wind tunnel (contraction_paper)
第2讲-风洞
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定常流动
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1. 风洞的构成与分类 2. 风洞实验技术 3. 风洞实验技术之--流动显示 4. 模型实验与实际流动问题间的相似性 5. 风洞应用举例
航空航天、一般工业、体育、科学研究
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模型实验
相似准则
几何相似 运动学相似 动力学相似
主要因素
实际问题
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CD
=
1
FD
ρV 2 A
=
f (Re)
2
风速100m/s 功率7800kW
冷战期间70年代,美国人获准参 观,赞叹之余,连呼难以置信, 认为我们得到苏联人的帮助。
冷战结束后90年代,俄罗斯人获 准来到绵阳参观,赞叹之余,认 为我们一定得到了美国的技术支 持。
中国人自己的创造力 11
Sketch of the Wright brothers' 1901 wind tunnel
1. 风洞的构成与分类 2. 风洞实验测量 3. 风洞实验之一 流动显示 4. 模型实验与实际流动问题间的相似性 5. 风洞应用举例
航空航天、一般工业、体育、科学研究
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迹线、流线和脉线
——用于显示和描述流场的 迹线:同一流体质点 的运动轨迹。
实验中: 给流体作标记,如着色,然后随之运动连续曝光拍照。
关心的 (可用脉线或迹线显示流场)
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定常流动 染色线(脉线)=流线
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外加物质法(烟风洞,烟线法,烟屏法和蒸汽屏法,粒子图像法, 氦气泡法,氢气泡法,染色法,水面撒播法;表面流动显示—— 丝线法,油膜法,升华法,液晶法等 )
光学法(阴影法,纹影法,干涉法,激光测速仪,粒子图像速度仪, 全息干涉 ) 注入能量法-辉光放电法和电子束法
流体力学专业英语词汇表
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流体力学专业英语词汇表流体动力学 fluid dynamics连续介质力学 mechanics of continuous media介质 medium流体质点 fluid particle无粘性流体 nonviscous fluid, inviscid fluid连续介质假设 continuous medium hypothesis流体运动学 fluid kinematics水静力学 hydrostatics液体静力学 hydrostatics支配方程 governing equation伯努利方程 Bernoulli equation伯努利定理 Bernonlli theorem毕奥-萨伐尔定律 Biot-Savart law欧拉方程 Euler equation亥姆霍兹定理 Helmholtz theorem开尔文定理 Kelvin theorem涡片 vortex sheet库塔-茹可夫斯基条件Kutta-Zhoukowski condition布拉休斯解 Blasius solution达朗贝尔佯廖 d'Alembert paradox雷诺数 Reynolds number施特鲁哈尔数 Strouhal number随体导数 material derivative不可压缩流体 incompressible fluid质量守恒 conservation of mass动量守恒 conservation of momentum能量守恒 conservation of energy动量方程 momentum equation能量方程 energy equation控制体积 control volume液体静压 hydrostatic pressure涡量拟能 enstrophy压差 differential pressure流[动] flow流线 stream line流面 stream surface流管 stream tube迹线 path, path line流场 flow field流态 flow regime流动参量 flow parameter流量 flow rate, flow discharge 涡旋 vortex涡量 vorticity涡丝 vortex filament涡线 vortex line涡面 vortex surface涡层 vortex layer涡环 vortex ring涡对 vortex pair涡管 vortex tube涡街 vortex street 卡门涡街 Karman vortex street 马蹄涡 horseshoe vortex对流涡胞 convective cell卷筒涡胞 roll cell涡 eddy涡粘性 eddy viscosity环流 circulation环量 circulation速度环量 velocity circulation 偶极子 doublet, dipole驻点 stagnation point总压[力] total pressure总压头 total head静压头 static head总焓 total enthalpy能量输运 energy transport速度剖面 velocity profile库埃特流 Couette flow单相流 single phase flow单组份流 single-component flow均匀流 uniform flow非均匀流 nonuniform flow二维流 two-dimensional flow三维流 three-dimensional flow准定常流 quasi-steady flow非定常流 unsteady flow, non-steady flow暂态流 transient flow周期流 periodic flow振荡流 oscillatory flow分层流 stratified flow无旋流 irrotational flow有旋流 rotational flow轴对称流 axisymmetric flow不可压缩性 incompressibility不可压缩流[动] incompressible flow浮体 floating body定倾中心 metacenter阻力 drag, resistance减阻 drag reduction表面力 surface force表面张力 surface tension毛细[管]作用 capillarity来流 incoming flow自由流 free stream自由流线 free stream line外流 external flow进口 entrance, inlet出口 exit, outlet扰动 disturbance, perturbation分布 distribution传播 propagation色散 dispersion弥散 dispersion附加质量 added mass ,associated mass收缩 contraction镜象法 image method无量纲参数 dimensionless parameter几何相似 geometric similarity运动相似 kinematic similarity动力相似[性] dynamic similarity平面流 plane flow势 potential势流 potential flow速度势 velocity potential复势 complex potential复速度 complex velocity流函数 stream function源 source汇 sink速度[水]头 velocity head拐角流 corner flow空泡流 cavity flow超空泡 supercavity超空泡流 supercavity flow空气动力学 aerodynamics低速空气动力学 low-speed aerodynamics高速空气动力学 high-speed aerodynamics气动热力学 aerothermodynamics亚声速流[动] subsonic flow跨声速流[动] transonic flow超声速流[动] supersonic flow锥形流 conical flow楔流 wedge flow叶栅流 cascade flow非平衡流[动] non-equilibrium flow细长体 slender body细长度 slenderness钝头体 bluff body钝体 blunt body翼型 airfoil翼弦 chord薄翼理论 thin-airfoil theory构型 configuration后缘 trailing edge迎角 angle of attack失速 stall脱体激波 detached shock wave波阻 wave drag诱导阻力 induced drag诱导速度 induced velocity临界雷诺数 critical Reynolds number前缘涡 leading edge vortex附着涡 bound vortex约束涡 confined vortex气动中心 aerodynamic center气动力 aerodynamic force气动噪声 aerodynamic noise气动加热 aerodynamic heating离解 dissociation地面效应 ground effect气体动力学 gas dynamics稀疏波 rarefaction wave热状态方程 thermal equation of state喷管 Nozzle普朗特-迈耶流 Prandtl-Meyer flow瑞利流 Rayleigh flow可压缩流[动] compressible flow可压缩流体 compressible fluid绝热流 adiabatic flow非绝热流 diabatic flow未扰动流 undisturbed flow等熵流 isentropic flow匀熵流 homoentropic flow兰金-于戈尼奥条件Rankine-Hugoniot condition状态方程 equation of state量热状态方程 caloric equation of state完全气体 perfect gas拉瓦尔喷管 Laval nozzle马赫角 Mach angle马赫锥 Mach cone马赫线 Mach line马赫数 Mach number马赫波 Mach wave当地马赫数 local Mach number 冲击波 shock wave激波 shock wave正激波 normal shock