专业学位硕士研究生英语教程09

Unit Nine(Parents=mother and father)Parenting (=parental education)PreviewChildren do best when they have daily access to different and complementary parenting styles of mothers and fathers. Children growing up in mother-only or father-only homes may lack confidence, independence, and security. Such boys and girls will be vulnerable to gender confusion, abuse and exploitation from others. They are less likely to have a healthy respect for both women and men as they grow into adulthood.Part I Text ReadingWarm-upI．Ways to bring up a child.Raising a child is one of the hardest, most responsible and satisfying tasks a human being can face. It is also the job for which people receive the least formal training. Step oneDirections: Every parent wants his children to be well cultivated, but how to make it happen? Please cooperate with your partner to find ways for child cultivation. You can compare ways that your parents educated you. The following words and expressions may be useful for your discussion.Step twoDirections: If you were a parent, how would you raise your kids? Please discuss this topic with your desk mate. The following tips may be useful for the discussion.• Parents are role models.• Discipline is necessary.• Spending enough time with your children.• Good communication will teach children.II. What are fathers and mothers' ways to parent?Read the following phrases and guess parenting ways of fathers and mothers. Put F in the bracket for father's way and M for mother's.( ) 1. to provide warm, nurturing care for a crying infant( ) 2. to tickle, to wrestle, and to throw their children in the air( ) 3. to chase their children, as playful, scary "monsters"( ) 4. to encourage competition and independence( ) 5. to encourage equity and security( ) 6. to encourage their kids to swing or climb just higher( ) 7. to yell "slow down, not so high, not so hard"( ) 8. to simplify their words and speak on the child's level( ) 9. to be more brief, directive, and to the point( ) 10. to be more descriptive, personal and verbally encouragingTextWhy Children Need Father-Love and Mother-LoveGlenn T Stanton①[1] If Heather is being raised (=brought up) by two mommies (=mothers) and Brandon is being raised by Daddy (=Dad, Father) and his new husband-roommate,of (=are being denied of) the benefits (advantages) found invalue mothers and fathers bring to their children is due to (=because of) the fact that mothers and fathers are different. And by cooperating together and complementing each other in their differences, they provide (give) good things that same-sex caregivers cannot.Mothers and Fathers Parent (vt. educate) Differently[2] This difference provides an important (diverse->) diversity of experiences for children. Dr. Pruett explains that fathers have a distinct (=unique, different) style of (communicate->) communication and interaction with (互动) children. Infants (babies), by 8 weeks, can tell (know) the difference between a male or female interacting with them. Stanford psychologist Eleanor Maccoby, in her book The Two Sexes, explains mothers and fathers respond (->response) differently to infants. Mothers are more likely (=possible) to provide warm, nurturing (caring for and protect sb/sth while they are growing and developing) care for a crying infant. This diversity in itself provides children with a broader (wider), richer (colorful) experience of contrasting relational interactions—more so than for children who are raised by only one gender (sex). Whether they realize it or not, children are learning at earliest age, by sheer (=pure, only) experience, that men and women are different and have different ways of dealing with life, other adults and their children.Mothers and Fathers Play Differently[3] Fathers tend to play with, and mothers tend to care for, children. While both mothers and fathers are physical, fathers are physical in different ways.[4] Fathers tickle (to move your fingers on a sensitive part of sb's body in a way that makes them laugh) more, they wrestle (to fight sb by holding them and trying tothrow or force them to the ground, sometimes as a sport), and they throw their children in the air. Fathers chase (run after) their children, sometimes as playful, scary (frightening) "monsters." Fathers are louder at play, while mothers are quieter. Mothers cuddle (hug, embrace拥抱, to hold sb/ sth close in your arms to show love or affection) babies, and fathers bounce (push) them. Fathers roughhouse (to fight sb or play with sb roughly) while mothers are gentle (tender温柔的). One study found that 70 percent of father-infant games were more physical and action oriented② while only 4 percent of mother-infant play was like this. Fathers encourage (compete->) competition; mothers encourage (equal->) equity (a situation in which everyone is treated equally). One style encourages (independent->) independence while the other encourages (secure->) security.