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如何锻炼应试能力英语作文
如何锻炼应试能力英语作文英文回答：Developing Exam Skills in English。
As an international student studying in an English-speaking country, I often face the challenge of taking exams in my non-native language. These exams test myability to understand, analyze, and communicate complex concepts in English. To improve my exam skills, I have developed a comprehensive strategy that includes the following steps:1. Familiarize yourself with the exam format and structure:Before sitting for any exam, it is crucial to understand its format and structure. This includes knowing the types of questions you will face, the time allotted for each section, and any instructions or guidelines provided.By familiarizing yourself with the exam format, you can allocate your time effectively and avoid unnecessary stress. For example, if the exam includes a multiple-choice section, you need to know how many choices you will have for each question and whether you can go back and change your answers.2. Practice regularly using past papers:Past papers are an invaluable resource for exam preparation. They provide you with real-world examples ofthe types of questions you can expect on the exam and allow you to practice answering them under timed conditions. By regularly practicing with past papers, you can identifyyour strengths and weaknesses, pinpoint areas where youneed to focus your studies, and build confidence in your ability to perform well on the exam.3. Build a strong foundation in English language and grammar:A strong foundation in English language and grammar isessential for success in any English-based exam. This includes a thorough understanding of vocabulary, grammar rules, and sentence structure. By building a solid foundation, you can increase your comprehension skills, express yourself clearly and concisely, and avoid common grammatical errors. You can improve your language skills through various methods such as reading books, watching movies, or taking English language courses.4. Develop critical thinking and analytical skills:Exams often require you to analyze information, evaluate arguments, and draw conclusions. Developing critical thinking and analytical skills is key to success in these exams. You can practice these skills by engaging in debates, solving puzzles, or reading thought-provoking articles. By honing your analytical abilities, you can approach exam questions with a structured and logical mindset, identify the main points, and formulate well-reasoned responses.5. Manage your time effectively:Time management is essential durante exams. Allocate your time wisely to ensure you have sufficient time to answer all questions and review your answers before submitting your exam. Prioritize the questions based on their difficulty and the number of marks they carry. If you come across a question you are unsure about, don't spend too much time on it. Move on and come back to it later if you have time.6. Stay calm and confident:Exams can be stressful, but it is important to stay calm and confident throughout the process. If you have prepared well, you have nothing to worry about. Approach the exam with a positive mindset and focus on doing your best. Remember, everyone makes mistakes, so don't let a few errors affect your overall performance.中文回答：如何锻炼应试能力英语作文。
双专业的学生在市场上更有竞争力的英语作文
双专业的学生在市场上更有竞争力的英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Double Majors Rule! Why Having Two Degrees is AwesomeHi! My name is Timmy and I'm 10 years old. I'm here to tell you why it's super cool to have two majors when you go to college instead of just one. It makes you way more awesome when you're looking for a job later on. Let me explain!First of all, having two majors means you get to learn about two different subjects that you really really like. Like if you love math but you also love art, you can major in both instead of having to pick just one. How neat is that? You get to take classes on calculus and sculpting instead of just calculus or just sculpting. It's the best of both worlds!And get this - it makes you smarter too! When you double major, you have to take a ton of classes on different topics. That works out the muscles in your brain so you get really good at understanding complex ideas from multiple angles. It's like doing push-ups but for your noggin instead of your arms. Pretty cool, huh?But here's the biggest reason why a double major is the way to go: it makes you stand out to employers when you start looking for jobs after college. These days, there's a ton of competition out there. Companies get applications from loads of people, so they need a way to decide who to hire. That's where having two degrees comes in handy!See, a person with just one major is kind of...well...basic. They only trained in one specific area. But you? You trained in two areas! That makes you way more skilled and knowledgeable overall. It's like you're a awesome multi-tool instead of just a basic hammer.Companies love hiring multi-talented people who can bring a variety of skills to the table. Plus, a double major shows you're hard working and disciplined since you put in twice the effort to earn two degrees instead of just one. Employers go bananas for qualities like that!Let me give you an example. Say you major in finance and communications. With those two areas of expertise, you could get a job analyzing data AND communicating insights to clients or colleagues. Someone with just a finance degree couldn't do the communications part as well. Same if they only had acommunications degree - the finance stuff would be tricky. But you could do it all with your badass double major!Or let's say you double majored in computer science and philosophy. With those skills combined, you could design amazing software AND think through complex ethical issues around technology and data privacy. A computer science-only grad might not be as good at considering the ethics side of things. Pretty neat combination, right?The possibilities are endless! No matter what two subjects you combine, it gives you this awesome unique skill set that most other job candidates just don't have. That's why I think double majoring is so incredible - it allows you to build a super diverse toolkit right from the start.Best of all, having two majors doesn't lock you into any one career path. Because you have knowledge in two different areas, you can zig-zag around to lots of different jobs over your lifetime if you want. You'll be qualified for way more opportunities than those one-trick ponies with just a single major.I'm sure some of you are thinking: "But Timmy, isn't having a double major like... really really hard?" And you're right, it definitely is!! You have to take a whole bunch more classes anddo way more work than a regular single major. Your brain might even start leaking out your ears from studying so much.But imagine how accomplished you'll feel when you graduate with not one, but TWO degreesl! You'll be able to walk across that stage with a massive double major pride. Your parents will beam with pride and your grandparents will finally stop asking when you'll get a "real" job. It's worth every single late night in the library, I swear.So in short: double majors are awesome-sauce because 1) You become an expert in two subjects you love 2) It makes you smarter by exercising your brain 3) It gives you a competitive advantage over other candidates 4) You develop uniquecross-disciplinary skills 5) You have way more career flexibility and 6) You gain an incredible sense of accomplishment.When I grow up, I'm definitely going to double major. Probably in professional dog petting and ice cream truck driving. Hey, a kid can dream, right? The point is, don't sell yourself short by just getting one major. Go big or go home! Get that double major, collect two degrees, and cruise into one amazing career opportunity after another. You'll be unstoppable!篇2Two Majors Are Better Than One!Hi there! My name is Timmy and I'm in 5th grade. Today I want to tell you all about why it's awesome to study two different subjects in college instead of just one. You see, my big brother Jason just graduated and he had not one, but TWO majors - Economics and Computer Science. At first, I thought that sounded super hard and like way too much work. But then Jason explained how having two majors made him way more attractive to employers. It's like he got double the skills and knowledge! Let me break it down for you.First off, having expertise in two different fields makes you what adults call "multidisciplinary." That's a big fancy word that basically means you know a lot about different subjects instead of just being an expert in one narrow area. Employers these days really value folks who can see things from multiple perspectives and connect different ideas together in creative ways. With his economics background, Jason understands business, money, and markets. But then his computer science skills let him actually build the tech products and analyze data for companies. It's the perfect one-two punch!My brother says that in today's world, most of the exciting new jobs require people to combine different skill sets. Forexample, there's a huge demand for people who get both the business side and the programming side when it comes to fields like finance, marketing, consulting, you name it. Companies need those "full stack" employees who can see the whole picture. Just being a code monkey who doesn't understand the real-world application isn't going to cut it. Likewise, no company wants some business grad who has zero technical abilities. By double majoring, Jason became invaluable because he could transcend those disconnected silos of knowledge.But it's not just about job skills - having two majors also shows that you're one hard-working, determined individual! Pursuing a single major is already plenty challenging on its own. So anyone who willingly signs up for double the course load while maintaining high grades must be a total stallion when it comes to work ethic, time management, and sheer grit. Those are incredibly attractive qualities to recruiters. My brother had to wake up at 5am every day, go to classes until the evening, pull frequent all-nighters to stay on top of his work...I don't know how he did it! But that's what it took to conquer not one but two rigorous courses of study. No employer wants some slacker; they're impressed by people who prove they can absolutely crush it under intense intellectual demands.Perhaps most importantly, being a double major forces you to become a disciplined polymath - someone whose brain can nimbly juggle multiple ways of thinking, processing information, and approaching problems. For instance, economics requires very analytical, quantitative reasoning about incentives and models. But computer science is all about hands-on coding, abstraction, algorithms, and engineering practices. My brother mastered frameworks as diverse as micro/macroeconomics and software engineering, seeminglyopposite disciplines that engaged different parts of his brain. This ability to synthesize disparate domains and not get pigeonholed into one mode of thought is extraordinarily powerful in our modern, fast-paced world where you're constantly faced with curveballs.Just look at all the amazing job offers Jason got when he graduated! He had big tech companies, consulting firms, banks, you name it - pretty much any employer desiring someone with multifaceted expertise was scrambling to hire him. And of course, he could command a much higher starting salary compared to his single major