wave斜激波 oblique shock wave头波 bow wave附体激波 attached shock wave 激波阵面 shock front激波层 shock layer压缩波 compression wave反射 reflection折射 refraction 散射 scattering衍射 diffraction绕射 diffraction出口压力 exit pressure超压[强] over pressure反压 back pressure爆炸 explosion爆轰 detonation缓燃 deflagration水动力学 hydrodynamics液体动力学 hydrodynamics泰勒不稳定性 Taylor instability 盖斯特纳波 Gerstner wave斯托克斯波 Stokes wave瑞利数 Rayleigh number自由面 free surface波速 wave speed, wave velocity 波高 wave height波列 wave train波群 wave group波能 wave energy表面波 surface wave表面张力波 capillary wave规则波 regular wave不规则波 irregular wave浅水波 shallow water wave深水波 deep water wave重力波 gravity wave椭圆余弦波 cnoidal wave潮波 tidal wave涌波 surge wave破碎波 breaking wave船波 ship wave非线性波 nonlinear wave孤立子 soliton水动[力]噪声 hydrodynamic noise 水击 water hammer空化 cavitation 空化数 cavitation number空蚀 cavitation damage超空化流 supercavitating flow水翼 hydrofoil水力学 hydraulics洪水波 flood wave涟漪 ripple消能 energy dissipation海洋水动力学 marine hydrodynamics 谢齐公式 Chezy formula欧拉数 Euler number弗劳德数 Froude number水力半径 hydraulic radius水力坡度 hvdraulic slope高度水头 elevating head水头损失 head loss水位 water level水跃 hydraulic jump含水层 aquifer排水 drainage排放量 discharge壅水曲线 back water curve压[强水]头 pressure head过水断面 flow cross-section明槽流 open channel flow孔流 orifice flow无压流 free surface flow有压流 pressure flow缓流 subcritical flow急流 supercritical flow渐变流 gradually varied flow急变流 rapidly varied flow临界流 critical flow异重流 density current, gravity flow堰流 weir flow掺气流 aerated flow含沙流 sediment-laden stream降水曲线 dropdown curve沉积物 sediment, deposit沉[降堆]积 sedimentation, deposition沉降速度 settling velocity流动稳定性 flow stability不稳定性 instability奥尔-索末菲方程 Orr-Sommerfeld equation涡量方程 vorticity equation泊肃叶流 Poiseuille flow奥辛流 Oseen flow剪切流 shear flow粘性流[动] viscous flow层流 laminar flow分离流 separated flow二次流 secondary flow近场流 near field flow远场流 far field flow滞止流 stagnation flow尾流 wake [flow]回流 back flow反流 reverse flow射流 jet自由射流 free jet管流 pipe flow, tube flow内流 internal flow拟序结构 coherent structure 猝发过程 bursting process表观粘度 apparent viscosity 运动粘性 kinematic viscosity 动力粘性 dynamic viscosity 泊 poise厘泊 centipoise厘沱 centistoke剪切层 shear layer次层 sublayer流动分离 flow separation层流分离 laminar separation湍流分离 turbulent separation分离点 separation point附着点 attachment point再附 reattachment再层流化 relaminarization起动涡 starting vortex驻涡 standing vortex涡旋破碎 vortex breakdown涡旋脱落 vortex shedding压[力]降 pressure drop压差阻力 pressure drag压力能 pressure energy型阻 profile drag滑移速度 slip velocity无滑移条件 non-slip condition壁剪应力 skin friction, frictional drag壁剪切速度 friction velocity磨擦损失 friction loss磨擦因子 friction factor耗散 dissipation滞后 lag相似性解 similar solution局域相似 local similarity气体润滑 gas lubrication液体动力润滑 hydrodynamic lubrication浆体 slurry泰勒数 Taylor number纳维-斯托克斯方程 Navier-Stokes equation牛顿流体 Newtonian fluid边界层理论 boundary later theory边界层方程 boundary layer equation边界层 boundary layer附面层 boundary layer层流边界层 laminar boundary layer湍流边界层 turbulent boundary layer温度边界层 thermal boundary layer边界层转捩 boundary layer transition边界层分离 boundary layer separation边界层厚度 boundary layer thickness位移厚度 displacement thickness动量厚度 momentum thickness能量厚度 energy thickness焓厚度 enthalpy thickness注入 injection吸出 suction泰勒涡 Taylor vortex速度亏损律 velocity defect law形状因子 shape factor测速法 anemometry粘度测定法 visco[si] metry流动显示 flow visualization油烟显示 oil smoke visualization孔板流量计 orifice meter频率响应 frequency response油膜显示 oil film visualization阴影法 shadow method纹影法 schlieren method烟丝法 smoke wire method丝线法 tuft method氢泡法 nydrogen bubble method相似理论 similarity theory相似律 similarity law部分相似 partial similarity定理 pi theorem, Buckingham theorem静[态]校准 static calibration动态校准 dynamic calibration风洞 wind tunnel激波管 shock tube激波管风洞 shock tube wind tunnel水洞 water tunnel拖曳水池 towing tank旋臂水池 rotating arm basin扩散段 diffuser测压孔 pressure tap皮托管 pitot tube普雷斯顿管 preston tube斯坦顿管 Stanton tube文丘里管 Venturi tubeU形管 U-tube压强计 manometer微压计 micromanometer多管压强计 multiple manometer静压管 static [pressure]tube流速计 anemometer风速管 Pitot- static tube激光多普勒测速计 laser Doppler anemometer,laser Doppler velocimeter热线流速计 hot-wire anemometer热膜流速计 hot- film anemometer 流量计 flow meter粘度计 visco[si] meter涡量计 vorticity meter传感器 transducer, sensor压强传感器 pressure transducer 热敏电阻 thermistor示踪物 tracer时间线 time line脉线 streak line尺度效应 scale effect壁效应 wall effect堵塞 blockage堵寒效应 blockage effect动态响应 dynamic response响应频率 response frequency底压 base pressure菲克定律 Fick law巴塞特力 Basset force埃克特数 Eckert number格拉斯霍夫数 Grashof number努塞特数 Nusselt number普朗特数 prandtl number雷诺比拟 Reynolds analogy施密特数 schmidt number斯坦顿数 Stanton number对流 convection自由对流 natural convection, free convec-tion强迫对流 forced convection热对流 heat convection质量传递 mass transfer传质系数 mass transfer coefficient热量传递 heat transfer传热系数 heat transfer coefficient对流传热 convective heat transfer辐射传热 radiative heat transfer动量交换 momentum transfer能量传递 energy transfer传导 conduction热传导 conductive heat transfer热交换 heat exchange临界热通量 critical