated.There are various theories as to how the market determines the prices of used cars sold by private parties, especially relative to new cars. One theory suggests that new car dealers are able to put more effort into selling a car, and can therefore stimulate stronger demand. Another theory suggests that owners of problematic cars("lemons") are more likely to want to sell their cars than owners of perfectly functioning vehicles. Therefore, someone buying a used car bears a higher risk of buying a lemon. A car dealership or vehicle local distribution is a business that sells new and/or used cars at the retail level, based on a dealership contract with an automaker or its sales subsidiary. It employs automobile salespeople to do the selling. It may also provide maintenance services for cars, thus employing automobile mechanics, stock and sell spare automobile parts, and process warranty claims.In China, an authorized car dealership is called 4S car shops. The 4S represents Sale, Spare part, Service and Survey .In most cases, brand-name new cars can be purchased only from 4S shops. For new cars in high demand, a premium is sometimes added for instant delivery or just placing an order. Likewise, cars with high supply are often discounted. The profit of car dealers in China is quite high compared to the rest of the world, in most cases 10%. This is due to the non-transparent invoice price as announced by manufacturers and to the premiums they charge for quick delivery. Due to the lack of knowledge for most customers, dealers can sell add-ons at much higher prices than the aftermarket. This field is ruled by Commission Regulation (EC) NO 1400/2002 of 31 July 2002, on the application of article 81(3) of the Treaty to categories of vertical agreements and concerted practices in the motor vehicle sector.In the Member States of the European Union, motor vehicle and spare part manufacturers distribute their products through networks of distributors. As far as motor vehicles are concerned, these distributors are commonly known as dealers. Motor vehicle manufacturers and other undertakings also operate networks of authorized repairers. Such a distribution or repair network consists of a bundle of similar agreements between the manufacturer and the individual distributors or body shops. For the purposes of EU competition law, these agreements are referred to as vertical agreements, as the manufacturer and distributor or repairer each operate at different levels of the production or distribution chain.Whether a vertical agreement actually restricts competition and whether in that case the benefits outweigh the anti-competitive effects will often depend on the market structure. The new Regulation 1400/2002, which entered into force on 1 October 2002, introduces a number of substantial changes as regards the exemption ofdistribution agreements for new motor vehicles and spare parts. It also introduces major changes] as regards the exemption of agreements for the provision of repair and maintenance services by authorized and independent repairers and other independent operators, such as onroad assistance operators, distributors of spare parts and providers of training for repairers.Auto Transport is used to move the vehicle from the factory to the dealerships. This includes country to country shipping as well as state to state shipping. Auto shipping and transport was largely a commercial activity conducted by dealers, manufacturers and brokers until the last ten to fifteen years. The explosion of Internet use has allowed this niche service to grow and reach the general consumer marketplace. This car shipping industry has grown explosively since the advent of the Internet. People are now able to purchase cars from anywhere in the world and have them shipped to their doorstep.Used Car Roadshow is a car programme that was originally aired on the Men & Motors channel, but now it is also shown on ITV4. The show is presented by Penny Mallory and Jason Dawe. The show airs for one hour. Each programme is filmed at car shows throughout the UK, where enthusiasts display their cars and collections, as well as some who want to sell and buy cars. Penny and Jason always attempt to pick the most eye catching and unusual cars at these shows, as well as demonstrating bargains that can be had from the used car market. Every programme has a different scenario, where a viewing member of the public is looking to buy a used car. Scenarios can vary from the budget-conscious student wanting to spend no more than £1500, to the mid 20 year old wanting a sports car for no more than £20,000. There are also in betweens who want something economical, or good for long distance touring, or for the family. They give Jason the specifications they want, and the things they would like and not like.Throughout the show Jason comes up with different cars to suit the buyer's needs, summarizing the positives and negatives. He often picks three cars, with one mystery car thrown in to interest the buyer. Normally the buyer is given three cars to examine and decide from with the guidance of Penny and Jason throughout, from which one has to be dropped before the other two can be tested. The test drive isnormally taken with Penny on board, who gives her opinions on the car to give the buyer a better insight as to what they may want. If the buyer decides that he/she does not like one of the cars, then Jason will throw in his mystery car to liven things up.In the end the buyer usually makes a decision on the car they want, and attempts to negotiate with Jason, who consequently rings the seller on air from a mobile and tries to achieve the best deal possible for the buying member of the public. As of 2009, no new series/episodes had aired.二手车行业随着每年接近3700亿的成交量，二手车行业占据了美国接近半数的汽车零售市场，它也成为了最大的零售业务的经济体。

汽车专业外文翻译5

英文翻译Motor Cars1. How the Engine WorksAn engine that converts heat energy into mechanical energy is called a heat engine ,and the car engine is one type of heat engine. It derives heat from the burning or 'combustion', of a fuel and converts this heat into useful work for driving the car.The fuel used in the vast majority of car engines is petrol, which is one of the many products obtained from crude oil found in the earth. Petrol, when mixed with the right amount of air, will burn when a flame or spark is applied to it.In the car engine, air mixed with petrol is taken into a confined space and compressed. The mixture is then ignited and it burns. In burning it heats the air, which expands, and the force of expansion is then converted into a rotary movement to drive the wheels of the car.To be able to use this energy effectively we have to control the burning or combustion process and the force of expansion. Firstly, we need a tube, or 'cylinder', closed at one end, in which to compress and burn the petrol and air mixture. Then we need a piston which can slide freely in the cylinder, and which can be driven outwards by theforce of expansion. To convert the outward movement of the piston into a rotary movement we must join it by a connecting rods to a crankshaft. We need one passage for the entry of the mixture into the cylinder and another to let out the used gases. To control the entry of the mixture and the exhaust of the gases we need valves, and these are called the inlet and exhaust valves. Finally, we need some means of igniting the mixture in the top of the cylinder, the part called the combustion chamber; and for this we use a sparking plug.By timing the opening and closing of the valves and by timing the arrival of the spark we can control the whole sequence of events and make the piston move in and out over and over again.THE CYLINDERSMotor-car engines may have four, six, or eight cylinders. Look at figure 1.These cylinders are usually mounted in a cylinder block on top of the engine. Beneath the cylinder block is the crankcase, which contains two shafts, the crankshaft and the camshaft. As you have read, the crankshaft is revolved by the outward movement ofthe pistons in the cylinders. This rotary movement of the crankshaft transmits the power developed by the engine through the gearbox to the driving wheels and sets the car in motion.When the crankshaft rotates it also causes the rotation of the camshaft, which lies alongside it in the crankcase. As the camshaft rotates, it pushes up rods alongside each cylinder to open