peers. One friend who "just" majored in economics is slinging spreadsheets at some boring corporation; meanwhile, Jason is working at a huge hedge fund building trading algorithms and software systems that interface with global markets, earning triple what his pal makes. I don't fullyunderstand his job, but it sounds insanely cool and important. All because he spent those extra years grinding away for a second degree!At the same time, having two majors also gives you incredible flexibility in terms of what career paths you can pursue after graduation. If you single-mindedly focus on one subject, you're pretty much locking yourself into a narrow set of jobs in that field alone. But with a double major, so many more possibilities open up. Jason could have just as easily gone into tech, finance, consulting, you name it - he was qualified for a plethora of opportunities given his cross-disciplinary background. Maybe he'll even start his own company someday combining both his economics and coding knowledge in some novel way. The point is, he didn't have to shoehorn himself into any predefined career path - the world was his oyster!Now, I know what you might be thinking: "Jeez Timmy, this double major thing sounds hella hard! How could anyone handle such an intense workload?" That's a completely fair point, my friends. I'm not gonna lie...pursuing two bachelor's degrees simultaneously is no cakewalk whatsoever. You can pretty much kiss your social life goodbye, at least for those four years. And you better be prepared to live off ramen noodles and inhumanamounts of caffeine. It will likely be the most academically demanding undertaking you'll ever experience.But you know what? Looking back now, Jason says those brief years of intense burnout and sleep deprivation were 100% worth it for the amazing professional opportunities he secured after graduating. He saw his friends coasting through college, going to parties every weekend and slacking off. They got mediocre grades, mediocre job prospects, and have kinda just plateaued into mediocrity post-graduation. Meanwhile, Jason's exceptionally rigorous double major allowed him to hit the ground running in a legitimately awesome, future-proof career from day one. No entry level grunt work for him!At the end of the day, today's professional world is moving so fast and becoming so complex that specializing in just one area alone is no longer sufficient. You really need cross-training in multiple disciplines to provide maximal value to employers. By strategically combining two complementary fields of study,you'll gain multidimensional thinking skills and emergeunstumpable in almost any work scenario. Just imagine hopscotching across a chessboard of knowledge while all the single major folks are confined to a small corner!So if you're an ambitious young student with big dreams, I'd highly encourage you to consider doing a double major in college. Yes, it will be extraordinarily difficult and require tremendous sacrifice. But the long-term payoff of becoming an adaptable, multitalented free agent commanding exceptional career options is beyond worth it. Employers will be falling over themselves to hire someone combining mastery of two diverse knowledge domains. From finance to tech to consulting and beyond, doors will swing wide open! And at the end of the day, isn't that what we all want? To future-proof our livelihood and set ourselves up for sustained success? A dual degree is most definitely the high road to getting there. Just ask my big bro - his two hard-earned diplomas gave him unrivaled competitive advantages coming out the gate. Take it from me, kid: double up or be left behind in the dustbin of under-employability! Okay, time to go play some Fortnite. Peace out!篇3Why Having Two Majors is Awesome!Hi there! My name is Jamie and I'm in 5th grade. I just learned about something called "double majors" and I think it's really cool. My older sister is a junior in college and she's studying both business and computer science. At first, I thoughtthat sounded like way too much work. But after she explained it to me, I realized having two majors could actually be really awesome!You see, when you have two majors it means you get to study two different subjects really in-depth instead of just focusing on one. My sister says it's kind of like being a superhero with two super powers instead of just one! With her business degree, she'll learn all about how companies work - things like managing money, selling products, and working with clients. But by also getting her computer science degree, she'll have the super power of understanding coding, data, and all the tech stuff that makes businesses run smoothly these days.My sister says that having skills in both business and tech will give her a huge advantage when she starts looking for jobs after graduation. A lot of companies these days need employees who understand both the business side and the tech side. With just one major, you'd only know part of the picture. But a double major means you have expertise in two different but related fields. It's like being bilingual except instead of two languages, it's two areas of study!My parents were a little worried at first that it would be too much work for my sister to take on two majors. And it's true, shedoes have a lot of classes, projects, and assignments to juggle. But she's really talented at time management and she says the extra work is totally worth it. Plus, colleges have advisors who help plan out your schedule so the course load is manageable.Another awesome thing about double majors is that it gives you more options after college. With just one major, your job choices are more limited to that specific field. But if you have two areas of expertise under your belt, you can go into a much wider range of careers. So if my sister can't find her perfect job right away using both her business and tech knowledge, she can start off using just one degree and look for opportunities that utilize both later on.Some adults seem to think that having a double major will make it take longer to finish college. But that's actually not always true! Lots of the course requirements can overlap and apply to both majors. My sister is taking some computer classes that count as both a tech credit and a math credit for her business classes. Strategic planning like that helps double majors graduate in the normal four-year timeframe.Of course, double majoring isn't the right path for every student. Some people naturally gravitate more towards just one subject area and that's totally fine too. And you have to beprepared to work really hard since you're essentially taking two course loads at once. But for a lot of students, that extra effort and time management is well worth it in the end to have such unique qualifications for the job market.I'm still a few years away from college myself, but learning about double majors has me really excited to start exploring all the possibilities! Who knows, maybe I'll even end up a triple major super hero someday. Coding, business, AND creative writing? Now that would be epic!The way I see it, having one major Knowledge Power is great. But having two? That's a whole other level of awesomeness. You're basically unstoppable with that kind of dual expertise! Today's job market is so competitive and employers are looking for candidates with versatile, diverse skillsets. Double majors have a distinct advantage because they truly become experts in multiple disciplines rather than just specialists in one area.So if you're a middle school student like me who geeks out over different subjects, I'd highly encourage you to at least consider the double major path once you get to college. Don't be scared off by the extra work - lots of students make it happen with the right time management and drive. Just imagine how incredibly prepared and qualified you'll be to take on any careerwith two powerful areas of academic focus! You could be the renaissance person of the modern workforce.Maybe I'm getting a little ahead of myself here since I'm years away from college still. But learning about double majors has definitely inspired me to dream big and start thinking about all the amazing subjects I could potentially combine down the road. If you're as excited about acquiring knowledge as I am, having two majors might just be the superhero origin story you're looking for!。
客户评价英文模板
客户评价英文模板1、The quality of your product is very competitive on the market.你们产品的质量在市场上很有竞争力。
2、The product gives you an edge over your competitors.这种产品使你比你的竞争对手更有优势。
你们的产品可以使你们胜过竞争对手.3、Your air conditioners are the best in the field.你们的空调设备在这领域是的。
4、Your are well-known for supplying goods of high quality.你们以提高质量的产品闻名。
5、Your company is more concerned with quality than with quantity.你们公司对产品质量比对产量更重视。
6、Your goods are superior in quality compared with those of other manufacturers.和其他厂商相比，贵方产品质量上乘。
7、We have received the goods you send us, the 8、quality is excellent.我们已经收到贵处来的货，质量很好。
8、This is a quality product.这是一个高质量的产品。
9、Those overcoats are of good quality and nice colour.这批大衣质量高、成色好。
10、superior quality 优等的质量11、above the average quality 一般水平以上的质量（高于平均质量的一般水平以上的质量）12、below the average quality一般水平以下的质量（低于平均质量的一般水平以下的质量）。
如何成为商业谈判中的优秀谈判者英语作文
如何成为商业谈判中的优秀谈判者英语作文全文共10篇示例，供读者参考篇1How to Become an Excellent Negotiator in Business NegotiationsHey guys, have you ever thought about how to become a super cool negotiator in business talks? Well, today I'm going to share with you some tips on how to do just that!First of all, you need to do your homework! Research about the other party, their needs, and their interests. This will help you understand their perspective and come up with solutions that can benefit both sides.Next, you should be a good listener. Pay attention to what the other person is saying and try to understand their point of view. This will help you build rapport and find common ground to negotiate effectively.Also, it's important to be confident and assertive. Stand your ground and don't be afraid to state your needs and preferences.But remember to be respectful and considerate of the other person's feelings.Moreover, be willing to compromise. Negotiation is all about give and take, so be open to finding solutions that meet both parties' needs. This will show that you are flexible and willing to work towards a win-win outcome.Lastly, practice, practice, practice! The more you negotiate, the better you will become at it. So don't be afraid to jump into negotiations and learn from each experience.In conclusion, becoming an excellent negotiator in business talks takes practice, patience, and a willingness to learn. So go out there, guys, and show off your amazing negotiation skills! Good luck!篇2How to Become an Excellent Negotiator in BusinessHey guys, today I want to talk to you about how to become an excellent negotiator in business! Negotiation is super important in business because it helps us make deals and agreements with others. So, let's learn some tips on how to become a great negotiator!First of all, it's important to do your homework before the negotiation. This means researching the other party, their needs, and what they want from the deal. The more you know about them, the better you can prepare for the negotiation.Next, it's important to be a good listener during the negotiation. You need to pay attention to what the other party is saying and try to understand their perspective. This will help you find common ground and come to a mutually beneficial agreement.Also, don't be afraid to ask questions during the negotiation. This shows that you are engaged and interested in finding a solution that works for both parties. And remember, it's okay to take breaks during the negotiation to gather your thoughts and come back with a clear mind.Finally, always be respectful and professional during the negotiation. Treat the other party with kindness and show that you are willing to work together to find a solution. By being respectful, you can build trust and create a positive relationship with the other party.So, if you follow these tips, you can become an excellent negotiator in business and make successful deals that benefit both parties. Good luck, guys!