Life on the American frontier
阅读教程翻译 The American Man
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我们不厌其烦地谈论“美国男人”,似乎他们身上存在着某种几十年或者十年恒常不变的品质。
当今的美国男人不再是1630年来到新英格兰的快乐的农民了。
他们不再是老脑筋,他们不再以内向的性格为荣,他们不会坐在没有取暖设备的教堂里连做三遍祷告。
在南方,富裕的,成天围着女孩子转的骑士也发展壮大了,但两种“美国男人”都不像之后东北部发达起来的贪婪的铁路承包商。
而不计后果、为所欲为的西部文明移民也不像他们。
即使在我们自己的年代,公认的模范也发生了戏剧性的变化。
举个例子来说,在20世纪50年代,这样一种美国人越来越凸显出来,成为大多数人认可的模范。
这就是50年代的男人。
上班起早贪黑,干活尽职尽责,养家糊口,遵规守纪。
里根就是这类人的典型——固执而坚忍不拔。
这类人弄不懂女人的心,却颇为赏识女人的身体;他们的文化观和文化观的美国部分幼稚而乐观。
他们大都有坚忍不拔、信心十足的品质,但在他们魅力十足、虚张声势的外表下,还有另外的三个特征:孤立、清贫、被动。
他们需要通过自己的敌人来证明自己还活着。
50年代的男人喜欢橄榄球,好斗,他们维护美国,从不流泪,只是默默奉献。
但在这些男人的身上,善于接纳和对人友善的品质消失了。
他们的个性缺乏洋溢感。
他们还缺乏同情心,正是这点怂恿了他们对越战的狂热;就像后来的里根,他的头脑中缺乏那种我们称之为“和平之心”的东西,这使得他对萨尔瓦多那些手无寸铁的人,对这里的老人、失业者、上学的孩子,乃至对穷人都铁石心肠、残暴野蛮。
50 年代的男人清楚地知道男人该是什么样,男人的职责是什么,但他们自身孤立和片面的观念弄得他们危机四伏。
到了60 年代,又出现了另外一类男人。
越战的荒废和暴虐让他们质疑,自已是否真的知道一个成年男人是什么样子?如果成年等于越战,他们对成年还有一丝一毫的向往吗?同时,女权运动激励男人们开始真切地审视女人,迫使他们开始理解50 年代男人苦苦逃避的担忧和苦楚。
随着男人们开始正视女人的过去和她们的感受,一些人开始留意并专注他们自己的所谓“女性”的那一面。
【英美概况】【课堂笔记】美国文学american literature
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AMERICAN LITERATUREWe shall not cease from explorationAnd the end of all our exploringWill be to arrive where we startedAnd know the place for the first time.T.S. Eliot --- Little GiddingLiterature represents the language of a people, their culture and their tradition. But the reading of literature is more important to us than just a historical or cultural activity. Literature introduces us to new worlds of experience. When we enjoy the comedies and the tragedies of poems, stories, and plays, we may also grow and evolve through our literary journey with books.American literature is a literature that has recorded the stories of a search. Early explorers searched for new lands and new wealth. The puritans searched for a place that would become the ideal community, one of which God would approve. Many Americans travelled across America simply because they were restless and were searching for new experiences and opportunities. These searches can be said to be the “pursuit of happiness” and Americ an literature is the story of that pursuit.Some of the early literature was concerned with life in the cities and on the frontier. It created heroes and characters that epitomised the adventurous, the brave and the strong individual. This literature could be said to have created a history for a country which, in European eyes, had very little history!As the country expanded westwards, some authors questioned some of the beliefs and lifestyle of the established east coast communities. For instance, Ralph Waldo Emerson wrote a book called ‘Nature’ that questioned whether or not humans needed religion to reach a higher state of spirituality. Henry Thoreau wrote about how important it was for individuals to think for themselves, and claimed that an individua l’s conscience is more important than the demands of society. These ideas caused much controversy and discussion.Other writers of this time were writing about human imagination and emotion, rather than intellect. These novels asked the reader to understand the nature of guilt, pride and emotional repression, and to find meaning in his/her life.After the Civil War (1861-1865) many Americans became discontent with the growing materialism of society, and some writers wrote about the harsher reality which was facing some Americans in their daily lives. For instance, they wrote of poor working conditions, unsympathetic reactions by the community to someone who has committed ‘sin’, and of people findingthemselves trapped in their environment and struggling to find happiness.There were also writers like Emily Dickinson who wrote poems such as this:If I can stop one heart from breaking,I shall not live in vain;If I can ease one life the aching,Or cool one pain,Or help one fainting robinUnto his nest again,I shall not live in vain.The first half of the 20th century saw the emergence of writersc alled “Imagists” whose poems focused on strong, concrete images. An example of this style was T.S.Eliot’s poem called the ‘The Waste Land’. This poem created images for the reader to interpret. Another such writer was E. E. Cumming, who threw away the rules of punctuation, spelling and even changed the way words were placed on the page.In the 1920’s in New York there emerged of a lively, powerful form of African-American music called jazz, and at the same time African-American writers began writing about the black community and their lives. Their writings used the rhythms drawn from their African and slavery. They told the American people not only about the injustices that society inflicted upon blacks, but also about the rich cultural life of the “the new negro” who was proud of his/her racial identity. Two African-American writers of this period were Langston Hughes and Countee Cullen.Mother To Son by Langston HughesWell, son, I'll tell you:Life for me ain't been no crystal stair.It's had tacks in it,And splinters,And boards torn up,And places with no carpet on the floor—Bare.But all the timeI'se been a-climbin' on,And reachin' landin's,And turnin' corners,And sometimes goin' in the darkWhere there ain't been no light.So, boy, don't you turn back.Don't you set down on the steps.'Cause you finds it's kinder hard.Don't you fall now—For I'se still goin', honey,I'se still climbin',And life for me ain't been no crystal stair.Post World War 2 authors started to write about American society in ways that questioned the direction in which society was going. After a short period of conservatism (1940’s and 1950’s), Americans saw a significant change in their culture and lifestyle. It was the period of African-American activism/protest, the feminist movement, the sexual revolution, the peace movement, and, it was a time when many alternative lifestyles were being experimented with. Politically, the world was in the midst of the Cold War between the USA with its political allies and the USSR and communism in general.People who immigrated to America were often said to be pursuing “The American Dream”. The term “The American Dream” represented an ideal. Simply stated, it meant that in America a person could achieve anything if he/she really wanted it enough. In recent history some people started doubting the possibility of this ideal: it seemed that the ideal could not be possible while society was the way that it was. Some people wanted to change society, and said that “The Dream” should be not be so much about economic success but more about personal fulfillment and the development of a just and caring society. People wanted to feel that they had a purpose in society, where they were needed, where they could fulfill their potential and where they could develop as an individual. It can be seen that some writers expressed a sense of hopelessness about achieving “The Dream” in their books and poetry.Richard Coryby Edwin Arlington RobinsonWhenever Richard Cory went downtown,We people on the pavement looked at him:He was a gentleman from sole to crown,Clean favored, and imperially slim.And he was always quietly arrayed,And he was always human when he talked;But still he fluttered pulses when he said, “Good morning,” and he glittered when he walked. And he was rich -- yes, richer than a king,And admirably schooled in every grace:In fine, we thought that he was everythingTo make us wish that we were in his place.So on we worked, and waited for the light,And went without the meat, and cursed the bread, And Richard Cory, one calm summer night,Went home and put a bullet through his head.Books, such as the following, also reflected this era:‘Catch 22’ (Joseph Heller) portrayed war as an absurd exercise for madmen. (1961)‘Death of a Salesman’ (Arthur Miller) is a play about the com mon man pressured by society. He tries to provide for his family but ultimately he fails to achieve what he thinks (and what society thinks) he should achieve. His unfulfilled dreams lead to a tragic ending.‘Native Son’ (Richard Wright) is a novel which has a black hero, whose character has been heavily impacted upon by a violent and cruel society. (1940)‘Catcher in the Rye’ (J.D.Salinger) is a book which portrays, through the eyes of a teenage boy, the hypocrisies of the adult world. The boy feels a sense of hopelessness about his world.Toni Morrison’s poems portrayed strong black women in society, and the struggles of growing up being black in America during the 1960’s and 1970’s.‘America’ (Allen Ginsberg) is a poem of anger and rage. It expresses the feelings of the Beat writers about the state of American culture in the 1950’s and 1960’s. Th e poem rages against the traditional American values of that time.‘The Kitchen God’s Wife’ by Amy Tan (1991) is a novel about her mother, who was born in China but who later, with her American husband, moved to America. The novel shows how the author sees her mother as a slight embarrassment, because of her traditional Chinese behaviour. Her mother tells her the story of her life in China. At the end of the story the young women comes to see her mother in an entirely different way. The love for her mother is still there, but her respect for her is now immense. Amy Tan was born in America and lives with her family.Extra PoemsWhat Fifty Said by Robert Frost (1925) When I was young my teachers were the old.I gave up fire for form till I was cold.I suffered like a metal being cast.I went to school to age to learn the past.Now when I am old my teachers are the young. What can't be molded must be cracked and sprung.I strain at lessons fit to start a suture.I got to school to youth to learn the future.Hey, that's no way to say goodbye by Leonard CohenI loved you in the morning, our kisses deep and warm,your hair upon the pillow like a sleepy golden storm, yes, many loved before us, I know that we are not new,in city and in forest they smiled like me and you, but now it's come to distances and both of us must try,your eyes are soft with sorrow,Hey, that's no way to say goodbye.I'm not looking for another as I wander in my time, walk me to the corner, our steps will always rhyme you know my love goes with you as your love stays with me,it's just the way it changes, like the shoreline and the sea,but let's not talk of love or chains and things we can't untie,your eyes are soft with sorrow,Hey, that's no way to say goodbye.I loved you in the morning, our kisses deep and warm,your hair upon the pillow like a sleepy golden storm, yes many loved before us, I know that we are not new,in city and in forest they smiled like me and you, but let's not talk of love or chains and things we can't untie,your eyes are soft with sorrow,Hey, that's no way to say goodbye.So long, Marianne by Leonard CohenCome over to the window, my little darling,I'd like to try to read your palm.I used to think I was some kind of Gypsy boy before I let you take me home.Now so long, Marianne, it's time that we beganto laugh and cry and cry and laugh about it all again.Well you know that I love to live with you,but you make me forget so very much.I forget to pray