and shut the valves at the top of the cylinder.There are two valves to each cylinder. The inlet valve lets air and petrol into the combustion chamber of the cylinder when it is opened. When the exhaust valve is opened the gases formed after the combustion in the chamber are allowed to escape . These gases are led away from the car through an exhaust pipe.Let us examine the action of one of the cylinders in more detail. Look at figure 2.In (a) the piston is near the top of the cylinder with the inlet valve open and the exhaust valve closed, If the crankshaft is turned, either by hand or by the starter motor ,the piston is drawn down by the connecting rod and a charge of petrol-air mixture rushes in. When the piston reaches the bottom of its stroke the inlet valve is closed by the action of a spring. This stroke is called the induction stroke.In (b) both valves are closed and the crankshaft forces the piston up to compress the mixture in the top of the cylinder. This, then, is called the 'compression' stroke. Towards the end of the compression stroke a spark from the sparking plug causes the mixture to ignite.In (c) we see that the heat of combustion has caused a rapid rise in pressure in the combustion chamber and this has forced the piston down. Through the connecting rod the piston causes the crankshaft to continue to rotate. This stroke is called the'expansion' or 'power' stroke, and we can say now that the engine has 'fired'. At the end ofthis stroke, as the crankshaft rotates, causing the camshaft alongside it to continue to rotate, one of the cams on the camshaft pushes up the rod, which causes the exhaust valve to open, allowing the exhaust gases to escape.In (d) we see the fourth and final stroke, the 'exhaust' stroke. The exhaust valve has been forced open by the rotation of the camshaft, and the crankshaft, continuing to rotate, drives the piston back up the cylinder, forcing out the exhaust gases. At the end of this stroke the exhaust valve is closed by the action of a spring, and the camshaft, continuing to rotate, pushes up a second rod to force the inlet valve open. Now the cylinder will receive another charge of petrol-air mixture, and the sequence of four strokes, 'induction', 'compression', 'expansion' or 'power', and 'exhaust', will startagain.Because there is a four-stroke sequence, or 'cycle', in this type of internal combustion engine it is called a four-stroke engine. There are also two一stroke engines used, for example, for motor scooters, and for some motor cycles.Let us think of a car with four cylinders. Remember that it is only on the expansion stroke that power is transmitted to make the crankshaft rotate. Let us number the cylinders, 1,2,3,4. They may transmit power in this order. 1,2,4,3. This means that when number 1 cylinder is on the expansion stroke, number 2 is on the compression stroke, number 4 is on the induction stroke, and number 3 cylinder is on the exhaust stroke. The four pistons, moving up and down inside their cylinders in this order, push down rods connected to the crankshaft at different times and at different points along its shaft. This keeps the crankshaft revolving and the crankshaft, when the gears are engaged, keeps the car moving.2. The Fuel and Ignition SystemsThe fuel system includes a fuel tank, a fuel pump, and a carburetor.The fuel pump may be operated either mechanically from the engine camshaft or electrically. Its function is to pump petrol from the petrol tank and deliver it to the carburetor. It contains a fine filler to exclude particles of dust or dirt which may have found their way into the tank.The carburetor is mounted on the inlet pipe, or inlet 'manifold', which leads to the inlet valves of each cylinder. Its function is to 'carburet', or mix, the required amounts of petrol and air for combustion in the cylinders. It regulates automatically the proportions of petrol and air and also allows the driver to control the rate of delivery of the mixture, and so vary the speed of the engine.See figure 3. This is a simple type of carburetor. It makes use of a fuel reservoir or "float chamber" to which petrol is pumped by the petrol pump. The level of the petrol in. the chamber is kept constant by the action of a float which, as it rises with the petrol, closes a needle valve when the correct level is reached. The petrol from the float chamber flows to a small jet situated in a narrow tube called the choke tube. When the engine is running, i.e. when the pistons are moving up and down in the cylinders, air is drawn in and passes through the choke tube. Here it mixes with the petrol and passes out into the inlet manifold of the engine. The amount of mixture allowed to pass is controlled by a butterfly valve, or ’throttle', situated in the carburetor outlet. This valve is operated by the accelerator pedal. An air cleaner may be connected to the air inlet to remove dust from the air and prevent it getting into thecylinders and down into the engine lubricating oil, where it can cause increased engine wear.The proportion of air and petrol required at varying engine speeds is controlled automatically. When starting a cold engine a much richer mixture, one with a higher proportion of petrol to air, is required. This is obtained by restricting the amount of air entering the carburetor. In most cars the driver does this by pulling out a knob called the choke and this partly closes the tube carrying air to the cylinders. The driver must remember to push the choke in again as soon as possible after starting to avoid damage to the engine and waste of fuel.THE IGNITION SYSTEMThe function of the ignition system is to provide the spark in the combustion chamber to ignite the mixture of petrol and air at the right instant. The system nor many comprises a coil, a distributor, and sparking plugs.The coil produces the high-voltage impulse required to make the spark at the sparking plugs. It really consists of two coils of insulated wire wound one around the other so that the number of turns in the inner, 'secondary', coil is much greater than that in the outer, 'primary', coil.A low voltage is supplied to the primary coil and suddenly interrupted. At that moment an impulse at very much higher voltage is induced in the secondary coil.V oltages of 6 or 12 volts supplied to the primary, low一tension, coil result in voltages of 10,000 volts or more being obtained from the secondary, high tension, coil. When the car is started the low-tension supply is provided by the car's battery.Remember that the low-tension supply must be broken suddenly to produce the high-tension supply from the secondary coil. This is done in an instrument called the distributor. The distributor is placed between the coil and the sparking plugs.Inside the distributor are contact points. The contact between them is broken by a revolving cam, which forces them apart. Then they are forced together again by a spring pressing against the arm holding one contact. It is when the contact points are forced apart that the low一tension supply, going through a lead to the coil, is suddenly interrupted.A second lead, going from the coil back to the distributor, conveys the high-tension (H.T.) supply to the distributor head. From there other leads distribute the H. T. supply to each of the sparking plugs in turn.You will remember that each cylinder of the car has a sparking plug. The metal part of the sparking plug is screwed into the combustion chamber of the cylinder. Theplug contains two electrodes with a small gap between them. When the plug receives a high-tension impulse from the distributor a spark is caused as the impulse jumps the gap between the two electrodes. This spark ignites the petrol-air mixture in the combustion chamber.3. Cooling and Lubricating the EngineThe combustion of the mixture in the engine naturally makes a great deal of heat and the engine must not be allowed to become overheated. The function of the cooling system is to control this heat.The engine may be either water or air cooled, but the vast majority is water cooled. Water in the water jacket surrounding the cylinders picks up the surplus heat from the engine and the heated water rises. It then circulates through the radiator, where it is cooled by the passage of air past the radiator tubes, and returns to the bottom of the water jacket. A fan, which is driven from the engine crankshaft, assists cooling