篇3How to Become an Excellent Negotiator in BusinessHey guys! Have you ever heard of business negotiations? It's when people talk to each other to try and make a deal or come to an agreement. Being a good negotiator in business is super important because it can help you get the best deal for yourself or your company. So, here are some tips on how to become an excellent negotiator in business:1. Be prepared: Before going into a negotiation, make sure you do your homework. Know what you want to achieve, understand the other person's needs and interests, and have a clear idea of what you are willing to compromise on.2. Listen carefully: Pay attention to what the other person is saying and try to understand their perspective. This will help you find common ground and come up with solutions that benefit both parties.3. Be confident: Believe in yourself and your abilities. Confidence can help you assert your ideas and stand your ground during negotiations.4. Be flexible: Understand that negotiations are agive-and-take process. Be willing to be flexible and open to different ideas and solutions.5. Stay calm: Negotiations can sometimes get heated, but it's important to stay calm and composed. Take a deep breath, focus on the issue at hand, and avoid getting emotional.6. Build relationships: Good relationships are key to successful negotiations. Building trust and rapport with the other party can make it easier to find common ground and reach a mutually beneficial agreement.Remember, practice makes perfect! The more you negotiate, the better you'll get at it. So, don't be afraid to put yourself out there and hone your negotiation skills. Who knows, you might just become a top-notch negotiator in no time!篇4How to Become an Excellent Negotiator in BusinessHey guys, do you want to be a super cool negotiator in business? Well, I'm here to tell you some tips on how to become an awesome negotiator and win every deal!First of all, you need to be prepared. That means doing your homework before the negotiation. You need to research the other party's needs, interests, and bottom line. This will help you understand their perspective and come up with a win-win solution.Next, you need to be a good listener. Listen to what the other party is saying and try to understand their concerns. This will help you build rapport and trust with them, which is super important in negotiations.Also, be confident and assertive. Don't be afraid to ask for what you want and be clear about your goals. But remember to be flexible and open to compromise, because sometimes you need to give a little to get a little.Lastly, be patient and stay calm. Negotiations can be stressful and intense, but don't let your emotions get the best of you. Take deep breaths, stay focused, and stay positive. Remember, it's not about winning or losing, it's about finding a solution that works for both parties.So there you have it, guys! Follow these tips and you'll be on your way to becoming an excellent negotiator in business. Good luck and happy negotiating!篇5How to Become an Excellent Negotiator in BusinessHey guys! Today let's talk about how to become an excellent negotiator in business. Negotiation is really important in business because it helps us reach agreements and make deals. So, if you want to be a great negotiator, here are some tips for you!First, you need to be a good listener. It's super important to listen to what the other person is saying so you can understand their needs and concerns. This will help you come up with solutions that work for both of you.Second, you need to be prepared. Before you go into a negotiation, make sure you do your homework. Research the other party, know what you want to achieve, and come up with a plan. This will help you feel more confident and in control during the negotiation.Third, you need to be patient. Negotiations can take time, so don't rush things. Be willing to listen, ask questions, and think things through before making decisions. This will help you avoid making mistakes and reach a better outcome.Finally, remember to be respectful and professional. Treat the other party with courtesy and respect, even if you don't agree with them. This will help build trust and make it easier to find common ground.So, if you want to become an excellent negotiator in business, remember to listen, prepare, be patient, and be respectful. Good luck!篇6How to Become an Excellent Negotiator in BusinessHey guys, do you want to become an awesome negotiator in business? Well, I've got some tips to help you out! Negotiating is all about communication and finding a win-win solution for both parties. Here are some tips to help you become a great negotiator:1. Do Your Homework: Before you go into a negotiation, make sure you do your research. Know the other party's needs, wants, and bottom line. This will help you come up with better negotiating strategies.2. Practice Active Listening: When negotiating, make sure to listen carefully to the other party's needs and concerns. This willhelp you understand their point of view and come up with solutions that benefit both sides.3. Know Your Worth: Don't be afraid to stand your ground and know your worth. Be confident in your abilities and the value you bring to the table.4. Stay Calm and Collected: Negotiations can get intense, but it's important to stay calm and collected. Don't let your emotions get the best of you. Stay focused on finding a solution that works for both parties.5. Be Flexible: Sometimes, you may need to compromise to reach a deal. Be open to new ideas and be willing to adjust your position if needed.6. Build Relationships: Building strong relationships with the other party can help make negotiations easier. Be respectful, trustworthy, and honest in your interactions.7. Practice, Practice, Practice: Like anything, negotiating takes practice. The more you negotiate, the better you will become at it. So don't be afraid to practice negotiating in different situations.So there you have it, guys! Follow these tips and you'll be on your way to becoming an excellent negotiator in business.Remember, it's all about communication, understanding the other party's needs, and finding a win-win solution. Good luck!篇7How to Become an Excellent Negotiator in BusinessHey guys, today I want to talk about how to become a super-duper good negotiator in business! Negotiation is like a game where you have to be really smart and strategic to win. So, let's learn some tips on how to be an awesome negotiator:First, you need to do your homework before the negotiation. That means you have to research and gather as much information as possible about the other party and the deal. The more you know, the better you can plan your strategy.Next, you have to be a really good listener. Listen carefully to what the other party is saying and try to understand their needs and concerns. This will help you to come up with solutions that can meet both of your interests.Also, don't be afraid to ask questions. Asking questions can help you clarify any doubts and gather more information that can be useful during the negotiation.Another important tip is to stay calm and composed during the negotiation. Don't let your emotions take over and always keep a positive attitude. This will help you to think clearly and make better decisions.And lastly, always be prepared to walk away if the deal is not in your favor. Sometimes, it's better to walk away than to agree to something that is not good for you or your business.So, remember these tips and practice them the next time you have to negotiate a deal. Who knows, you might become a negotiation pro in no time!篇8Hi everyone, today I want to talk about how to become an excellent negotiator in business negotiations. So, let's get started!First of all, it's important to prepare well before the negotiation. This means doing your research and gathering all the information you need about the other party, their needs, and their goals. This will help you to come up with a strategy and plan for the negotiation.Secondly, it's important to be a good listener during the negotiation. This means paying attention to what the other party is saying and trying to understand their perspective. By listening carefully, you can show that you respect their opinion and build trust with them.Next, it's important to stay calm and composed during the negotiation. Even if things get heated or tense, it's important to remain professional and keep your emotions in check. This will help you to make better decisions and come to a successful outcome.Another key factor in becoming a great negotiator is to be flexible and open-minded. This means being willing to compromise and find common ground with the other party. By being open to new ideas and solutions, you can reach a mutually beneficial agreement.Lastly, it's important to follow up after the negotiation. This means keeping in touch with the other party and ensuring that both sides are satisfied with the outcome. By following up, you can build a good relationship with the other party and lay the groundwork for future collaborations.In conclusion, by preparing well, listening, staying calm, being flexible, and following up, you can become an excellentnegotiator in business negotiations. Remember, practice makes perfect, so keep honing your negotiation skills and you'll be a master negotiator in no time!篇9How to Become an Excellent Negotiator in BusinessHey guys, do you want to become a great negotiator in business? Well, I'm here to give you some tips on how to do just that! Negotiating in business is super important because it helps you get the best deal for yourself and your company. So let's dive in and learn how to be an awesome negotiator!First off, one key to being a successful negotiator is to be well-prepared. This means doing your homework before the negotiation starts. You need to know what you want to achieve, what the other party wants, and what your alternatives are. The more prepared you are, the more confident you will be during the negotiation.Secondly, it's important to listen carefully during the negotiation. You need to understand the other party's perspective and be empathetic towards their needs and concerns. By listening actively, you can find common ground and come up with solutions that benefit both sides.Another important tip is to be assertive but also respectful. You need to stand your ground and advocate for your interests, but you should also be polite and professional. Remember, negotiations are about finding a win-win solution, not about crushing the other party.Lastly, don't be afraid to walk away if the deal is not in your best interest. You should always be willing to walk away from a bad deal and explore other options. This shows that you are confident and have other alternatives, which can give you an advantage during the negotiation.So there you have it, guys! By being prepared, listening actively, being assertive but respectful, and knowing when to walk away, you can become an excellent negotiator in business. Good luck negotiating your way to success!