[5] Fathering expert John Snarey explains that children who roughhouse with their fathers learn that (bite->) biting, kicking and other forms of physical violence are not acceptable. They learn self-control by being told when "enough is enough" and when to (和解)." Girls and boys both learn a healthy balance between (timid->)(aggress->) aggression. Children need mom's softness as well as (and, together with) dad's roughhousing (violence). Both provide security and confidence in their own ways by communicating love and physical (intimate->) intimacy.Fathers Push (force sb. to challenge) Limits; Mothers Encourage Security[6] Go to any playground and listen to the parents. Who is encouraging their kids to swing or climb just a little higher, ride their bike just a little faster, throw just a little harder? Who is yelling, "slow down, not so high, not so hard!" Of course, fathers encourage children to take chances and push limits and mothers protect and are more (caution->) cautious. And this difference can cause disagreement between mom and dad on what is best for the child.[7] But the difference is essential (necessary，extremely important) for children. Either of these parenting styles by themselves can be unhealthy (harmful). One can tend toward encouraging risk without (consider->) consideration of consequences. The other tends to avoid risk, which can fail to build independence, confidence and progress. Joined together, they keep each other in balance and help children remain safe while expanding their experiences and confidence.Mothers and Fathers Communicate Differently[8] A major (main) study showed that when (they are) speaking to children, mothers and fathers are different. Mothers will simplify their words and speak on the child's level. Men are not as inclined (willing) to modify their language for the child.[9] Mother's way facilitates (=helps) immediate communication. Father's way challenges the child to expand her vocabulary and linguistic skills, an important building block (a piece of wood or plastic used as a toy for children to build things with 积木) of academic success.[10] Father's talk tends to be more brief, directive, and to the point. It also makesgreater use of (not very noticeable or obvious) body language and facial expressions. tend to be more (scribe滕文工->describe描述->)descriptive,personal and verbally (in spoken words and not in writing or actions) encouraging. Children who do not have daily exposure to (=experience) both will not learn how to understand and use both styles of conversation as they grow. These boys and girls will be at a disadvantage (处于劣势) because they will experience these different ways of communicating in relationships with teachers, bosses and other authority figures.[11] Educational psychologist Carol Gilligan tells us that fathers stress justice, fairness (=equality) and duty (based on rules), while mothers stress sympathy, care and help (based on relationships). Fathers tend to observe (obey) and enforce rules systematically and sternly (=strictly, seriously), which teach children the objectivity and consequences of right and wrong. Mothers tend toward grace (a quality of behavior that is polite and pleasant and deserves respect) and (among)sense of hopefulness. Again, either of these by themselves is not good, but together, they create a healthy, proper (appropriate or correct) balance.Fathers Provide a Look at (=a view of) the World of Men; Mothers, the World of Women[12] Men and women are different. They eat differently. They dress differently. They smell different. They groom (dress) themselves differently. They cope with (deal with) life differently. Fathers do "man things" and women do "lady things." Mothers and fathers both help little girls and little boys learn how to grow to be women and men. Anthropologist Suzanne Frayser explains this is constant (happening all the time or repeatedly) in all human societies, "Each process complements (to add to sth in a way that improves it or makes it more attractive) the other. The boy can look at his father and see what he should do to be a male; he can look at his mother and see what he should not do to be a male."[13] Girls and boys who grow up with a father are more familiar and secure with the curious (=strange and unusual) world of men. Girls with involved (积极参与社会活动), married fathers are more likely (possible) to have healthier relationships with boys in adolescence (the time in a person's life when he or she develops from a child into an adult, puberty青春期,青年) and men in adulthood because they learn from their fathers how proper (well-educated) men act toward women. This knowledge builds emotional security, and safety from the exploitation of predatory (using weaker people for their own financial or sexual advantage掠夺的, 食肉的) males③. They also learn from mom how to live in a woman's world. This is especially important as (when) they approach adolescence and all the changes that life-stage brings.