by increasing the draught through the radiator at low speeds. A pump may be used to help in circulating the water.The engine must also be prevented from running too cool and therefore the temperature of the water is normally controlled within certain limits by the action of a device known as a thermostat. This has the effect of varying the circulation of the water so that, for instance, when the engine is first started less water is allowed to circulate and the engine warms up quickly.The cooling system can, of course, freeze up in very cold weather, and this can cause considerable damage. For this reason it is advisable to add good antifreeze solution, on that can be left in throughout the summer, which will prevent freezing in winter and protect the system from corrosion all the year round.THE LUBRICATION SYSTEMLubrication is necessary for two main reasons to reduce friction and wear in the engine, and to help carry away was to heat from the bearings, in which the crankshaft and camshaft revolve inside the crankcase, from the pistons, and from the other working parts. In addition, it helps the piston rings to seal in the combustion gases, to prevent them escaping down into the cylinders. (These piston rings are rings fitted into grooves around the top of each piston.)The majority of engines have what is known as a 'force feed', or pressure, lubricating system. The bottom of the crankcase is enclosed by a sheet-metal pan, or 'sump'. This holds the engine lubricating oil and has a drain plug through which used oil may be drained off. A pump draws oil from the sump and pumps it through a filterand then through channels, called 'oil ways', to the bearings of the crankshaft and camshaft, and also to the valve gear. At the same time, oil flowing from the bearings forms an oil mist in the crankcase and this mist lubricates the cylinder walls.A warning light or oil gauge, controlled by the pressure of the oil in the system, is usually provided so that the driver will know when the system is not functioning and the oil is not circulating properly. If the system is not functioning properly the working parts may seize up and cause serious damage to the car engine. It is, therefore, essential for the driver to stop the engine as soon as he sees his warning light come on.4. The BrakesThe brakes function by absorbing in friction the energy possessed by the moving car. In so doing they convert the energy into heat.There are two types of brakes, the drum brake and the disc brake. Either or both types may be fitted, but where both types are used it is usual for the disc brakes to be fitted to the front wheels.DRUM BRAKESThe drum brake consists of a pair of semicircular brake shoes mounted on a fixed back plate and situated inside a drum. This drum is fixed to the road wheel and rotates with it. One end of each shoe is on a pivot and a spring holds the other end in contact with the piston of a hydraulic cylinder. (In front brakes it is usual to use two hydraulic cylinders in order to equalize the pressures exerted by the shoes. See figure 4.) Each shoe is faced with material, known as brake lining, which produces high, frictional resistance.The hydraulic system comprises a master cylinder and the slave cylinders, which are the cylinders on the road wheels. The slave cylinders are connected to the master cylinder by tubing and the whole system is filled with hydraulic fluid. A piston in the master cylinder is connected to the brake pedal, so that when the driver depresses. The pedal the fluid is forced out to each slave cylinder and operates their pistons. The fluid pushes the pistons out of their cylinders. They, in turn, push against the inner ends of the brake shoes and force them against the brake drums in each wheel. We say that the brakes are on. This friction of the shoes against the drums, which are fixed to the road wheels, slows down or stops the car. As the brake pedal is allowed to come up, the hydraulic fluid returns to its original position, the pistons retract, and a spring attached to each brake shoe returns it also to its original position, free of the brake drum. Now we say that the brakes are off.The brakes may also be operated by mechanical linkages from the foot pedal and handbrake lever. Common practice is to operate both from and rear brakes hydraulically with a secondary mechanical system operating the rear brakes only from the hand lever. One of the great advantages of hydraulic operation is that the system is self-balancing, which means that the same pressure is automatically produced at all four brakes, whereas mechanical linkages have to be very carefully adjusted for balance. Of course, if more pressure is put on one of the brakes than on the others there-is a danger that the car will skid.The mechanical linkage operating on the rear brakes is a system of rods or cables connecting the handbrake lever to the brake-shoe mechanisms, which work entirely Independently of the hydraulic system.Drum brakes are prone to a reduction in the braking effort, known as 'fade', caused by the overheating of the linings and the drum. Fade can affect all or only some of the brakes at a time, but it is not permanent, and full efficiency returns as soon as the brakes have cooled down. However, fading is unlikely to occur except after the brakes have been used repeatedly in slowing the car from a high speed or after braking continuously down a steep hill. Descending such a hill, it would have been preferable to use engine braking by changing down into a lower gear. Drum brakes can be made less prone to fade by improving the cooling arrangements, by arranging for more air to be deflected over them, for example.DISC BRAKESThe disc brake consists of a steel disc with friction pads operated by slave hydraulic cylinders. The steel disc is attached to the road wheel and rotates with it. Part of this steel disc is enclosed in a caliper. (See figure 5) This caliper contains two friction pads, one on each side of the disc, and two hydraulic cylinders, one outside each pad. The pads are normally held apart by a spring, but when the driver depresses the brake pedal, pistons from the hydraulic cylinders force the pads against the sides of the disc. Because the disc is not enclosed all the way round, the heat generated when the brakes are applied is dissipated very much more quickly than it is from brake shoes which are entirely enclosed inside a drum. This means that disc brakes are less prone to fade than drum brakes.汽车1. 发动机如何工作一个把热能源转换成机械的能源的发动机叫做一个热发动机，而且汽车发动机是热发动机的一个类型。

混合动力汽车中英文外文翻译

中英文对照资料外文翻译文献Development of Integrated Motor Assist Hybrid SystemAbstract ：This paper presents the technical approach used to design and develop the powerplant for the Honda Insight, a new motor assist hybrid vehicle with an overall development objective of just half the fuel consumption of the current Civic over a wide range of driving conditions. Fuel consumption of 35km/L (Japanese 10-15 mode), and 3.4L/100km (98/69/EC) was realized. To achieve this, a new Integrated Motor Assist (IMA) hybrid power plant system was developed, incorporating many new technologies for packaging and integrating the motor assist system and for improving engine thermal efficiency. This was developed in combination with a new lightweight aluminum body with low aerodynamic resistance. Environmental performance goals also included the simultaneous achievement of low emissions (half the Japanese year 2000 standards, and half the EU2000 standards), high efficiency, and recyclability. Full consideration was also given to key consumer attributes, including crash safety performance, handling, and driving performance.Keywords：hybrid car，integration of the engine，efficient，environmental protection1 INTRODUCTIONTo reduce the automobile’s impact on society and the envir onment requires that it beincreasingly cleaner and more energy efficient. The issues of energy conservation, ambient air quality, and reduction in CO2 emissions are increasing raised as global environmental concerns. One solution for dealing with these issues is the hybrid automobile. Honda has developed and introduced to several major markets worldwide the Insight, a new generation of vehicle design. The Insight combines a hybrid power train with advanced body technology features to meet an overall goal of achieving the highest fuel economy practical.The hybrid power train