篇10Hey guys, do you want to become an excellent negotiator in business? It's super cool and important to know how to negotiate well. Here are some tips for you to become atop-notch negotiator!First of all, you need to be prepared before going into a negotiation. This means doing your homework and researchingthe other party's background, interests, and priorities. The more you know about them, the better you can make a deal that works for both sides. It's like playing a game – the more you know about your opponent, the better chance you have to win!Secondly, be a good listener during the negotiation. Pay attention to what the other party is saying and try to understand their perspective. Don't just focus on what you want – it's important to find a compromise that benefits both parties. Remember, it's not about winning or losing, it's about finding a solution that works for everyone.Next, be confident and assertive in your negotiations. Believe in yourself and your abilities, and don't be afraid to stand your ground. But also be willing to be flexible and open to new ideas. Sometimes, the best deals come from thinking outside the box and being creative.Lastly, always keep a positive attitude during negotiations. Stay calm and composed, even if things get tough. Remember, it's okay to disagree, but always be respectful and professional. A positive attitude can go a long way in making a successful deal.So, guys, if you follow these tips and practice your negotiation skills, you'll be well on your way to becoming an excellent negotiator in business. Remember, practice makesperfect, so keep honing your skills and you'll be a negotiation pro in no time! Good luck!。
英语优势英文作文
英语优势英文作文Having a good command of English can open up a world of opportunities. It allows you to communicate with peoplefrom different countries and cultures, and gives you access to a wealth of knowledge and information available in English.English is the global language of business and commerce. Being able to speak and write in English gives you a competitive edge in the job market, as many multinational companies require employees to have a good level of English proficiency.In addition, English is the language of the internet. Most of the content available online is in English, sobeing fluent in English gives you the ability to access a wide range of resources, from educational materials to entertainment.Furthermore, English is the language of travel. Whenyou can speak English, you can navigate your way through airports, hotels, and restaurants with ease, and communicate with people from all over the world.Moreover, English is the language of science and technology. Many scientific journals and research papers are written in English, so having a strong grasp of the language is essential for anyone working in these fields.Finally, English is the language of popular culture. Being able to understand English allows you to enjoy a wide range of music, movies, and literature from English-speaking countries, and to connect with people who share the same interests.。
查阅抬头看英文短语-概述说明以及解释
查阅抬头看英文短语1.在日复一日的生活中，我们不光是应付琐碎的事务，更要有担当和责任。
2.Life is a journey, not a destination. Make the best of each moment.3.正因为无法预料，生活才更显得有意义。
4.Love yourself and be proud of everything you do, even your mistakes.5.人生并非只在欢笑，而是在拥有意义的生活中。
6.每个人都有自己的长处，在自己的领域里都是无可替代的。
7.Cherish every moment and every person in your life, because you never know when it will be the last time you see someone.8.不要轻易去猜测别人的感受，因为你无法真正体会他们的感受。
9.Don't let the behavior of others destroy your inner peace.10.真正的朋友并不会因为距离而变得陌生。
11.Every accomplishment starts with the decision to try.12.不要为错误的事浪费你的力量。
13.The only way to do great work is to love what you do. If you haven’t found it yet, keep looking. Don’t settle.14.善待他人，也要善待自己。
15.A person who never made a mistake never tried anything new.16.即便我们的言语不同，但我们的感受却是相通的。
17.Let your smile change the world, but don't let the world change your smile.18.学会感恩，永葆感恩之心。
How information Gives you comp
DON O T C O P YHow Information Gives Y ou Competitive Advantageby Michael E. Porter and Victor E. MillarReprint 85415Harvard BusinessReviewDONOTC OP YHBRJULY–AUGUST 1985How Information Gives You Competitive AdvantageMichael E.Porter and Victor larThe information revolution is sweeping through our economy.No company can es-cape its effects.Dramatic reductions in thecost of obtaining,processing,and transmitting infor-mation are changing the way we do business.Most general managers know that the revolution is under way,and few dispute its importance.As more and more of their time and investment capi-tal is absorbed in information technology and its effects,executives have a growing awareness that the technology can no longer be the exclusive terri-tory of EDP or IS departments.As they see their rivals use information for competitive advantage,these ex-ecutives recognize the need to become directly in-volved in the management of the new technology.In the face of rapid change,however,they don’t know how.This article aims to help general managers respond to the challenges of the information revolution.How will advances in information technology affect com-petition and the sources of competitive advantage?What strategies should a company pursue to exploit the technology?What are the implications of actions that competitors may already have taken?Of the many opportunities for investment in information technology, which are the most urgent?To answer these questions,managers must first understand that information technology is more than just computers.Today,information technology mustbe conceived of broadly to encompass the informa-tion that businesses create and use as well as a wide spectrum of increasingly convergent and linked tech-nologies that process the information.In addition to computers,then,data recognition equipment,com-munications technologies,factory automation,and other hardware and services are involved.The information revolution is affecting competi-tion in three vital ways:It changes industry structure and,in so doing,alters the rules of competition.Mr.Porter is professor of business administration at the Harvard Business School.He is the author of the new best-seller Competitive Advantage (Free Press,1985)and Competitive Strategy (Free Press,1980),and he recently served on the Presidential Commission on Industrial Competitiveness.lar is the managing partner for practice of Arthur Andersen &Co.and is responsible for the professional practices of the firm worldwide.He has worked exten-sively with executives to increase their understanding of information in the management function.Authors’note:We wish to thank Monitor Company and Arthur Andersen for their assistance in preparing this arti-cle.F.Warren McFarlan also provided valuable comments.Editor’s note:All references appear at the end of the article.DONOTC OP YIt creates competitive advantage by giving com-panies new ways to outperform their rivals.It spawns whole new businesses,often from within a company’s existing operations.We discuss the reasons why information technol-ogy has acquired strategic significance and how it is affecting all businesses.We then describe how the new technology changes the nature of competition and how astute companies have exploited this.Fi-nally,we outline a procedure managers can use to assess the role of information technology in their business and to help define investment priorities to turn the technology to their competitive advantage.STRATEGIC SIGNIFICANCEInformation technology is changing the way compa-nies operate. It is affecting the entire process by which companies create their products.Furthermore,it is reshaping the product itself:the entire package of physical goods,services,and information compa-nies provide to create value for their buyers.An important concept that highlights the role of information technology in competition is the “value chain.”1This concept divides a company’s activities into the technologically and economically distinct activities it performs to do business.We call these “value activities.”The value a company creates is measured by the amount that buyers are willing to pay for a product or service.A business is profitable if the value it creates exceeds the cost of performing the value activities.To gain competitive advantage over its rivals, a company must either perform these activities at a lower cost or perform them in a way that leads to differentiation and a premium price (more value).2A company’s value activities fall into nine generic categories (see Exhibit I ).Primary activities are those involved in the physical creation of the product,its marketing and delivery to buyers,and its support and servicing after sale.Support activities provide the inputs and infrastructure that allow the primary ac-tivities to take place.Every activity employs pur-chased inputs,human resources,and a combination of technologies.Firm infrastructure,including such functions as general management,legal work,and accounting,supports the entire chain.Within each of these generic categories,a company will perform a number of discrete activities,depending on the par-ticular business.Service,for example,frequently in-cludes activities such as installation,repair,adjust-ment,upgrading, and parts inventory management.A company’s value chain is a system of interde-pendent activities,which are connected by linkages.Linkages exist when the way in which one activity is performed affects the cost or effectiveness of other activities.Linkages often create trade-offs in perform-ing different activities that should be optimized.This optimization may require trade-offs.For example,a more costly product design and more expensive raw materials can reduce after-sale service costs.A com-pany must resolve such trade-offs,in accordance with its strategy,to achieve competitive advantage.Linkages also require activities to be coordinated.On-time delivery requires that operations,outbound logistics,and service activities (installation,for ex-ample)should function smoothly together.Good co-ordination allows on-time delivery without the need for costly inventory.Careful management of linkages is often a powerful source of competitive advantage because of the difficulty rivals have in perceiving them and in resolving trade-offs across organizational lines.The value chain for a company in a particular industry is embedded in a larger stream of activities that we term the “value system”(see Exhibit II ).The value system includes the value chains of suppliers,who provide inputs (such as raw materials,compo-nents,and purchased services)to the company’s value chain.The company’s product often passes through its channels’ value chains on its way to the ultimate buyer.Finally,the product becomes a purchased in-put to the value chains of its buyers,who use it to perform one or more buyer activities.Linkages not only connect value activities inside a company but also create interdependencies between its value chain and those of its suppliers and chan-nels.A company can create competitive advantage by optimizing or coordinating these links to the outside.For example,a candy manufacturer may save process-ing steps by persuading its suppliers to deliver choco-late in liquid form rather than in molded bars.Just-in-time deliveries by the supplier may have the same effect.But the opportunities for savings through co-ordinating with suppliers and channels go far beyond logistics and order processing.The company,suppli-ers,and channels can all benefit through better rec-ognition and