for the angelsand then the angels forget to pray for us.Now so long, Marianne, it's time that we began ...We met when we were almost youngdeep in the green lilac park.You held on to me like I was a crucifix,as we went kneeling through the dark.Oh so long, Marianne, it's time that we began ...Your letters they all say that you're beside me now. Then why do I feel alone?I'm standing on a ledge and your fine spider web is fastening my ankle to a stone.Now so long, Marianne, it's time that we began ...For now I need your hidden love.I'm cold as a new razor blade.You left when I told you I was curious,I never said that I was brave.Oh so long, Marianne, it's time that we began ...Oh, you are really such a pretty one.I see you've gone and changed your name again. And just when I climbed this whole mountainside, to wash my eyelids in the rain!Oh so long, Marianne, it's time that we began ...It Ain’t Me Babe by Bob DylanGo 'way from my window,Leave at your own chosen speed.I'm not the one you want, babe,I'm not the one you need.You say you're lookin' for someone Never weak but always strong,To protect you an' defend you Whether you are right or wrong, Someone to open each and every door, But it ain't me, babe,No, no, no, it ain't me, babe,It ain't me you're lookin' for, babe.Go lightly from the ledge, babe,Go lightly on the ground.I'm not the one you want, babe,I will only let you down.You say you're looking' for someone Who will promise never to part, Someone to close his eyes for you, Someone to close his heart, Someone who will die for you an' more, But it ain't me, babe,No, no, no, it ain't me, babe,It ain't me you're lookin' for, babe.Go melt back into the night, babe, Everything inside is made of stone. There's nothing in here movingAn' anyway I'm not alone.You say you're looking for someone Who'll pick you up each time you fall, To gather flowers constantlyAn' to come each time you call,A lover for your life an' nothing more, But it ain't me, babe,No, no, no, it ain't me, babe,It ain't me you're lookin' for, babe.The Times They Are A-Changing by Bob Dylan Come gather 'round peopleWherever you roamAnd admit that the watersAround you have grownAnd accept it that soonYou'll be drenched to the bone.If your time to youIs worth savin'Then you better start swimmin'Or you'll sink like a stoneFor the times they are a-changin'.Come writers and criticsWho prophesize with your penAnd keep your eyes wideThe chance won't come againAnd don't speak too soonFor the wheel's still in spinAnd there's no tellin' whoThat it's namin'.For the loser nowWill be later to winFor the times they are a-changin'.Come senators, congressmenPlease heed the callDon't stand in the doorwayDon't block up the hallFor he that gets hurtWill be he who has stalled There's a battle outsideAnd it is ragin'.It'll soon shake your windows And rattle your wallsFor the times they are a-changin'. Come mothers and fathers Throughout the landAnd don't criticizeWhat you can't understandYour sons and your daughters Are beyond your command Your old road isRapidly agin'.Please get out of the new oneIf you can't lend your handFor the times they are a-changin'. The line it is drawnThe curse it is castThe slow one nowWill later be fastAs the present nowWill later be pastThe order isRapidly fadin'.And the first one nowWill later be lastFor the times they are a-changin'.Suzanne by Leonard CohenSuzanne takes you down to her place near the river You can hear the boats go byYou can spend the night beside herAnd you know that she's half crazyBut that's why you want to be thereAnd she feeds you tea and orangesThat come all the way fromChinaAnd just when you mean to tell herThat you have no love to give herThen she gets you on her wavelengthAnd she lets the river answerThat you've always been her loverAnd you want to travel with herAnd you want to travel blindAnd you know that she will trust youFor you've touched her perfect body with your mind.And Jesus was a sailorWhen he walked upon the waterAnd he spent a long time watchingFrom his lonely wooden towerAnd when he knew for certainOnly drowning men could see himHe said "All men will be sailors thenUntil the sea shall free them"But he himself was brokenLong before the sky would openForsaken, almost humanHe sank beneath your wisdom like a stoneAnd you want to travel with himAnd you want to travel blindAnd you think maybe you'll trust himFor he's touched your perfect body with his mind. Now Suzanne takes your handAnd she leads you to the riverShe is wearing rags and feathersFrom Salvation Army countersAnd the sun pours down like honeyOn our lady of the harbourAnd she shows you where to lookAmong the garbage and the flowersThere are heroes in the seaweedThere are children in the morningThey are leaning out for loveAnd they will lean that way foreverWhile Suzanne holds the mirrorAnd you want to travel with herAnd you want to travel blindAnd you know that you can trust herFor she's touched your perfect body with her mind.。
Willa Cather中英对照生平介绍
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Willa CatherWilla Sibert Cather (December 7, 1873 –April 24, 1947) was an American author who achieved recognition for her novels of frontier life on the Great Plains, in works such as O Pioneers!, My Ántonia, and The Song of the Lark. In 1923 she was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for One of Ours (1922), a novel set during World War I. Cather grew up in Nebraska and graduated from the University of Nebraska. She lived and worked in Pittsburgh for ten years, then at the age of 33 she moved to New York, where she lived for the rest of her life.She was born Wilella Sibert Cather in 1873 on her maternal grandmother's farm in the Back Creek Valley near Winchester, Virginia(see Willa Cather Birthplace). Her father was Charles Fectigue Cather (d. 1928), whose family had lived on land in the valley for six generations. Her mother was Mary Virginia Boak (d. 1931), a former school teacher. Within a year of Cather's birth, the family moved to Willow Shade, a Greek Revival-style home on 130 acres given to them by her paternal grandparents.The Cathers moved to Nebraska in 1883, joining Charles' parents, when Willa was nine years old. Her father tried his hand at farming for eighteen months; then he moved the family into the town of Red Cloud, where he opened a real estate and insurance business, and the children attended school for the first time.Cather's time in the western state, still on thefrontier, was a deeply formative experience for her. She was intensely moved by the dramatic environment and weather, and the various cultures of the European-American, immigrant and Native American families in the area. Her town was named for the renowned Oglala Lakota chief. Mary Cather had six more children after Willa: Roscoe, Douglass, Jessica, James, John, and Elsie. Cather was closest to her brothers, less close to her sisters whom, according to her biographer Hermione Lee, Cather "seems not to have liked very much."Cather had planned to major in science at the University of Nebraska –she hoped to become a medical doctor. After her essay on Thomas Carlyle was published in the Nebraska State Journal during her freshman year, she became a regular contributor to the Journal, changed her major, and graduated in 1894 with a B.A. in English.As a student at the University of Nebraska in the early 1890s, Cather sometimes used the masculine nickname "William" and wore masculine clothing. A photograph in the University of Nebraska archives depicts Cather dressed like a young man and with "her hair shingled, at a time when females wore their hair fashionably long."Throughout Cather's adult life, her most significant friendships were with women. These included her college friend Louise Pound; the Pittsburgh socialite Isabelle McClung, with whom Cather traveled to Europe; opera singer Olive Fremstad; pianist Yaltah Menuhin; and mostnotably, the editor Edith Lewis, with whom Cather lived the last 39 years of her life. Cather's sexual identity remains a point of contention among scholars. While many argue for Cather as a lesbian and interpret her work through a lens of queer theory, a highly vocal contingent of Cather scholars adamantly oppose such considerations.The scholar Janet Sharistanian has written, "Cather did not label herself a lesbian nor would she wish us to do so, and we do not know whether her relationships with women were sexual. In any case, it is anachronistic to assume that if Cather's historical context had been different, she would have chosen to write overtly about homoerotic love."Cather's relationship with Edith Lewis began in the early 1900s. The two women lived together in a series of apartments in New York City from 1908 until the writer's death in 1947. From 1913 to 1927, Cather and Lewis lived at No. 5 Bank Street in Greenwich Village. They moved when the apartment was scheduled for demolition during construction of the Seventh Avenue subway line. Cather selected Lewis as the literary trustee for her estate.Born into a Baptist family, in 1922 Cather joined the Episcopal Church. She had been attending local Episcopal services since her first year in New York in 1906.Beginning in 1922, Cather spent summers on Grand Manan Island, in New Brunswick, Canada. She bought a cottage in Whale Cove, on theBay of Fundy. It was the only house she ever owned. She stopped coming to Grand Manan Island when Canada entered WWII, since travel was more difficult and the island doctor had died, making her cancer more uncomfortable. She valued the seclusion of the island, and may have even preferred that she and her companions be the only inhabitants. Cather died on April 24, 1947 in New York City of a cerebral hemorrhage and was buried in the Old Burying Ground in Jaffrey, New Hampshire.A resolutely private person, Cather had destroyed many old drafts, personal papers, and letters. Her will restricted the ability of scholars to quote from those personal papers that remain.中文介绍薇拉•凯瑟(Willa Cather,1873年12月7日-1947年4月24日)是美国19世纪的著名作家,以"One of Ours"一书,于1923年得到普立兹奖,作品以擅长描写女性及美国早期移民的拓荒开垦生活而闻名(著作如《哦•拓荒者!》及《我的安东妮亚》),为美国重要的乡土作者之一。
美国边疆AmericanFrontier资料
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2.1 Before 1770s
The American frontier began in 1607.
From the earliest days of European settlement to about 1680, the frontier was essentially any part of the interior of the continent – west of the Appalachian.
3. Life on the American Frontier
Frontier utility knives: a butcher knife
a skinning knife
and a small antique paring knife
Farm kitchen cutlery and kitchenware
…推进科学前沿。
边界的;开拓的 The frontier town boomed when gold was discovered nearby.
当那个边疆城镇附近发现金矿时它迅速而蓬勃发展起来。
1.What is frontier?
Familiar VS Unfamiliar diverse unknown exotic
AMERICAN FRONTIER
1.What is frontier?
边界;国境,边疆 They lined the north-western frontier with soldiers.
他们沿西北边境线驻扎了士兵。
(学科或活动的)尖端,边缘;前沿; ...pushing back the frontiers of science.
A grain fanner, from the 1850s, would blow air through wheat to separate the chaff—an otherwise timeconsuming task.
