全球营销简答地的题目

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全球营销 全部题型(选8合一打印)

全球营销 全部题型(选8合一打印)

一、名词解释:1、全球营销:是企业超越本国过境所进行的市场营销活动。

2、政治权利:指代表企业的母国通过政治或其他手段,从目标市场国政府、立法机关和企业获得进入或经营某个目标市场的特权。

3、公共关系:企业通过各种途径增加有利于企业的舆论力量,树立良好的企业形象,争取公众支持。

4、全球意识:超越一个国家和地区,包含整个世界的参照系。

5、GNP人均国民收入:反映人们购买力的重要指标,它是决定市场容量的重要因素,在一定程度上反映一个国家的人民的生活水平。

6、文化:人们通过学习获得的区别于其他群体行为的特征的集合。

7、文化适应:指企业决策要适应社会的文化特点。

8、政治风险:指在跨国经营活动中,由于东道国政府政治干预或政策的不稳定,导致外国投资者遭受损失的不确定性。

9、经营风险:是对企业在没有汇率变化情况下的未来经营状态和有汇率变化情况下的经营状态两者之间的差距的一种大概估计。

10、猪驮式出口:两家生产企业在出口方面的相互合作,一家生产企业利用自己的出口力量和海外渠道为另一家生产企业出口产品。

11、Ethnocentrism:民族优越感:一种文化优势的态度,认为自己的文化较其他文化优越,此乃种族主义国家主义,部族主义的基本成分,与文化融入相违反,文化融入建基于对所有文化的尊重及欣赏。

12、Confiscation:没收:无偿占有公司财产。

13、Domestication:本国化:指东道国规定公司管理的当地所有权比例或更多的东道国要求。

14、Expropriation:征用:要求政府对其占有的投资进行一定的补偿,被征用的投资通常被没收归国有,即成为国家经营的实体。

15、协商:由双方进行磋商,都做出一定的让步,在彼此接受的基础上达成和解协议。

16、Conciliation:调解:由第三方在发生争端的双方当事人之中从中进行调停,促进双方当事人解决纠纷。

17、仲裁:arbitration:指经买卖双方经过协商,自愿将有关争议交由双方统一的第三方裁决,而这个裁决是终局的,对双方都有约束力,双方必须遵照执行。

国际市场营销题库

国际市场营销题库

国际市场营销题库第一部分选择题一、单项选择题在每小题列出的四个备选项中只有一个是符合题目要求的,请将其代码填写在题后的括号内。

错选、多选或未选均无分。

1.全球营销是国际营销的发展阶段之一,一般认为该阶段的开始时间是()A.20世纪50年代以前B.20世纪60年代C.20世纪70年代D.20世纪80年代以后2.有利于了解和掌握不同国家在市场容量、消费水平、需求及竞争方面的不同特点的世界市场分类方法,属于(B )A.按照地理位置分类B.按照经济发展水平分类C.按照经济联盟分类D.按照商品类别分类3.城市化程度是反映一个国家或地区经济特征的重要指标,它是指(B )A.工业产值占国内生产总值的百分比B.城市人口占全国人口总数的百分比C.城市居民收入与农村居民人均收入之比D.城市数量4..在商品价格构成要素中,最基本、最主要的因素是( B )A.价值B.成本C.利润D.边际效用5.奉行全球化战略的企业在营销策略的使用上()A.既重视国外市场又重视国内市场B.重视各国市场的差异C.按国别组织营销活动D.更强调一体化6.在选择目标市场的策略中,不追求在整体市场上占据最大市场份额的策略为( )A.无差异性营销策略B.差异性营销策略C.集中性营销策略D.分散性营销策略7.电视机能上网属于产品整体概念中的()A.核心层B.外延层C.有形层D.附加利益层8.在产品生命周期各阶段中,企业需要侧重于加强成本和质量控制,增强、维护产品和商标信誉的阶段是( )A.投入期B.成长期C.成熟期D.衰退期9.市场开发模式的基本格局是()A.现有产品—现有市场—国际市场B.新产品—现有需求—国际市场C.现有产品—新需求—国际市场D.新产品—新需求—国际市场10.不需要对原有产品进行改进的国际产品营销战略是()A.产品扩展—促销适应B.产品适应—促销扩展C.产品适应—促销适应D.产品创新11.跨国公司制定转移价格时考虑的主要因素是()A.定价基础选择和产品价值选择B.产品价值选择和定价水平选择C.价格构成选择和定价水平选择D.定价基础选择和定价水平选择12.企业的定价目标的基本类型有( )A.利润目标、竞争目标、发展目标B.利润目标、市场目标、竞争目标C.利润目标、市场目标、发展目标D.利润目标、市场目标、发展目标13.公共关系与广告的不同之处是()A.非人员B.利用大众媒介C.非付费D.宣传商品和企业14.在以下几种类型的定价方法中,哪种类型的定价方法包括差别对待定价法()A.市场竞争导向定价法B.成本导向定价法C.需求导向定价法D.心理导向定价法15.在产品生命周期中,当产品处于成长期和成熟期时应采用的广告策略是()A.告知性广告策略B.功能性广告策略C.说服性广告策略D.提醒性广告策略16.在国际营销中,短期效果明显的促销方式是()A.广告促销B.公共关系C.营业推广D.联合促销17.分销商与代理商的根本区别在于()A.拥有产品的所有权B.签订合同C.提供市场信息D.拥有产品的定价权18.哪种类型的企业购买决策过程最复杂?()A.直接再购买B.首次购买C.修正再购买D.互惠购买19.为了对付货币波动,当本国货币为软货币时,企业可以()A.进行价格竞争B.尽量用所在国货币开支C.在当地市场贷款扩大经营D.使用易货贸易20.根据竞争产品平均价格来确定企业的产品价格属于()A.随行就市定价法B.标准化定价法C.心理定价法D.成本加成定价法21.企业给销往各地市场的产品都制定统一的出厂价格,这是()A.标准化定价法B.多样化定价法C.主动竞争定价法D.地心定价法22.以下哪项为服务产品的特点?()A.同质性B.不易消失性C.不可分割性D.有形性23.在欧盟,宝洁公司推出超浓缩的织物软化剂利诺(Lenor),以可重装的塑料袋销售,从而节省了包装材料的85%。

(完整版)国际营销试题

(完整版)国际营销试题

一、单项选择题(每题1分,共10分)1.国际营销与国内营销的区别主要在于(D )A指导思想B观念C方法D环境2.目标市场是指( B )A产品销售的区域B产品销售的顾客群C产品销售的渠道D产品销售的市场部分3.以下哪种行为不属于政府的政治干预?(C )A没收B本国化C政治冲突D外汇管制4.( D )是跨国公司在内部贸易中广泛作用的工具,因此它也是跨国公司国际营销中独具特色的策略手段。

A统包价格B提成价格C成本价格D转移价格5.在国际市场上,许多产品的(D )与一个国家的人口数量有关。

A价格B款式C档次D市场消费量6.在我国许多城市开设快餐的麦当劳快餐店,所采用许可贸易形式属于( D )A技术咨询服务B交钥匙工程承包C合作生产与合作研究D国际特许经营7.当国家缺少外汇,而又需要进口大量机器设备和技术,适合这种情况下的技术贸易合作形式是(C )A许可贸易B技术咨询服务C补偿贸易D国际特许专管8.某公司准备向市场推出一种新的专利产品,它最有可能采用的定价方法是(D )A渗透定价B心理定价C差别定价D撇脂定价9.在某国市场规模比较少时,企业不宜使用(C )方式。

A直接出口B间接出口C直接投资D间接投资10.以竭力保持其领导者地位为战略目标的企业,属于(B )战略型。

A市场挑战者战略B市场领导者战略C市场追随者战略D市场后起者战略二、多项选择题(每题2分,共16分)1.在开展国际营销的企业营销战略中,可控因素包括(ABDE )。

A产品B价格C竞争D促销E分销渠道2.人口是构成市场的主要因素之一,包括(ACDE )等方面的内容。

A人口的年龄和性别B人均收入水平C人口密度D人口规模E人口增3.一个有效的微观细分,必须具备的条件有(BCDE )等。

A可分割性B可衡量性C可接近性D足量性E可实施性4.产品生命周期主要包括四个阶段,即(BCDE )。

A产品构思期B介绍期C成长期D成熟期E衰退期5.针对消费心理,可以采用如下定价策略(BCDE )。

国际营销部分作业题参考答案

国际营销部分作业题参考答案

《国际营销》部分作业题参考答案第一单元1. 单项选择题(1)A(2)C (3)A(4)A(5)C (6)D (7)D (8)C (9)C (10)B2. 多项选择题(1)ABCD (2)ABC (3)ABC (4)BCD (5)ABCD (6)BCD (7)ABD (8)ABCD (9)BCD (10)BD3. 判断题(1)√(2)√ (3)× (4)× (5)× (6)× (7)× (8)√ (9)√ (10)√ 4. 简单题1. 简述国际化的涵义.P1答:国际化含有两种意思:一是把重点放在国与国之间相互关系上;二是把重点放在世界一体化上。