heat flux浓度 concentration扩散 diffusion扩散性 diffusivity扩散率 diffusivity扩散速度 diffusion velocity分子扩散 molecular diffusion沸腾 boiling蒸发 evaporation气化 gasification凝结 condensation成核 nucleation计算流体力学 computational fluid mechanics多重尺度问题 multiple scale problem伯格斯方程 Burgers equation对流扩散方程 convection diffusion equationKDU方程 KDV equation修正微分方程 modifieddifferential equation拉克斯等价定理 Lax equivalence theorem数值模拟 numerical simulation大涡模拟 large eddy simulation数值粘性 numerical viscosity非线性不稳定性 nonlinearinstability希尔特稳定性分析 Hirt stability analysis相容条件 consistency conditionCFL条件 Courant- Friedrichs- Lewy condition ,CFL condition狄里克雷边界条件 Dirichlet boundarycondition熵条件 entropy condition远场边界条件 far field boundary condition流入边界条件 inflow boundary condition无反射边界条件nonreflecting boundary condition数值边界条件 numerical boundary condition流出边界条件 outflow boundary condition冯.诺伊曼条件 von Neumann condition近似因子分解法 approximate factorization method人工压缩 artificial compression人工粘性 artificial viscosity边界元法 boundary element method配置方法 collocation method能量法 energy method有限体积法 finite volume method流体网格法 fluid in cell method, FLIC method通量校正传输法 flux-corrected transport method通量矢量分解法 flux vectorsplitting method伽辽金法 Galerkin method积分方法 integral method标记网格法 marker and cell method, MAC method特征线法 method of characteristics直线法 method of lines矩量法 moment method多重网格法 multi- grid method板块法 panel method质点网格法 particle in cell method, PIC method质点法 particle method预估校正法 predictor-corrector method投影法 projection method准谱法 pseudo-spectral method随机选取法 random choice method激波捕捉法 shock-capturing method激波拟合法 shock-fitting method谱方法 spectral method稀疏矩阵分解法 split coefficient matrix method不定常法 time-dependent method时间分步法 time splitting method变分法 variational method涡方法 vortex method隐格式 implicit scheme显格式 explicit scheme交替方向隐格式 alternating direction implicit scheme, ADI scheme反扩散差分格式 anti-diffusion difference scheme紧差分格式 compact difference scheme守恒差分格式 conservation difference scheme克兰克-尼科尔森格式Crank-Nicolson scheme杜福特-弗兰克尔格式Dufort-Frankel scheme指数格式 exponential scheme戈本诺夫格式 Godunov scheme高分辨率格式 high resolution scheme拉克斯-温德罗夫格式 Lax-Wendroff scheme蛙跳格式 leap-frog scheme单调差分格式 monotone difference scheme保单调差分格式 monotonicity preserving diffe-rence scheme穆曼-科尔格式 Murman-Cole scheme半隐格式 semi-implicit scheme斜迎风格式 skew-upstream scheme全变差下降格式 total variation decreasing scheme TVD scheme迎风格式 upstream scheme , upwind scheme计算区域 computational domain物理区域 physical domain影响域 domain of influence依赖域 domain of dependence区域分解 domain decomposition维数分解 dimensional split物理解 physical solution弱解 weak solution黎曼解算子 Riemann solver守恒型 conservation form弱守恒型 weak conservation form强守恒型 strong conservation form散度型 divergence form贴体曲线坐标 body- fitted curvilinear coordi-nates[自]适应网格 [self-] adaptive mesh适应网格生成 adaptive grid generation自动网格生成 automatic grid generation数值网格生成 numerical grid generation交错网格 staggered mesh网格雷诺数 cell Reynolds number数植扩散 numerical diffusion数值耗散 numerical dissipation数值色散 numerical dispersion数值通量 numerical flux放大因子 amplification factor放大矩阵 amplification matrix阻尼误差 damping error离散涡 discrete vortex熵通量 entropy flux熵函数 entropy function分步法 fractional step method。
关于风洞
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风洞(英语:Wind tunnel)是空气动力学的研究工具。
风洞是一种产生人造气流的管道,用于研究空气流经物体所产生的气动效应。
风洞除了主要应用于汽车、飞行器、导弹(尤其是巡航导弹、空对空导弹等)设计领域,也适用于建筑物、高速列车、船舰的空气阻力、耐热与抗压试验等。
简介风洞实验是飞行器研制工作中的一个不可缺少的组成部分。
它不仅在航空和航天工程的研究和发展中起着重要作用,随着工业空气动力学的发展,在交通运输、房屋建筑、风能利用等领域更是不可或缺的。
这种方法,流动条件容易控制,可重要依据是运动的相对性原理。
实验时,常将模型或实物固定在风复地、经济地取得实验数据。
为使实验结果准确,实验时的流动必须与实际流动状态相似,即必须满足相似律的要求。
但由于风洞尺寸和动力的限制,在一个风洞中同时模拟所有的相似参数是很困难的,通常是按所要研究的课题,选择一些影响最大的参数进行模拟。
此外,风洞实验段的流场品质,如气流速度分布均匀度、平均气流方向偏离风洞轴线的大小、沿风洞轴线方向的压力梯度、截面温度分布的均匀度、气流的湍流度和噪声级等必须符合一定的标准,并定期进行检查测定。
历史1871年,弗朗西斯〃赫伯特〃韦纳姆和约翰〃布朗宁设计并建造了世界上第一座风洞1901年,莱特兄弟为研究飞机及得到正确的飞行资料,发明了风洞隧道进行测试[1]。
1902年莱特兄弟以风洞隧道的测试与前两架滑翔机的经验,建造第三架滑翔机,为当时最大的双翼滑翔机,并在机尾加装垂直尾翼,以防止转向时发生翻转,并进行了上千次的试飞。
而最终在1903年发明了世界上第一架带有动力的载人飞行器——莱特飞行器。
1945年,第二次世界大战尚未结束时,德国设计并开始建造一个实验段直径1米,最高风速达10马赫的连续式高超音速风洞。
战争结束后被美国缴获,美国仿制并作了适当修改后,一直到1961年才在阿诺德中心建立最高风速达12马赫的高超音速风洞。
因为风洞的控制性佳,可重复性高,现今风洞广泛用于汽车空气动力学和风工程(Wind Engineering)的测试,譬如结构物的风力荷载(Wind load)和振动、建筑物通风(Ventilation)、空气污染(Air pollution)、风力发电(Wind power)、环境风场(Pedestrian level wind)、复杂地形中的流况、防风设施(Wind break)的功效等。
WIND TUNNEL HOMEWORK