简单句与复合句
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学习英语语法需要掌握三方面的内容:形式、意义、用法。
一、引入:英语的句子结构非常有规律。
完整的句子结构都是由两部分组成:“陈述对象+陈述内容”。
陈述对象一般是名词或相当于名词的成分来充当,即主语;陈述内容是说明主语怎么了,用动词来表达,即谓语。
所以,一个完整的英语句子就是:“主语+谓语”。
主语和谓语确定一个句子的基本骨架结构,但意思往往还不完整,需在动词后面接其他成分,这就由谓语动词决定。
动词决定一个句子是否有宾语,或有几个宾语,或是否需要补足语以及状语。
所以,谓语动词决定了一个句子的骨架结构。
启示:1、分析复杂难句结构时,首先要找到句子的谓语,包括主句的谓语和各个从句的谓语;2、写句子时,一定要知道谓语动词的用法特点,如该动词后面是否能接宾语,接什么形式(不定式还是动名词等)的宾语,这些问题都由谓语动词决定。
所以,在下列进行分析中,一定要注意每一种句型的谓语动词特点。
简单句的五种基本句型(分析动词后面是否有宾语和补语)主语+系动词+表语主语+谓语(vi)主语+谓语(vt)+宾语主语+谓语(vt)+间接宾语+直接宾语主语+谓语(vt)+宾语+宾语补足语二、句型一:主语+系动词+表语He is a student.He is a boy.The easy way may be to run a lawnmowe r.The yard looks fine for a while.The first solution appeared easy.The second solution was not so easy.该句型的谓语动词是系动词(liking verb)(如be或其他系动词)。
系动词,又叫连系动词,这种动词没有具体的动作,只是起连接主语和后面成分的作用。
这种动词后面所接的成分是用来说明主语的特点,表明主语的性质特征,故被称为主语补足语或表语(能表示主语特征的成分)。
英语中的系动词主要有四大类:1、单纯表示主语的特征、状态的,这类系动词有feel,look,sound,taste,smell,seem 和appear等。
哈克贝利费恩历险记中的现实主义
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Realism in The Adventures of Huckleberry FinnBy Pan PingA 2013 Undergraduate of the School of ForeignLanguages of Anqing Teachers CollegeSupervisor: Liu JinMay 1st, 2013Thesis statement: This essay will analyze the realism in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and try to study the scathing criticism of theAmerican society before the civil war.O O u u t t l l i i n n e eI. IntroductionII. An analysis on American RealismIII. Realism in The Adventures of Huckleberry FinnA .The embodiment of realism in themea .Praising of the pursuit for freedomb .Criticism on slaveryc .Criticism on the degeneration of morality and humanityd .Irony on education, religion and romanticsB. The embodiments of realism in techniquea.The colloquial dictionb. First person narrationc. The picaresque styled.The detailed descriptionIV. ConclusionRealism in The Adventures of Huckleberry FinnAuthor: Pan Ping Supervisor: Liu JinⅠ.IntroductionMark Twain (1835-1910), pseudonym of Samuel Langhorne Clemens, is one of the greatest American realists. He was born in Florida, Missouri. When he was four, his family moved to Hannibal, a small town on the Missouri river .At the age of 12, his formal education ended soon after his father died .Thereafter, he was successively a printer apprentice, a tramp printer and a steamboat pilot on the Mississippi. He left there at the outbreak of the civil war and became a frontier journalist in Nevada and California. This knocking about gave him both a deep understanding of life and a rich knowledge of humanity, which later paved the way for his great success in literature. His first book, Jumping Frog (1865), made him nationally famous. In 1866,he went to east and met Dean Howells, the champion of American realism .Then ,under the instruction and encourage of Dean Howells,Twain,in1871,eventually established himself as a successful writer in a large mansion in Hartford, Connecticut .In the following seventeen years ,his most famous works were produced, Roughing It (1872) ,The Gilded(1873),The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876),The Life on Mississippi( 1881) ,The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn(1884).Besides, Twain was an ardent critic of American imperialism. His writings and statements on this subject were fierce and bitter. What's more, he was also a friend of the Chinese and not indifferent either to the Chinese immigrants persecuted in America or to a China suffering unremitting and intense agony of humiliation by imperialist powers.Gradually, Mark Twain became renown home and abroad as a great writer and a good critic.It is the affection with his country and the lower strata of society that underlies his unswerving position in the republic of letters worldwide. He always paid a lot of attention to the real life of the average people around him. “ I have never tri ed in even one single instance”,he wrote in one of his letters,“to help cultivate the cultivated classes ,I was not equipped for it either by native gift or training ,and I never had any ambition in that direction ,but always hunted for bigger game ---the masses”.1 It is easy to see the vivid and faithful description of the masses everywhere as well as the proper use of realistic devices and techniques in his prolific literary career .Twain has made a great contribution to the development of American literature .He first created the American boy in America literature and made colloquial speech an accepted and respectable literary media. Also, he was the first literary giant in breaking the narrow limits of local color and describing the breadth of American experience as no one had ever donebefore .Accordingly, he was acclaimed as "the true father of our national literature" by Earnest Hemingway. As his masterpiece, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is really a successful application of his literary creeds in novel writing. Therefore, it has been considered the very example of American realism in the 19th century.The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is really a vivid recreation of various living models in the 19th century America .It tells a story about America before the civil war when the great Mississippi valley was still being settled .The story just took place along the Mississippi River. Huckleberry Finn, or Huck ,one of the two heroes ,has been living with the widow Douglas and her spinster sister Miss Watson in a small town called St.Peterburg .The Two sisters always try to “civili ze”the little boy with proper dressing ,decent manners and religiousreverence .However ,Huck has already been accustomed to living easy and free so that he can't adapt himself to such a “civilized” and constraining life style .What's worse ,his father suddenly comes to coop him up in a remote cottage across the river and seeks to get the money which Huck got accidentally .To get rid of the serious beatings from his father ,Huck stages a murder and succeeds in escaping .When he comes to the Jackson island ,he meets Jim, a black slave ,just running away from Miss Watson. After Jim tells the reason of his escape, Huck decides to help him .Then they determine to flow down the river in a raft .They planned to reach Cairo first and then continue north into the free states where the slavery has been abolished .Unfortunately, they miss Cairo in a thickfog and a steamboat destroys their raft, and they are separated .Huck comesto the Grangerford house. After witnessing the bloody scene of the Shepherdson-Grangerford feud ,he decides to leave there and meets Jim again luckily .They continue to flow down and save two conmen who call themselves Duke and Dauphin .In a town, the two swindlers ridicule the residents and cheat a lot of money. And in another one, they impersonate the two brothers of Peter Wilkes who just died with some legacy left, andplan to swindle the Wilkes family of the inheritance .It's Huck who finally exposes the conmen and the despicable plan fails .Escaping from the town, Duke and Dauphin lose all the money, then they sell Jim to Silas Phelpswho turns out Tom's uncle .In the meantime, Tom comes to visit his auntand persuades Huck to join his ridiculous plan to rescue Jim. When theplan is carried out and Jim is recaptured ,Tom reveals that Miss Watsonhas already freed Jim two months ago when she was dying .At the end ofthe book ,Jim gets free and Huck goes west. In this novel ,the author creates a whole gallery of vivid characters from different walks and showsus a true-to-life picture of the United States in the 19th century .Inthe realistic description ,the praising of the pursuit for freedom andthe criticism on slavery are obviously seen .Besides, the satire onsociety ,education, religion and romantics is worthy ourattention ,too .In fact, this book also employs several realistic techniques to strengthen its air of realism ,including the colloquial language ,first-person narration ,the picaresque style and the detailed description .In all, what is discussed above contributes a lot to the success of this book .Through such a concise introduction ,we may know something about the note“all modern American literature comes from” madeby Hemingway on The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn .Ⅱ.An analysis on American realismIn the Oxford concise dictionary of literary terms ,the term "realism"is defined as follow:A mode of writing that gives the impression of recording or reflectingfaithfully and actual way of life. It is associated chiefly with the nineteenthcentury novels of middle or lower class life, in which the problem ofordinary people in unremarkable circumstances are rendered with closeattention to the detail of physical setting and to the complexities of sociallife.―Realism had originated in France as ‗realime‘, a literary doctrine that called for reality and truth in the depiction of ordinary life. Realism first appeared in the United States in the literature of local color and an amalgam of romantic plots and realistic descriptions of things was immediately observable ,the dialects ,customs ,sights and sounds of regional America‖ .2 .A series of historical events have caused this literary movement in America .The civil war between 1861 and 1865 has exerted a great influence on American politics ,economy and society .The cruelty of the war pushed America to realism from romanticism ;slavery was abolished after the war ; the victory of the northern industrial states led to a sharp increase of new wealth created by business growth and exploitation of natural resource .Meanwhile, ―vast riches and economic powers were concentrated in the hands of a few .It was the beginning of what Mark Twain called ‗The Gilded Age‘ ,an age of excess and extremes of decline and progress, of poverty and dazzling wealth ,of gloom and buoyant hope‖.3 This great change in society, in turn, influences greatly the literary creation in both the theme and the technique .As a result ,in the later half of the 19th century, most writers shared what Henry James called“a powerful impulse to mirror the unmitigated realities of life ”. Thereafter, romanticism came to its end and realism spreads widely in writing across the country. ―New writers sought to portray American life as it really was insisting that the masses and the local were su itable for artistic creation‖ .Instead of presenting an idealized life in poetic description, they pursued to depict who were less simply all good and all bad and to present the subtleties of human personalities . In all, American realists aimed at the wide range of American experiences and the interpretation of the realities of any aspects of life free from subjective prejudice, idealism or romantics color. Literature in this period was defined as nothing more and nothing less than the truthful treatment of material.In a realistic work, the style of diction, irony and roughness is an eminent features, too.