[14] Boys who grow up with dads are much less likely to be violent. They have their masculinity affirmed (secured) and learn from their fathers how to channel (=direct) their masculinity and strength in positive ways. Fathers help children understand proper male sexuality, hygiene (sanity, the practice of keeping yourself and your living and working areas clean in order to prevent illness and disease卫生, 卫生学), and behavior in age appropriate ways. Mothers help boys understand the female world and develop a sensitivity (responsibility) toward women. They also help boys know how to relate and communicate with women.(conclude->)Conclusion[15] To be concerned with (worried about) proper children development is to be concerned about making sure that (=see to it that…确保…得以实现) children have daily access to the different and complementary ways mothers and fathers parent (act as parents). Children growing up in mother-only or father-only homes will suffer deeply in terms of lack of confidence, independence, and security. Such boys and girls will be at greater risk for gender confusion(性别带来的困惑或), abuse (=violence) and exploitation from other men. They are less likely to have a healthy respect for both women and men as (when) they grow into adulthood.Notes①Glenn T. Stanton: a researcher on family formation (structure). He debates and lectures extensively on the issues (problems) of gender, sexuality, marriage and parenting at universities and churches around the states. He is the author of three books and a contributor to five others, including Why Marriage Matters: Reasons to Believe in Marriage in Postmodern Society (1997) and My Crazy, Imperfect Christian Family.②. ... action oriented: involving rough behavior or play.③ ...the exploitation of predatory males: the aggressive behavior of males.Word Bank(academy->Police Academy) academic: adj. of a school, especially of higher learning; of scholarly (scholarship奖学金，助学金) performance学校的，学院的，学术的affirm: v. to assert; confirm断言，证实，承认(aggress->aggressor =invader) aggression (aggressive): n. the act of initiating (hostile->) hostilities or invasion侵犯，侵略，挑衅(anthropology->) anthropologist: n. the scholar who studies the origin, the behavior, and the physical, social, and cultural development of human beings人类学家complement: v. to make sth. Complete补充，补足complementary: adj. completing; supplying mutual needs补充的，补足的consequence: n. effect; the result to its cause结果，因果关系的deprive (sb. of sth.): v. to take sth. away from拿走，抢夺directive: adj. straightforward; serving to direct (->director导演)直接的，指导的(obey->obedient->obedience<->disobey->disobedient) disobedience: n. refusal or failure to obey不服从，不顺从，违抗distinct: different; clear不同的，明显的(diverse->) diversity: n. (vary->) variety or multiformity 变化，多样性enforce(->reinforce): to compel obedience to强制服从或遵守(exploit->) exploitation: n. the act of employing to the greatest possible advantage 开发，开采，剥削(expose to->) exposure: n. the act of exposing; influence暴露，受影响facilitate (=help->facility设备设施): v. to make easy or easier使容易，使便利groom: v. to care for the appearance of; to make neat （tidy）and trim(vt./adj.)使整洁，打扮hygiene: n. (=sanity) the promotion and preservation of health 卫生interaction: n. the act or process of interacting相互作用(intimate->) intimacy: n. the condition of being close in relation亲密(muscle肌肉->masculine男性的->) masculinity: n. the quality and characteristic of a male男子气，阳刚气modify: v. to change; to alter变更，修改monster: n. an imaginary or legendary creature怪物nurture: v. to nourish, to feed; to educate, to train给…营养，喂养，培养(object->objective<->subjective) objectivity: n. the state of being objective 客观，客观性(orient东方的) oriented: adj. directed导向性的predatory: adj. living by preying on other organisms掠夺的，肉食的(relate A to B->relation->) relational: adj. of kinship亲属关系的roughhouse: v. to engage in rowdy behavior or play打闹，殴斗sheer: adj. complete; absolute; pure 绝对的，完全的，纯粹的sternly: adv. harshly; severely严厉地，严格地(sym-=same; pathy=feeling)sympathy(sympathize with sb.): n. sharing the feelings of another同情，同情心tickle: v. to touch (the body) lightly so as to cause laughter (笑声) or twitching movements; to tease or excite pleasurably使觉得痒，逗乐(timid=shy->) timidity (timidate=frighten): n. lack of confidence; fear 胆怯，羞怯: adv. orally; literally口头上地，言辞地wrestle: v. to contend by grappling and, attempting to throw摔跤Phrases and Expressionscope with: =deal with; to handle处理；应对due to: owing to由于have access (通道) to: to have the right to approach, or to make use of接近权；享用权in terms (术语, 学期) of: in relation to; with reference to根据；按照；就……而言settle (->settlement) down: to begin living a stable and orderly life; to become less nervous or restless安顿下来；平静Reading ComprehensionI. Choose the best for each of the following.1. How can fathers and mothers provide good things to children that same-sex caregivers cannot?A. By being adults in their children's lives.B. By depriving of the