exploitation of such linkages.Competitive advantage in either cost or differentia-tion is a function of a company’s value chain.A com-pany’s cost position reflects the collective cost of per-forming all its value activities relative to rivals.Each value activity has cost drivers that determine the po-tential sources of a cost advantage.Similarly,a com-pany’s ability to differentiate itself reflects the contri-bution of each value activity toward fulfillment of buyer needs.Many of a company’s activities—not just its physical product or service—contribute to differ-entiation.Buyer needs,in turn,depend not only on the impact of the company’s product on the buyer but alsoDONTC OP Yon the company’s other activities (for example,logis-tics or after-sale services).In the search for competitive advantage,companies often differ in competitive scope—or the breadth of their petitive scope has four key di-mensions:segment scope,vertical scope (degree of vertical integration),geographic scope,and industry scope (or the range of related industries in which the company competes).Competitive scope is a powerful tool for creating competitive advantage.Broad scope can allow the company to exploit interrelationships between the value chains serving different industry segments,geographic areas,or related industries.For example,two business units may share one sales force to sell their products,or the units may coordinate the pro-curement of common peting na-tionally or globally with a coordinated strategy can yield a competitive advantage over local or domestic rivals.By employing a broad vertical scope,a com-pany can exploit the potential benefits of performing more activities internally rather than use outside suppliers.By selecting a narrow scope,on the other hand,a company may be able to tailor the value chain to a particular target segment to achieve lower cost or differentiation.The competitive advantage of a nar-row scope comes from customizing the value chain to best serve particular product varieties,buyers,or geographic regions.If the target segment has unusual needs,broad-scope competitors will not serve it well.Transforming the value chainInformation technology is permeating the value chain at every point,transforming the way value activities are performed and the nature of the linkages among them.It also is affecting competitive scope and reshaping the way products meet buyer needs.These basic effects explain why information technol-ogy has acquired strategic significance and is different from the many other technologies businesses use.Every value activity has both a physical and an information-processing component.The physical component includes all the physical tasks required to perform the activity.The information-processing component encompasses the steps required to cap-ture,manipulate,and channel the data necessary to perform the activity.EXHIBIT IThe value chainFirminfrastructure Human resource management T echnology development ProcurementInbound logistics Outbound logisticsSupport activitiesOperationsMarginMarketing and salesServicePrimary activitiesSupplier value chains Firm value chain Channel value chains Buyer value chainsUpstream valueFirm valueDownstream valueEXHIBIT IIThe value systemDONOTC OP YEvery value activity creates and uses information of some kind.A logistics activity,for example,uses information like scheduling promises,transportation rates,and production plans to ensure timely and cost-effective delivery.A service activity uses infor-mation about service requests to schedule calls and order parts,and generates information on product failures that a company can use to revise product designs and manufacturing methods.An activity’s physical and information-processing components may be simple or quite complex.Differ-ent activities require a different mix of the two com-ponents.For instance,metal stamping uses more physical processing than information processing;processing of insurance claims requires just the op-posite balance.For most of industrial history,technological progress principally affected the physical component of what businesses do.During the Industrial Revolution,companies achieved competitive advantage by sub-stituting machines for human rmation proc-essing at that time was mostly the result of human effort.Now the pace of technological change is rmation technology is advancing faster than tech-nologies for physical processing.The costs of infor-mation storage,manipulation,and transmittal are falling rapidly and the boundaries of what is feasible in information processing are at the same time ex-panding.During the Industrial Revolution,the rail-road cut the travel time from Boston,Massachusetts,to Concord,New Hampshire,from five days to four hours,a factor of 30.3But the advances in information technology are even greater.The cost of computer power relative to the cost of manual information processing is at least 8,000times less expensive than the cost 30years ago.Between 1958and 1980the time for one electronic operation fell by a factor of 80million.Department of Defense studies show that the error rate in recording data through bar coding is 1in 3,000,000,compared to 1error in 300manual data entries.4This technological transformation is expanding the limits of what companies can do faster than managers can explore the opportunities.The information revo-lution affects all nine categories of value activity,from allowing computer-aided design in technology development to incorporating automation in ware-houses (see Exhibit III ).The new technology substi-tutes machines for human effort in information proc-essing.Paper ledgers and rules of thumb have given way to computers.Initially,companies used information technology mainly for accounting and record-keeping functions.In these applications,the computers automated re-petitive clerical functions such as order processing.Today information technology is spreading through-out the value chain and is performing optimization and control functions as well as more judgmental executive functions.General Electric,for instance,uses a data base that includes the accumulated expe-rience and (often intuitive)knowledge of its appliance service engineers to provide support to customers by phone.Information technology is generating more data as a company performs its activities and is permitting it to collect or capture information that was not avail-able before.Such technology also makes room for a more comprehensive analysis and use of the ex-panded data.The number of variables that a company can analyze or control has grown dramatically.Hunt-Wesson,for example,developed a computer model to aid it in studying distribution-center expansion and relocation issues.The model enabled the company to evaluate many more different variables,scenarios,and alternative strategies than had been possible be-fore.Similarly,information technology helped Sulzer Brothers’engineers improve the design of diesel en-gines in ways that manual calculations could rmation technology is also transforming the physical processing component of -puter-controlled machine tools are faster,more accu-rate,and more flexible in manufacturing than the older,manually operated machines.Schlumberger has developed an electronic device permitting engi-neers to measure the angle of a drill bit,the tempera-ture of a rock,and other variables while drilling oil wells.The result:drilling time is reduced and some well-logging steps are eliminated.On the West Coast,some fishermen now use weather satellite data on ocean temperatures to identify promising fishing grounds.This practice greatly reduces the fisher-men’s steaming time and fuel costs.Information technology not only affects how indi-vidual activities are performed but,through new in-formation flows,it is also greatly enhancing a com-pany’s ability to exploit linkages between activities,both within and outside the company.The technol-ogy is creating new linkages between activities,and companies can now coordinate their actions more closely with those of their buyers and suppliers.For example,McKesson,the nation’s largest drug dis-tributor,provides its drugstore customers with termi-nals.The company makes it so easy for clients to order, receive,and prepare invoices that the custom-ers,in return,are willing to place larger orders.At the same time,McKesson has streamlined its order processing.Finally,the new technology has a powerful effect on competitive scope. Information systems allow companies to coordinate value activities in far-flung geographic locations.(For example,Boeing engineersDONOT YEXHIBIT IIIInformation Technology permeates the value chainPlanning models ProcurementOperationsServiceMarginSupport activitiesFirminfrastructure Human resource management Automatedpersonnel scheduling Electronicmarket researchComputer-aided designOn-lineprocurement of parts T echnology developmentFlexiblemanufacturingAutomated warehouseAutomated orderprocessingT elemarketing Remote terminals for salespersonsRemote servicing of equipment Computerscheduling and routing of repair trucksMarketing and salesOutbound logistics Inbound logistics Primary activitiesEXHIBIT IVInformation intensity matrixLow High LowHighInformation content of the product Infor-mation intensity ofthe value chainEXHIBIT VDeterminants of industry attractivenessDONOTC OP Ywork on designs on-line with foreign suppliers.)In-formation technology is also creating many new in-terrelationships among businesses,expanding the scope of industries in which a company must com-pete to achieve competitive advantage.So pervasive is the impact of information technol-ogy that it confronts executives with a tough problem:too much information.This problem creates new uses of information technology to store and analyze the flood of information available to executives.Transforming the productMost products have always had both a physical and an information component.The latter,broadly de-fined,is everything that the buyer needs to know to obtain the product and use it to achieve the desired result.That is,a product includes information about its characteristics and how it should be used and supported.For example,convenient,accessible infor-mation on maintenance and service procedures is an important buyer criterion in consumer appliances.Historically,a product’s physical component has been more important than its information compo-nent.The new technology,however,makes it feasible to supply far more information along with the physi-cal product.For example,General Electric’s appliance service data base supports a consumer hotline that helps differentiate GE’s service support from its ri-vals’.Similarly,some railroad and trucking compa-nies offer up-to-the-minute information on the whereabouts of shippers’freight,which improves coordination between shippers and the railroad.The new technology is also making it increasingly possi-ble to offer products with no physical component at pustat’s customers have access to corporate financial data filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission,and many companies have sprung up to perform energy use analyses of buildings.Many products also process information in their normal functioning.A dishwasher,for example,re-quires a control system that directs the various com-ponents of the unit through the washing cycle and displays the process to the user.The new information technology is enhancing product performance and is making it easier to boost a product’s information content.Electronic control of the automobile,for example,is becoming more visible in dashboard dis-plays,talking dashboards,diagnostic