Ⅲ.Realism in the Adventures of Huckleberry FinnA. The embodiments of realism in themea.Praising of the pursuit for freedomIf you have read the classical works like The Pilgrimage to the West and The Pilgrim's Progress, you will find some similarity .If you have ever read The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, you will relate spontaneously this novel to those two, for they share one thing in common .To a degree, they all tell of the journey of somepeople's travel to some place for some reason irrespective of difficulty and danger. In The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, the novel refers to a trip of the pursuit for freedom in content. This novel in structure can be divided into three parts .Part one is about the reason of the escape, part two about the difficulty and danger on their way to freedom, part three about their final success to freedom. In both the content and the structure, it‘s no doubt a travel book about freedom and the only driving force to the development of the plots is the two‘s eager for freedom. One palpable difference among these three books is that the common names and the real settings in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn strengthen the air of reality. Huck , one of the two heroes, is an uneducated outcast white boy about thirteen years old. He escapes from being civilized and confined .While the other one, Jim, is an ignorant black slave. He escapes from being enslaved and separated from his wife and daughters. To some extent, Huck symbolizes the fettered spirit of human beings while Jim stands for the enslaved body. These two together form an intact man with which this travel can be regarded a true trip to freedom,and such freedom can be considered a true freedom both in spirit and body. Undoubtedly, it‘s rather difficult to get free in the South America of the 1850s for the two. The readers can perceive the difficulties through Twain's true-to-life description. It‘s best shown by the various experiences on the way to floating down the river. There are a series of examples in the novel. At first Huck and Jim hide themselves in daytime and travel at night. Then their raft is destroyed deliberately by a ship in a thick fog; and two conmen who called Duke and Dauphin appear and control Jim and Huck;at last, Jim is sold and after a complicated rescue, he is recaptured. All these sufferings on the way to pursuing freedom, in a degree, symbolize the impediments from that society. Eventually, the book ends with a comedy and we readers all smile and relax when Jim is declared free. As is known that people will particularly cherish what is achieved with difficulty, obviously including freedom. From this point of view, Twain seems to tell us to fight braverily for our freedom and really cherish it. All in all, through the difficult travel, Twain highly eulogizes the pursuit for freedom.2. Criticism on slaveryIn the nineteenth century, America committed a national fault -- slavery, in which slaves existed widely and lived in misery. They were just regarded a piece of property by their white lords. Slaves were sold in the public market like animals. As in the novel, Miss Watson planned to sell Jim irrespective of his separation from his wife and daughters. It’s generally believed that Slavery was good and right and Black was worthy no respect .The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn paints for us a realistic picture of the misery life of the blacks in the South America . Here are some illustrations .In this novel ,“Huck starts by believing that Blacks are by nature lower than whites-inferior animals of sorts in fact”.4 In the first chapter, Huck and Tom take advantage of Jim’ssuperstition to play tricks on him. Another clear illustration is the dialogue between Huck and Aunt Sally after the explosion on the river:---It warn't the grounding that didn't keep us back but a little we blowed out a cylinder head.--- Good gracious anybody hurt.---no’m, Killed a nigger.---Well, it’s lucky because some time do get hurt people.In this conversation, radical prejudice is self-evident. The transparent irony disclosed in Aunt Sally’s anxious question and her genuine relief that no people were injured. It implies that Huck is also unaware of the irony or humor of reply .F rom this dialogue“nigger”seems not to belong to human being .However, in this novel, we find a totally different black image, Jim .He has impressed readers deeply with his virtues and performances on the way to north. They two help each other and live in harmony. They discuss various questions and Jim shares his experiences with little Huck. Gradually, Huck begins to accept Jim as an amiable man and a loyal friend so that Huck has an impulse to kiss Jim's feet when he plays trick on Jim and hurts his feelings .Besides, Jim is so kind to stop Huck's approach to the dead man who, as Jim later exposes, is Huck's father. He just can not let Huck witness such a horrible scene which shows fully the noble humanity of a black as human being. Moreover, the most moving scene occurs in the last chapter when Tom is wounded by a bullet. It is Jim who stays there to take care of him and helps the white doctor to save him .Then Jim is recaptured though he could escape as many other people may do, for which even the old doctor, a slavery supporter, praises him and so do the other people around .Obviously, it’s the virtues and performances only possessed by man that win the praise from these whites and makes Huck's heart over deformed conscience. Until the end of the book, no misbehaviors can be found committed by Jim, but he suffers most. It is no doubt that all the agony and inequality come from his identity as Black where the ignorance of the white is shown to the full play .As a whole, Jim has various enviable virtues such as honest, responsible and kind- hearted .Through the creation of this black figure, Twain manages to smash down the rumor of Black's inferiority .Jim ,an innocent and quiet black ,suffers a lot but still shows his nobilities in adversity .It's believed that Jim ,as a black ,is admirable and even performs better than the white .The portrayal of Jim is juxtaposed with that of the white. In such a contrast, the lovely image of the black and the vulgar one of the white come naturally into our brain and the reader mustconceive the idea that the slavery, which is even believed wrong by an uneducated child, is doomed to breakdown. Through the realistic portrayal of Jim's experience, the criticism on slavery is obviously seen in the novel.3. Criticism on the degeneration of morality and humanityWith the development of capitalism, America embraced a great prosperity. ―The machine and worship of money were on their way in‖ and the degeneration of morality and humanity spread widely. As a great realistic writer, Twain felt disappointed and sharply criticized this phenomenon. The second part of The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is considered most exciting in which Twain satires the vulgarity of the society along the Mississippi River. His artful use of irony and humor really makes readers laugh, especially the waggish performances of the two conmen, Duke and Dauphin, by which he exposes directly the cruelty of the people. Through the eyes of the innocent boy, we see a society filled with violence, cheating and murder. As we find in the novel, ―the loafers of the town Brickville amuse themselves by torturing animals--pouring kerosene on dogs and setting them on fire‖. Besides,“Boggs' drunken swagger results in his murder but the dramatic emphasis is upon the town's perverse fascination with his dying and the distempered gang calls for the lynching of Colonel Sherburn ,but what they get is an upbraiding lecture on mob cowardice" 4.What‘s worse, the Shepherdson-Grangerford feud displays the most violent scene .As we know in Romeo and Juliet, the death of the two lovers dissolves the feud between two families. However, in this book, the escape of the two lovers immediately leads to blood and death. It seems really irony. All these realistic pictures faithfully show us the corruptness and the decaying humanity and the morality of the people, and the author spares no effort to satire on the whole society4.Irony on education,religion and romanticsApart from the poignant portrayal of slavery and the society, there is also ironyin Twain's presentation of education, religion and romantics. ―All of his virtues come from his good heart and his sense of humanity for most of the things he was taught turned out to be wrong ,for example, he was taught that slavery was good and right and that runaway slaves should be reported .So what Huck has to do is to cut through social prejudices and racial discrimination to find truth for himself.”5 As a result of such education, Huck is described as a boy with a sound heart and a deformed conscience .Much of the book concentrate on the inner struggle of his heart and conscience .This concrete description is the most attractive part of the novel. Huck is always frustrated by the sense of guilt in helping Jim escape and his conviction of Jim's identity as human being. At first, he can't see Jim as a proper human being and less as his equal .Through their escape down the river, he comesto know Jim better and accept him as a good man as well as a loyal friend. This progress is best displayed in his famous decision to tear up the letter to Miss Watson and ―go to hell‖ and helps Jim .Until this moment ,Huck's sympathy has completely prevailed over his education.“Twain once observed in reference to this internal struggle that this a chapter where a sound heart and a deformed conscience come into collision and conscience suffers defeat‖.Even an illiterate boy can realize that slavery is wrong while those educated and ―civilized‖ can't realizeit .It's really a failure of the education then .At the same time the author also shows us what the educated people do in their―civilized‖ manners. Boggs' drunken swagger results in his murder by Colonel Sherburn and the democratic citizens quickly change into violent mobs ,ready to lynch him; the bloody scene brought by the Shepherdson-Grangerford feud displays their senseless and sickening perversion of a code of "honor" .It‘s incredible for us to agree on the existence of such cruelty, violence and vulgarity in the democratic America .However, that is just the fact .In all ,it is the wrong education that deforms people's conscience and causes a series of tragedies, which is obviously against the essence of education .Thus the reader can easily perceive the irony on the education .In this novel, Twain also shows his irony on the religion .Here are some illustrations in this work. The realistic records of Huck's experiences come to be a satirical vehicle to religion in the hands of Twain, for example,"Huck is perplexed that the pious widow makes him grumble over the victuals even though there is nothing wrong with them"; he goes to church with the Grangerford family and hears a sermon about brotherly love and everyone agrees that it‘s a good one but they continue to fight each other. The two families, though they believe in God and listen to the sermons, can not give up the bloody feud .It is to some extent an irony on religion. They even take arms in the church, ready to defend themselves. What's interesting is that the Bible commits a sin and causes the bloody feud, because it is the vehicle to deliver the lovers' decision to escape. Thus the Bible is no longer saint and pure. It’s another way to criticize the religion.In the evasion chapter, Twain describes vividly Tom's ridiculous rescue through which the irony on romantics is obvious. Tom enjoys romantic books and makes his plan according to the plots in these romantic writings. In fact, he has made such a “romantic" plan which is impossible to accomplish and he himself eventually gives up some parts of his plan but still pretends he is doing that. Some critics even think this pilot is unnecessary, but Twain still employs this way to free Jim .One of the explanations is that he tries to make a comic end to the book and presents his irony on romantics. The result of the “romantic” rescue in which Tom, his own, gets shot and Jim is recaptured ,acclaims the failure of the plan, or in other words, the end of the romantics. People should switch their attention to real lifeand be pragmatic. Thus Twain just wants to shows us that the age of romanticism has gone and it's the age of realism.B.The embodiments of realism in techniquea. The Colloquial languageIt's the diction that helps to make this book realistic and time-honored. It is writtenin colloquial language, the standard speech of uneducated American. The use of such colloquial style displays Twain's conscious attempt to achieve accurate detail. “In this book‖, he says, ―a number of dialects are used, to wit; the Missouri negro dialect, the extremist forms of the back woods southwestern dialect, the ordinary 'pike county' dialect and four modified varieties of this .The shadings have not been done in a haphazard fashion or by guesswork but painstakingly and with the trustworthy guidance and support of personal familiarity with these several forms of speech ". 