is a motor assist parallel configuration, termed IMA for ‘Integrated Motor Assist’. This power train combines a highly efficient electric motor with a new small displacement VTEC engine, a lightweight aluminum body, and improved aerodynamics to realize 3.4L/100km (CO2:80g/km) on 98/69/EC fuel economy. Low emissions performance was also targeted with emission levels achieving the EU2000.In addition to recapturing deceleration energy, the integrated motor provides high torque assist during typical urban driving accelerations. This allows a significant reduction in engine displacement and higher engine efficiency. Sustained hill climbing performance and high speed cruising capability are assured by a power-toweight ratio of approximately 56kW per metric ton. New engine technology includes the application of a new VTEC (Variable valve Timing and valve lift, Electronic Control) cylinder head design promoting high efficiency and fast catalyst activation, and a new lean NOx catalyst system which promotes lean burn combustion and a reduction in emissions. Extensive friction and weight reducing features are also applied.2 DEVELOPMENT TARGETS AND CONCEPTDevelopment was aimed at the achievement of extremely low fuel consumption. We set a target of twice the fuel economy of the current production Civic, Honda’s representative high fuel economy car at 7.0 L/100km (93/116/ EC). As a result, the Insight has the lowest fuel consumption in the world, among gasoline passenger cars.Exhaust emission performance often tends to be sacrificed for the sake of low fuel consumption. However, we also decided to match the low emissions performance achieved by other mass production cars. Consideration was also given to recyclability (another important environmental issue), crash safety performance, and the basic car characteristics includinghandling and styling.Summarizing the above, our development targets were as follows:∙The best fuel consumption performance in the world∙Ultra-low exhaust emissions∙Superior recyclability∙The world's highest level of crash safety performance∙Advanced styling∙Practical features and responsive handling∙Comfortable two-seat configuration with personal utility space3 POLICIES FOR FUEL CONSUMPTION REDUCTIONIn order to establish the technical approach for achieving the fuel consumption target, we conducted a detailed analysis of the energy consumption of the base car, a Civic equipped with a 1.5 liter engine. We found that it was useful to divide the targeted efficiency gains roughly into thirds, as shown in Fig. 1, in order to achieve the low fuel consumption and numerous other above-mentioned goals. These divisions are as follows.∙Improvement of the heat efficiency of the engine itself∙Recovery of braking energy and employment of idle stop using a hybrid power plant ∙Car body technologies including reduction of weight and reduced aerodynamic and rolling resistance.Figure 1. Target of double the fuel economy of CIVICAiming to establish a benchmark for 21st century automobile power trains, we developed this new Integrated Motor Assist power train. This power train simultaneously achieves both extremely low fuel consumption of 3.4L/100km, and low exhaust gas emission performance, befitting a next-generation car.This paper reports on the newly developed IMA system, including the lean burn engine, electric motor, power control unit, battery technology, and exhaust emission control technology used in the "Honda Insight".4 AIM OF THE IMA SYSTEMWhile developing this next-generation IMA hybrid system, we incorporated as many currently achievable technologies and techniques as possible, in order to achieve the "world's lowest fuel consumption".The following four system development themes were established in order to meet this target.1.Recovery of deceleration energy2.Improvement of the efficiency of the enginee of idle stop system4.Reduction of power train size and weight5 OVERVIEW OF THE IMA SYSTEM5.1 SYSTEM CONFIGURATION – As shown in Fig. 2, the IMA system uses the engine as the main power source and an electric motor as an auxiliary power source whenaccelerating. Using a motor as an auxiliary power source simplifies the overall system and makes it possible to use a compact and lightweight motor, battery, and power control unit (PCU).Figure 2. IMA SystemA permanent magnet DC brushless motor is located between the engine and the transmission. When decelerating, the rate of deceleration is calculated for each gear and the PCU controls the motor to generate electricity (recover energy), which charges a nickel-metal hydride battery. When accelerating, the amount of auxiliary power provided (hereafter called "assist") is calculated from the throttle opening, engine parameters, and battery state of charge. The PCU controls the amount of current flowing from the battery to the drive motor5.2 RECOVERY OF DECELERATION ENERGY – Recovering deceleration energy through regeneration makes it possible to supplement the engine’s output during acceleration and reduce the amount of fuel consumed. In particular, minimizing the engine displacement is an effective means of reducing friction. Engine displacement reduction also has several other benefits, such as weight reduction and increased thermal efficiency. The IMA system effectively increases the amount of regeneration during deceleration by optimizing the engine and transmission specifications.5.3 REDUCTION OF ENGINE DISPLACEMENT – Reducing engine displacement is a very important factor in improving fuel economy of a hybrid drive train. However, modern automobiles have to perform over a wide dynamic range. Reducing thedisplacement is equivalent to lowering the basic performance characteristics of the car. As shown in the output characteristics graph in Fig. 3, the IMA system assists the engine in the low rpm range by utilizing the hightorque performance characteristic of electric motors. The motor can increase overall toruque by over 50% in the lower rpm range used in normal driving. Output in the high rpm range is increased by using a Variable valve Timing and valve lift Electronic Control (VTEC) engine. Thus sufficient peak power is assured and makes it possible to use a new, small displacement 1.0 liter engine.Figure 3.Engine speed (rpm) Output performance of IMA SYSTEMAssist from the electric motor while accelerating is a very efficient means of reducing the amount of fuel consumed.5.4 ACHIEVING LEAN BURN ENGINE OPERATION –Assist from the electric motor, based upon the throttle opening, creates quite linear torque characteristics. This, in turn, improves driveability. In addition, motor assist is also provided under moderate load conditions to broaden the lean-burn operating range, bringing out the full potential of the newly developed lean burn engine.5.5IDLE STOP SYSTEM – Stopping the engine rather than idling at stops is also an effective means for reducing fuel consumption. In order to restart the engine with the minimum amount of fuel consumption, the engine is quickly cranked to 600 rpm or more by the hightorque integrated motor before ignition occurs, as shown in Fig. 4. This makes it possible to minimize the amount of fuel consumed, in addition to the fuel saved by not running the engine at idle. There are many issues to be considered when performing idle stop. These include judging the driver's intent to stop, preparing for the restart, providing a smooth feeling of deceleration, and minimizing vibration of the car body when the engine stops.Figure 4.Time (sec) The number of cranking in the engine start集成式发动机辅助混合动力系统摘要：本论文介绍了用于设计和开发Honda Insight发动机的技术方法，一种新的发动机辅助混合动力汽车，其总开发目标是在广泛的行驶条件下达到当今Civic消耗量的一半，实现35km/L（日本10-15模式），3.4L/km（98/69/EC）的消耗量。

自卸汽车中英文对照外文翻译文献