2.国际营销有哪些五个发展阶段?P4答:国际营销大体有五个发展阶段。

即:非直接对外营销阶段,非经常性对外销售阶段,经常性对外销售阶段,国际营销阶段,全球营销阶段。

5.论述题P4第二单元1. 单项选择题(1)A(2)C (3)A(4)D (5)A(6)B (7)A(8)B (9)A(10)A2. 多项选择题(1)ABCD (2)AB (3)ABD (4)AB (5)ABCD (6)ABC (7)ABC(8)AC (9)ABCD (10)ABC3. 判断题(1)√(2)√ (3)× (4)× (5)× (6)× (7)√ (8)√ (9)√ (10)× 4. 简单题1. 简述把握国际营销与环境的相关性的诀窍。

P12答:在于两点:一是在国际宏观、微观环境的结合部上谋求其发展;二是靠不断开发适应环境的战略求得企业的发展。

2.简述问卷设计时容易犯的错误。

P33答:所提的问题不明确或用专业术语,使被调查者无所适从,还有两个问题设计一种回答等。

5.论述题P18第三单元1. 单项选择题(1)C (2)A(3)B (4)A(5)A(6)C (7)B (8)D (9)B (10)A2. 多项选择题(1)ABCD (2)BC (3)ABC (4)ABC (5)ABD (6)ABCD (7)ABD (8)ABCD (9)ACD (10)AC3. 判断题(1)×(2)√ (3)√ (4)× (5)√ (6)× (7)√ (8)√ (9)× (10)× 4. 简单题1.简答国际营销的基本战略。

国际市场营销学试题及答案

国际市场营销学试题及答案

国际市场营销学试题及答案一、选择题1. 国际市场营销的核心理念是什么?A. 产品导向B. 顾客导向C. 竞争导向D. 价格导向答案:B2. 下列哪个不是国际市场细分的依据?A. 地理位置B. 人口统计C. 心理特征D. 产品类型答案:D3. 跨国市场进入策略中,哪一项通常风险最低?A. 出口ingB. 特许经营C. 合资企业D. 全资子公司答案:A4. 在国际市场营销中,文化差异可能导致什么问题?A. 产品设计障碍B. 广告传播障碍C. 价格策略障碍D. 所有以上问题答案:D5. 国际市场营销中的PEST分析是指什么?A. 政治、经济、社会、技术B. 产品、企业、销售、交易C. 人口、环境、战略、技术D. 公共关系、教育、战略、技术答案:A二、填空题1. ________ 是指企业将其产品或服务直接销售给国外市场的最终用户。

2. ________ 是一种国际市场进入策略,企业通过与外国公司合作,共同投资并分享所有权、控制权和利润。

3. ________ 是指企业调整其产品、营销组合以适应不同国家市场的需求和偏好。

4. 在进行国际市场调研时,________ 是指对特定国际市场或消费者群体的详尽研究,以了解其特定需求和行为模式。

5. ________ 是指企业在进入国际市场时,面临的来自当地企业或其他国际竞争者的竞争压力。

三、简答题1. 简述国际市场营销与国内市场营销的主要区别。

答:国际市场营销与国内市场营销的主要区别在于市场环境的复杂性和多样性。

国际市场营销需要考虑不同国家的法律、文化、经济和政治环境,以及货币汇率和国际贸易壁垒等因素。

此外,国际市场营销还需要对不同国家的消费者行为和偏好有深入的了解,并相应调整产品、价格、推广和渠道策略。

2. 阐述国际市场细分的作用及其对企业的意义。

答:国际市场细分的作用在于帮助企业更精确地识别和定位目标市场,通过对市场的细致划分,企业可以更有效地分配资源,针对不同细分市场制定差异化的营销策略。

(完整版)国际营销简答题

(完整版)国际营销简答题

4’*5=20分1.What are the stages of life cycle of product? Provide a short description for each of them. Chapter1P41.product development: development &research (D&R )costs mount2. Pre-introduction:marketing planning is involved, especially promotion costs mount3. introduction--distribution/price strategyAn initial low pricing policy to get into the market, though with little competition, price may be high initially to recoup development costs. Selection of a distribution model to get the product onto the market.4. growth--sales revenues outnumber costsThe growth stage is typically characterized by a strong growth in sales and profits.5.maturity成熟-competition is getting fierce, and profits level off. This is probably the most competitive time for most products and businesses need to invest wisely in any marketing they undertake.6. decline-sales /prices/profits drop; consumers are seeking for new productsEventually, the market for a product will start to shrink.2.What difficulties did Wal-Mart encounter遇到when it tried to expand Chinese market, and how did Wal-Mart solves these problems according what you have learned inthis semester? Chapter3 P50Regionalism:Wal-Mart have difficult in interprovincial transportation and distribution of the products they cover.How:Wal-Mart encourages suppliers that sell nationwide to use the distrubution center and offers back-haul services from their local e distribution centres and back-haul trucks.Nontariff Trade Barrier:government efforts to keep Chinese products on, and imported products off shelves.How:Chinese customers are still interested in trying new, imported goods. Financial Matters:Regional fragmentation of finance regulation, tax laws, and other institution has effect on the payment side of the supply chain. How:Wal-Mart has worked with the Chinese government to set up a holding company to consolidate joint venture distribution and finance. Inefficient LTL & Private, Nationwide Parcel Delivery:The choice of service providers is limited, and tracking, pickup, and delivery are unreliable.How:Chinese state-owned transport firms and foreign freight or parcel companies have recently been established.3.List at least five international market entry strategies, and provide a short description for each of them. Chapter2 P37 Exporting:Sell products /goods/visible commodities to the buyers fromdomestic markets to oversea marketsAgency:A global company grants an organization ( called as an agent )to sell its productsFranchising: Franchising is the practice of the right to use a firm's successful business model and brand for a prescribed period of time. For the franchiser, the franchise is an alternative to building "chain stores" to distribute goods that avoids the investments and liability of a chain. Contract Manufacturing :A contract manufacturer ("CM") is a manufacturer that contracts with a firm for components or products. It is a form of outsourcing.Management contracting: A management contract is an arrangement under which operational control of an enterprise is vested by contract in a separate enterprise that performs the necessary managerial functions in return for a fee.Original Equipment Manufacture (0EM):Original equipment manufacturer (OEM) is a term used when one company makes a part or subsystem that is used in another company's end product.FDI4.Make a comparison among absolute quota(绝对配额)/tariff-rate quotas(关税配额)/voluntary export restraints (VERs 自愿出口限制)absolute quota:To impose a maximum amount on the quantity or amount of imports of certain commodities for a specified period of time.tariff-rate quotas:The importing country sets a quantitative limit on the quantity of imported goods, and applies a higher or general tax rate to the goods imported after exceeding the limitVoluntary export restriction: is an action unilaterally taken and implemented by the exporting country. It is called "voluntary" and means that the exporting country has the formal right to cancel or modify the restrictive measures.5.Why do marketeers want to expand overseas markets, carrying an established product? Chapter7 P122 Saturation: the home market has peaked and is now saturated with your product.Declining interest:Foreign demand:receiving an unsolicited demand from a foreign buyer. Share enlargement: flush with cash or energized with curiosity,they wish to increase their sales by increasing their petition Exchange value: the value of national currencies can fluctuate wildly, often with deleterious effects on domestic companies.when production cost rise and domestic buying power declines, the marketeer have no choice but tolook offshore for customers.Preproduction penetration: prior to setting up full scale offshore production, a company will sell to the targeted market as a way of testing demand , observing price elasticity, or educating the population about a product. Government request: many developing countries finance their growth through exports, since domestic buying power is limited.6.Internet research is becoming widespread nowadays. Can you illustrate the benefits and shortcomings of internet research?Benefit: speed, immediacy, and a complete disregard for physical distance.1.focused and purposeful (so not recreational browsing),es internet information or internet-based resources3.tends towards the immediate (drawing answers from information you can access without delay)4.tends to access information without a purchase price. shortcomings1.unrecognized bias,2.difficulties in verifying a writer's credentials3.not be the most suitable resources to answer a particular question1.Advertising campaign 广告营销A planned set of adverting messages repeated in a variety of media.modity 商品Any article exchanged during trade. More commonly, it’s used to refer to raw materials.3.Consumer products 消费品Goods purchased by individuals or households for their personal use, as opposed to products purchased by businesses.4.Created market 新创市场A market where a product is placed on offer with no previous demand.5.Distributor 分销商A company that undertakes to purchase products from the manufacturer for resale in a given market.6.Dumping 倾销The export of goods to a market for sale at a price below actual production cost in an effort to gain market share.7.Exchange risk 外汇风险The risk associated with the potential for a change in the market value of currencies that occurs between the time an international contract is agreed upon and when payment is actually made.8.Expropriation 征用The forcible takeover by a local government of a foreign business operatingwithin its borders. The seizure generally happens without payment.9.Found market 新发现市场A market wherein consumer demand initiates the development of goods or services to meet that demand.10.Hard currency 硬通货National currencies that hold an internationally stable value over an extended period and have great ease of exchange.11.Marketing max 营销组合The combination of the marketing elements of product, price, place and promotion to generate the sale of goods or services.12.Market research 市场调研The objective and systematic process of locating and analyzing information for making decisions about a specific market or product.13.Niche marketing 利基营销/补缺营销Marketing strategy in which a company focuses its entire effort on a small, specialized segment of a larger market.14.On-the-ground 实地考察Research or information acquired in the actual market that’s the subject of the research.15.Penetration 市场渗透The degree to which a product and its promotion have attained market share in any targeted market segment.16.Positioning 市场定位The way that customers perceive a company’s product in relation to that of its competition.17.Product life cycle 产品生命周期The series of stages through which a product passes, including development, introduction, growth, maturity and decline.18.Segmentation 市场细分A strategy wherein a large market is subdivided into ever smaller pieces, with each new segment being the focus of its own marketing plan and effort. 19.Soft currency 软通货National currencies that have an unstable international value and are difficult to exchange, due to the issuing nation’s lack of recognized reserves.20.Statistical research 统计研究A method that utilizes date and measurements to determine consumer behavior and potential demand.。