6―Painstaking‖ and―not hapha zard‖ indicate the conscientious effort of the author;―trustworthiness‖ ,―familiarity ‖and the author‘s awareness of dialects in use reveal his attempt to reproduce actual daily speech with a degree of accuracy ‖.The following is an excerpt from this realistic masterpiece to serve as an illustration:I took all the coffee and sugar there was and all the ammunition I took the waddingI took the bucket and gourd took a dipper and a tin cap and my old saw and two blankets and the skillet and the coffeepot "7.The words used here are mostly Anglo-Saxon in origin and are brief direct and concrete in effect. Most structures of the sentences are simple or compound with―ands‖ and semicolons as connectives. The repetition of ‘took ’and a group of things leave the impression that Twain depends much on the concrete object and action for his works. In addition, there is an ungrammatical element giving the finishto his style. As a whole, the language of the book is close to the actual speech of Huck ,an uneducated boy from the south of the mid-nineteenth century.2. First-person narrationFirst-person narration is synonyms for story-telling .There are two types of narration, first person narration and third person narration. In first person narration, the story is told by a character who habitually refers him self with the pronoun ‘I’and the point of view is automatically that of the narrator. In The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, various pictures and serious problems are discussed by the narration of an illiterate boy, Huck. This technique enables Twain express freely without the intrusion of his idea into the narrative .Thus all the plots seem more realistic and more fluent. All above bring readers closer to the events and involves them into the plots. At the same time, Twain coulddeal easily with his hatreds --racial bigotry, violence, aristocratic pretense as well as other lesser evils and make scathing comments on some social issues. His complaints about these and other matters find their way into Huck's narrative. It is done so naturally that the reader is rather easy to accept such a fresh unsophisticated style through the innocent eyes and mouth of a child, by which the author presents a comprehensive realistic picture of the American society in the 19th century .In addition, the use of first-person narration in conversations contributes much to penetrating into the core of problems with brief and simple words. It also makes the dialogues natural and realistic and leaves upon the reader a deep impression. In all, it is the first-person narration that strings up the plots naturally and exposes directly the essence of various problems.3. The picaresque styleThe picaresque style, one of the oldest dramatic narrative devices, is applied in the novel .It's a style of fiction dealing with the adventures of outcast men .Picaresque plots consists of a series of unrelated events which are strung together by the hero's adventures .These plots are loose and chronological. So these styles of fiction enable Twain to introduce characters at will without undermining readers‘belief in the possibility of these events. It also makes Twain write romantically and freely .Meanwhile, with this style the book turns out to be more interesting and vivid .At the same time, different plots attract different readers and they helps the author express his various intention. The picaresque style also makes all the experiences natural and coherent from the mouth of a child like Huck. Obviously, Twain hopes to present social problems through the adventures with humor and irony. He finds the best writing technique ,the picaresque style, to emphasize the fact一the civilized society from which Huck and J im’s escape is full of humiliation while the uneducated community on the river is characterized with dignity .4. The detailed descriptionLast but not least, the successful employment of the detailed description helps enhance the effect of irony and the atmosphere of reality. There are a number of concrete descriptions in the novel serving as the illustrations. Twain seriously described the decorum of the Grangerford’s house, from which we learn that this family is rich and noble .However, under the lofty appearance conceals the cruel reality, which is fully shown in the bloody scene of the Shepherdson-Grangerford feud. This detailed presentation of concrete objects has achieved the very effect of irony and humor. In order to make the settings true to the actual environment, Twain also takes advantage of this style, for example:first thing to see, looking away over the water, was a kind of dull line—that was the woods on the other side, you couldn‘t make nothing else out; then a pale place in the sky; then more paleness spreading around; then the river softened up away off, and warn‘t black any more, but gray; you could see littl e dark spots drifting along。
James Fenimore Cooper (1789---
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•
Cooper's depiction of American Indians was sometimes criticised as unrealistic and implausible. Over fifty years after The Deerslayer (1841) was published Mark Twain served up a heaping plate of sardonic but scathing criticism of it and Cooper in his essay "Fenimore Cooper's Literary Offences" (1895). But as Cooper writes in his Introduction to The Last of the Mohicans: • The Mohicans were the possessors of the country first occupied by the Europeans in this portion of the continent. They were, consequently, the first dispossessed; and the seemingly inevitable fate of all these people, who disappear before the advances, or it might be termed the inroads, of civilization, as the verdure of their native forests falls before the nipping frosts, is represented as having already befallen them. There is sufficient historical truth in the picture to justify the use that has been made of
From the American Crisis 简介及选段翻译
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北美的危机《北美的危机》背景:北美独立战争爆发后,英国政府迅速派兵进行镇压。
1776年8月间,威廉·豪的大军逼近了纽约,共有3.5 万人,都是装备精良、训练有素的职业军人,其中有两万余人是从德国黑森来的雇佣军。
华盛顿的军队只有两万人,都是缺少职业训练、衣衫褴褛、装备寒碜的志愿民兵。
1776年的12月,美军仓惶撤到了新泽西和特拉华。
首都费城一片惊恐混乱,很多人准备全家出逃。
随着敌军的逼近,也有很多人改变了他们的政治立场,从支持独立的辉格党(Whig)摇身一变成为支持英王统治的托利党(Tory)。
大陆会议迁到了巴尔的摩(Baltimore),新闻和舆论都沉默了。
也许不列颠的旗帜几个小时之后就要在州政府的官邸上空飘扬,现在谁还敢再宣扬独立呢?就在这个惊恐万状的城市里,潘恩倾尽他全部的激情开始了《美国危机》的写作。
1776年12月25日黄昏时刻,华盛顿把部队集合起来,向集合起来的士兵大声宣读《危机》的第一篇这是考验人的灵魂的时代。
在当前的危机中,精壮的战士和乐天的爱国者会在为国家服务的责任面前畏缩不前,但今天能坚持战斗的人应当得到全体男女的爱戴和感激。
专制制度就像地狱一样,是不容易被打破的,但是我们可以欣慰的是:斗争越是艰巨,胜利就越光荣。
轻易获得的东西,我们并不珍重,一切事物的价值在于它是来之不易的。
上天知道怎样给它的货品定出适当的价码。
如果对自由这样神圣的东西反而索价不高,那岂非咄咄怪事。
凭军队来推行其专制制度的不列颠公开宜布她有权利(不但课税)而且“在一切情形下对我们进行全面约束”,如果那样约束我们还不叫奴役的话,那世上就不存在奴役这回事了。
其实他们这种说法本身也是裹读神明的,因为他们所说的那种无限权力只能属于上帝……此时此刻无动于衷的心便是死的。
他的孩子们将以血咒骂他的怯儒,因为他在只要付出一点便可拯救全体,使他们获得幸福的紧要关头退缩了。
我爱能在危难中微笑的人;我爱能从痛苦中聚集力量的人;我爱能通过深思变得勇敢的人。
新视野大学英语第三册Unit 4 section A
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Unit4
BOOK3
work on (L1)
have sth. as the subject of thought or effort
Use it
汤姆还在写那本他许诺过要写的新书吗?
Tips
I am working on …
(my term paper; the College English Test Band 4; a new project…)
命名 以…名义 名叫…的 用…名字的 没有正式名分的 有名无实的 问题的本质 亵渎…/滥用… 获得..把..收归名下
Grant Wood instantly rose to fame in 1930 with his painting American Gothic, an often-copied interpretation of the solemn pride of American farmers. (Para. 9)
芭比娃娃的三维模特是一个德国洋娃娃,一个哄成 年人开心的礼物,被描绘成具有“风尘女子”的摸 样。马特尔公司将这个娃娃做了一番改造,变成了 体面而地道的美国版本,尽管胸围有些夸张,并以 芭芭拉命名。
Structure: conj.+ prepositional phrase
• Most snakes, although with a threatening appearance, aren’t really dangerous if you leave them alone.
get people to join the army or navy
recruit
fine new people to work in a company, join an organization, do a job
高级英语Mark_Twain_Mirror_of_America
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His first novel,
The Gilded Age(1873), was
an artistic failure, but it gave its name to the America of postbellum(美国南北 战争之后) period
The Adventures of Tom Sawyer(1876)
River pilot
Mississippi River
Transcontinental Railroads
Confederate guerrillas
Civil War
Prospector Gold Rush
Reporter
San Francisco Mistreatment of Chinese
The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg
Autobiography
A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court
Noel Grove
He is a freelance writer whose main business is writing non-fiction books. guy who turned killer and why He has just published his 9th book, entitled "Anyone But Duane," an examination of the life of a nice he got that way. He worked for 25 years as a staff writer for National Geographic Magazine.
美利坚背着猎枪的拓荒者读后感
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美利坚背着猎枪的拓荒者读后感英文版Reflections on "The American Frontiersman with a Rifle on His Back"Upon finishing the book "The American Frontiersman with a Rifle on His Back," I was left with a profound sense of awe and admiration for the spirit of the American pioneers. This book, a vivid portrayal of the challenges and triumphs faced by the early settlers of America, offers a fascinating insight into the making of a nation.The frontiersmen, armed with rifles and driven by a sense of adventure and freedom, ventured into the unknown, braving the harshest of conditions. Their journey was fraught with dangers, from the treacherous terrain to the constant threat of wild animals and hostile native tribes. Yet, they persevered, motivated by the promise of a new life in a land that offered both opportunities and challenges.The book highlights the resilience and determination of these men, who were willing to sacrifice so much for the chance to build a new life. Their stories are filled with moments of courage, camaraderie, and even humor, which serve to illustrate the human spirit in the face of adversity.Moreover, "The American Frontiersman with a Rifle on His Back" serves as a reminder of the founding values of America: freedom, independence, and the pursuit of happiness. These pioneers, many of whom were seeking to escape the oppression and constraints of their homelands, found a new home in America where they could pursue their dreams and ambitions.In conclusion, this book left me with a renewed sense of respect and admiration for the American pioneers. Their spirit of adventure, resilience, and determination serves as an inspiration to us all. As we face our own challenges and strive to create a better future, it is important to remember the lessons learned by these brave men who blazed the trail for a new nation.中文版《美利坚背着猎枪的拓荒者》读后感读完《美利坚背着猎枪的拓荒者》这本书后,我对美国拓荒者的精神深感敬畏和钦佩。
英语电影与狼共舞作文
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英语电影与狼共舞作文Title: "Dancing with Wolves: A Tale of Humanity and Wilderness"In the vast expanse of the American frontier, where the untamed wilderness meets the aspirations of civilization, unfolds the poignant narrative of "Dances with Wolves." Directed by Kevin Costner, this cinematic masterpiece not only captivates audiences with its breathtaking scenery but also delves deep into the complexities of human nature and the enduring bond between man and nature.Set against the backdrop of the American Civil War, "Dances with Wolves" follows the journey of Lieutenant John Dunbar, a Union Army officer stationed at a remote outpost on the western frontier. Isolated from his comrades and disillusioned with the savagery of war, Dunbar seeks solace in the pristine wilderness that surrounds him. As he immerses himself in the untamed beauty of the frontier, he encounters the Lakota Sioux, a tribe of Native Americanswhose way of life is intricately intertwined with the land.Through the eyes of Dunbar, we are transported into a world where the rhythms of nature dictate the course of existence, where every creature, big or small, plays avital role in the delicate balance of life. It is a world where the bond between man and beast transcends language and culture, where mutual respect and understanding form the foundation of coexistence.Central to the narrative is Dunbar's relationship with a lone wolf, whom he names Two Socks. Initially cautious of each other, Dunbar and Two Socks gradually form a profound connection built on trust and companionship. Their interactions serve as a poignant metaphor for the inherent harmony that exists between humanity and the natural world—a harmony that is often overshadowed by the relentless march of progress and civilization.As Dunbar integrates himself into the Lakota tribe, he adopts their customs and traditions, shedding the trappings of his former life and embracing a newfound sense ofbelonging. Through his interactions with figures like Kicking Bird and Wind In His Hair, he learns to see the world through their eyes, gaining a deeper appreciation for the spiritual significance of the land and the profound wisdom of its indigenous inhabitants.However, amidst the tranquility of his newfound existence, Dunbar is confronted with the harsh realities of encroaching colonization and the inevitable clash between two worlds on a collision course. As tensions escalate and the specter of violence looms on the horizon, Dunbar is forced to confront his own identity and allegiances, torn between his loyalty to the army that once defined him and his newfound kinship with the Lakota people.In the climactic showdown that ensues, Dunbar must make a fateful choice that will forever alter the course of his destiny. In a gesture of defiance against the forces of oppression and injustice, he stands in solidarity with the Lakota, risking everything to defend their way of life and preserve the sanctity of the land they hold dear."Dances with Wolves" is more than just a cinematic masterpiece; it is a timeless parable that speaks to the enduring struggle for harmony and understanding in a world plagued by division and discord. Through its evocative storytelling and stunning visuals, it reminds us of the intrinsic connection between humanity and the natural world, urging us to embrace the wisdom of the past and forge apath towards a more harmonious future.As the credits roll and the haunting strains of thefilm's iconic score fade into the distance, we are leftwith a profound sense of awe and reverence for the majestic beauty of the wilderness and the enduring spirit of those who call it home. In the timeless dance between man and nature, may we find inspiration to chart a course towards a world where harmony and understanding prevail, and wherethe bond between humanity and the wilderness endures for generations to come.。