中英文资料对照外文翻译(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)Dump TruckDump Truck mainly refers to the delivery of goods unloaded the car and there is dumping the car, also known as Dump Trucks.Dump Truck is characterized by its compartment can be tilted a certain angle, so that unloading the goods inside. Tilting train is a Dump Truck engine power, through the dumping of bodies to complete.Dump Truck from the early 20th century there has been continuous development and perfection, has become the main vehicle of transport of goods. Dump Truck unloading a high degree of mobility and mechanization a bit, usually with shovel loaders, excavators, or belt conveyors and other ancillary use to achieve loading and unloading mechanization, which can greatly shorten the handling time and improve transport efficiency and save labor, reduce labor strength. As the car manufacturing industry, Dump Truck continued introduction of new materials, new technology, improve the quality of the utilization factor, with great speed range and high transmission efficiency, control and manipulation of better and more convenient.First, the status of technology development at home and abroad1. HumanizationFurther improve vehicle safety, vehicle safety, including performance, braking performance is further enhanced convenience and driver control, comfort is the car at home and abroad reflect the requirements of human development, which is reflected in the body, chassis and other aspects .(1)Suspension SystemForeign high-end Dump Truck, such as SCANIA, VOLVO, etc., air suspension with automatic adjustment, and basic domestic or leaf spring, a better use of the rubber suspension.(2)Transmission SystemMain Foreign is automatic transmission. China mainly with manual gearbox, there are some manufacturers began to try to configure the chassis automatic transmission.(3)Braking SystemsElectric control system mainly foreign (ECBS) and air disc brakes and ABS electronic control system installed. China mainly uses drum brakes, ABS, electronic brake system installed in the smaller, but also began developing the disc brake manufacturers.(4)Body SystemsDump Truck body of domestic comfort than the gap in Europe is still a great car.But high-end cab, driving and ride comfort has been greatly improved than before.2. SpecializationExclusive of foreign Dump Truck classification is increasingly apparent. In addition to general engineering of Dump Truck, but also according to the needs and purposes century, the development of a dedicated is Dump Truck.(1)Road salt cleaning truckOf snow, snow days will be transported to the road salt, snow on the road sweeping, snow spraying of salt.(2) Class of fluid transport truck pollutionAchieve pollution class fluid collection, transportation and dumping, can better protect the vehicle chassis, suitable for road paving and construction of the gravelmaterial transport.China Dump Truck of professional classification is not very clear that the Dump Truck currently mainly used in construction, mining, coal transportation, and its degree of specialization than the foreign classification there a larger gap.3. Structure OptimizationEuropean high-strength steel materials often used Dump Truck or a U-shaped carriage frame structure, the advantages are: light weight, great load, more payload can be loaded indirectly increase the loading efficiency; reduce fuel consumption, low center of gravity, good stability , lifting more goods at the time the play, easy todischarge; integral bearing, no or only a few ribs, a small amount of welding; more modern design, the outer surface of a large flat, easy to paste advertisements, or other patterns. Europe is very special car made extensive use of plastic toolbox fender cover.Plastic material has certain of toughness, resistance to low temperature and impactresistance, easy to rattle, and light weight, attractive appearance, lightweight is process in playing an important role.There are also a part of the manufacturers of high technical level, through changes in the structure reduces weight and do not reduce the cars performance, the main frame is the use of the car structure.For cost and processing considerations, the domestic truck still ordinary steel, steel plate as the main material.4. Environmental protectionAs the world's growing environmental protection, national environmental protection requirements on the vehicles are more stringent. Dump Truck load of goods sealing requirements increasing.Automotive engine technology represents a country's industrial level. Developed countries in Europe to Euro V vehicle emissions standards, and requirements of the domestic truck is currently the country Ⅲstandard, domestic and foreign well as very large gap, and reduce vehicle emissions of key technologies are only few the hands of countries, China still has great technical follow up and development process. Further enhance the environmental protection requirements, sealing requirements of the Dump Truck also mentioned the agenda, both at home and abroad using a variety of methods to prevent the Dump Truck's cargo spilled. Dump Truck in the professional classification abroad also help protect the environment, such as pollution category of fluid transport development and use of Dump Truck, but most major blessing Oh compartment sealed by a Dump Truck's way. Dump Truck of the closures are mainly two: one for soft tarpaulin cover and a metal hard cover. Therefore, foreign vehicles generally do not overload, the basic goods does not exceed the car along. The Dump Truck is the domestic have both, the majority of urban environmental requirements of the high metal cover, seal better, but the cost is high; environmental requirements of the majority of the lower soft cover, seal less, but the cost is low.Second, the main structure and functionDump Truck chassis and coat by the two major components, two types of chassis they use a stereotypical car chassis. Dump Truck as a shorter wheelbase than the average, the prices require higher strength and stiffness, so characteristic for the Dump Truck, Dump Truck chassis are often designed to be specific. Tipper tops, including cars, subframe, hydraulic lift dump bodies, electrical are systems.Dump Truck lifting mechanism is the core of the Dump Truck judge the merits of the primary indicators.Lifting mechanism of the type currently common are: F-type lifting mechanism to enlarge tripod, T-style tripod zoom lifting mechanism, lift cylinder, front roof lift and double roll.Dump Truck engine, chassis and cab of the truck are the same structure and general.Points after Dump Truck of the car to rollover and side tipping two, by manipulating the system control rod movement, the more common after the tipping, tipping push rod to make car, a small number of two-way is tipping.Distribution of high-pressure oil through the valve, tubing into the lift cylinder, front-end with the cab car is safety board.The engine through the transmission, PTO driven hydraulic pump unit, hydraulic tipping body compartments from the fuel tank, hydraulic pumps, distribution valves, lifting hydraulic cylinders, control valves and tubing and other components.Hydraulic tipping body is compartments from the fuel tank, hydraulic pumps, distribution valves, lifting hydraulic cylinders, control valves and tubing and other components.The engine through the transmission, PTO driven hydraulic pump unit, distribution valves for high pressure oil through the tubing into the lifting cylinder, push rod to make car rollover. More common after the rollover, by manipulating the system control rod movement, can stop the train tilted in any desired position. Compartments use of their owner gravity and hydraulic control reset.Tripod enlarge Lifting Mechanism is currently the most widely used way of lifting for 8 to 40 tons of load compartment length of 4.4 to 6 meters. Structural advantages of mature, stable lifting and low cost; drawback to the main frame on the floor inside is the closed height of the larger plane.Most of lift cylinder form of Dump Truck used in the 6X4 on the bridge in front of each side of the second installation of a multi-cylinder (generally 3 to 4), the hydraulic cylinder directly on the pivot point on the compartment floor. Twin advantages of lifting the main frame for the compartment floor and a high degree of closure on the smaller plane; disadvantage is that the hydraulic system is difficult to ensure synchronization of two hydraulic cylinders and held steady and poor students, the overall stiffness of the cars require a higher floor.Way before the top lift of simple structure, with the main frame on the floor inside the closed surface height can be very small, vehicle stability, low pressure hydraulic system, but the first big trip at the most-cylinder, high cost.Double roll force cylinders good, travel less, achieve double roll; but more complex hydraulic piping, give students a higher incidence of rollover accidents.Dump Truck with the development and improvement of domestic purchasing power, Dump Truck is not in the traditional sense of what life can be dry universal truck, from the design point of view but also according to different goods, different conditions, different is regions developed different products. This requires the user to purchase vehicles to the manufacturer for specific use.1.ChassisIn the choice of chassis, generally is based on economic benefits to consider, such as: the price of the chassis, loading quality, overload capacity, fuel consumption per hundred kilometers, road maintenance and so on. In addition, the user must also consider the chassis of the following parameters:①H eight of the chassis frame on the plane. General 6x4 chassis frame height of the upper surface of 1050 to 1200. The higher the number the greater the vehicle center of gravity, the more easily cause an overturn. The main factors affecting the value of the tire diameter, suspension layout and the main frame is cross-section height.