国际市场营销考试试题

国际市场营销考试试题

国际市场营销考试试题一、选择题1. 在市场营销中,以下哪个环节是最重要的?A. 产品开发B. 宣传推广C. 销售渠道D. 客户关系管理2. 在国际市场营销中,以下哪个因素对产品的销售影响最大?A. 价格B. 品牌知名度C. 产品特性D. 宣传方式3. 国际市场营销的核心理念是:A. 产品为王B. 客户至上C. 市场细分D. 品牌建设4. 下面哪种市场定位策略适合追求高端市场份额?A. 综合市场定位B. 专注市场定位C. 随机市场定位D. 多元市场定位5. 以下哪个因素可以帮助企业扩大国际市场的竞争力?A. 降低产品质量B. 提高产品价格C. 加强品牌建设D. 减少市场推广二、简答题1. 国际市场营销的特点是什么?举例说明。

2. 请说明市场细分在国际市场营销中的重要性,并提供一种市场细分的方法。

3. 请简要描述国际市场营销中重要的营销渠道选择因素。

4. 国际市场营销中的品牌建设对企业的影响是什么?举例说明。

5. 在国际市场营销中,如何根据不同的文化背景调整市场推广策略?三、论述题论述国际市场营销对企业的重要性,并给出你的观点。

四、分析题请分析一个国际企业在进入新市场时必须考虑的因素。

五、案例分析请分析一家国际企业在市场营销方面的成功案例,并阐述成功的原因。

六、应用题请设计一份国际市场营销计划,包括市场分析、目标定位、产品策略、定价策略、渠道策略和推广策略。

七、综合题请结合实际情况,综合运用国际市场营销的相关知识,提出一种适合某企业拓展国际市场的整体策略。

以上是《国际市场营销考试试题》,请根据需要答题。

国际市场营销学试题及答案

国际市场营销学试题及答案

国际市场营销学试题及答案1. 简答题:a) 什么是国际市场营销学?国际市场营销学是研究跨国企业在不同国家和地区展开市场营销活动的学科。

它涉及了市场调研、产品定位、市场策略、市场开发等各个方面,旨在帮助企业更好地适应和利用不同国际市场的特点和差异。

b) 国际市场营销中的国际市场环境包括哪些因素?国际市场环境包括政治、经济、文化、法律等因素。

政治因素指的是各国的政治体制、政策法规等;经济因素包括国家的经济发展水平、市场规模等;文化因素包括语言、宗教、价值观念等;法律因素指各国的法律法规和知识产权保护等。

c) 国际市场营销中的市场细分方法有哪些?市场细分是将市场按照不同的特征和需求分成若干个小的细分市场的过程。

常用的市场细分方法有地理细分、人口统计细分、心理行为细分和购买行为细分等。

2. 简答题:a) 请简要说明国际市场营销中的跨文化管理意义和挑战。

跨文化管理是国际市场营销中不可忽视的重要内容,其意义包括:(1)帮助企业深入了解和尊重不同国家和地区的文化差异,避免文化冲突。

(2)加深企业与消费者之间的互信和情感联系,提高市场营销的有效性。

(3)优化企业的跨国战略,提高企业在国际市场的竞争力。

跨文化管理也面临一些挑战,其中包括:(1)语言沟通问题,可能出现语言障碍和误解。

(2)文化差异导致的市场需求和消费习惯的不同。

(3)跨国团队合作的管理困难,来自不同国家和文化背景的团队成员可能存在理念冲突和合作问题。

b) 如何应对国际市场中的文化差异?为了应对国际市场中的文化差异,企业可以采取以下策略:(1)进行充分的市场调研,了解目标市场的文化特点和消费习惯。

(2)培养跨文化沟通能力,包括语言能力和文化敏感度。

(3)定制化产品和市场策略,根据不同国家和地区的需求进行个性化设计和推广。

(4)建立本地化团队,借助当地员工的了解和资源来适应目标市场。

(5)持续学习和改进,紧跟国际市场发展的变化并及时调整策略。

3. 论述题:国际市场营销中的品牌建设策略和案例分析。

国际市场营销学名词解释和简答题答案

国际市场营销学名词解释和简答题答案

国际市场营销学期末复习题题型:1、判断题10*1=102、单选题10*1=103、多选题10*2=204、名词解释5*3=155、问答题6*6=366、案例分析题1*9=9一、单项选择题1、一个国家生活必需品的市场潜量主要取决于( A )。

A、人口的规模B、人口的分布C、人口的增长率 D、人口的结构2、国际文化环境中最敏感的因素是( B )。

A、语言B、宗教C、教育水平 D、社会组织3、高科技产品的营销对下列哪个文化因素比较敏感( C )?A、语言 B、宗教C、教育水平D、物质要素4、下列行为中不属于政治干预的是( B )。

A.没收、征用和国有化B.外汇管制C.政治冲突 D.本国化5、国际商业纠纷的解决途径有( B )A.友好协商、谈判和诉讼B.友好协商、诉讼和仲裁C.友好协商、谈判和仲裁D.诉讼、审判、仲裁6、东道国的“号召人民只买国货;反对进口;反对外国投资”等观念和行为是( A )的表现。

A、民族主义B、政局不稳定C、文化分裂D、经济主义7、“宝洁公司设计了九种品牌的洗衣粉、八种品牌的洗发水”是消费者市场下列哪个特点的体现?( A )A、消费需求复杂B、购买批量小 C、消费需求的流动性 D、非专家购买8、根据美国对社会阶层的研究,( B )是私人别墅、游艇、游泳池、及名牌轿车的主要消费群体,是各阶层中购买力最强的。

A、上上层B、上下层C、中上层D、中下层9、下列商品中较适宜采用无差异策略的是( B )。

A.服装 B.粮食C.鞋类D.化妆品10、把国际市场分成北美、拉美、非洲、亚洲、中东、欧洲等几大市场的细分方法是(A ) A.地理细分 B.行为细分 C.人口细分 D.心理细分11、细分市场是由类似的( C )组成的。

A.产品 B.行业 C.消费者群体 D.企业12、有利于了解和掌握不同国家在市场容量、消费水平、需求及竞争方面的不同特点的世界市场分类方法,属于( B )A.按照地理位置分类 B.按照经济发展水平分类C.按照经济联盟分类D.按照商品类别分类13、最初级的国际市场进入模式是( B )。

(完整版)国际市场营销简答题

(完整版)国际市场营销简答题

1、我国企业为什么要国际化?答:①企业国际化,是开放经济和经济全球化的必然趋势。

②企业国际化是我国经济进行结构性调整的需要。

③企业国际化是企业根据经营环境变化进行适应性调整的结果。

④企业国际化是在国际范围内优化配置企业资源,保持其可持续竞争优势的需要。

⑤企业国际化也是建立现代企业制度的需要。

2、国际营销观念与国际营销阶段有什么关系?答:处在不同营销阶段的企业,对国际市场和国际经营有着截然不同的看法,从而形成了特定的营销观念。

这些看法或观念会影响企业的营销计划和管理,影响营销组合等国际业务活动的开展。

两者之间相互推进的。

一个阶段有这个阶段的观念。

而当一种观念比较成熟的时候就会促使营销进入某一特定的发展阶段3、国别营销观念与全球营销观念的区别是什么?答:国别营销观念,指企业高度意识到各个国家市场的不同,正对每一个国家制定独立的营销计划,分别采取不同的营销策略。

全球营销观念,指营销活动的方位是整个世界市场。

国内市场延伸观念是民族中心导向,国别市场观念则属于多元中心导向,而全球营销观念与全球中心导向紧密相连。

4、国际营销与环境之间的关系怎样?答:从事国际营销的企业,作为一个开放的系统,一方面,母公司内部各个部分、母公司与子公司之间、各子公司之间互相依存,从而形成国际企业的内部环境;另一方面,整个企业组织与所处的外部环境之间也相互关联。

从内部环境来看,企业的分支机构地域配置分散,公司经营跨越各种体制,同时各种文化并存;从外部环境来看,发生影响的因素众多且复杂,同时外部因素会向内部因素渗透,甚至成为内部因素的一部分。