小学下册B卷英语第三单元测验试卷
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小学下册英语第三单元测验试卷英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题,每小题1分,共100分.每小题不选、错误,均不给分)1.We have ___ (homework) tonight.2.What is the name of the famous American author known for his works on frontier life?A. Mark TwainB. Willa CatherC. Laura Ingalls WilderD. All of the aboveD3.The squirrel's sharp claws help it climb trees with ________________ (轻松).4.The sun sets and the sky is ______. (dark)5.The chemical symbol for radium is _______.6.The chemical properties of an element depend on its ______.7.The chemical symbol for carbon is ______.8.What is the name of the famous writer known for his "Iliad" and "Odyssey"?A. HomerB. VirgilC. SophoclesD. PlatoA9.What instrument do you blow into to make music?A. PianoB. DrumsC. TrumpetD. ViolinC10.What is the name of the famous American singer known for her powerful ballads?A. Celine DionB. AdeleC. Mariah CareyD. Whitney HoustonD11.Which animal is known for its stripes?A. LionB. TigerC. BearD. ElephantB12. A buffer solution helps maintain a stable ______.13.I can ______ (实施) my ideas into action.14.The ________ (puppet) is controlled by strings.15.War was a period of tension between the United States and ________. The Cold16.What do you call a living thing that is not a plant or an animal?A. FungusB. MineralC. ElementD. CompoundA17.What is the main ingredient of sushi?A. NoodlesB. RiceC. BreadD. PotatoesB18.Florence Nightingale is known as the founder of _______.19.What do we call the frozen form of water?A. IceB. SteamC. LiquidD. Gas20.I see a __ in the sky. (cloud)21.The ancient Greeks contributed to the development of _____ and science.22.I like to _____ (ride/drive) my bike.23.What do you call a group of frogs?A. ArmyB. ChoirC. PodD. Flock24.The __________ (历史的复杂性) demands thorough examination.25.The crab can be found on the ______ (海岸).26.Which planet is known for its strong winds and storms?A. EarthB. SaturnC. JupiterD. Venus27. A __________ is a visual tool for understanding chemical reactions.28.My sister is _____ her homework now. (finishing)29.What do we call a picture made by sticking various materials together?A. CollageB. MosaicC. PaintingD. Sculpture30. A small ___ (小海马) swims in coral reefs.31.What is the name of the planet we live on?A. MarsB. EarthC. VenusD. Jupiter32. A parrot can live for up to ________________ (八十年).33.What do you call a series of connected mountains?A. RangeB. HillC. ValleyD. PlainA34.What is the name of the fairy tale character who had a magic lamp?A. AladdinB. CinderellaC. RapunzelD. Belle35.How many players are there in a basketball team?A. 5B. 6C. 7D. 8A36.What do we call the study of the human mind and behavior?A. SociologyB. PsychologyC. AnthropologyD. PhilosophyB37. A physical change does not alter the ________ of a substance.38.Where do fish live?A. On landB. In treesC. In waterD. In the skyC39. A __________ is a small, furry animal that hops around.40.I like to wear ___ (shirts/pants).41.I love creating art. My favorite medium is __________.42.The chemical structure of DNA consists of ______ chains.43. A _______ is a mixture where one substance is dissolved in another. (溶液)44.King Tutankhamun's tomb was discovered in _______. (1922年)45.My dog loves to dig _________ (洞) in the yard.46.The otter likes to _________ (玩) in the water.47.The capital of Ecuador is __________.48. A space probe is a _____ that travels into space to gather information.49.What is the name of the longest river in the world?A. AmazonB. NileC. MississippiD. Yangtze50.What do we call the study of how living things interact with each other and their environment?A. BiologyB. EcologyC. ChemistryD. PhysiologyB Ecology51.What do you call a scientist who studies rocks?A. GeologistB. BiologistC. ChemistD. Physicist52.My friend, ______ (我的朋友), has a great sense of humor.53.I like to ______ (参加) community service.54.What do you call an animal that feeds on both plants and animals?A. HerbivoreB. CarnivoreC. OmnivoreD. InsectivoreC55.The capital of Afghanistan is __________.56.The _____ (花卉贸易) boosts economies globally.57.My dad teaches me how to ride a ____ (bike).58.The dog is ______ (barking) excitedly.59. A ________ (袋鼠) can jump very high and carries its baby in a pouch.60.How many continents are there in the world?A. FiveB. SevenC. SixD. FourB61.What is the capital of Ethiopia?A. Addis AbabaB. Dire DawaC. MekelleD. GondarA62.The _____ (沙滩) is sandy.63.Which day comes after Friday?A. MondayB. SaturdayC. SundayD. ThursdayB64.I enjoy building ______ (积木) towers with my little brother.65.The ant colony works together to gather _______ (食物).66.What is the largest organ in the human body?A. HeartB. BrainC. SkinD. LiverC Skin67.The process of drying a wet substance is called ______.68.The primary structure of proteins is made up of ______.69.I want to learn how to ________.70.My friend’s sister, ______ (我朋友的妹妹), is very smart.71. A ______ (社区活动) can involve planting trees.72. A turtle hides in its _______ when it feels threatened or scared.73.I can ______ (计划) my goals for the future.74.Which animal is known for its striped fur?A. LionB. TigerC. BearD. LeopardB Tiger75.My favorite dish is _______ (意大利面).76.My pet ______ (猫) likes to play with string.77.How many hearts does an octopus have?A. 1B. 2C. 3D. 478.The ______ is known for its elaborate courtship dance.79.The first successful heart transplant was performed in ______ (20世纪).80.I want to ________ (create) a positive impact.81.What do we call the process of plants making food?A. DigestionB. PhotosynthesisC. RespirationD. Metabolism82.The chemical formula for calcium carbonate is __________.83. A _____ is a reaction that absorbs energy.84.Which holiday is celebrated on December 25th?A. HalloweenB. ThanksgivingC. ChristmasD. New Year85.My sister is a good ________.86.The puppy is ______ (cute) and playful.87.The __________ (环境保护) of plants is crucial for sustainability.88.The __________ (植物的生理) is fascinating to study.89.What is the name of the largest desert in the world?A. SaharaB. GobiC. KalahariD. AtacamaA90.The _____ (花瓣) of the flower are colorful and attract insects.91.I want to ______ how to skate. (learn)92.What do we call the force that pulls objects toward each other?A. FrictionB. GravityC. MagnetismD. InertiaB93.My friend has a colorful _______ (我的朋友有一个多彩的_______).94.The _____ can be observed with a telescope.95.I like to go ______ (散步) in the evening.96.My favorite animal is a _______ (狐狸).97.The invention of the airplane revolutionized ________.98.What do you call the event where people come together to celebrate a holiday?A. GatheringB. CelebrationC. PartyD. EventB99.We need to water the ______ (植物).100.She has a ___ (nice) dress.。
西方故事英语作文
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西方故事英语作文The allure of Western stories has captivated audiences for generations. These narratives, often set against the rugged backdrop of the American frontier, have become a beloved genre that transcends cultural boundaries. From the classic tales of cowboys and outlaws to the modern interpretations that explore the complexities of the human condition, Western stories have the power to transport us to a bygone era and illuminate the timeless struggles of the human experience.At the heart of the Western genre lies the concept of the frontier the vast, untamed expanse of land that represented both opportunity and danger for those who dared to venture into it. This setting serves as a canvas upon which the stories of brave pioneers, cunning gunslingers, and reluctant heroes are painted. The frontier embodies the spirit of adventure and the promise of a fresh start, drawing in individuals from all walks of life who seek to carve out their own destiny in the untamed wilderness.One of the most iconic figures in Western literature is the cowboy.Often depicted as a rugged, solitary figure, the cowboy represents the independent spirit and self-reliance that were essential to survival on the frontier. These men, who spent their days herding cattle across the vast open plains, faced a myriad of challenges from hostile environments to dangerous outlaws. Yet, their unwavering determination and moral fortitude in the face of adversity have cemented their status as enduring symbols of American resilience and individualism.Alongside the cowboy, the outlaw has become a central character in Western narratives. These individuals, driven by a range of motivations from greed and revenge to a desire for freedom, often found themselves pitted against the forces of law and order. The outlaw's struggle to carve out a life on the fringes of society has resonated with readers, as their stories often explore the complex interplay between personal morality and the demands of a rapidly changing world.Beyond the archetypal characters of the cowboy and the outlaw, Western stories have also delved into the experiences of other marginalized groups who played crucial roles in the settlement of the American West. The stories of Native Americans, who fought to preserve their ancestral lands and way of life, offer a powerful counterpoint to the dominant narratives of the frontier. Similarly, the contributions of women, who often faced unique challenges andobstacles in the male-dominated world of the West, have been increasingly explored in contemporary Western literature.One of the enduring appeals of Western stories lies in their ability to grapple with universal themes that transcend the confines of time and place. The struggles for survival, the search for personal redemption, and the conflicts between individual and societal values are all explored within the context of the frontier. These narratives often delve into the complexities of the human condition, examining the moral dilemmas and personal growth that arise in the face of adversity.Moreover, the Western genre has proven to be a versatile and adaptable form of storytelling. While the classic tropes of the genre may be familiar to many, contemporary writers have found innovative ways to subvert and reimagine these conventions. By exploring the intersections of gender, race, and class, modern Western stories have expanded the boundaries of the genre, offering fresh perspectives and challenging the traditional assumptions that have long defined the American frontier.The enduring popularity of Western stories can be attributed to their ability to captivate the imagination and speak to the human experience. Whether it's the thrill of a high-stakes showdown, the poignancy of a character's personal journey, or the sweepinggrandeur of the natural landscape, these narratives have the power to transport us to a world that is both familiar and foreign.As we delve into the rich tapestry of Western literature, we are reminded of the enduring allure of the frontier and the stories that have emerged from it. These tales, with their complex characters, gripping plotlines, and profound insights, continue to resonate with audiences across generations and cultures, serving as a testament to the timeless power of storytelling.。
狂野西部之旅英语作文续写