②Chassis rear overhang. The number of Dump Trucks moves through the General Assembly, growth stability, gives students a rollover accident caused. This value is generally between 500-1100 (except Dump Truck roll).③Vehicle matching rational use and reliable.2.UploadCurrently converted Dump Truck manufacturers was mixed, select the Dump Truck manufacturers over the selection of choice products are equally important. In addition to looking products, but also understand the capabilities of equipment manufacturers, Dump Truck tops the design, technology and equipment is mature, service commitments, it can buy other accessories.Third, the lifting mechanism of choice:1. Recommended to choose a tripod for general use zoom-type Dump Truck lifting mechanism, the structure in China has a 40-year history, technology is relatively mature, suitable for carriage 4 to 6 meters in length Dump Truck.2. Reasonable arrangement, the parts Shouli Bu exceed the capacity of components, system hydraulic smaller, in order to ensure the seal life.3. The choice of quality hydraulic cylinders. Lifting hydraulic cylinder is the power unit, try to choose a quality assurance products, such as: blue post card hydraulic cylinder, the manufacturers promised lifetime warranty.4. Compartment of the truck longer than 6 meters generally used inmulti-cylinder front-top lifting structure.5. Cylinder lifting structure is generally used with a wheelbase of the truck 3 to 4meters.Fourth, selection issues to the attention of1. Transport large items must be selected inside the bucket.2. Car is longer than 5.4 meters to pay special attention when the cars center ofgravity and lifting stability.3. Can not be transported by special vehicles to transport coal earth. Private carcoal train general height of 1.6 ~ 1.9 m, length how the design of these vehicles is based on light goods (weight less than 1.2) to consider, for transporting earth and stone lifting may have poor stability, which seriously may lead to lifting a rollover accident.4. Do not use the bucket car transporting silt, clay and other sticky goods, thestructure of the bucket carriage of goods more difficult to remove the sticky.5. Transport iron ore in the Dump Truck manufacturers to keep up when thestatement selection, selection of the best choice for iron ore carrier.6. For the transportation of asphalt paving, the lifting mechanism requires slowdown device.Fifth, use and maintenance of Dump TruckHow several common errors:1. Engine running, take power in the "on", lift the handle in the "lift" and Menglift the clutch. Since leaving the sudden engagement PTO, oil pump and oil pump drive shaft causes a lot of impact load, could easily lead to early damage (usually occurred as the oil pump drive shaft damage.) High-speed operation in the engine compartment fully loaded, cold winter with high viscosity hydraulic oil under even more prominent.2. In the middle of a sudden the elevator full of lifting the handle into the "down position", when the car was not touched down, but suddenly rushed down, this will bring great impact frame, and even accidents. Although the single-acting hydraulic cylinder piston set a throttling device to ensure that the decline in the car before the end of the throttling effect have landed on the car speed is automatically slowed down, but the cars full effect has been obvious, therefore, should try to avoid these operations, If special circumstances must also be careful, try to slow down the landing speed, do not suddenly have to avoid the car off in the end.3. Xiewan goods, do not forget to disengage the power take off, or disengage the power take off will be driving, so the car is moving, due to take power in the "engagement" position, the lift pump in the "small cycles" state No load speed for a long time operation. The so-called "small cycles" when running the oil pump oil pump hydraulic oil only in the high and low voltage circuit between the loop. In this case the hydraulic oil temperature rises quickly, easily lead to damage to pump seals, or even pump "burned" phenomenon; Also in the high-speed driving, the oil pump drive shaft will also result in high centrifugal force early damage. More seriously, the operation means that the hydraulic pump system has a power source, the driving process will occur for various reasons, the rising car auto accident. Therefore, in the unloaded vehicle, you must promptly confirm the power take disengaged and then the vehicle has been disengaged.4. By Meng mention car - brake suddenly unloading. Meng mentioned as the inertial force of a great car (usually the rated lifting force of 5 to 20 times), can easily cause permanent deformation of the frame, open frame car and pay for welding, burning or destruction of oil pump seal, hydraulic cylinders and other damage damage , reduces the life of the vehicle, serious rollover accidents also occur. Therefore, when lifting the general ban truck traffic.5. Driving power take off in the "ON" position: If "on" state (red light), the pump will continue to rotate, there is power source of the hydraulic system, which would control valve because the gas control misoperation caused by cars on the auto-lifting; time distribution of air control valve even in the "down" position, the oil should enter the pump, it would pump burned out.6. Moving to lift the handle placed in the "stop" position: At this point the hydraulic system in a closed state, the impact of the ground while driving throughthe lifting mechanism can be passed to cars , some connected parts are easily damaged. So when driving down the handles is put some "down" position.7. In a great venue for cross slope of discharge: trunk askew when lifting, car flip axis may produce permanent deformation may occur more serious when it overturned.8. Goods have not been fully discharged when the use of safety rod may result in accidents, the safety pole inspection and maintenance is only used for carriages.自卸汽车自卸汽车是指以运送货物为主且有倾卸货厢的汽车，又称翻斗车。

汽车工程客运车辆中英文对照外文翻译文献

汽车⼯程客运车辆中英⽂对照外⽂翻译⽂献(⽂档含英⽂原⽂和中⽂翻译)中英⽂翻译Passenger vehicles in the United StatesFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaThe neutrality of this article is disputed. Please see the discussion on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until the dispute is resolved. (December 2007)Note: this article adopts the U.S. Department of Transportation'sdefinition of a passenger vehicle, to mean a car or truck, used for passengers, excluding buses and trains.The United States is home to the largest passenger vehicle market of any country in the world.[1]Overall, there were an estimated 254.4 million registered passenger vehicles in the United States according to a 2007 DOT study.[2] This number, along with the average age of vehicles, has increased steadily since 1960, indicating a growing number of vehicles per capita. The United States is also home to three large vehicle manufacturers: General Motors, Ford Motor Company and Chrysler, which have historically been referred to as the "Big Three." Chrysler however is no longer among the top three; but is number five, behind Toyota and Honda. The motor car though has clearly become an integral part of American life, with vehicles outnumbering licensed drivers.