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Technical capabilities of (Auto) wind tunnels"Wind tunnel" from the English "wind tunnel", the first "wind tunnel" designed to study aircraft's aerodynamic performance.Follow The development of the global automobile industry, it is widely used in the design and development of new vehicles being. By simulating the flow of air relative sunshine precipitation and other traffic environment to design cars to find the most fuel efficient, safest and most beautiful shape for parts to obtain the safest, most durable performance. Automotive design generally includes hand-painted preliminary design renderings, making clay models, making the kind of car, wind tunnel tests, crash test, road test, vehicle crash test and other processes.Wind tunnel mainly by wind tunnel cave, drive systems and measurement and control system components, in the form of various parts of the tunnel due to type.1 A caveIt has a test section of the model can be measured and observed necessary. Upstream of the test section has improved airflow evenly straight, lower and stable segment airflow turbulence intensity and flow rate of contraction accelerated to the desired section or nozzle. Reduce the flow rate test section downstream, reducing energy loss diffuser and exhaust air flow towards the outer section of the wind tunnel or reflux back into the inlet section of the wind tunnel. Sometimes in order to reduce the noise inside and outside the tunnel, in a stable section and exhaust ports, etc. equipped with muffler。
风洞测量 WIND TUNNEL MEASUREMENTS
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Xin Wang
Ph.D. Oral Examination
Department of Mechanical & Manufacturing
Convective Heat Transfer and Experimental Icing of Wind Turbine Blades
Wind turbine blades • Blade fabrication
• • • • Scanned the blade by 3-D Scanner Processed by Geomagic Studio Optimized the blade by Inventor Fabricated by Prototype machine
Convective Heat Transfer and Experimental Icing of Wind Turbine Blades
Wind tunnel in UM
Icing Wind Tunnel
Velocity up to 42 m/s
Temperature down to -35oC
140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Unit: GW (in the world)
Convective Heat Transfer and Experimental Icing of Wind Turbine Blamates
144 W 48 V
Manufactured Hub
水利专业名词(中英文对照)
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水利专业名词(中英)A安全储备safety reserve安全系数safety factor安全性safety岸边溢洪道river-bank spillway岸边绕渗by-pass seepage around bank slope 岸墙abutment wall岸塔式进水口bank-tower intakeB坝的上游面坡度upstream slpoe of dam坝的下游面downstream face of dam坝顶dam crest坝顶长度crest length坝顶超高freeboard of dam crest坝高dam height坝顶高程crest elevation坝顶宽度crest width坝段monolith坝基处理foundation treatment坝基排水drain in dam foundation 坝基渗漏leakage of dam foundation 坝肩dam abutment坝壳dam shell坝坡dam slope坝坡排水drain on slope坝体混凝土分区grade zone of concrete in dam 坝体排水系统drainage system in dam坝型选择selection of dam type坝址选择selection of dam site坝趾dam toe坝踵dam heel坝轴线dam axis本构模型constitutive model鼻坎bucket比尺scale比降gradient闭门力closing force边墩side pier边界层boundary layer边墙side wall边缘应力boundary stress变形观测deformation observation变中心角变半径拱坝variable angle and radius arch dam 标准贯入试验击数number of standard penetration test 冰压力ice pressure薄壁堰sharp-crested weir薄拱坝thin-arch dam不均匀沉降裂缝differential settlement crack不平整度irregularityC材料力学法method of strength of materials材料性能分项系数partial factor for property of material 侧槽溢洪道side channel spillway侧轮side roller侧收缩系数coefficient of side contraction测缝计joint meter插入式连接insert type connection差动式鼻坎differential bucket掺气aeration掺气槽aeration slot掺气减蚀cavitation control by aeration厂房顶溢流spill over power house沉降settlement沉井基础sunk shaft foundation沉沙池sediment basin沉沙建筑物sedimentary structure沉沙条渠sedimentary channel沉陷缝settlement joint沉陷观测settlement observation衬砌的边值问题boundary value problem of lining 衬砌计算lining calculation衬砌自重dead-weight of lining承载能力bearing capacity承载能力极限状态limit state of bearing capacity持住力holding force齿墙cut-off wall冲击波shock wave冲沙闸flush sluice冲刷坑scour hole重现期return period抽排措施pump drainage measure抽水蓄能电站厂房pump-storage power house 出口段outlet section初步设计阶段preliminary design stage初参数解法preliminary parameter solution 初生空化数incipient cavitation number初应力法initial stress method船闸navigation lock垂直升船机vertical ship lift纯拱法independent arch method刺墙key-wall粗粒土coarse-grained soil错缝staggered jointD大坝安全评价assessment of dam safety 大坝安全监控monitor of dam safety大坝老化dam aging大头坝massive-head dam单层衬砌monolayer lining单级船闸lift lock单线船闸single line lock挡潮闸tide sluice导流洞diversion tunnel导墙guide wall倒虹吸管inverted siphon倒悬度overhang等半径拱坝constant radius arch dam等中心角变半径拱坝constant angle and variable radius arch dam 底流消能energy dissipation by hydraulic jump底缘bottom edge地基变形foundation deformation地基变形模量deformation modulus of foundation地基处理foundation treatment地下厂房underground power house地下厂房变压器洞transformer tunnel of underground power house 地下厂房出线洞bus-bar tunnel of underground power house地下厂房交通洞access tunnel of underground power house地下厂房通风洞ventilation tunnel of underground power house 地下厂房尾水洞tailwater tunnel of underground power house地下轮廓线under outline of structure地下水groundwater地形条件topographical condition地形图比例尺scale of topographical map地应力ground stress地震earthquake地震烈度earthquake intensity地质条件geological condition垫层cushion垫座plinth吊耳lift eye调度dispatch跌坎drop-step跌流消能drop energy dissipation跌水drop迭代法iteration method叠梁stoplog丁坝spur dike定向爆破堆石坝directed blasting rockfill dam 动强度dynamic strength动水压力hydrodynamic