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狂野西部之旅英语作文续写The Wild West AdventureThe vast, untamed expanse of the American West has long captivated the imagination of adventurers, pioneers, and dreamers alike. From the rugged mountains to the endless prairies, the allure of this untamed frontier has drawn countless individuals in search of a life beyond the confines of the familiar. It was in this spirit of exploration and discovery that I set out on my own wild west adventure, a journey that would take me through breathtaking landscapes and introduce me to a cast of colorful characters that would leave an indelible mark on my life.As I stood at the edge of the frontier, the crisp mountain air filling my lungs, I couldn't help but feel a sense of excitement and trepidation. The unknown that lay before me was both exhilarating and daunting, a challenge that I was determined to meet head-on. With a well-stocked pack and a sturdy horse, I set out into the wilderness, my eyes scanning the horizon for the first glimpse of the wonders that awaited me.The journey was not an easy one, however, as I quickly discovered.The rugged terrain tested the limits of my endurance, and the unpredictable weather threatened to derail my plans at every turn. But with each passing mile, I found myself drawn deeper into the heart of the wild west, captivated by the raw beauty that surrounded me.One of the most memorable encounters of my trip came when I stumbled upon a small, isolated town nestled in the shadow of a towering mountain range. The residents, a hardy and resilient bunch, welcomed me with open arms, eager to share their stories and their way of life. I spent countless hours listening to tales of the town's colorful history, of the battles fought and won, and the legends that had been passed down through generations.It was during my time in this town that I met a grizzled old prospector, a man whose weathered face and calloused hands spoke of a lifetime spent chasing the elusive promise of gold. He took me under his wing, teaching me the secrets of navigating the treacherous mountain passes and the art of panning for the precious metal that had drawn so many to this remote corner of the world.Together, we set out on a perilous expedition, our sights set on a hidden valley that the prospector had long dreamed of exploring. The journey was arduous, filled with unexpected challenges and moments of sheer terror, but the sense of accomplishment that wefelt when we finally reached our destination was unlike anything I had ever experienced.As we stood at the edge of the valley, gazing out over the vast expanse of untamed wilderness, I couldn't help but feel a deep sense of connection to the land and the people who had come before me. The wild west, with all its dangers and uncertainties, had become a part of me, shaping my perspective and fueling my desire to continue exploring the unknown.In the days that followed, I continued my journey, venturing deeper into the heart of the American West. I encountered outlaws and gunslingers, cattle rustlers and snake oil salesmen, each with their own unique story to tell. And through it all, I found myself drawn ever deeper into the allure of this untamed frontier, captivated by the raw power and unbridled freedom that seemed to permeate every inch of the land.As I look back on my wild west adventure, I am filled with a sense of wonder and gratitude. The experiences I had, the people I met, and the lessons I learned have left an indelible mark on my life, shaping me into the person I am today. And though the journey has come to an end, the memories and the lessons I've taken from it will continue to guide me as I navigate the challenges and opportunities that lie ahead.。
The Unhappy American Way 译文
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The Unhappy American WayBertrand RussellIt used to be said that English people take their pleasures sadly. No doubt this would still be true if they had any pleasures to take, but the price of alcohol and tobacco in my country has provided sufficient external causes for melancholy. I have sometimes thought that the habit of taking pleasures sadly has crossed the Atlantic, and I have wondered what it is that makes so many English-speaking people somber in their outlook in spite of good health and a good income.人们常说英国人哪怕遇上乐事也还是落落寡欢。
这一说法无疑是正确的—如果他们还有乐事可遇的话—可如今的酒价烟价,让我的同胞们有的是理由发愁。
有时我觉着对乐事落落寡欢这种习惯已经飘洋过海到了美国,我还纳闷到底是什么使得英语国家人士态度消沉,尽管他们身体健康,收入颇丰。
In the course of my travels in America I have been impressed by a kind of fundamental malaise which seems to me extremely common and which poses difficult problems for the social reformer. Most social reformers have held the opinion that, if poverty were abolished and there were no more economic insecurity, the millennium would have arrived. But when I look at the faces of people in opulent cars, whether in your country or in mine, I do not see that look of radiant happiness which the aforesaid social reformers had led me to expect. In nine cases out of ten, I see instead a look of boredom and discontent and an almost frantic longing for something that might tickle the jaded palate.在美国期间,给我留下深刻印象的是一种根深蒂固的抑郁;这种抑郁在我看来极为普遍,给社会改革家出了莫大的难题。
城市史必读书目
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城市史必读书目
1. 《城市的死与生》(The Death and Life of Great American Cities)作者:简•雅各布斯
2. 《中国城市史料》(Primary Sources for Chinese Urban History)作者:林义庆
3. 《城市论》(The City in History: Its Origins, Its Transformations, and Its Prospects)作者:刘易斯•芒福德
4. 《城市叙事的科学》(The Science of Urban Narratives)作者:赵毅
5. 《城市的边缘》(Edge City: Life on the New Frontier)作者:乔尔•加诺
6. 《城市化之路》(The Urbanization of the Suburbs)作者:
艾伯特•格林贝格
7. 《城市变迁和创新》(Urban Transition and Innovation)作者:谢洪、杜强、董加一
8. 《城市史:世界文化的沉沦与再现》(Urban History: The
Loss and Return of World Culture)作者:约瑟夫•施瓦茨
9. 《城市的多样性》(Urban Diversity)作者:马丁•耶斯
10. 《城市卷:城市文化史丛书》(Urban Volumes: Series on Urban Cultural History)作者:伯努瓦•布泽能(Benjamin Buzenberg)等。
thefrontierinamericanhistory:美国历史上的边疆
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The Frontier In American History- Frederick Jackson Turner(excerpts of Ch. 1)In a recent bulletin of the Superintendent of the Census for 1890 appearthese significant words: "Up to and including 1880 the country had a frontier ofsettlement, but at present the unsettled area has been so broken into by isolatedbodies of _______________ that there can hardly be said to be a frontier line. Inthe discussion of its extent, its westward movement, etc., it can not, therefore,any longer have a place in the census reports." This brief official statement marks the closing of a great historic movement. Up to our own day American history has been in a large degree the history of the_______________ of the Great West. The existence of an area of free land, its continuous recession [withdrawal], and the advance of American settlement westward, explain American development.All peoples show development…. In the case of most nations, however, the development has occurred in a limited area; and if the nation has expanded, it has met other growing peoples whom it has _______________. But in the case of the United States we have a different phenomenon. Limiting our attention to the Atlantic coast, we have the familiar phenomenon of the evolution of institutions in a limited area, such as the rise of representative government; the differentiation of simple colonial governments into complex organs; the progress from primitive industrial society, without division of labor, up to _______________ civilization. But we have in addition to this a recurrence of the process of evolution in each western area reached in the process of expansion. Thus American development has exhibited not merely advance along a single line, but a return to primitive conditions on a continually advancing frontier line, and a new development for that area. American social development has been continually beginning over again on the frontier. This perennial _______________, this fluidity of American life, this expansion westward with its new opportunities, its continuous touch with the simplicity of primitive society, furnish the forces dominating American character. The true point of view in the history of this nation is not the Atlantic coast, it is the Great West.In this advance, the frontier is the outer edge of the wave-- the meeting point between_______________ and civilization. Much has been written about the frontier from the point of view of border warfare and the chase, but as a field for the serious study of the economist and the historian it has been neglected.In the settlement of America we have to observe how European life entered the continent, and how America modified and developed that life and reacted on Europe. The frontier is the line of most rapid and effective Americanization. The _______________ masters the colonist. It finds him a European indress, industries, tools, modes of travel, and thought. It takes him from the railroad car and puts him in the birch canoe. It strips off the garments of civilization and arrays him in the hunting shirt and the moccasin. It puts him in the log cabin of the Cherokee and Iroquois and runs an Indian palisade [fence] around him. Before long he has gone to planting Indian corn and plowing with a sharp stick, he shouts the war cry and takes the scalp in orthodox Indian fashion. In short, at the frontier the _______________ is at first too strong for the man. He must accept the conditions which it furnishes, or perish, and so he fits himself into the Indian clearings and follows the Indian trails. Little by little he _______________ the wilderness, but the outcome is not the old Europe… The fact is, that here is a new product that is American. At first, the frontier was the Atlantic coast. It was the frontier of Europe in a very real sense. Moving westward, the frontier became more and more American… Thus the advance of the frontier has meant a steady movement away from the influence of Europe, a steady growth of _______________ on American lines. And to study this advance, the men who grew up under these conditions, and the political, economic, and social results of it, is to study the really American part of our history.The result is that to the frontier the American intellect owes its striking characteristics. That coarseness and strength combined with acuteness and inquisitiveness; that practical, inventive turn of mind, quick to find expedients [suitable solutions]; that masterful grasp of material things, lacking in the artistic but powerful to effect great ends; that restless, nervous energy that dominant _______________, working for good and for evil, and withal [with it all] that buoyancy and exuberance which comes with freedom-these are traits of the frontier, or traits called out elsewhere because of the existence of the frontier. Since the days when the fleet of Columbus sailed into the waters of the New World, America has been another name for _______________, and the people of the United States have taken their tone from the incessant _______________ which has not only been open but has even been forced upon them. He would be a rash prophet who should assert that the expansive character of American life has now entirely ceased. _______________ has been its dominant fact, and, unless this training has no effect upon a people, the American energy will continually demand a wider field for its exercise. But never again will such gifts of free land offer themselves…. Each frontier did indeed furnish a new field of opportunity, a gate of escape from the bondage of the past; and freshness, and confidence, and scorn of older society, impatience of its restraints and its ideas, and indifference to its lessons, have accompanied the frontier. And now, four centuries from the discovery of America, at the end of a hundred years of life under the Constitution, the _______________ has gone, and with its going has closed the first period of American history.Below is given annual work summary, do not need friends can download after editor deleted Welcome to visit againXXXX annual work summaryDear every leader, colleagues:Look back end of XXXX, XXXX years of work, have the joy of success in your work, have a collaboration with colleagues, working hard, also have disappointed when encountered difficulties and setbacks. Imperceptible in tense and orderly to be over a year, a year, under the loving care and guidance of the leadership of the company, under the support and help of colleagues, through their own efforts, various aspects have made certain progress, better to complete the job. For better work, sum up experience and lessons, will now work a brief summary.To continuously strengthen learning, improve their comprehensive quality. With good comprehensive quality is the precondition of completes the labor of duty and conditions. A year always put learning in the important position, trying to improve their comprehensive quality. Continuous learning professional skills, learn from surrounding colleagues with rich work experience, equip themselves with knowledge, the expanded aspect of knowledge, efforts to improve their comprehensive quality.The second Do best, strictly perform their responsibilities. Set up the company, to maximize the customer to the satisfaction of the company's products, do a good job in technical services and product promotion to the company. And collected on the properties of the products of the company, in order to make improvement in time, make the products better meet the using demand of the scene.Three to learn to be good at communication, coordinating assistance. On‐site technical service personnel should not only have strong