benefits found in mothers and fathersC. By differing parenting styles among people.D. By cooperating and complementing between mothers and fathers.2. According to Eleanor Maccoby, _____.A. fathers and mothers teach children differently in dealing with lifeB. fathers will not provide warm, nurturing care for an infantC. mothers teach children the difference between men and womenD. fathers have a distinct style of communication and interaction with children3. Children who roughhouse with their fathersA. learn that biting, kicking and other forms of physical violence are not acceptableB. learn self-controlC. are more physical and action orientedD. need mom's softness4. Which of the following can be categorized as "push limits"?A. Expanding experiences and confidence.B. Yelling "slow down, not so high, not so hard".C. Causing disagreement between mom and dad.D. Encouraging kids to climb higher, to ride faster.5. Girls with involved "married fathers"A. are more likely to have healthier relationships with malesB. build emotional security, and safety from other men and womenC. learn what masculinity isD. cope with life differentlyII. Complete the following (sum up求和-> summarize总结, 归纳) summary (小结) of the text by filling in the blanks with words. The initial letter of each word has been given to you.Children (1) benefit from a mother and father's differing (2) parenting styles. Mothers and fathers bring to their children (3) different values. They are different in their parenting styles, in the way they (4) play with children, and in their (5) communication with children. Fathers (6) provide a look at the world of men; mothers, the world of women. And by (7) cooperating together and complementing each other in their differences they provide good things that same-sex caregivers cannot. Children who have daily (8) access to the different and complementary ways of mothers and fathers will have (9) confidence, independence, and security. They are more likely to have a (10) healthy respect for both women and men as they grow into adulthood. VocabularyI. Choose the answer that best completes each sentence.1. She was _____ a normal childhood by the war.A. deprived ofB. taken awayC. given upD. got out2. Roses in a silver bowl _____ the handsome (beautiful) cherry table.A. comparisonB. complementC. competitionD. compensation3. Charles Darwin saw in the _____ of species (物种) the principles of (evolve->) evolution that operated to generate (=produce) the species: variation, competition and selection.A. (divide->) divisionB. (diverse->) diversionC. diversityD. (vary->) variation4. We (meet->) met on two _____ occasions. One was an academic conference; the other a party.A. clearB. distinct (different)C. likely(possible)D. notable (obvious)5. The Internet, which covers the whole world, is increasing the _____ of the people on the planet.A. interactionB. contractC. interplayD. interchange6. Most vegetables we buy in winter are _____ in the greenhouse.A. natured (born to be)B. cultivated (->culture文化)C. nurtured (养育)D. nourished (提供营养)7. The students protested in front of American consulate (领事馆). They had no motives (动机) but those of _____ patriotism (爱国主义).A. absolute(绝对的)B. sheer (only纯粹的)C. pureD. complete8. The children _____ while (they are) building forts (要塞) with toy bricks (砖).A. roughhouse (fight)B. handleC. (pretense->)pretendD. behave9. The building is _____ south and north.A. allocated (assign分配)B. guided (导游)C. operated (操纵)D. oriented (取…坐向)10. His (fail->) failure in business is largely due to ___.A. timidity(胆怯)B. quality(质量)C. characteristics(特性特征)D. behavior (行为)II. Fill in the blanks with the words or phrases given below. Change the form where necessary.settle down facilitatemodify subtleconsequence verbally sympathy cope with academic instincthave/has access to sternlyaggression systematicallynurture1. Chinese national troops are on the alert against any possible aggression.2. This government has systematically taken actions to renew its economy.3. Most people have sympathy for the old lady for her (lose->lost->lost->) loss of the only son in the accident4. He is a (journal=magazine->) journalist (新闻工作者->journalism新闻学) whose subtle views on the hard issues of our time are rooted in a tough mind (heart) and逗人乐->) amazed (surprised) at her ability to cope with the difficult situation.6. He is one of the few scientists in this military base who have access to the restricted area.7. By the age of two most children have begun to communicate verbally (=orally).8. Modern devices such as micro-wave oven facilitate domestic work, and free (vt. set sb. free) people to have more (entertain->) entertainments (娱乐).9. This university is composed of five academic schools (department系).10. The industrial revolution modified (alter<->) the whole structure of English-speaking society.TranslationPut the following paragraph into English.在只有母亲或只有父亲的家庭里长大的孩子将会极大地缺乏自信、独立及安全感。