pressure洞内孔板消能energy dissipation by orifice plate in tunnel 洞内漩流消能energy dissipation with swirling flow in tunnel 洞身段tunnel body section洞室群cavern group洞轴线tunnel axis陡坡steep slope渡槽短管型进水口intake with pressure short pipe断层fault堆石坝rockfill dam对数螺旋线拱坝log spiral arch dam多级船闸multi-stage lock多线船闸multi-line lock多心圆拱坝multi-centered arch dam多用途隧洞multi-use tunnelE二道坝secondary damF发电洞power tunnel筏道logway反弧段bucket反滤层filter防冲槽erosion control trench防洪flood preventi,flood control防洪限制水位restricted stage for flood prevention 防浪墙parapet防渗墙anti-seepage wall防渗体anti-seepage body放空底孔unwatering bottom outlet非常溢洪道emergency spillway非线性有限元non-linear finite element method非溢流重力坝nonoverflow gravity dam分岔fork分洪闸flood diversion sluice分项系数partial factor分项系数极限状态设计法limit state design method of partial factor 封拱arch closure封拱温度closure temperature浮筒式升船机ship lift with floats浮箱闸门floating camel gate浮运水闸floating sluice辅助消能工appurtenant energy dissipationG刚体极限平衡法rigid limit equilibrium method刚性支护rigid support钢筋混凝土衬砌reinforced concrete lining钢筋计reinforcement meter钢闸门steel gate高边坡high side slope高流速泄水隧洞discharge tunnel with high velocity 工程管理project management工程规划project plan工程量quantity of work工程设计engineering design工程施工engineering construction工作桥service bridge工作闸门main gate拱坝坝肩岩体稳定stability of rock mass near abutment of arch dam 拱坝布置layout of arch dam拱坝上滑稳定分析up-sliding stability analysis of arch dam拱坝体形shape of arch dam拱端arch abutment拱冠arch crown拱冠梁法crown cantilever method拱冠梁剖面profile of crown cantilever拱内圈intrados拱外圈extrados固结consolidation固结灌浆consolidation grouting管涌piping灌溉irrigation规范code,specification过坝建筑物structures for passing dam 过滤层transition layer过渡区transition zone过木机log conveyer过木建筑物log pass structures过鱼建筑物fish-pass structuresH海漫flexible涵洞culvert河道冲刷river bed scour荷载load荷载组合load combination横缝transverse joint横拉闸门horizontal rolling /sliding gate 洪水标准flood standard虹吸溢洪道siphon spillway厚高比thickness to hight ratio弧形闸门radial gate护岸工程bank-protection works护坡slope protection护坦apron戽琉消能bucke-type energy dissipation 滑坡land slip滑楔法sliding wedge method滑雪道式溢洪道skijump spillway环境评价environment assessment换土垫层cushion of replaced soil回填灌浆backfill grouting混凝土concrete混凝土衬砌concrete lining混凝土防渗墙concrete cutoff wall混凝土面板concrete face slab混凝土面板堆石坝concrete-faced rockfill dam 混凝土重力坝concrete gravity damJ基本荷载组合basic load combination基本剖面basic profile基面排水base level drainage激光准直发method of laser alignment极限平衡法limit equilibrium method极限状态limit state坚固系数soundness coefficient剪切模量shear modulus剪切应力shear stress检查inspection检修闸门bulkhead简单条分法simple slices method建筑材料construction material简化毕肖普法simplified Bishop’s method渐变段transition键槽key/key-way浆砌石重力坝cement-stone masonry gravity dam 交叉建筑物crossing structure交通桥access bridge校核洪水位water level of check floo校核流量check flood discharge接触冲刷contact washing接触流土soil flow on contact surface节制闸controlling sluice结构可靠度reliability of structure结构力学法structural mechanics method 结构系数structural coefficient截流环cutoff collar截水槽cutoff trench进口段inlet进口曲线inlet curve进水喇叭口inlet bellmouth进水闸inlet sluice浸润面saturated area浸润线saturated line经济评价economic assessment井式溢洪道shaft spillway静水压力hydrostatic pressure均质土坝homogeneous earth damK开敞式溢洪道open channel spillway开裂机理crack mechanism勘测exploration survey坎上水深water depth on sill抗冲刷性scour resistance抗冻性frost resistance抗滑稳定安全系数safety coefficient of stability against sliding 抗剪断公式shear-break strength formula抗剪强度shear strength抗裂性crack resistance抗磨abrasion-resistance抗侵蚀性erosion-resistance抗震分析analysis of earthquake resistance颗粒级配曲线grain size distribution curve可靠度指标reliability index可行性研究设计阶段design stage of feasibility study 空腹重力坝hollow gravity dam空腹拱坝hollow arch dam空化cavitation空化数cavitation number空蚀cavitation damage空隙水压力pore water pressure控制堰control weir枯水期low water period库区reservoir area宽顶堰broad crested weir 宽缝重力坝slotted gravity dam 宽高比width to height ratio 扩散段expanding section 扩散角divergent angleL拦沙坎sediment control sill 拦污栅trash rack廊道gallery浪压力wave pressure棱体排水prism drainage理论分析theory analysis力法方程canonical equation of force method 连续式鼻坎plain bucket联合消能combined energy dissipation梁式渡槽beam-type flume量水建筑物water-measure structure裂缝crack临界水力坡降critical hydraulic gradient临时缝temporary joint临时性水工建筑物temporary hydraulic structure流量discharge流速flow velocity流态flow pattern流土soil flow流网flow net流向flow direction露顶式闸门emersed gateM马蹄形断面horseshoe section脉动压力fluctuating pressure锚杆支护anchor support门叶gate flap迷宫堰labyrinth weir面流消能energy dissipation of surface regime 模型试验model test摩擦公式friction factor formula摩擦系数coefficient of friction目标函数objective functionN内部应力internal stress内摩擦角internal friction angle内水压力internal water pressure挠度观测deflection observation泥沙压力silt pressure粘性土cohesive soil碾压混凝土重力坝roller compacted concrete gravity dam 凝聚力cohesion扭曲式鼻坎distorted type bucketP排沙底孔flush bottom outlet排沙漏斗flush funnel排沙隧洞flush tunnel排水drainage排水孔drain hole排水设施drainage facilities抛物线拱坝parabolic