messages,and the like.There is an unmistakable trend toward expanding the information content in products.This compo-nent,combined with changes in companies’value chains,underscores the increasingly strategic role of information technology.There are no longer mature industries;rather,there are mature ways of doing business.Direction & pace of changeAlthough a trend toward information intensity in companies and products is evident,the role and im-portance of the technology differs in each industry.Banking and insurance,for example,have always been information intensive. Such industries were naturally among the first and most enthusiastic users of data processing.On the other hand,physical pro-cessing will continue to dominate in industries that produce,say,cement,despite increased information processing in such businesses.Exhibit IV,which relates information intensity in the value chain to information content in the prod-uct,illuminates the differences in the role and inten-sity of information among various industries.The banking and newspaper industries have a high infor-mation-technology content in both product and pro-cess.The oil-refining industry has a high use of infor-mation in the refining process but a relatively low information content in the product dimension.Because of the falling cost and growing capacity of the new technology,many industries seem to be moving toward a higher information content in both product and process.It should be emphasized that technology will continue to improve rapidly.The cost of hardware will continue to drop,and managers will continue to distribute the technology among even the lower levels of the company.The cost of developing software,now a key constraint,will fall as more packages become available that are easily tailored to customers’circumstances.The applica-tions of information technology that companies are using today are only a beginning.Information technology is not only transforming products and processes but also the nature of compe-tition itself.Despite the growing use of information technology,industries will always differ in their po-sition in Exhibit IV and their pace of change.CHANGING THE NATURE OF COMPETITIONAfter surveying a wide range of industries,we find that information technology is changing the rules of competition in three ways.First,advances in infor-mation technology are changing the industry struc-ture.Second,information technology is an increas-ingly important lever that companies can use to create competitive advantage.A company’s search for competitive advantage through information technol-ogy often also spreads to affect industry structure as competitors imitate the leader’s strategic innova-tions.Finally,the information revolution is spawning completely new businesses.These three effects areDONOTC OP Ycritical for understanding the impact of information technology on a particular industry and for formulat-ing effective strategic responses.Changing industry structureThe structure of an industry is embodied in five competitive forces that collectively determine indus-try profitability:the power of buyers,the power of suppliers,the threat of new entrants,the threat of substitute products,and the rivalry among existing competitors (see ExhibitV ).The collective strength of the five forces varies from industry to industry,as does average profitability.The strength of each of the five forces can also change,either improving or erod-ing the attractiveness of an industry.5Information technology can alter each of the five competitive forces and,hence,industry attractive-ness as well.The technology is unfreezing the struc-ture of many industries,creating the need and oppor-tunity for change.For example:ⅪInformation technology increases the power of buyers in industries assembling purchased compo-nents.Automated bills for materials and vendor quo-tation files make it easier for buyers to evaluate sources of materials and make-or-buy decisions.ⅪInformation technologies requiring large invest-ments in complex software have raised the barriers to entry.For example,banks competing in cash man-agement services for corporate clients now need ad-vanced software to give customers on-line account information.These banks may also need to invest in improved computer hardware and other facilities.ⅪFlexible computer-aided design and manufactur-ing systems have influenced the threat of substitu-tion in many industries by making it quicker,easier,and cheaper to incorporate enhanced features into products.ⅪThe automation of order processing and cus-tomer billing has increased rivalry in many distribu-tion industries.The new technology raises fixed costs at the same time as it displaces people.As a result,distributors must often fight harder for incremental volume.Industries such as airlines,financial services,dis-tribution,and information suppliers (see the upper right-hand corner of Exhibit IV )have felt these effects so far.6(See the insert, “Information Technology and Industry Structure,”for more examples.)Information technology has had a particularly strong impact on bargaining relationships between suppliers and buyers since it affects the linkages between companies and their suppliers,channels,and rmation systems that cross company lines are becoming common.In some cases,the boundaries of industries themselves have changed.7Systems that connect buyers and suppliers are spreading.Xerox gives manufacturing data to suppli-ers electronically to help them deliver materials.To speed up order entry,Westinghouse Electric Supply Company and American Hospital Supply have fur-nished their customers with terminals.Among other things,many systems raise the costs of switching to a new partner because of the disruption and retraining required. These systems tend to tie companies more closely to their buyers and suppliers.Information technology is altering the relationship among scale,automation,and flexibility with poten-tially profound rge-scale production is no longer essential to achieve automation.As a result,entry barriers in a number of industries are falling.At the same time,automation no longer necessar-ily leads to inflexibility.For example,General Elec-tric rebuilt its Erie locomotive facility as a large-scale yet flexible factory using computers to store all de-sign and manufacturing data.Ten types of motorInformation technology and industry structureBuyer powerVideotex home shopping services,such as Comp-U-Card, increases buyers’ information.Buyers use their personal computers to browse through electronic catalogs and compare prices and product specifications.Customers can make purchases at any hour at prices typically 25%to 30%below suggested retail p-U-Card is growing quickly: revenues have quintupled in two years to $9.5million and membership is now 15,000.According to some projections,by the mid-1990s, 75%of U.S. households will have access to such services.Buyer powerShelternet,an electronic information exchange offered by First Boston Corporation, allows real estate brokers to determine quickly and easily what mortgage packages are available and whether the buyer will qualify for financing.This improves the position of both brokers and homebuyers in shopping for mortgages. The parties can make preliminary commitments within 30minutes.SubstitutionElectronic data bases, such as NEXIS, are substituting for library research and consulting firms.NEXIS subscribers can quickly search the full text of any article in 225periodicals. Users drastically reduce the time spent in literature searches.In addition,the buyer avoids the cost of the journal subscriptions and pays only for the information required.DONOTC OP Yframes can be accommodated without manual adjust-ments to the machines.After installation of a “smart”manufacturing system,BMW can build cus-tomized cars (each with its own tailored gearbox,transmission system,interior, and other features)on the normal assembly line.Automation and flexibility are achieved simultaneously,a pairing that changes the pattern of rivalry among competitors.The increasing flexibility in performing many value activities combined with the falling costs of designing products has triggered an avalanche of op-portunities to customize and to serve small market puter-aided design capability not only reduces the cost of designing new products but also dramatically reduces the cost of modifying or adding features to existing products.The cost of tailoring products to market segments is falling,again affect-ing the pattern of industry rivalry.While managers can use information technology to improve their industry structure,the technology also has the potential to destroy that structure.For exam-ple,information systems now permit the airline in-dustry to alter fares frequently and to charge many different fares between any two points.At the same time,however,the technology makes the flight and fare schedules more readily available and allows travel agents and individuals to shop around quickly for the lowest fare.The result is a lower fare structure than might otherwise rmation technology has made a number of professional service industries less attractive by reducing personal interaction and making service more of a commodity.Managers must look carefully at the structural implications of the new technology to realize its advantages or to be prepared for its consequences.Creating competitive advantageIn any company,information technology has a pow-erful effect on competitive advantage in either cost or differentiation.The technology affects value ac-tivities themselves or allows companies to gain com-petitive advantage by exploiting changes in competi-tive scope.Lowering cost.As we have seen,information tech-nology can alter a company’s costs in any part of the value chain.8The technology’s historical impact on cost was confined to activities in which repetitive information processing played a large part.These limits no longer exist,however.Even activities like assembly that mainly involve physical processing now have a large information-processing component.Canon,for example,built a low-cost copier assem-bly process around an automated parts-selection and materials-handling system.Assembly workers have bins containing all the parts needed for the particularcopier.Canon’s success with this system derives from the software that controls parts inventory and selection.In insurance brokerage,a number of insur-ance companies usually participate in underwriting a contract.The costs of documenting each company’s participation are high.Now a computer model can optimize (and often reduce)the number of insurers per contract,lowering the broker’s total cost.In gar-ment production,equipment such as automated pat-tern drawers,fabric cutters,and systems for deliver-ing cloth to the final sewing station have reduced the labor time for manufacturing by up to 50%.(See the insert,“Aim:A Competitive Edge,”for further exam-ples.)In addition to playing a direct role in cost,informa-tion technology often alters the cost drivers of activi-ties in ways that can improve (or erode)a company’s relative cost position.For example,Louisiana Oil &Tire has taken all ten of its salespeople off the road and made them into telemarketers.As a result,sales expenses have fallen by 10%and sales volume has doubled.However,the move has made the national scale of operations the key determinant of the cost of selling,rather than regional scale.Enhancing differentiation.The impact of informa-tion technology on differentiation strategies is equally dramatic.As noted earlier,the role of a company and its product in the buyer’s value chain is the key determinant of differentiation.The new information technology makes it possible to customize ing automation,for instance,Sulzer Brothers has increased from five to eight the number of cylinderAim: a competitive edgeLowering costCasinos spend up to 20%of revenues on complimentary services for high rollers. One assignment for pit bosses has always been to keep an eye out for the big spenders.Now,however, many casinos have developed computer systems to analyze data on customers.Caesar’s Palace lowered its complimentary budget more than 20%by developing a player-rating system for more accurate identification of big spenders.EnhancingdifferentiationAmerican Express has developeddifferentiated travel services for corporate customers through the use of information technology. The services include arranging travel and close monitoring of individual expenses. Computers search for the lowest airplane fares, track travel expenses for each cardholder, and issue monthly statements.。