5、国际企业对环境变化的反应方式有哪些?答:①中性反应。

②正面适应反应。

③负面反应。

④创造性反应。

6、影响企业进入国际市场的企业因素有哪些?答:①追求规模经济。

②延长产品生命周期。

③输出剩余资金和人力资源。

④分摊管理、研究与开发等费用。

⑤获取技术和管理知识。

⑥在更大的区域里分散风险。

⑦利用陈旧的设备获取收益。

国际市场营销学考试及答案

国际市场营销学考试及答案

全球市场营销学复习资料一、名词解释1、自我参照标准P13民族中心主义P13自我参照标准指无意识地参照个人的文化价值观、经验和知识,作为决策的依据。

民族中心主义是一种认为自己文化优于他人文化的信条。

广义上说就是轻视其他群体的成员。

2、国际市场营销P8国际市场营销:指对商品和劳务流入一个以上国家的消费者或用户手中的过程,企业进行计划、定价、促销和引导以便获取利润的活动。

3、文化P62文化:人们通过学习获得的区别于其他群体行为的特征的集合。

文化是人类所创造的物质财富与精神财富的总和。

文化是一个复杂的整体,包括知识、信仰、艺术、道德、法律、风俗以及作为社会成员而获得的其他方面的能力和习惯。

4、无计划变革与有计划变革P83无计划变革是引进一种产品,然后听天由命;有计划变革,有目的地改变那些会对实现预定营销目标产生阻力的文化因素。

5、文化的强制性、选择性与排他性P88有些商业惯例有着强制性,人们必须承认它、遵守它;有些商业惯例,适应是有益的,但不是必须的,是有选择性的;还有些习俗,“外人”不得介入,具有排他性。

6、单一时间利用方式与多种时间利用方式P98单一时间利用方式强调“专时专用”和“速度”,单一时间利用方式就是线性的使用时间,专时专用,仿佛时间是有形的一样。

多种时间利用方式强调“一时多用”,注重人际交往。

7、收买与打点P105收买是用财物或其他好处笼络人,以便利用一个政府官员;打点指送人钱财疏通关系,托人关照,希望对方加快工作速度和提高效率。

8、主权国家116主权国家指拥有独立主权的国家。

9、本土化121本土化指东道国政府通过制定一系列的政府法令来增加对外国公司的控制和限制,逐渐将外国投资置于控制之下的过程。

10、政治贿赂133政治贿赂是企图通过收买掌权者,让其代表跨国公司出面干预,从而减少公司的政治风险。

11、调解141调解是指争端双方在第三方主持下,自愿进行协商,促成双方达成协议、解决纠纷的办法。

国际市场营销题库

国际市场营销题库

国际市场营销题库第一部分选择题一、单项选择题在每小题列出的四个备选项中只有一个是符合题目要求的,请将其代码填写在题后的括号内。

错选、多选或未选均无分。

1.全球营销是国际营销的发展阶段之一,一般认为该阶段的开始时间是()A.20世纪50年代以前B.20世纪60年代C.20世纪70年代D.20世纪80年代以后2.有利于了解和掌握不同国家在市场容量、消费水平、需求及竞争方面的不同特点的世界市场分类方法,属于(B )A.按照地理位置分类B.按照经济发展水平分类C.按照经济联盟分类D.按照商品类别分类3.城市化程度是反映一个国家或地区经济特征的重要指标,它是指(B )A.工业产值占国内生产总值的百分比B.城市人口占全国人口总数的百分比C.城市居民收入与农村居民人均收入之比D.城市数量4..在商品价格构成要素中,最基本、最主要的因素是( B )A.价值B.成本C.利润D.边际效用5.奉行全球化战略的企业在营销策略的使用上()A.既重视国外市场又重视国内市场B.重视各国市场的差异C.按国别组织营销活动D.更强调一体化6.在选择目标市场的策略中,不追求在整体市场上占据最大市场份额的策略为( )A.无差异性营销策略B.差异性营销策略C.集中性营销策略D.分散性营销策略7.电视机能上网属于产品整体概念中的()A.核心层B.外延层C.有形层D.附加利益层8.在产品生命周期各阶段中,企业需要侧重于加强成本和质量控制,增强、维护产品和商标信誉的阶段是( )A.投入期B.成长期C.成熟期D.衰退期9.市场开发模式的基本格局是()A.现有产品—现有市场—国际市场B.新产品—现有需求—国际市场C.现有产品—新需求—国际市场D.新产品—新需求—国际市场10.不需要对原有产品进行改进的国际产品营销战略是()A.产品扩展—促销适应B.产品适应—促销扩展C.产品适应—促销适应D.产品创新11.跨国公司制定转移价格时考虑的主要因素是()A.定价基础选择和产品价值选择B.产品价值选择和定价水平选择C.价格构成选择和定价水平选择D.定价基础选择和定价水平选择12.企业的定价目标的基本类型有( )A.利润目标、竞争目标、发展目标B.利润目标、市场目标、竞争目标C.利润目标、市场目标、发展目标D.利润目标、市场目标、发展目标13.公共关系与广告的不同之处是()A.非人员B.利用大众媒介C.非付费D.宣传商品和企业14.在以下几种类型的定价方法中,哪种类型的定价方法包括差别对待定价法()A.市场竞争导向定价法B.成本导向定价法C.需求导向定价法D.心理导向定价法15.在产品生命周期中,当产品处于成长期和成熟期时应采用的广告策略是()A.告知性广告策略B.功能性广告策略C.说服性广告策略D.提醒性广告策略16.在国际营销中,短期效果明显的促销方式是()A.广告促销B.公共关系C.营业推广D.联合促销17.分销商与代理商的根本区别在于()A.拥有产品的所有权B.签订合同C.提供市场信息D.拥有产品的定价权18.哪种类型的企业购买决策过程最复杂?()A.直接再购买B.首次购买C.修正再购买D.互惠购买19.为了对付货币波动,当本国货币为软货币时,企业可以()A.进行价格竞争B.尽量用所在国货币开支C.在当地市场贷款扩大经营D.使用易货贸易20.根据竞争产品平均价格来确定企业的产品价格属于()A.随行就市定价法B.标准化定价法C.心理定价法D.成本加成定价法21.企业给销往各地市场的产品都制定统一的出厂价格,这是()A.标准化定价法B.多样化定价法C.主动竞争定价法D.地心定价法22.以下哪项为服务产品的特点?()A.同质性B.不易消失性C.不可分割性D.有形性23.在欧盟,宝洁公司推出超浓缩的织物软化剂利诺(Lenor),以可重装的塑料袋销售,从而节省了包装材料的85%。

4_国际市场营销题库

4_国际市场营销题库

一、单项选择(每小题1分,)1、PEST分析法中的P代表的是(D )A、社会环境B、经济环境C、技术环境D、政治和法律环境2、在营销组合中,哪一项决策属于最基本的决策(C)A、产品决策B、定价决策C、渠道决策D、促销决策3、差异化全球营销战略相对于无差异全球营销战略最大的优点在于( B )。

A、生产成本更低B、满足不同市场的个性化需求C、市场覆盖范围广D、企业的投入少4、在维持产品原有的质量和价格的前提下,增加同一种产品的款式、规格与花色,这属于( C )。

A、产品仿制策略B、扩大产品组合策略C、缩短产品组合策略D、产品线延伸策略5、本国政府为了支持国内企业的出口行为会给企业额外补贴以奖励出口行为,但是进口国为了抵消这种补贴行为,推出( C )。

A、特惠税B、从量税C、反补贴税D、反倾销税6.企业能生产什么就生产什么,能生产多少就生产多少,这种经营观念叫做(A)A.市场营销观念B.推销观念C.社会市场营销观念D.生产观7.社会市场营销观念的基础是( B )A.生产观念B.推销观念C.市场营销观念D.计划观念8.在一国国际收支项目中,国际工商企业一般情况下最关注的项目是(C)A.经常项目B.资本与金融项目C.官方储备项目D.错误与遗漏项目9.进出口商品经过一国关境时,由政府所设的海关对进出口商品所征的税收称为(A)A.关税B.所得税C.营业税D.增值税10.用一组与某产品在潜在需求量密切相关的变量来间接地估计该产品可能的需求量的方法,叫(A)A.类比估计技术B.多因素指标技术C.回归分析技术D.风险评估技术11、一个厂家对分销商基本上不加选择,任何一个分销商都可以分销企业的产品,这种渠道模式是( C )。

A、选择分销B、稀疏分销C、密集分销D、以上均可12、施耐德公司由于成本和竞争等原因于2002年申请破产保护,TCL国际控股有限公司2002年出资收购这一公司,从而利用施耐德的销售网络迅速进入了欧洲,这种进入国际市场的途径是(C )A、由出口商或进口商进行分销B、中国企业自己在境外建立营销网络C、国内企业同外国企业进行营销系统的置换和共享D、通过并购方式收购国外企业的营销渠道系统13、某企业生产小型洗衣机,通过出口将产品运至国外市场,洗衣机的定价采取与国外同类产品一致的价格,这种定价方法是( B )。

国际市场营销学简答题、论述题、计算题、案例分析题附答案)

国际市场营销学简答题、论述题、计算题、案例分析题附答案)

一、简答题和论述题(注:用红色字体标出的为已考过题目(81题),蓝色字体为未考过题目55题)1.如何正确理解市场的概念?P4(1)对市场的认识应随社会生产力和商品经济发展而变化。

(2市场的实质是商品供求关系的总和。

(3从现代市场经济出发理解市场,市场是指对某种产品有需要和购买能力的人们。

(4产销市场的出现是现代市场经济发展的必然结果。

2.试联系实际论述市场的概念及其范畴。

P3-5(2008.10)市场概念的演变过程:(1市场是商品交换的场所(2)市场是商品交换和流通的领域(3)市场是商品供求关系的总和(4)市场是指对某种产品有需要和购买能力的人们对市场范畴的理解应注意以下各点:(1)对市场的认识应随社会生产力和商品经济发展而变化。