arch dam喷混凝土支护shotcrete support喷锚支护spray concrete and deadman strut漂木道log chute平板坝flat slab buttress dam平衡重式升船机vertical ship lift with counter weight平面闸门plain gate平压管equalizing pipe坡率slope ratio破碎带crush zone铺盖blanketQ启闭机hoist启门力lifting force砌石拱坝stone masonry arch dam 潜坝submerged dam潜孔式闸门submerged gate倾斜仪clinometer曲线形沉沙池curved sedimentary basin渠首canal head渠道canal渠系建筑物canal system structure取水建筑物water intake structureR人工材料心墙坝earth-rock dam with manufactured central core 人字闸门mitre gate任意料区miscellaneous aggregate zone溶洞solution cavern柔度系数flexibility coefficient褥垫式排水horizontal blanket drainage软弱夹层weak intercalationS三角网法triangulation method 三角形单元triangular element三心圆拱坝three center arch dam 三轴试验triaxial test扇形闸门sector gate上游upstream设计洪水位design flood level设计基准期design reference period 设计阶段design stage设计阶段划分dividing of design stage 设计流量design discharge设计状况系数design state coefficient 设计准则design criteria伸缩缝contraction joint渗流比降seepage gradient渗流变形seepage deformation渗流分析seepage analysis渗流量seepage discharge渗流体积力mass force of seepage渗流系数permeability coefficient 生态环境ecological environment 生态平衡ecological balance失效概率probability of failure施工导流construction diversion施工缝construction joint施工管理construction management施工条件construction condition施工图阶段construction drawing stage 施工进度construction progress实体重力坝solid gravity dam实用剖面practical profile实用堰practical weir事故闸门emergency gate视准线法collimation method收缩段constringent section枢纽布置layout of hydraulic complex 输水建筑物water conveyance structure 竖式排水vertical drainage数值分析numerical analysis双层衬砌double-layer lining双曲拱坝double curvature arch dam 水电站地下厂房underground power house水电站建筑物hydroelectric station structure 水垫塘cushion basin水工建筑物hydraulic structure水工隧洞hydraulic tunnel水环境water environment水库吹程fetch水库浸没reservoir submersion水库渗漏reservoir leakage水库坍岸reservoir bank caving水库淹没reservoir inundation水力资源water power resource水力劈裂hydraulic fracture水利工程hydraulic engineering,water project 水利工程设计design of hydroproject水利工程枢纽分等rank of hydraulic complex水利枢纽hydraulic complex水面线water level line水能hydraulic energy水平位移horizontal displacement水体污染water pollution水土流失water and soil loss水位急降instantaneous reservoir drawdown 水压力hydraulic pressu水闸sluice水质water quality水资源water resources顺坝longitudinal dike四边形单元quadrangular element塑性破坏failure by plastic flow塑性变形plastic deformation塑性区plastic range锁坝closure dike锁定器dog deviceTT型墩T-type pier塌落拱法roof collapse arch method塔式进水口tower intake台阶式溢流坝面step-type overflow face弹塑性理论elastoplastic theory弹性基础梁beam on elastic foundation 弹性抗力elastic resistance弹性中心elastic centre弹性理论theory of elasticity特殊荷载组合special load combination 体形优化设计shape optimizing design 挑距jet trajectory distance挑流消能ski-jump energy dissipation 挑射角exit angle of jet调压室surge tank贴坡排水surface drainage on dam slope通航建筑物navigation structure通气孔air hole土工复合材料geosynthetic土工膜geomembrane土工织物geotexile土石坝earth-rock dam土压力earth pressure土质材料斜墙坝earth-rock dam with inclined soil core 土质心墙坝earth-rock dam with central soil core 驼峰堰hump weir椭圆曲线elliptical curveWWES型剖面堰WES curve profile weir外水压力external water pressure弯矩平衡moment equilibrium围岩surrounding rock围岩强度strength of surrounding rock 围岩稳定分析围岩压力surrounding rock pressu帷幕灌浆curtain grouting维修maintenance尾水渠tailwater canal温度缝temperature joint温度计thermometer温度应变temperature strain温度应力temperature stress温降temperature drop温升temperature rise污水处理sewage treatment无坝取水undamed intake无粘性土cohesionless soil无压泄水孔free-flow outletX下游downstream现场检查field inspection橡胶坝rubber dam消力池stilling basin消能防冲设计design of energy dissipation and erosion control消能工energy dissipator校核洪水位water level of check flood 校核流量check flood discharge斜缝inclined joint斜墙inclined core泄洪洞flood discharge tunnel泄洪雾化flood discharge atomization 泄水重力坝overflow gravity dam胸墙breast wall悬臂梁cantiever beam汛期flood perioY压力计pressure meter压缩曲线compressive curve淹没系数coefficient of submergence 扬压力uplift养护cure液化liquifaction溢洪道spillway溢流面overflow face溢流前缘length of overflow crest溢流堰顶overflow crest溢流重力坝overflow gravity dam翼墙wing wall翼墙式连接wing wall type connection 引航道approach channel引水渠diversion canal引张线法tense wire method应力分析stress analysis应力集中stress concentration应力应变观测stress-strain observation应力重分布stress redistribution永久缝permanent joint优化设计optimizing design有坝取水barrage intake有效库容effective storage预压加固soil improvement by preloading 预应力衬砌prestressed lining原型prototype约束条件constraint condition允许水力坡降allowable hydraulic gradient Z增量法increment method闸底板floor of slui闸墩pier闸孔sluice opening闸孔跨距span of sluice opening闸门槽gate slot闸室chamber of sluice闸首lock head闸址sluice site正槽溢洪道chute spillw正常使用极限状态limit state of normal operation 正应力normal stress正常溢洪道main spillw支墩坝buttress dam止水watertight seal止水装置sealing device趾板toe slab趾墩toe pier滞回圈hysteresis loop主应力principal stress纵缝longitudinal joint阻尼比damped ratio作用action作用水头working pressure head最优含水率optimum moisture content。
流体力学常用名词中英文对照