[2] StatisticsThe United States Department of Transportation's Federal Highway Administration as well as the National Automobile Dealers Association have published data in regard to the total number of vehicles, growth trends, and ratios between licensed drivers, the general population, and the increasing number of vehicles on American roads. Overall passenger vehicles have been outnumbering licensed drivers since 1972 at an ever increasing rate, while light trucks and vehicles manufactured by foreign marques have gained a larger share of the automotive market in theUnited States. In 2001, 70% of Americans drove to work in cars.[3] New York City is the only locality in the country where more than half of all households do not own a car (the figure is even higher in Manhattan, over 75%; nationally, the rate is 8%).[3]Total number of vehiclesAccording to the US Bureau of Transportation Statistics for 2009 there are 254,212,610 registered passenger vehicles. Of these, 193,979,654 were classified as "Light duty vehicle, short wheel base, while another 40,488,025 were listed as "Light duty vehicle, long wheel base." Yet another 8,356,097 were classified as vehicles with 2 axles and 6 tires and 2,617,118 were classified as "Truck, combination." There were approximately 7,929,724 motorcycles in the US in 2009. [4] According to cumulative data[1]by the Federal Highway Administration (FHW A) the number of motor vehicles has also increased steadily since 1960, only stagnating once in 1997 and declining from 1990 to 1991. Otherwise the number of motor vehicles has been rising by an estimated 3.69 million each year since 1960 with the largest annual growth between 1998 and 1999 as well as between 2000 and 2001 when the number of motor vehicles in the United States increased by eight million.[1]Since the study by the FHA the number of vehicles has increased by approximately eleven million, one of the largest recorded increases. The largest percentage increase was between the years of 1972and 1973 when the number of cars increased by 5.88%.Age of vehicles in operationIn the year 2001, the National Automobile Dealers Association conducted a study revealing the average age of vehicles in operation in the US. The study found that of vehicles in operation in the US, 38.3% were older than ten years, 22.3% were between seven and ten years old, 25.8% were between three and six years old and 13.5% were less than two years old. According to this study the majority of vehicles, 60.6%, of vehicles were older than seven years in 2001.[5] This relatively high age of automobiles in the US might be explained by unaffordable prices for comparable new replacement vehicles and a corresponding gradual decline in sales figures since 1998.[6] Also, many Americans own three or more vehicles. The low marginal cost of registering and insuring additional older vehicles means many vehicles that are rarely used are still given full weight in the statistics.The median and mean age of automobiles has steadily increased since 1969. In 2007 the overall median age for automobiles was 9.4 years, a significant increase over 1990 when the median age of vehicles in operation in the US was 6.5 years and 1969 when the mean age for automobiles was 5.1 years.[7] Of all body styles, pick-up trucks had the highest meanage in 2001 (9.4 years), followed by cars with a mean age of 8.4 years and van with a mean age of 7.0 years. As SUVs are part of arelatively new consumer trend originating mostly in the 1990s, SUVs had the lowest mean age of any body style in the US (6.1 years). The average recreational vehicle was even older with a mean age of 12.5. For all body styles the mean vehicle age increased fairly steadily from 1969 to 2001.[7] In March 2009, RL Polk released a study conducted between 2007 to 2008 which indicated that the median age of passenger cars in operation in the US increased to 9.4 years, and that the median age for light trucks increased from 7.1 years in 2007 to 7.5 years in 2008.SalesIn the year 2009, about 5.5 million new passenger cars were sold in the United States[6] according to the U.S. Department of Transportation. This figure “Includes domestic and impor ted vehicles." (Department of Transportation) The number of vehicles sold in the US has been decreasing at a gradual yet continuous rate since 1999, when nearly 8.7 million vehicles were sold in the US. Looking back at history however, reveals that such decline is only part of normal market trends and most likely only a temporary affair. Overall, 1985 was a record year with cars sales totaling just over eleven million.[6] While imports have been gaining ground in terms of units sold during the 2000s and have regained roughly the same market share they held in 1992, the sales of domestic vehicles are still more than double those of imported vehicles. It should be noted, however that the US Bureau of Transportation Statistics "Includes carsproduced in Canada and Mexico" as domestic vehicles as both countries are part of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), thus including many cars by Asian and European manufacturers - many V olkswagens are made in Mexico, Toyotas in Canada, also. In 2006 the sales of vehicles made in NAFTA states totaled 5.5 million, while the sale of imported vehicles totaled 2.2 million. 923,000 vehicles were imported from Japan, making it the greatest exporter of vehicles to the US. Germany was the second largest exporter of vehicles to the US, with 534,000 units exported to the US in 2006. Imports from all other nations, except Germany and Japan, totaled 729,000.[8]美国的客运车辆From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia这篇⽂章的中⽴性是有争议的。

汽车专业--毕业设计外文翻译

英文资料SuspensionSuspension is the term given to the system of springs, shock absorbers and linkages that connects a vehicle to its wheels. Suspension systems serve a dual purpose –contributing to the car's roadholding/handling and braking for good active safety and driving pleasure, and keeping vehicle occupants comfortable and reasonably well isolated from road noise, bumps, and vibrations,etc. These goals are generally at odds, so the tuning of suspensions involves finding the right compromise. It is important for the suspension to keep the road wheel in contact with the road surface as much as possible, because all the forces acting on the vehicle do so through the contact patches of the tires. The suspension also protects the vehicle itself and any cargo or luggage from damage and wear. The design of front and rear suspension of a car may be different.Leaf springs have been around since the early Egyptians.Ancient military engineers used leaf springs in the form of bows to power their siege engines, with little success at first. The use of leaf springs in catapults was later refined and made to work years later. Springs were not only made of metal, a sturdy tree branch could be used as a spring, such as with a bow.Horse drawn vehiclesBy the early 19th century most British horse carriages were equipped with springs; wooden springs in the case of light one-horse vehicles to avoid taxation, and steel springs in larger vehicles. These were made of low-carbon steel and usually took the form of multiple layer leaf springs.[1]The British steel springs were not well suited for use on America's rough roads of the time, and could even cause coaches to collapse if cornered too fast. In the 1820s, the Abbot Downing Company of Concord, New Hampshire developed a system whereby the bodies of stagecoaches were supported on leather straps called "thoroughbraces", which gave a swinging motion instead of the jolting up and down of a spring suspension (the stagecoach itself was sometimes called a "thoroughbrace")AutomobilesAutomobiles were initially developed as self-propelled versions of horse drawn vehicles. However, horse drawn vehicles had been designed for relatively slow speeds and their suspension was not well suited to the higher speeds permitted by the internal combustion engine.In 1903 Mors of Germany first fitted an automobile with shock absorbers. In 1920 Leyland used torsion bars in a suspension system. In 1922 independent front suspension was pioneered on the Lancia Lambda and became more common in mass market cars from 1932.