(2)市场的实质是商品供求关系的总和。

(3)从现代市场经济出发理解市场,市场是指对某种产品有需要和购买能力的人们。

(4)产销市场的出现是现代市场经济发展的必然结果。

3.简述市场营销职能的内容。

P6(1)人类的各种需要和欲望是市场营销的出发点。

(2)市场交换是市场营销职能的核心。

(3)市场营销的交换职能不断发展变化。

4.简述在商品生产和商品交换过程中市场营销职能克服的障碍。

P6(2007.10简答)(1)空间障碍。

(2)时间障碍。

(3)信息障碍。

(4)商品使用价值和价值差异障碍。

(5)商品所有权(使用权)让渡的障碍。

5.简述市场营销猪能在社会再生产过程的地位变化。

P7(1)消费既是生产的终点,更是生产的起点,生产更加依赖消费和交换了。

(2)市场经济活动空间空前扩大,商品从一地、一国流向全世界,商品交换成功与否成为企业经营成败的关键。

(3)市场交换信息支配社会再生产信息。

6.试联系实际论述市场营销交换职能的地位及其意义。

P6-7(2005.10论述)(1)市场交换是市场营销职能的核心。

在实现市场交换中,市场营销职能履行着重要职能。

它能克服商品生产和商品交换中的一些列障碍,即:空间障碍、时间障碍、信息障碍、商品使用价值和价值差异障碍、商品所有权让渡的障碍。

全国自考国际市场营销学简答题专项强化真题试卷5(题后含答案及解析)

全国自考国际市场营销学简答题专项强化真题试卷5(题后含答案及解析)

全国自考国际市场营销学简答题专项强化真题试卷5(题后含答案及解析)题型有:1.1.(2013.10.28)简述全球价格战略的种类。

正确答案:(1)全球统一定价战略。

全球统一定价战略是将同种产品在世界各个地方以相同的价格出售。

高科技产品初奢侈品公司往往采用这一定价战略。

全球统一定价战略的实施要求各地的消费者对产品需求差异较小,而且消费人群对价格不敏感。

但这种定价的问题是,如果要扩大产品的市场占有率,那么产品价格对于贫穷国家而言可能过高,而对于富裕国家来说可能太低。

(2)市场差别定价战略。

市场差别定价战略又称价格歧视战略,是指根据各个国家对价格的不同承受能力分别制定不同的价格。

差别定价的条件是市场分隔,低价市场的商品无法向高价市场转售,而且消费者的承受能力也有实际差别。

(3)成本差别定价战略。

成本差别定价战略是当国际企业在不同国家制造同一种产品,并在当地市场销售时,如果采用同一种加成率制定价格,由于成本不同,造成同种产品在不同地区市场上的价格差异。

这种价格能使生产和销售成本得到弥补。

2.(2014.4.29)简述国际市场新进入者的常见障碍。

正确答案:国际市场新进入者的常见障碍有:(1)规模经济的实现。

(2)独特的产品差异化。

(3)分销渠道控制。

(4)对资本量的要求。

(5)较高的转移成本。

3.(2013.10.29)简述开展国际公共关系的程序。

正确答案:(1)开展国际公共关系调查。

搜集并了解目标市场公众对本企业的意见和态度,分析企业及其产品在公众中的形象和知名度,总结经验教训并发现问题。

(2)确定国际公共关系目标。

有了明确的公共关系目标,就有了具体的努力方向。

根据公众的心理活动过程,公共关系促销的目标主要有:①以知晓为目标;②以联络感情为目标;③以改变态度为目标;④以改变行为为目标。

(3)制定国际公共关系行动方案。

围绕着国际公共关系促销目标,有多种行动方案可供选择。

方案具体包括主题、项目、策略和时机等多种内容。

国际市场营销试题 (2)

国际市场营销试题 (2)

国际市场营销试题
一、基础知识题
1.什么是国际市场营销?其主要目标是什么?
2.国际市场营销的特点有哪些?
3.国际市场营销的环境因素有哪些?
4.国际市场营销的主要策略有哪些?
二、案例分析题
请根据以下情景,回答问题。

某国家的一家手机制造公司准备进军国际市场,销售其最新推出的智能手机。

请回答以下问题: 1. 在选择国际市场时,公司应该考虑哪些因素? 2. 公司如何确定适合的市场定位策略? 3. 公司应该采取哪些营销渠道来推广销售? 4. 在国际市场,公司面临哪些文化差异和市场风险?应该如何应对?
三、论述题
1.国际市场营销的成功因素是什么?请从策略、产品、定价、渠道和文
化等方面进行论述。