从传统商务模式到电子商务模式存在的问题及对策研究的开题报告
从传统商务模式到电子商务模式存在的问题及对策研究的开题报告题目：从传统商务模式到电子商务模式存在的问题及对策研究一、研究背景和意义随着互联网技术的不断发展，现代商务模式已从传统的实体经济逐渐转向电子商务模式。
电子商务模式的发展给商业交易带来了更加便捷、高效的交易方式，使得商业活动发生了翻天覆地的变化。
传统的商业交易模式是基于实体之间的直接交易，难以突破时间和空间的限制，而电子商务则可以在网络平台上进行跨地区、跨国界的交易活动。
电子商务可以推广市场、降低成本，提高交易效率，增加利润等优点。
但同时，也带来了一些问题和挑战。
本研究将主要探讨从传统商务模式到电子商务模式存在的问题及对策。
二、研究内容和方法本研究将从以下几个方面展开：1.电子商务与传统商务的基本概念及区别。
2.电子商务存在的问题：安全问题、服务质量问题、网络不稳定问题、维权问题等。
3.从传统商务模式到电子商务模式的转型过程中现实面临的问题：人力资源的改造、社会的传统文化障碍、信息技术能力、品牌营销等。
4.对策的研究：安全保障措施、服务质量提升、网络稳定性保障、维权机制建设等。
本研究采用文献研究法、实证研究法以及面谈法等研究方法。
文献研究法将用于电子商务发展过程的文献总结和问题的归纳总结。
实证研究法将采用问卷调查等方法收集数据并进行分析。
面谈法将通过采访电子商务相关从业人员和专家，了解现实问题。
三、预期成果本研究预期的成果如下：1.深入了解电子商务和传统商务的基本特征和区别。
2.从多个角度分析和总结电子商务的存在问题和机遇。
3.基于现实情况，提出电子商务面临的实际问题并提出可行的对策。
4.对企业和政府提供可信、现实和可操作性的建议和意见，使其更好地进行电子商务等在线业务。
四、研究进度安排第一阶段（2021.7-2021.8）确定研究题目，撰写研究计划第二阶段（2021.9-2021.11）文献资料搜集及文献阅读分析第三阶段（2021.12-2022.3）实证研究工作，包括设计调查问卷、收集数据、数据分析第四阶段（2022.4-2022.6）根据实证研究结果整理出问题和对策第五阶段（2022.7-2022.8）撰写初稿，并进行修改完善第六阶段（2022.9-2022.10）论文定稿和答辩准备五、参考文献Porter，M., & Millar，V. E.（1985）：How Information Gives You Competitive Advantage. Harvard Business Review, 63（4）, pp.149-160.Laudon，Kenneth C. & Traver，Carol Guercio（2010）：E-commerce Business，Technology，Society（）.Turban，Efraim，Lee，Jae Kyu，King，David，et al.（2008）：Electronic Commerce：A Managerial Perspective（）.。
如何对付竞争问题英语作文
In the modern world,competition is an inevitable part of life,whether in the workplace,in academics,or even in personal relationships.Here are some strategies to effectively deal with competitive issues:1.SelfImprovement:The first step in dealing with competition is to focus on selfimprovement.Continuously work on enhancing your skills and knowledge.This not only boosts your confidence but also positions you better against competitors.2.Understanding the Competition:Analyze your competitors thoroughly.Understand their strengths and weaknesses.This will give you insights into areas where you can improve and exploit opportunities.3.Setting Realistic Goals:Set achievable goals for yourself.Unrealistic goals can lead to unnecessary stress and disappointment.By setting realistic goals,you can measure your progress and stay motivated.4.Embracing a Positive Attitude:Maintain a positive attitude towards competition.View it as a challenge rather than a threat.This mindset can help you stay focused and motivated.5.Strategic Planning:Develop a strategic plan to achieve your goals.This includes setting timelines,identifying resources,and planning for potential obstacles.working:Build a strong network of contacts.This can provide you with valuable information,support,and opportunities that can give you an edge over competitors.7.Adaptability:Be adaptable to changes.The competitive landscape can change rapidly. Being able to adapt to these changes and seize new opportunities is crucial.8.Innovation:Always look for ways to innovate.Whether its in your work processes, products,or services,innovation can set you apart from the competition.9.Stress Management:Learn to manage stress petition can be stressful, but its important to maintain a healthy balance to avoid burnout.10.Ethical Conduct:Always maintain high ethical standards.Cheating or unethical behavior may provide shortterm gains but can damage your reputation in the long run.11.Learning from Failures:Dont be disheartened by failures.Instead,learn from them and use those lessons to improve your strategies.12.Stay Informed:Keep yourself updated with the latest trends and developments in your field.This can help you anticipate changes and prepare accordingly.13.Collaboration:Sometimes,collaborating with others can be more beneficial than competing.Look for opportunities to work with others to achieve common goals.14.Focus on Your Unique Selling Proposition USP:Identify what makes you unique and focus on that.This can help you stand out in a crowded market.15.Celebrate Successes:Celebrate your achievements,no matter how small.This can boost your morale and motivate you to keep pushing forward.Remember,competition is not just about winning or losing its about growth,learning, and becoming better at what you do.By adopting these strategies,you can turn competitive challenges into opportunities for personal and professional development.。
山东省聊城市2023-2024学年高二上学期期末英语试题(含答案)
2023-2024学年度第一学期期末教学质量抽测高二英语试题本试卷分四部分，共12页。
满分150分。
考试用时120分钟。
注意事项：1. 答卷前，考生务必将自己的姓名、考生号等填写在答题卡指定位置上。
2. 回答选择题时，选出每小题答案后，用铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。
如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。
回答非选择题时，将答案写在答题卡上。
写在本试卷上无效。
第一部分听力（共两节，满分30分）做题时，先将答案标在试卷上。
录音内容结束后，你将有两分钟的时间将试卷上的答案转涂到答题卡上。
第一节（共5小题；每小题1. 5分，满分7. 5分）听下面5段对话。
每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C 三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。
听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。
每段对话仅读一遍。
1. When does the museum close on SundaysA. At 6: 00 p. m.B. At 7: 00 p. m.C. At 8: 00 p. m.2. Where will the woman probably goA. To the post office.B. To the local shop.C. To the supermarket.3. What is the relationship between the speakersA. Parent and teacher.B. Employer and employee.C. Teacher and student.4. How does the woman soundA. Surprised.B. Optimistic.C. Sad.5. What are the speakers currently about to doA. Walk onto a stage.B. Learn to play the drums.C. Make an announcement.第二节（共15小题；每小题1. 5分，满分22. 5分）听下面5段对话或独白。
英语口语对话材料：理想职业
以下是⽆忧考整理的《英语⼝语对话材料:理想职业》，希望⼤家喜欢！Todd: OK, Christian, what is your dream job, if you could have any job in the world?Christian，如果你能够拥有世界上任何⼀份⼯作，你最梦寐以求的是？Christian: My dream job is to become a diplomat representing my country, preferably in Japan. That's why I came to Japan to learn Japanese and hopefully obtain a master degree in International Relations. After getting my master's degree in International Relations, I would like to go home and enter the diplomat school for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, which is a three year program, and then, after that hopefully come back to Japan and work for the Norwegian Embassy in Tokyo.我最梦寐以求的职业是成为⼀名外交官，是驻⽇本外交官。
这就是我来⽇本学习⽇语的原因，并且希望得到国际关系专业的硕⼠学位。
在我拿到学位之后，我会回国然后进⼊⼀家⾪属于外交部的外交学校。
这就是我三年来的计划，之后再回到⽇本，在东京挪威⼤使馆⼯作。
Todd: Must be pretty competitive.那肯定竞争很激烈。
Christian: It's very competitive, but I think if you know a certain language that not many people speak it gives you a competitive edge nevertheless so that's why I came to Japan because I know at this stage there are only 300 hundred people from Norway living in Japan and not all of them are here to study Japanese, they represent different companies or schools, or they're missionaries so, that's the track I'm on right now but we'll see how it goes in the end.竞争确实很激烈，但我想如果你能掌握⼀门很多⼈都不会的语⾔，你就会拥有竞争优势，这也就是我来⽇本的原因。
占优势的更好的英语作文
占优势的更好的英语作文1. Being in a position of advantage means having the upper hand in a situation. It gives you the power tocontrol the outcome and influence others to your benefit.2. When you have an advantage, you are in a better position to achieve your goals and succeed in whatever you set out to do. It gives you a sense of confidence and empowerment.3. Advantages can come in many forms, such as having more resources, better skills, or access to valuable information. These advantages can help you stand out from the competition and make a name for yourself.4. In a competitive world, having an advantage can mean the difference between success and failure. It allows you to stay ahead of the game and adapt to changing circumstances more effectively.5. However, it's important to remember that advantages can also be temporary. What may give you an edge today may not be enough tomorrow. It's important to continuously improve and innovate to maintain your advantage.6. Overall, having an advantage is a powerful tool that can help you navigate through life with more ease and confidence. It's something worth striving for and leveraging to achieve your goals.。
综合英语2011
2011 年攻读浙江财经学院硕士学位研究生入学考试试题
科目代码：681 科目名称：综合英语
答案请写答题纸上
Part I READING COMPREHENSION (50 MIN, 50points)
In this section there are five reading passages followed by a total of 25 multiple-choice questions. Read the passages and finish the multiple choices.
第 2 页 共 18 页
prone to trouble. The pathway to adulthood for daughters is somewhat easier, but they must still learn from their fathers, in ways they cannot from their mothers, such as how to relate to men. They learn from their fathers about heterosexual trust, intimacy and difference. They learn to appreciate their own femininity from the one male who is most special in their lives. Most important, through loving and being loved by their fathers, they learn that they are love-worthy.
2021年话让你掌握英语面试主动权
话让你掌握英语面试主动权10句话让你掌握英语面试主动权1. Have you had a chance to review my resume？您有看过我的吗？2. Is there anything else I can ___ you about my qualifications？关于我所取得的成绩，还有什么需要我来陈述的吗？3. I've read the job description， of course， but how would you describe the nature and duties of this job？我确实有看过你们的`工作介绍，但还是想请教一下您是如何看待这份工作的性质和职责的？4. What are the major challenges that you staff is facing right now？目前贵公司员工面临的主要挑战有哪些？5. What results would you like to see me produce？您希望我能为公司做出哪些成就？6. What do you consider ideal experience of this position？您认为要胜任这份工作需要有哪些资历？7. How would you describe the atmosphere， the culture of this pany？您认为贵公司的氛围和文化是怎样的？8. Was the person who held this job before me promoted？之前这个岗位的工作人员升职了吗？9. May I talk to the person who held this job previously （or who is currently doing this job）？我能跟原来从事这个岗位（或者现在正从事这个岗位）的工作人员谈谈吗？10. Based on what I've told you， don't you think that I could give you all that you need in this position？就我目前所陈述的这些，您认为我能满足贵公司对该职位人员的要求吗？模板,内容仅供参考。
IS如何帮助组织获得竞争力
IS如何帮助组织获得竞争力摘要：现代信息技术，实际上就是指信息处理电子时代的信息技术，它是一门以计算机及技术为基础的由计算机技术、通信技术和控制技术等构成的一门综合性高新技术，它是所有高新技术的基础和核心。
信息技术运用的过程是企业信息化，是指以企业业务流程优化重组为基础，在一定的深度和广度上利用计算机技术、网络技术和数据库技术等现代信息技术，控制和集成化企业生产经营活动中的所有信息，在更大范围和更深层次上实现企业内外信息的共享和有效利用，以提高企业竞争力的过程。
关键词：信息系统组织竞争力应用一．管理信息系统及组织的概念管理信息系统是计算机应用在管理领域的一门实用的技术。
他综合运用了管理科学、数学和计算机应用的原理和方法，在符合软件工程规范的原则下，形成了完整的原理和方法学体系。
现代管理信息系统是一个以人为主导，利用计算机硬件、软件、网络通信设备以及其他办公设备，进行信息的收集、传输、加工、存储、更新和维护，以企业战略竞优、提高效益和效率为目的，支持企业的高层决策、中层控制、基层运作的集成化得人机系统。
管理信息系统学科是一门理论性和实践性都很强的学科。
组织是一种正式的稳定的结构，它从环境中获取资源，处理他们，产生输出。
这种技术性的定义集中体现了一个组织的三要素。
环境所提供的资本劳力是最初的生产要素，组织通过生产功能将他们转化为产品和服务，产品和服务被消费时，反过来供给输入资源。
二．管理信息系统的发展一般来说，管理信息系统的发展经历了以下几个不同阶段。
（1）单项数据处理阶段（1953---1965年）该阶段的特点是无数据管理及完全分散的手工操作，处理方式是分批处理，程序和数据可分，数据是程序的组成部分。
管理程序也只能做简单的数据处理、计算。
不能进行实时操作；一般不具有独立的非数值应用功能；程序之间是独立的不存在共享数据，一般不可能发展成为系统。
（2）数据综合处理阶段（1965---1978年）该阶段的特点是面向应用的数据功能及数据相对独立，使用上有一定的灵活性。
你如何与别人竞争英语作文
你如何与别人竞争英语作文How to Compete with Others in English。