[2]Important propertiesSpring rateThe spring rate (or suspension rate) is a component in setting the vehicle's ride height or its location in the suspension stroke. Vehicles which carry heavy loads will often have heavier springs to compensate for the additional weight that would otherwise collapse a vehicle to the bottom of its travel (stroke). Heavier springs are also used in performance applications where the loading conditions experienced are more extreme. Springs that are too hard or too soft cause the suspension to become ineffective because they fail to properly isolate the vehicle from the road. Vehicles that commonly experience suspension loads heavier than normal have heavy or hard springs with a spring rate close to the upper limit for that vehicle's weight. This allows the vehicle to perform properly under a heavy load when control is limited by the inertia of the load. Riding in an empty truck used for carrying loads can be uncomfortable for passengers because of its high spring rate relative to the weight of the vehicle. A race car would also be described as having heavy springs and would also be uncomfortably bumpy. However, even though we say they both have heavy springs, the actual spring rates for a 2000 lb race car and a 10,000 lb truck are very different. A luxury car, taxi, or passenger bus would be described as having soft springs. Vehicles with worn out or damaged springs ride lower to the ground which reduces the overall amount of compression available to the suspension and increases the amount of body lean. Performance vehicles can sometimes have spring rate requirements other than vehicle weight and load.Mathematics of the spring rateSpring rate is a ratio used to measure how resistant a spring is to being compressed or expanded during the spring's deflection. The magnitude of the spring force increases as deflection increases according to Hooke's Law. Briefly, this can be stated aswhereF is the force the spring exertsk is the spring rate of the spring.x is the displacement from equilibrium length i.e. the length at which the spring is neither compressed or stretched.Spring rate is confined to a narrow interval by the weight of the vehicle,load the vehicle will carry, and to a lesser extent by suspension geometry and performance desires.Spring rates typically have units of N/mm (or lbf/in). An example of a linear spring rate is 500 lbf/in. For every inch the spring is compressed, it exerts 500 lbf. Anon-linear spring rate is one for which the relation between the spring's compression and the force exerted cannot be fitted adequately to a linear model. For example, the first inch exerts 500 lbf force, the second inch exerts an additional 550 lbf (for a total of 1050 lbf), the third inch exerts another 600 lbf (for a total of 1650 lbf). In contrast a 500 lbf/in linear spring compressed to 3 inches will only exert 1500 lbf.The spring rate of a coil spring may be calculated by a simple algebraic equation or it may be measured in a spring testing machine. The spring constant k can be calculated as follows:where d is the wire diameter, G is the spring's shear modulus (e.g., about 12,000,000 lbf/in² or 80 GPa for steel), and N is the number of wraps and D is the diameter of the coil.Wheel rateWheel rate is the effective spring rate when measured at the wheel. This is as opposed to simply measuring the spring rate alone.Wheel rate is usually equal to or considerably less than the spring rate. Commonly, springs are mounted on control arms, swing arms or some other pivoting suspension member. Consider the example above where the spring rate was calculated to be500 lbs/inch, if you were to move the wheel 1 inch (without moving the car), the spring more than likely compresses a smaller amount. Lets assume the spring moved 0.75 inches, the lever arm ratio would be 0.75 to 1. The wheel rate is calculated by taking the square of the ratio (0.5625) times the spring rate. Squaring the ratio is because the ratio has two effects on the wheel rate. The ratio applies to both the force and distance traveled.Wheel rate on independent suspension is fairly straight-forward. However, special consideration must be taken with some non-independent suspension designs. Take the case of the straight axle. When viewed from the front or rear, the wheel rate can be measured by the means above. Yet because the wheels are not independent, when viewed from the side under acceleration or braking the pivot point is at infinity (because both wheels have moved) and the spring is directly inline with the wheel contact patch. The result is often that the effective wheel rate under cornering is different from what it is under acceleration and braking. This variation in wheel rate may be minimized by locating the spring as close to the wheel as possible.Roll couple percentageRoll couple percentage is the effective wheel rates, in roll, of each axle of the vehicle just as a ratio of the vehicle's total roll rate. Roll Couple Percentage is critical in accurately balancing the handling of a vehicle. It is commonly adjusted through the use of anti-roll bars, but can also be changed through the use of different springs.A vehicle with a roll couple percentage of 70% will transfer 70% of its sprung weight transfer at the front of the vehicle during cornering. This is also commonly known as "Total Lateral Load Transfer Distribution" or "TLLTD".Weight transferWeight transfer during cornering, acceleration or braking is usually calculated per individual wheel and compared with the static weights for the same wheels.The total amount of weight transfer is only affected by 4 factors: the distance between wheel centers (wheelbase in the case of braking, or track width in the case of cornering) the height of the center of gravity, the mass of the vehicle, and the amount of acceleration experienced.The speed at which weight transfer occurs as well as through which components it transfers is complex and is determined by many factors including but not limited to roll center height, spring and damper rates, anti-roll bar stiffness and the kinematic design of the suspension links.Unsprung weight transferUnsprung weight transfer is calculated based on the weight of the vehicle's components that are not supported by the springs. This includes tires, wheels, brakes, spindles, half the control arm's weight and other components. These components are then (for calculation purposes) assumed to be connected to a vehicle with zero sprung weight. They are then put through the same dynamic loads. The weight transfer for cornering in the front would be equal to the total unsprung front weight times theG-Force times the front unsprung center of gravity height divided by the front track width. The same is true for the rear.Suspension typeDependent suspensions include:∙Satchell link∙Panhard rod∙Watt's linkage∙WOBLink∙Mumford linkage∙Live axle∙Twist beam∙Beam axle∙leaf springs used for location (transverse or longitudinal)The variety of independent systems is greater and includes:∙Swing axle∙Sliding pillar∙MacPherson strut/Chapman strut∙Upper and lower A-arm (double wishbone)∙multi-link suspension∙semi-trailing arm suspension∙swinging arm∙leaf springsArmoured fighting vehicle suspensionMilitary AFVs, including tanks, have specialized suspension requirements. They can weigh more than seventy tons and are required to move at high speed over very rough ground. Their suspension components must be protected from land mines and antitank weapons. Tracked AFVs can have as many as nine road wheels on each side. Many wheeled AFVs have six or eight wheels, to help them ride over rough and soft ground. The earliest tanks of the Great War had fixed suspensions—with no movement whatsoever. This unsatisfactory situation was improved with leaf spring suspensions adopted from agricultural machinery, but even these had very limited travel. Speeds increased due to more powerful engines, and the quality of ride had to be improved. In the 1930s, the Christie suspension was developed, which allowed the use of coil springs inside a vehicle's armoured hull, by redirecting the direction of travel using a bell crank. Horstmann suspension was a variation which used a combination of bell crank and exterior coil springs, in use from the 1930s to the 1990s.By the Second World War the other common type was torsion-bar suspension, getting spring force from twisting bars inside the hull—this had less travel than the Christie type, but was significantly more compact, allowing the installation of larger turret rings and heavier main armament. The torsion-bar suspension, sometimes including shock absorbers, has been the dominant heavy armored vehicle suspension since the Second World War.中文翻译悬吊系统(亦称悬挂系统或悬载系统)是描述一种由弹簧、减震筒和连杆所构成的车用系统，用于连接车辆与其车轮。