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流体力学常用名词流体动力学fluid dynamics连续介质力学mechanics of continuous介质medium流体质点fluid particle无粘性流体nonviscous fluid, inviscid连续介质假设continuous medium hypothesis流体运动学fluid kinematics水静力学hydrostatics液体静力学hydrostatics支配方程governing equation伯努利方程Bernoulli equation伯努利定理Bernonlli theorem毕奥-萨伐尔定律Biot-Savart law欧拉方程Euler equation亥姆霍兹定理Helmholtz theorem开尔文定理Kelvin theorem涡片vortex sheet库塔-茹可夫斯基条件Kutta-Zhoukowski condition 布拉休斯解Blasius solution达朗贝尔佯廖d'Alembert paradox雷诺数Reynolds number施特鲁哈尔数Strouhal number随体导数material derivative不可压缩流体incompressible fluid质量守恒conservation of mass动量守恒conservation of momentum能量守恒conservation of energy动量方程momentum equation能量方程energy equation控制体积control volume液体静压hydrostatic pressure涡量拟能enstrophy压差differential pressure流[动] flow流线stream line流面stream surface流管stream tube迹线path, path line流场flow field流态flow regime流动参量flow parameter流量flow rate, flow discharge 涡旋vortex涡量vorticity涡丝vortex filament涡线vortex line涡面vortex surface涡层vortex layer涡环vortex ring涡对vortex pair涡管vortex tube涡街vortex street卡门涡街Karman vortex street 马蹄涡horseshoe vortex对流涡胞convective cell卷筒涡胞roll cell涡eddy涡粘性eddy viscosity环流circulation环量circulation速度环量velocity circulation 偶极子doublet, dipole驻点stagnation point总压[力] total pressure总压头total head静压头static head总焓total enthalpy能量输运energy transport速度剖面velocity profile库埃特流Couette flow单相流single phase flow单组份流single-component flow均匀流uniform flow非均匀流nonuniform flow二维流two-dimensional flow三维流three-dimensional flow准定常流quasi-steady flow非定常流unsteady flow, non-steady flow 暂态流transient flow 周期流periodic flow振荡流oscillatory flow分层流stratified flow无旋流irrotational flow有旋流rotational flow轴对称流axisymmetric flow不可压缩性incompressibility不可压缩流[动] incompressible flow 浮体floating body定倾中心metacenter阻力drag, resistance减阻drag reduction表面力surface force表面张力surface tension毛细[管]作用capillarity来流incoming flow自由流free stream自由流线free stream line外流external flow进口entrance, inlet出口exit, outlet扰动disturbance, perturbation分布distribution传播propagation色散dispersion弥散dispersion附加质量added mass ,associated mass 收缩contraction镜象法image method无量纲参数dimensionless parameter 几何相似geometric similarity运动相似kinematic similarity动力相似[性] dynamic similarity平面流plane flow势potential势流potential flow速度势velocity potential复势complex potential复速度complex velocity流函数stream function源source汇sink速度[水]头velocity head拐角流corner flow空泡流cavity flow超空泡supercavity超空泡流supercavity flow空气动力学aerodynamics低速空气动力学low-speed aerodynamics 高速空气动力学high-speed aerodynamics 气动热力学aerothermodynamics亚声速流[动] subsonic flow跨声速流[动] transonic flow超声速流[动] supersonic flow锥形流conical flow楔流wedge flow叶栅流cascade flow非平衡流[动] non-equilibrium flow细长体slender body细长度slenderness钝头体bluff body钝体blunt body翼型airfoil翼弦chord薄翼理论thin-airfoil theory构型configuration后缘trailing edge迎角angle of attack失速stall脱体激波detached shock wave波阻wave drag诱导阻力induced drag诱导速度induced velocity临界雷诺数critical Reynolds number 前缘涡leading edge vortex 附着涡bound vortex约束涡confined vortex气动中心aerodynamic center气动力aerodynamic force气动噪声aerodynamic noise气动加热aerodynamic heating离解dissociation地面效应ground effect气体动力学gas dynamics稀疏波rarefaction wave热状态方程thermal equation of state 喷管Nozzle 普朗特-迈耶流Prandtl-Meyer flow瑞利流Rayleigh flow可压缩流[动] compressible flow可压缩流体compressible fluid绝热流adiabatic flow非绝热流diabatic flow未扰动流undisturbed flow等熵流isentropic flow匀熵流homoentropic flow兰金-于戈尼奥条件Rankine-Hugoniot condition 状态方程equation of state量热状态方程caloric equation of state完全气体perfect gas拉瓦尔喷管Laval nozzle马赫角Mach angle马赫锥Mach cone马赫线Mach line马赫数Mach number马赫波Mach wave当地马赫数local Mach number冲击波shock wave激波shock wave正激波normal shock wave斜激波oblique shock wave头波bow wave附体激波attached shock wave 激波阵面shock front激波层shock layer压缩波compression wave反射reflection折射refraction散射scattering衍射diffraction绕射diffraction出口压力exit pressure超压[强] over pressure反压back pressure爆炸explosion爆轰detonation缓燃deflagration水动力学hydrodynamics液体动力学hydrodynamics泰勒不稳定性Taylor instability 盖斯特纳波Gerstner wave斯托克斯波Stokes wave瑞利数Rayleigh number自由面free surface波速wave speed, wave velocity 波高wave height波列wave train波群wave group波能wave energy表面波surface wave表面张力波capillary wave规则波regular wave不规则波irregular wave浅水波shallow water wave深水波deep water wave重力波gravity wave椭圆余弦波cnoidal wave潮波tidal wave涌波surge wave破碎波breaking wave船波ship wave非线性波nonlinear wave孤立子soliton水动[力]噪声hydrodynamic noise 水击water hammer空化cavitation空化数cavitation number空蚀cavitation damage超空化流supercavitating flow 水翼hydrofoil水力学hydraulics洪水波flood wave涟漪ripple消能energy dissipation海洋水动力学marine hydrodynamics 谢齐公式Chezy formula 欧拉数Euler number弗劳德数Froude number水力半径hydraulic radius水力坡度hvdraulic slope高度水头elevating head水头损失head loss水位water level水跃hydraulic jump含水层aquifer排水drainage排放量discharge壅水曲线back water curve压[强水]头pressure head过水断面flow cross-section明槽流open channel flow孔流orifice flow无压流free surface flow有压流pressure flow缓流subcritical flow急流supercritical flow渐变流gradually varied flow急变流rapidly