2.国际市场营销中,公司应该如何进行市场细分和目标市场选择?
3.列举并分析两个国际市场营销成功的案例。

四、计算题
1.公司A打算将其产品出口到国外市场,成本价格为每件100美元,
预期利润率为20%。

请计算出最低售价和最低销量。

五、应用题
某公司决定进军印度市场,销售奢侈品。

请设计一个完整的国际市场营销计划,包括市场分析、市场定位、产品策略、定价策略、渠道策略和推广策略。

以上是国际市场营销试题的内容,请根据题目要求进行回答。

祝你考试顺利!。

国际市场营销 全球营销学每章课后习题答案

国际市场营销 全球营销学每章课后习题答案

全球营销学第四版每章课后习题答案第一章Introduction to Global Marketing1.What are the basic goals of marketing? Are these goals relevant to globalmarketing?P31、Surpass the competition at the task of creating perceived value for customers2、The Guide line is the value equation –Value = Benefits/Price (Money, Time, Effort, Etc.)P42.What is mean by “global localization”?(全球本土化策略)Is Coca-Cola a globalproduct? Explain.The phrase “global localization” represents an attempt to capture the spirit of the rallying cry for o rganizations in the 21st century, namely, “think globally, act locally.”Most people will agree that Coca-Cola is a global product by virtue of the fact that it is available in more than 195 countries in red cans bearing the distinctive signature style. It must be noted, however, that customer service efforts are adapted to the needs of particular markets, e.g., vending machines in Japan. Thus, Coca-Cola is both global and local.3.Describe some of the global marketing strategies available to companies. Giveexamples of companies that use the different strategies.Global marketing strategies: 1. global market participation is the extent to which a company has operations in major world markets; 2. standardization versus adaptation is the extent to which each marketing mix element can be standardized or adapted in various country markets; 3. concentration of marketing activities is the extent to which activities related to marketing mix are performed in one or a few country locations; 4. coordination of marketing activities is the extent to which activities related to marketing mix are performed interdependently around the globe; 5. integration of competitive moves is the extent to which a firm’s competitive marketing tactics in different parts of world are interdependent.Examples: 1. Coke is the best-known, strongest brand, as the Coca-Cola Company, supporting its Coke, Fanta, and Powerade brands with marketing mix elements both that are globe and local, is adept at adapting sales promotion, distribution, and customer service efforts to local needs;2. Mcdonald’s business model is a restaurant system that can be set up virtually anywhere in the world and offers core menu items-hamburgers, French fries, and soft drinks-in most countries, and the company also customizes menu offerings according to local eating customs.4.How do the global marketing strategies of Harley-Davidson and Toyota differ?Harley-Davidson motorcycles are known the world over as “the” all-American motorcycle. Harley’s mystique and heritag e are associated with the USA. The company backs up this positioning with exports from two U.S. manufacturing locations. By contrast, Toyota builds some models (e.g., Camry and Avalon) for the U.S. market in the U.S., a fact that Toyota stresses in its American ad. Thus, Harley-Davidson serves global markets while sourcing locally, while Toyota’s strategy calls for serving world markets and using the world as a source of supply.5.Describe the difference between ethnocentric, polycontric, regiocentric, andgeocentric management orientations.The premise of an ethnocentric orientation is that home country products and management processes are superior. An ethnocentric company that neither sources inputs from, nor seeks market opportunities in the world outside the home country may be classified as an domestic company. A company that does business abroad while still presuming the superiority of the home country may be classified as an international company. Such a company would rely on an extension strategy whereby it would export, without adaptation, products designed for the domestic market.The polycentric orientation that predominates at a multinational company leads to aview of the world in which each country markets is different from the others. Local country managers operating with a high degree of autonomy adapt the marketing mix in a polycentric, multinational company. Managers who are regiocentric or geocentric in their orientations recognize both similarities and differences in world markets. Market opportunities are pursued using both extension and adaptation strategies. The regiocentric and geocentric orientations are characteristic of global transnational companies.OrEthnocentric orientation: home country is superior to the rest of the world, sees similarities in foreign countries,leads to a standardized or extension approach; Polycentric orientation: the opposite of ethnocentrism, each country in which a company does business is unique, sees differences in foreign countries, leads to localized or adaption approach; Regiocentric orientation: a region becomes the relevant geographic unit; management`s goal is to develop an integrated regional strategy; Geocentric orientation:views the entire world as a potential market and strives to develop integrated world market strategies.6.Identify and briefly describe some of the forces that have resulted in increased globalintegration and the growing importance of global marketing.P21+Driving Forces:Regional economic agreements、Market needs and wants、TechnologyTransportation and communication improvements、Product development costs、Quality、World economic trends、LeverageRestraining Forces:Management myopia、Organizational culture、National controls 7.Define leverage and explain the different types of leverage utilized by companieswith global operations.Define leverage:P25第二章The Global Economic Environment1.Explain the difference between market capitalism, centrally planned capitalism,centrally planned socialism, and market socialism. Give an example of a country that illustrates each types of system.Market capitalism is an economic system in which individuals and firms allocate resources and production resources are privately owned. (England).Centrally planned capitalism is an economic system in which command resource allocation is utilized extensively in an environment of private resource ownership. (Sweden)Centrally planned socialism, in this type of economic system, the state has broad powers to serve the public interest as it sees fit. (Former Soviet Union)Market socialism, in such a system, market allocation policies are permitted within an overall environment of state ownership. (China)2.What is a BEM? Identify the BEMs according to their respective stages of economicdevelopment.P53P56-583. A manufacture of satellite dishes is assessing the world market potential for hisproducts. He asks you if he should consider developing countries as potential markets.How would you advise him?Despite the difficult economic conditions in parts of developing countries, many nations will involve into attractive markets.One of marketing’s roles in developing countries is to focus resources on the task of creating and delivering products that are best suited to local needs and incomes. The role of marketing to indentify people’s needs and wants is the same in all countries, irrespective of level of economic development. It is also an opportunity to help developing countries join the information age.And P654.Turn to the Index of Economic Freedom (Table 2-1) and identify where the BEMs areranked. What does the result tell you in terms of the relevance of the index to global marketers?P52第三章Social and Cultural Environments1.What are some of the elements that make up culture? How do these find expression inyour native culture?Culture is a collection of Values, beliefs, behaviors, customs, and attitudes that distinguish one society from another.Culture is acted out in social institutions, such as, family, education, religion, government, business.2.What is the difference between a low-context culture and a high-context culture?Give an example of a country that is an example of each type and provide evidence for your answer.PPT 第四章4-63.How can Hofstede’s cultural typologies help Western marketers better understandAsian culture?P874.Explain the self-reference criterion(自我参照准则). Go to the library and findexamples of product failures that might have been avoided through the application of the SRC.Unconscious reference to one’s own cultural values; creates cultural myopia5.Briefly explain the social research of Everrtt Rogers regarding diffusion ofinnovations,……P94pare and contrast USA and Japan in terms of traditions and organizationalbehavior and norms.第四章The Legal and Regulatory Environments of Global Marketing1.What is sovereignty? What is it an important consideration in the politicalenvironment of global marketing?sovereignty2.Describe some of the sources of political risk. Specially, what forms can political risktake?Tension between aspirations and realityPrimarily occurs in lower and lower-middle income countries–Indonesia and economic crisisWhen political risk occurs in high income countries, it is generally due to a long-standing conflict–Northern IrelandP1423.Briefly describe some of the differences between the legal environment of a countrythat embraces common law and one that observes civil law.4.Global marketers can avoid legal conflicts by understanding the reasons conflictsarise in the first place. Identify and describe several legal issues that relate to global commerce.Intellectual PropertyAntitrustContractualLicensing and Trade Secrets5.“See you in court” is one way to respond when legal issues arise. What otherapproaches are possible?LitigationFormal arbitration–Settles disputes outside of court–Groups agree to abide by panel’s decision1958 United Nations Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards–Most important treaty regarding international arbitration第五章Global Information Systems and Market Research1.Explain two information technology puts powerful tools in the hands of globalmarketers.Modern IT tools provide the means for a company's marketing information system and research functions to provide relevant information in a timely, cost –efficient, and actionable manner.Electronic data interchange (EDI) allows business units to submit orders, to issue invoices, to conduct business electronically, Wal-Mart legendary for its EDI, save time and money, enables retailers to improve inventory management. Transaction formats are universalEfficient Consumer Response (ECR) This is in addition to EDI, an effort for retailers and vendors to work closely on stock replenishment(补充). ECR can be defined as a joint initiative by members of a supply chain to work toward improving and optimizing(最优化) aspects of the supply chain to benefit customersIntranet, Electronic Point of Sale (EPOS), Data Warehouses are also helping businesses improve their ability to target consumers and increase loyalty.2.What are the different modes of information acquisition? Which is the most importantfor gathering strategic information?3.4、Outline the basic steps of the market research process.5、What is the difference between existing, latent, and incipient demand? How mightthese differences affect the design of a marketing research project?Demand and profit potential, in turn, depend in part on whether the market being studied can be classifieds existing or potential. Existing markets are those in which customer needs are already being served by one or more companies. In some instances, there is no existing market to research and. information may be readily available. A latent market is in essence, an und iscovered segment .It’s a market in which demand would materialize if an appropriate product were made available. An incipient market is a market that will emerge if particular economic demographic, political, or sociocultural trend continues. A company is not likely to achieve satisfactory results if it offers a product in an incipient market before the trends have taken root.Market growth, brand loyalty, market segment, product, sales promotion, pricing, distribution, will be different in marketing research project.6.Describe some of the analytical techniques used by global marketers. When is it appropriate to use each technique?A number of techniques are available for analyzing survey data.Factor analysis can be used to transform large amount of data into manageable units. It is useful in psychographic segmentation studies or creating perceptual maps; cluster analysis allows the researchers to group variables into clusters that maximize within-group similarities and between-group differences. It can be used to do global marketing research, to perform benefit segmentation, and to identify new product opportunities. Multi dimensional scaling is another technique for creating perceptual maps which is particular useful when there are many product to choose and consumers have difficulty in verbalizing their conceptions. Conjoint analysis is used to gain insights into the combination of features that will be the most attractive to consumers. It is useful when determines the values and utilities of the various levels of product features and plots them graphically.