In today's competitive world, it is essential to know how to compete with others in order to succeed. Whetherit's in school, at work, or in any other aspect of life,the ability to compete effectively can make a significant difference. When it comes to competing in English, thereare a few key strategies that can help you stand out and achieve your goals.First and foremost, it's important to have a strong foundation in the English language. This means having agood grasp of grammar, vocabulary, and pronunciation. Without these basic skills, it can be difficult to compete with others who have a higher level of proficiency. Therefore, it's essential to spend time studying and practicing English in order to improve your language skills.In addition to having a solid understanding of thelanguage, it's also important to stay informed about current events and trends in the English-speaking world. This can be done by reading newspapers, magazines, and online articles, as well as watching English-language television shows and movies. By staying up to date with what's happening in the English-speaking world, you can develop a deeper understanding of the language and culture, which can give you an edge when competing with others.Another important aspect of competing in English is to practice speaking and writing as much as possible. This can be done by participating in conversations with native English speakers, writing essays and reports, and giving presentations in English. The more you practice using the language in real-life situations, the more confident and proficient you will become, which can help you compete more effectively with others.Furthermore, it's important to seek out opportunities to showcase your English skills. This can be done by participating in English-speaking competitions, such as debates, speech contests, and writing competitions. Byputting yourself out there and demonstrating your abilities, you can gain recognition and build a reputation as a strong English speaker, which can set you apart from others.Lastly, it's important to stay motivated and persistent in your efforts to compete in English. Learning a new language can be challenging, and there may be times whenyou feel discouraged or frustrated. However, by staying focused on your goals and continuing to work hard, you can overcome obstacles and ultimately succeed in competing with others in English.In conclusion, competing in English requires a combination of strong language skills, cultural awareness, practice, and perseverance. By focusing on these key areas, you can improve your English abilities and stand out from the competition. Whether your goal is to excel academically, advance in your career, or simply become a more confident English speaker, these strategies can help you achieve success in competing with others.。
怎样竞争英文作文
怎样竞争英文作文Competing in today's world is tough, especially in a globalized economy where businesses and individuals must constantly strive to stay ahead of the game. Here are some tips on how to compete effectively:1. Focus on your strengths: Identify what you are good at and focus on developing those skills further. This will give you a competitive edge and help you stand out from the crowd.2. Be adaptable: In today's fast-paced world, it's important to be able to adapt to changing circumstances quickly. This means being open to new ideas and willing to learn new skills.3. Stay up-to-date: Keep yourself informed about the latest trends and developments in your industry. This will give you a competitive advantage and help you stay ahead of the curve.4. Network: Building relationships with other professionals in your industry can help you gain valuable insights and opportunities. Attend conferences, join professional organizations, and connect with others on social media.5. Take risks: Don't be afraid to take calculated risks in order to achieve your goals. This can help you stand out from the competition and demonstrate your willingness to innovate.6. Be persistent: Success often requires persistence and hard work. Don't give up easily and keep pushing yourself to achieve your goals.7. Focus on customer needs: Ultimately, success in business comes down to meeting the needs of your customers. Focus on delivering high-quality products and services that meet their needs, and you will be well-positioned to compete effectively.In conclusion, competing effectively requires a combination of focus, adaptability, knowledge, networking, risk-taking, persistence, and customer focus. By developing these skills and traits, you can stay ahead of the competition and achieve success in your chosen field.。
提高个人竞争能力英语作文
提高个人竞争能力英语作文1. Being proactive and taking initiative is crucial in enhancing personal competitiveness. It means not waitingfor opportunities to come, but actively seeking them out. This can be done by constantly learning new skills, networking with people in your field, and staying updated with industry trends. By being proactive, you can stay ahead of the competition and position yourself as a valuable asset.2. Another way to improve personal competitiveness is by continuously improving oneself. This can be achieved through self-reflection and self-assessment. Identifying areas for improvement and setting goals to work on them can help you stay motivated and focused. Additionally, seeking feedback from others and being open to constructive criticism can provide valuable insights to help you grow and develop.3. Building strong communication skills is essentialfor personal competitiveness. Effective communication allows you to articulate your ideas clearly, build relationships, and influence others. This can be done by practicing active listening, improving verbal and written communication skills, and learning to adapt your communication style to different situations. Being able to effectively communicate your thoughts and ideas can give you a competitive edge in various aspects of life.4. Developing a positive mindset is another key factor in enhancing personal competitiveness. Having a positive attitude not only helps you overcome challenges and setbacks, but also attracts opportunities and motivates others around you. Cultivating optimism, resilience, and a growth mindset can help you stay focused, persevere through obstacles, and continuously strive for improvement.5. Embracing diversity and being open to new perspectives can also contribute to personal competitiveness. By embracing diversity, you can gain a broader understanding of different cultures, ideas, and ways of thinking. This can enhance your problem-solvingskills, creativity, and adaptability. Being open to new perspectives allows you to continuously learn and grow, which is essential in a rapidly changing world.6. Lastly, taking care of your physical and mentalwell-being is crucial in maintaining personal competitiveness. Prioritizing self-care, such as getting enough sleep, exercising regularly, and managing stress, can help improve your overall performance and productivity. Taking breaks, practicing mindfulness, and seeking support when needed are also important in maintaining a healthy work-life balance.In conclusion, enhancing personal competitiveness requires proactive behavior, continuous self-improvement, strong communication skills, a positive mindset, embracing diversity, and taking care of one's physical and mental well-being. By incorporating these aspects into your life, you can strengthen your competitive edge and achieve success in various areas.。
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Downstream value
Competitive scope
• Competitive scope has four key dimensions: segment scope, Vertical scope, geographic scope, industry scope
• Competitive scope is a powerful tool for creating competitive advantage
logistics
logistics and sales
Primary activities
Margin
Value Chain
Value chain is a system of interdependent activities, which are connected by linkages Linkages often create trade-offs, also require activities to be coordinated Value Chain is not only inside company but also outside Competitive advantage in either cost or differentiation is a function of a company’s value chain
Low
Oil refine
Cement
Banking Newspapers Airlines
Changing the nature of competition
➢Changing industry structure ➢Creating competitive advantage ➢Spawning new business
IT transforming the value chain
Information technology is permeating the value chain at every point
➢ transforming the way value activities are performed and the nature of linkages. ➢Affecting competitive scope and reshaping the way products meet buyer needs
➢ Possible to offer products with no physical component ➢ New IT enhance the product performance------the
control system of dishwasher
The trend toward expanding the information content in products is unmistakable, there are no longer mature industries
➢Now computer power cut the cost of manual information processing to 8000 times less expensive than cost of thirty years ago
Affects all nine categories of value activity
• More powerful effect on competitive scope-----Boeing
A tough problem-------too much information!!!!
IT transforming the product
➢ Feasible to supply far more information with the physical product-------GE’s appliance service data base
How Information gives you Competitive Advantage
Information Revolution is coming
• How will advances in IT affect competition? • What strategies should a company pursue to
➢Broad scope can allow company to exploit interrelationships between the value chains serving different scopes
➢By selecting one scope, a company may be able to tailor the value chain to the selection
The direction & pace of Change
The role and importance of the IT differs in various industries
Information content
Low
of the product
High
High
Information intensity of the value chain
➢Creating derived demand for new products -----Union’s Easylink service allows PC, other electronic devices to send messages to each other throughout world
Some conceptions
Value Chain/activity
Support activities
Firm infrastructure Human resource management Technology development
Procurement
Inbound Operations Outbound Marketing Service
IT is advancing faster than technology for physical processing
➢During Industrial Revolution, railroad cut the travel time form Boston to Concord, from 5 days to 4 hours, a factor of 30
Strategic Significance
IT is changing the way companies operate
➢It is affecting the entire process by which the company create the products ➢It is reshaping the product itself
Support activities
Firm infrastructure
Planning models
Human resource Automated personnel
management
scheduling
Technology development
CAD Electronic market research
Value Chain is not only inside company but also outside
Supplier Value chains
Firm Value Channel Value Buyer Value
chains
chains
chains
Upstream value
Firm value
Spawning new business
➢Makes new business technologically feasible -----Modern imaging and telecom technology blend to support facsimile service, Federal Express’s Zapmail
➢IT can improve the industry structure, it also has the potential to destroy the structure ---- Air ticket system
Creating competitive advantage
➢Lowing cost IT can alter a company’s costs in any part of the value chain-----Canon
➢Enhancing differentiation IT make it possible to customize products-----Sulzer
➢Changing competitive scope IT alter the relationship between scope and competitive advantage----Dow Jones, AT&T, IBM
• Transforming the physical processing component of activities-----Schlumberger, Fishermen
• Enhancing a company’s ability to exploit linkages -----McKesson, a drug distributor
IT can alter each of five competitive forces
➢Strongly impact on bargaining relationship between suppliers and buyers ----Xerox, Westinghouse