professional technology, should also have good communication ability, a lot of a product due to improper operation to appear problem, but often not customers reflect the quality of no, so this time we need to find out the crux, and customer communication, standardized operation, to avoid customer's mistrust of the products and even the damage of the company's image. Some experiences in the past work, mentality is very important in the work, work to have passion, keep the smile of sunshine, can close the distance between people, easy to communicate with the customer. Do better in the daily work to communicate with customers and achieve customer satisfaction, excellent technical service every time, on behalf of the customer on our products much a understanding and trust.Fourth, we need to continue to learn professional knowledge, do practical grasp skilled operation. Over the past year, through continuous learning and fumble, studied the gas generation, collection and methods, gradually familiar with and master the company introduced the working principle, operation method of gas machine. With the help of the department leaders and colleagues, familiar with and master the launch of the division principle, debugging method of the control system, and to wuhan Chen Guchong garbage power plant of gas machine control system transformation, learn to debug, accumulated some experience. All in all, over the past year, did some work, have also made some achievements, but the results can only represent the past, there are some problems to work, can't meet the higher requirements. In the future work, I must develop the oneself advantage, lack of correct, foster strengths and circumvent weaknesses, for greater achievements. Looking forward to XXXX years of work, I'll be more efforts, constant progress in their jobs, make greater achievements. Every year I have progress, the growth of believe will get greater returns, I will my biggest contribution to the development of the company, believe inyourself do better next year!I wish you all work study progress in the year to come.。
美国概况练习及答案
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美国概况练习及答案练习题:1 The traditional dividing line in America between “east” and “west” is_____.2 The earliest part in America to be found and taken over by early settlers is ____.3 The largest racial group in the whole population of U.S.A is____.4 Before 2000, the largest minority group in the United States is____.5 ____has the world’s oldest written constitution and political party.6 The economic problem caused by the depression in 1929 was eventually solved by____.7 In the United States, primary education requires____years.8 Most college students in the United States are in____institutions.9 The three main levels of courts of the federal judicial system in America are____________.10 _____(which state )is not governed by the common law.练习题答案及题解:1. The Mississippi River, 密西西比河是美国传统的东方和西方的分界线。
2 .The Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain,最早被早期定居者发现和占领的地方是大西洋及其沿岸平原。
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Life on the American frontier, daily life in the new settlements that formed as the United States expanded west to the Pacific Ocean, south to the Gulf ofMexico, and north to Alaska. The westward movement across the continent began during the colonial era in the 1600’s and continued into the 1900’s.? Although each frontier posed its own set of problems, all shared certain characteristics. Settlers on the frontier lived on lands that were sparsely populated. They faced many challenges—including how to produce food, how to protect themselves, and how to create a life in the new land. To meet these demands, they often found it necessary to recast(重铸) completely the customs and laws they had brought with them.? The settlers were thrown into close association with nature and have to learnhow to live on nature’s terms. Life along the frontier was built around survival needs and required that people be in good physical condition. Physicalstrength and hardiness helped a person survive the rough elements of thefrontier such as the weather and wildlife. It was also important for people to know how to farm, cut woods, and handle a gun or a rifle.? The frontier settlers often began their life with only bare necessities. When a family first arrived in a new area, they often built a temporary shelter in which to live while they cleared the land. Later the family might build a morepermanent cabin. Frontier life called on people to be self-reliant. The settlers had to get their own food, make their belongings last, and improvise(临时做)and repair their tools.? Once this was done, they would try to improve their situation. They would tryto find neighbors, and build schools and stores.? Although frontier life demanded self-reliance, settlers often neededgovernment help. As their life improved, they turned to the government tohelp improve the new region by building roads, recommending crops, running surveys, certifying claims, and dredging( 疏通) creeks. They also wanted the federalgovernment to provide protection for them from Native Americans.II. Frontier tool生活? On the frontier, tools varied with time, place, and occupation. In agriculture,of course, settlers depended on the plow. If they turned to ranching, theyneeded a lariat(or rope), a branding(烙印) iron, and a pair of pliers(钳子).If they took up mining , they carried a pickax, a screen(筛子), and a skillet(长把煮锅). Whatever the occupation, the people of the frontier had to have tools that were portable and adaptable to the requirements of making a living. The tools were simple. They became complicated and expensive only as thefrontier became more developed.? Until the people on the frontier moved beyond the forests, in the second half of the 19th century, they had to cut down trees to clear space in which to erect a log cabin, and, in time, to grow crops. So long as they remained in theforests, the most important and most widely used tool was the single-bladed ax which could be used to cut down trees, make firewood, and provide the wood for a log cabin. Some saws were used, although they remained primitivethrough the first 200 years of frontier America.? To farm, settlers on the frontier before the 19th century broke ground with a heavy wooden plow and broke clods with a wooden harrow(耙). They scattered seed by hand and cut the ripened grain with a sickle. Then they threshed(打麦,脱粒) the grain by hand or with a wooded flail (连枷) , or if they had horses and oxen, they let them tramp it out. Finally they tossed the threshed grain in the air and depended on the breeze to carry off the chaff,(糠) or seed coverings.III. Frontier weapon生活Settlers used weapons to protect themselves and to provide food throughhunting. A weapon meant the difference between life and death, weather it fended (避开)off hostile people or starvation. Both guns and knives were important on thefrontier.? Guns evolved through the history of the frontier. When people began to cross the Appalachian Mountains in considerable numbers, the long rifle became the standard weapon. It had a longer barrel(抢身, 枪管) than earlier rifles, which improved accuracy.? However, when people moved out of the eastern woods onto the exposed plains, they encountered Native Americans who could attack swiftly andskillfully with arrows while riding their horses.? The settlers could only fire a single shot before frantically trying to reload. In 1831 Samuel colt patented a 34-caliber(口径) revolver which could fire several rounds of ammunition on one loading. With modifications, thisrevolver became the Walker-Colt, which soon became a standard frontierweapon to put down disturbances or even to kill buffalo.IV. Frontier houses生活The most notable type of frontier house east of the Mississippi River was the log cabin. Until the settlers crossed the Mississippi, they were surrounded by dense forests. Even in some places in the arid west, especially near the Rocky Mountains, they still built log cabins because pines, post oak, and aspen(白杨) were common. Frontier houses were built in all sizes and shapes and to alldegrees of comfort. Logs for a log cabin were cut from whatever was available; oak and pine were the favorite woods. With an earthen floor at first, and often with one side open to the prevailing breeze, It was gradually improved as the settlers found time and interest. They might add split logs for floors; cover the roof with bark, thatch, or shingles(屋顶板); or build a log fireplace andchimney daubed(涂) with mud. As the mud filling the holes on the outside of the cabin dried, the settler might smooth and whitewash it.? Some cabins had a story-and-a-half, the half-story being used both as an attic and as a sleeping space for older children. Occasionally there were two-room cabins, built generally in packsaddle(驮鞍)fashion—that is , the two rooms were built from 7to 12 feet apart, with a roof over the empty space. Onlyrarely were three-room cabins built. In addition to a cabin, the settlers often later built a smokehouse in which to store their meats and other food, and a corral (畜栏) andperhaps a barn to house the animals. In the grassy areas from the Texas to the Dakota Plains, sod(草皮)houses were constructed from soil matted with grass roots. The sod houses ranged from simple structure built into the side of a hill to two-story buildings. In the arid Southwest, adobe(泥砖) , instead of wood, was a favorite building material. The adobe huts were modeled roughly after the Native American pueblos(村落) of the area. Both adobe and sod were used in certain regions because wood was sparse. With little wood available, animal skins were often used for doors and windowsV. Frontier food, clothes and medicine生活The most notable type of frontier house east of the Mississippi River was the log cabin. Until the settlers crossed the Mississippi, they were surrounded by dense forests. Even in some places in the arid west, especially near the Rocky Mountains, they still built log cabins because pines, post oak, and aspen(白杨) were common. Frontier houses were built in all sizes and shapes and to all degrees of comfort. Logs for a log cabin were cut from whatever was available; oak and pine were the favorite woods. With an earthen floor at first, and often with one side open to the strips of meat cured over fire. From then until the supplies ran out, their diet contained many foods made with flour: griddled(烘烤) cakes, bread, and gravy. Except for corn, vegetables were scarce.People on the frontier wore clothes that were functional, long-wearing, and readily available. A woodsman might have worn buckskin(鹿皮), the cowboy boots and a neckerchief, the farmer faded homespun, and the miner brown pantaloons(马裤) and a felt(毡帽) hat.Women made clothes for their families, buying material by the bolt(卷), so that a mother’s gingham(格布) bonnet(帽) might have the same colored checks as her children’s shirts and her husband’s drawers(男衬裤). Much of the material was homemade, in which case there was even less variety.Medicine on the frontier was often made by the families themselves. Home treatments were brewed(煎熬) from berries and roots. Sickness was a constant dread to a frontier family, for doctors were nonexistent and hospitals unheard of. Cuts were smeared with axle grease, poultices(糊剂) for boils were made from plug tobacco, and broken bones were set with splints(藤条, 夹板) of sticks and bandages of leaves and old underwear. Whiskey was often used on the frontier as a way to deaden physical pain.VI. Frontier amusement快乐People on the frontier amused themselves primarily by visiting neighbors. A man’s visit to a tavern (public house or inn) or the family’s attendance a t a church revivalprovided events to be recalled in detail through the long cold evenings of the winter. The frontier family yearned for other faces. If people lived close enough, the raising of a log cabin could be a great social event. The women would bake for days, game would be killed and salted down, and, unless the religion of the frontier community forbade it, rum(兰姆酒) whiskey would be collected for a work-and-play party that might last as long as several days.Besides eating and drinking, and perhaps some dancing, the principal pleasure would derive from conversation. The women might exchange bits of information about family rearing, cooking, and fashion. Men might have compared stories about their experiences.Lacking modern toys, the children would seek more or less innocent mischief(胡闹, 调皮捣蛋), from teasing the dogs and riding the ox to walking fallen logs across rushing maintain streams.三亿文库包含各类专业文献、高等教育、中学教育、行业资料、幼儿教育、小学教育、life on american frontier60等内容。