第六章Segmentation, Targeting, and Positioning1.differentiate the five basic segmentation strategies. Give an example of a companythat has used each one.P170-P1831、IncomePopulationsAge distributionGenderEducationOccupation2、Grouping people according to attitudes, value, and lifestyles3、4、Benefit segmentation focuses on the value equation–Value = Benefits / Price5、The population of many countries includes ethnic groups of significant size2.Explain the difference between segmenting and targeting.P200pare and contrast standardized, concentrated, and differentiated global marketing.Illustrate each strategy with an example from a global company.Standardized global marketing is mass marketing on a global scale with undifferentiated target marketing (Revlon International)Concentrated global marketing, involves devising a marketing mix to reach a niche. A niche is simply a single segment of the global market. (Germany`s Winter halter) Differentiated global marketing, represents a more ambitious approach than concentrated target marketing with multi-segment targeting and two or more distinct markets (Rover)4.5.What is positioning? Identify the different positioning strategies presented in thechapter and give examples of companies or products that illustrate each.Locating a brand in consumers’minds over and against competitors in terms of attributes and benefits that the brand does and does not offer.P192-1956.What is global consumer culture positioning? What other strategic positioningchoices do global marketers have?Identifies the brand as a symbol of a particular global culture or segment.P1967.What is high-touch product? Explain the difference between high-tech productpositioning and high-touch product positioning. Can some products be positioned using both strategies? Explain.High-tech products are sophisticated technologically complex, and/or difficult to explain or understand, and frequently evaluated in terms of their performance against established objective standards. High-tech global consumer positioning also works well for special interest products associated with leisure of recreation.High-touch products, consumers are generally energized by emotional motives rather than rational ones, and frequently evaluated in terms of their performance against established subjective, aesthetic terms.Some products can be positioned using both strategies, with both satisfying buyers’ rational criteria and evoking an emotional response. Nokia, for example, combines technical performance with a fashion orientation.第七章Global Market Entry Strategies:1.What are the advantages and disadvantages of using licensing as a market entry tool?Give examples of companies from different countries that use licensing as a global marketing strategy.Advantages to LicensingProvides additional profitability with little initial investmentProvides method of circumventing tariffs, quotas, and other export barriersAttractive ROILow costs to implementDisadvantages to LicensingLimited participationReturns may be lostLack of controlLicensee may become competitorLicensee may exploit company resourcesP2062.What is foreign direct investment? What forms can FDI take?P209Partial or full ownership of operations outside of home countryForms:Joint ventures–Minority or majority equity stakes–Outright acquisition3.Do you agree with Ford’s decision to acquire Jaguar? What was more valuable toFord---the physical assets or the name?P2154.What is meant by the phrase global strategic partnership? In what ways does this formof market entry strategy differ from more traditional forms such as joint ventures? Participants remain independent following formation of the allianceParticipants share benefits of alliance as well as control over performance of assigned tasksParticipants make ongoing contributions in technology, products, and other key strategic areasPPT3055.What are Keiretsu? How does this form of industrial structure affect companies thatcompete with Japan or that are trying to enter the Japanese market?PPT307书P2276.Which Strategic options for market entry or expansion would a small company belikely to pursue? A large company?StrategiesCompanies must decide to expand by:–Seeking new markets in existing countries–Seeking new country markets for already identified and served market segments第八章Product and Brand Decisions1.What is the difference between a product and a brand?A product is a good, service, or ideaBrandsBundle of images and experiences in the customer’s mindA promise made by a particular company about a particular productA quality certificationDifferentiation between competing productsThe sum of impressions about a brand is the Brand ImageThe added value that accrues to a product as a result of investments in the marketing of the brandAn asset that represents the value created by the relationship between the brand and customer over time2.How do local, international, and global products differ? Cite examplesLocal Product is one that has achieved success in a single national market and represents the lifeblood of domestic companies. (Coca-cola, ginseng beverage only in Japan)International product is offered in several markets in a particular region (Euro-product, only in euro zone)Global product meets the wants and needs of a global market and is offered in all world regions (personal stereos)3.What are some of the elements that make up a brand? Are these elements tangible orintangible?IntangibleP2414.What criteria should global marketers consider when making product designdecisions?In many instances, packaging is an integral element of product-related design decisions. Packaging is designed to protect or contain the product during shipping;Labeling provides consumers with various types of information; Aesthetics differ around the world. Global marketers must understand the importance of visual aesthetics; Product Warranties is a written guarantee that assures the buyer is getting what they paid for or provides a remedy in case of a product failure. Warranties can be used as a competitive tool5.How can buyer at titudes about a product’s country of origin affect marketing strategy?买家对于原产国的态度对营销策略有什么影响?Perceptions about and attitudes toward particular countries often extend to products and brands known to originate in those countries–Japan–Germany–France–ItalyP252-2546.Identify several global brands. What are some of the reasons for the global success ofthe brands you chose?Both products and brand are good……7.Briefly describe various combinations of product-communication strategies availableto global marketers. When is it appropriate to use each?Product-communication extension (dual extension) is a strategy selling the same product with the same promotional appeals used in domestically when pursuing opportunities outside the home market. It used frequently with industrial (business to business) products.Product extension-communication adaptation strategy is a relatively low cost of implementation because the physical product is unchanged, and the main costs are associated with market research and revising promotional appeals. It used frequently when consumer conceptions outside the home market are very different from domestic marketProduct adaptation-communication extension is an approach to global product planning is to extend, without change, the basic home-market communications strategy while adapting the product to local use or preference conditions. It used frequently when natural conditions outside the home market are very different from domestic market Product-communication adaptation (dual adaptation) strateg y is an approach used both the different product serves and advertising appeals to consumer receptivity when comparing a new geographic market to the home market, environmental conditions or consumer preferences differ;第九章Pricing Decisions1.What are the basic factors that affect price in any market? What considerations enterinto the pricing decision?In global marketing, the task of setting prices is complicated by fluctuating exchange rates. Currency fluctuations can create significant problems and opportunities for the classic international company that exports from the home country.Inflation, or a persistent upward change in price levels, is a problem in many country markets. It can be caused by an increase in the money supply and currency devaluation. Governmental policies and regulations that affect pricing decisions include dumping legislation, resale price maintenance legislation, price ceilings, and general reviews of price levels.Pricing decisions are bounded not only by cost and nature of demand but also by competitive action.Competitive Behavior: If competitors do not adjust their prices in response to rising costs it is difficult to adjust your price to maintain operating margins; If competitors are manufacturing or sourcing I a lower-cost country, it may be necessary to cut prices to stay competitiveThe global marketer has several options for addressing the problem of price escalation orthe environmental factors described in the last section.2.Define the various types of pricing strategies and objectives available to globalmarketers.Market Skimming and Financial Objectives: Market Skimming charges a premium price which may occur at the introduction stage of product life cyclePenetration Pricing and Non-Financial Objectives: Penetration Pricing charges a low price in order to penetrate market quickly which appropriates to saturate market prior to imitation by competitors3.Identify some of the environmental constraints on global pricing decisions. Currency FluctuationsInflationary EnvironmentGovernment Controls, Subsidies, RegulationsCompetitive BehaviorSourcing4.Why do price differences in world markets often lead to gray marketing?Because price differences in world markets lead to trademarked products are exported from one country to another where they are sold by unauthorized persons or organizationsGray marketing occurs when product is in short supply, when producers use skimming strategies in some markets, and when goods are subject to substantial mark-ups 5.What is dumping? Why was dumping such an important issue during the UruguayRound of GATT negotiations?Sale of an imported product at a price lower than that normally charged in a domestic market or country of origin.P2966.What is transfer price? Why is it an important issue for companies with foreignaffiliates(外国子公司)? Why did transfer pricing in Europe take on increased importance in 1999?The transfer price is that Pricing of goods, services, and intangible property bought and sold by operating units or divisions of a company doing business with an affiliate in another jurisdiction.P2997.What is the difference between ethnocentric, polycontric, and geocentric pricingstrategies? Which one would you recommend to a company that has global market aspirations?P291-292 PPT240-242pare and contrast the different forms of countertrade.Countertrade occurs when payment is made in some form other than moneyOptions–BarterThe least complex and oldest form of bilateral, non-monetary counter-tradeA direct exchange of goods or services between two parties–Counter-purchase P303-304–Offset–Compensation trading–Cooperation agreements–Switch trading第十章Global Marketing Channels and Physical Distribution1.In what ways can channel intermediaries create utility for buyers?ObjectivesMarketing channels exist to create utility for customers–Place utility -availability of a product or service in a location that is convenient to a potential customer–Time utility -availability of a product or service when desired by a customer–Form utility -availability of the product processed, prepared, in proper condition and/or ready to use–information utility -availability of answers to questions and general communicationabout useful product features and benefits2.What factors influence the channel structures and strategies available to globalmarketers?B2CThe characters of both buyers and products have an important influence on channel design.The number of individual buyers and their geographic distribution, income, shopping habits and different channel approaches.Products characters such as degree of standardization, perishability, bulk, service requirements, and unit price have an impact as well.Channels tends to be longer as the number of consumers to be served increases and the price per unit decreases. Bulky products usually require channel arrangements that minimize the shipping distances and the number of times products change hands before they reach the ultimate customer.B2BAs is true with consumer channels, product and consumer characteristics have an impact on channel structure. Three basic elements are involved: the manufacture's sales force, distributors or agents and wholesalers.Channel strategy in a global marketing program must fit the company's competitive position and overall marketing objectives in each national market.market factors: consumer profiles, market size and location of country.3.What is cherry picking? What approaches can be used to deal with this problem?P323pare and contrast the typical channel structures for consumer products andindustrial products.P340 PPT252-2555.Identify the different forms of retailing and cite an example of each form. Identifyretailers from as many different countries as you can.PPT258-259 P3256.Identify the four retail market expansion strategies discussed in the text. What factorsdetermine the appropriable mode?Organic–Company uses its own resources to open a store on a green field site or acquire one or more existing retail facilitiesFranchise–Appropriate strategy when barriers to entry are low yet the market is culturally distant in terms of consumer behavior or retailing structuresChain Acquisition–A market entry strategy that entails purchasing a company with multiple existing outlets in a foreign countryJoint Venture–This strategy is advisable when culturally distant, difficult-to-enter markets are targeted 7.What special distribution challenges exist in Japan? What is the best way for anon-Japanese company to deal with these challenges?第十一章Global Marketing Communications Decisions:Advertising and Public Relations1.In what ways can global brands and global advertising campaigns benefit a company? P3482.How does the “standardized versus localized” debate apply to advertising?Four difficulties that compromise an organization’s communicat ion efforts–The message may not get through to the intended recipient.–The message may reach the target audience but may not be understood or may even be misunderstood.–The message may reach the target audience and may be understood but still may not induce the recipient to take the action desired by the sender.–The effectiveness of the message can be impaired by noise.。

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一、母国中心主义,(Ethnocentric orientation)多国中心导向、地区中心导向、全球中心导向的差异。

母国中心主义:认为自己的国家优于世界其他国家的人即属于母国中心导向性。

公司员工只看到市场的共性,并认为在本国市场畅销的产品和可行做法也会在其他任何地方畅行无阻。

多国中心导向:与母国中心主义真好相反。

他们认为每个公司商务所及的国家都是独特的,这一观点导致人们采取当地化或因地制宜策略。

产品根据不同的市场条件作适当的修改。

地区中心导向:管理层将每个地区都视为独特的并试图发展一个整合的地区性战略。

地区中心导向的公司把整个世界视为潜在市场,并努力发展一体化的世界市场战略。

全球中心导向:是综合母国中心和多国中心的结果;这是一种既看到各个市场和国家的共性也看到其差异的“世界视野”这种视野促使企业努力创造一套能完全迎合各地需要和欲望的全球战略。

二、市场资本主义、中央计划社会主义、中央计划资本主义和市场社会主义的不同之处。

举例。

市场资本主义:是一种由个人和公司配置资源,生产资源私有的体制。

简而言之,消费者决定他们要什么,公司决策生产什么和生产多少。

北美西欧多采用。

中央计划社会主义:与市场资本主义相反的是中央计划社会主义。

政府计划编制者就货品或服务的种类、生产产量、可供消费者选购的种类做自上而下的决策。

中央计划资本主义:在私有资源环境中大幅依靠指令配置资源的体制。

例子:如在瑞典,2/3的支出是由政府控制的资源配置的“指令”导向部分大于“市场”导向部分。

市场社会主义:这种制度允许在整体国有的环境中采取市场配置的政策。

例子:中国寄予广东省企业和个人相当大的在市场经济体制下运营的自由。

三、高语境与低语境。

高语境:用言语表达的信息包含着较少的世纪信息,更多的信息存在于沟通情境中.低语境:词语承载了沟通中的大部分信息。

例子:日本、沙特阿拉伯。

在这类文化中,影响商务信贷发放决策的依据更多是借贷人的身份和背景,稳不是对预计财务报表文件的正式分析。

美国。

法律文件在低语境文化中被认为是必须的。

在美国、瑞士或德国这类低语境文化中贷款不需要借贷人的身份和背景。

四、霍夫斯泰德的文化分类如何能帮助西方营销者更好地理解亚洲文化?(一)根据不同民族的文化按五个维度进行比较。

第一维度:权力差距。

第二维度:个人主义。

第三个维度:集体主义。

第四维度:阳刚特质第五维度:不确定性规避。

(二)通过研究霍的著作,西方营销者们了解了一些能在产品开发与合作伙伴互动,以及主持销售会谈等多活动中起指导作用的知识。

如:①了解相对于亚洲文化本土文化之时间取向至关重要。

②注重短期利益文化背景的商人必须让自己适应某些国家商业习俗的慢节奏。

(三)通过了解不确定性规避这一维度,西方营销者们才能具备较好的条件来评估顾客在面临多大风险是还能安然购物。

五、简要描述实行普通法的国家和遵从民法的国家在法律环境中存在的一些差异。

(1)在普通法国家,许多争议是依照以往的司法判决而判决的。

普通法国家经常仰赖某些领域的法典集,但这些法典并没有在民法国家课件的无所不包的系统陈述中出现。

(2)在普通法国家,公司是通过国家当局寄予合法地位建立的,而在民法国家,公司依照两方或多方的契约建立,这些有关方对公司行动负有完全的责任。

六、有哪些获取信息的不同方式?收集战略信息最重要的方式是哪一种?(1)①监视,包括关注和追踪;②搜寻,包括调查和调研(2)研究表明,美国跨国公司总部的管理者们所需信息的75%是通过监视获得的。

然而在监视模式中,关注只能获得重要外部信息的13%,而跟踪的结果则达到60%。

七、请描述市场调研程序的基本步骤。

(1)识别信息需求(2)确定调研问题(3)选择分析单位(4)检查资料可获取性(5)评估调研价值(6)制定调研计划(7)分析资料(8)提交调研报告八、指出五种基本的细分策略,并列举运用各种策略的公司实例。

①人口统计细分:家乐福②心理细分:日本本田公司③行为细分:麦当劳公司④利益细分:雀巢公司⑤种族细分:Famso集团、本田、丰田九、比较和对照标准化、集中和差异化全球营销策略。

用全球公司的实例说明每一种战略。

①标准化全球营销就是针对一个具有潜在购买者的宽广大市场,策划和实施相同的营销组合。

露华浓国际公司的管理者们采用标准化的全球战略使其成为全球品牌。

②集中全球营销要求设法使营销组合能达到最适当位置。

该适当位置就是全球市场上的一个子市场。

在化妆品行业,兰黛公司,香奈儿公司和其他化妆品销售商成功地运用这种方法瞄准了高档次、高声望的市场。

③差异化全球营销把两个或多个明显的子市场作为目标市场,并设置多重营销组合。

这种战略可以使公司扩大市场的覆盖面。

红牌伏特加上产三种品牌的俄罗斯伏特加,每一种瞄准一个不同的子市场。

十、何谓定位?试辨明本章所述各种定位战略,并以公司或产品为例说明。

(1)市场定位是指消费者根据产品提供或未提供的属性或益处,能在心目中分辨出某一品牌优于或有别于其竞争者的做法。

(2)①属性或益处:宝马的定位是“终极驾驶机器”象征性能。

②质量与价格:雪树伏特加和红牌伏特加成功地将品牌定位为超优质产品。

③使用方法/使用者:吉列公司的金霸王电池④竞争者:美体小铺十一、何谓全球消费者文化定位?全球营销者还可选用哪些战略定位?(1)全球消费者文化定位是一种战略,可以用来选定与新兴全球消费者文化有关的各种目标子市场。

已经成为与各种群体沟通的有效战略。

(2)外国消费者文化定位当地消费者文化定位十二、何谓高接触产品?试解释高科技产品定位与高接触产品定位的区别,是否有些产品可同时以两种战略进行定位?(1)消费者购买高接触产品一般出于情感的而非理性的购买动机。

(2)区别:①高科技产品是尖端的,技术复杂,而且难以解释或者理解。

消费者购买这种产品往往出于专门的需要或兴趣和理性的购买动机。

②购买高基础产品是觉得它有一种感情上或精神上的联系。

对其性能的评估是从主观的、审美的角度,而非客观的,技术的角度作出。

(3)在有些情况下,产品的全球定位可能表现为“双极”模式(即既是高科技又是高接触)。

如果产品既满足了购买者的理性标准,同时又能激起情感上的反应,那么就可以采用这种方法。

如苹果计算机。

诺基亚。

十三、将可许经营作为市场进入的工具有何利与不利之处?不同国家的公司将许可经营作为市场进入工具的实例有哪些?(1)两个关键优点:①受许方通常是当地企业,商品的生产和销售都在当地,因此许可经营可以使公司绕过关税、限额或出口壁垒。

②在适当的情况下可授予受许方相当大的自主权,可对受许的产品作出修改以适应当地的喜好。

如迪斯尼允许服装、玩具和手表生产商使用迪士尼注册的卡通人物。

商标名称和徽标。

供其在世界各地销售,并允许受许方根据当地的喜好修改色彩、材料或其他设计元素。

(2)两个不利之处:①许可经营协议的市场控制能力有限。

通常许可方不介入受许方的营销计划,因此潜在的销售利润可能丧失。

②如果受许方开发出了自己的共有知识并开始在受许的产品或技术领域实现创新,那么许可经营的协议则可能是短命的。

十四、何谓海外直接投资?它可能采取哪些形式?(1)海外直接投资:公司通过出口和许可经营在母国以外取得经验后,希望在母国以外部分或完全拥有企业,这种欲望会驱使他们进行投资,使资金从母国流往国外。

形式:①合资企业②以独资或控股方式进行投资十五、当地产品、国际产品和全球产品或品牌之间的差异是什么,试举例。

(1)当地产品或当地品牌就是在单一国家市场取得成功的产品或品牌。

有时,全球公司推出当地产品或品牌是为了迎合一个特定国家市场的需要或偏好。

如可口可乐为日本市场开发了几种饮料。

(2)国际产品和国际品牌是为某一地区的数个国家市场开设。

例如很多“欧洲产品”和“欧洲品牌”只在欧洲销售,世界其他地方没有。

(3)全球产品适合全球市场的要求与需要,面向世界上所有地区和处于各个发展阶段的国家。

全球品牌则是在世界各地都是用同样的名称和具有相同的形象和地位。

例如雀巢的“味道好极了”这种对质量的陈娜在全球获得了解和认知。

十六、界定全球营销者们可用的各种定价策略及其目标。

(1)市场撇脂定价策略与财务目标:市场撇脂定价策略常常是为了进入愿意为某特定品牌或为专用或独特产品支付高价的目标子市场而故意采取的手法之一。

在产品周期的介绍期,生产能力有限、竞争尚不激烈时,采用此策略故意制定高价的办法将需求限制在那些愿意并且有能力支付高价的领先采用者,以达到具体财务目标,包括投资的土包、利润和快速回收产品开发成本。

在产品进入成长期且竞争加剧时,制造商便开始削价。

(2)市场渗透定价策略与非财务目标:渗透定价政策策略要求将价位降低到是以迅速建立市场份额的水平上,许多公司特别是食品公司推出新产品原创性不足,不具备获得专利保护的条件。

在这种情况下,建议使用渗透定价,作为在产品被竞争者效仿前达到市场饱和的工具。

(3)伴侣产品:“剃刀与刀片”定价策略,如没有影碟,DVD播放机也分文不值;没有刀片,剃须刀无用武之地。

(4)目标成本核算(5)计算价格:成本导向定价法和价格升级(6)交易条款十七、识别影响全球定价策略的一些环境限制(1)币值波动:①在全球营销中,汇率的波动使定价任务变得复杂。

相对于本国货币而言,本国货币变弱会使汇率向有利的方向摆动,海外所得转换为本国货币就会缩水。

②币值波动将给价格以及营销组合的其他因素造成影响。

(2)通货膨胀环境:在通货膨胀环境中进行定价的必要条件是维持营业利润率。

有了这个条件,通货膨胀就要求实行价格调整,使上升的成本通过提高销售价格获得弥补。

然而,全球化,互联网以及顾客重视价格的新动向等,都是其制约因素。

(3)政府管制,补贴与规章:政府行动如果使管理层调整价格的能力受到限制,则会对毛利产生压力,某种情况下,对下属机构的获利能力造成威胁。

(4)竞争行为:在成本上涨的情况下,如果竞争对手不对其价格作相应的调整,公司管理层相应调整价格的能力也会受到严重的约束。

相反,如果竞争对手在一个低成本国家进行生产或寻找货源,公司可能需要降低自己产品的价格以保持竞争力。

(5)以资源决策为战略定价工具:①营销国内制成品的企业可能会被迫转向海外寻狗某些部件,以保持其成本和价格的竞争力。

②分销结构的合理化可以大幅减少实现国际市场分销所需的加成总额。

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