varied flow临界流critical flow异重流density current, gravity flow 堰流weir flow掺气流aerated flow含沙流sediment-laden stream降水曲线dropdown curve沉积物sediment, deposit沉[降堆]积sedimentation, deposition 沉降速度settling velocity流动稳定性flow stability不稳定性instability奥尔-索末菲方程Orr-Sommerfeld equation 涡量方程vorticity equation 泊肃叶流Poiseuille flow奥辛流Oseen flow剪切流shear flow粘性流[动] viscous flow层流laminar flow分离流separated flow二次流secondary flow近场流near field flow远场流far field flow滞止流stagnation flow尾流wake [flow]回流back flow反流reverse flow射流jet自由射流free jet管流pipe flow, tube flow内流internal flow拟序结构coherent structure 猝发过程bursting process表观粘度apparent viscosity 运动粘性kinematic viscosity 动力粘性dynamic viscosity泊poise厘泊centipoise厘沱centistoke剪切层shear layer次层sublayer流动分离flow separation层流分离laminar separation 湍流分离turbulent separation 分离点separation point附着点attachment point再附reattachment再层流化relaminarization起动涡starting vortex驻涡standing vortex涡旋破碎vortex breakdown涡旋脱落vortex shedding压[力]降pressure drop压差阻力pressure drag压力能pressure energy型阻profile drag滑移速度slip velocity无滑移条件non-slip condition壁剪应力skin friction, frictional drag 壁剪切速度friction velocity磨擦损失friction loss磨擦因子friction factor耗散dissipation滞后lag相似性解similar solution局域相似local similarity气体润滑gas lubrication液体动力润滑hydrodynamic lubrication浆体slurry泰勒数Taylor number纳维-斯托克斯方程Navier-Stokes equation 牛顿流体Newtonian fluid 边界层理论boundary later theory边界层方程boundary layer equation边界层boundary layer附面层boundary layer层流边界层laminar boundary layer湍流边界层turbulent boundary layer温度边界层thermal boundary layer边界层转捩boundary layer transition边界层分离boundary layer separation 边界层厚度boundary layer thickness 位移厚度displacement thickness动量厚度momentum thickness能量厚度energy thickness焓厚度enthalpy thickness注入injection吸出suction泰勒涡Taylor vortex速度亏损律velocity defect law形状因子shape factor测速法anemometry粘度测定法visco[si] metry流动显示flow visualization油烟显示oil smoke visualization孔板流量计orifice meter频率响应frequency response油膜显示oil film visualization阴影法shadow method纹影法schlieren method烟丝法smoke wire method丝线法tuft method 说明氢泡法nydrogen bubble method相似理论similarity theory相似律similarity law部分相似partial similarity定理pi theorem, Buckingham theorem 静[态]校准static calibration动态校准dynamic calibration风洞wind tunnel激波管shock tube激波管风洞shock tube wind tunnel 水洞water tunnel拖曳水池towing tank旋臂水池rotating arm basin扩散段diffuser测压孔pressure tap皮托管pitot tube普雷斯顿管preston tube斯坦顿管Stanton tube文丘里管Venturi tubeU形管U-tube压强计manometer微压计micromanometer多管压强计multiple manometer静压管static [pressure]tube流速计anemometer风速管Pitot- static tube激光多普勒测速计laser Doppler anemometer,laser Doppler velocimeter 热线流速计hot-wire anemometer热膜流速计hot- film anemometer流量计flow meter粘度计visco[si] meter涡量计vorticity meter传感器transducer, sensor压强传感器pressure transducer 热敏电阻thermistor示踪物tracer时间线time line脉线streak line尺度效应scale effect壁效应wall effect堵塞blockage堵寒效应blockage effect动态响应dynamic response响应频率response frequency底压base pressure菲克定律Fick law巴塞特力Basset force埃克特数Eckert number格拉斯霍夫数Grashof number努塞特数Nusselt number普朗特数prandtl number雷诺比拟Reynolds analogy施密特数schmidt number斯坦顿数Stanton number对流convection自由对流natural convection, free convec-tion 强迫对流forced convection热对流heat convection质量传递mass transfer传质系数mass transfer coefficient热量传递heat transfer传热系数heat transfer coefficient对流传热convective heat transfer辐射传热radiative heat transfer 动量交换momentum transfer能量传递energy transfer传导conduction热传导conductive heat transfer 热交换heat exchange临界热通量critical heat flux浓度concentration扩散diffusion扩散性diffusivity扩散率diffusivity扩散速度diffusion velocity分子扩散molecular diffusion沸腾boiling蒸发evaporation气化gasification凝结condensation成核nucleation计算流体力学computational fluid mechanics多重尺度问题multiple scale problem伯格斯方程Burgers equation对流扩散方程convection diffusion equationKDU方程KDV equation修正微分方程modified differential equation拉克斯等价定理Lax equivalence theorem数值模拟numerical simulation大涡模拟large eddy simulation数值粘性numerical viscosity非线性不稳定性nonlinear instability希尔特稳定性分析Hirt stability analysis相容条件consistency conditionCFL条件Courant- Friedrichs- Lewy condition ,CFL condition 狄里克雷边界条件Dirichlet boundary condition熵条件entropy condition远场边界条件far field boundary condition流入边界条件inflow boundary condition无反射边界条件nonreflecting boundary condition 数值边界条件numerical boundary condition流出边界条件outflow boundary condition冯.诺伊曼条件von Neumann condition近似因子分解法approximate factorization method 人工压缩artificial compression人工粘性artificial viscosity边界元法boundary element method配置方法collocation method能量法energy method有限体积法finite volume method流体网格法fluid in cell method,FLIC method通量校正传输法flux-corrected transport method 通量矢量分解法flux vector splitting method伽辽金法Galerkin method积分方法integral method标记网格法marker and cell method, MAC method 特征线法method of characteristics直线法method of lines矩量法moment method多重网格法multi- grid method板块法panel method质点网格法particle in cell method, PIC method 质点法particle method预估校正法predictor-corrector method投影法projection method准谱法pseudo-spectral method随机选取法random choice method激波捕捉法shock-capturing method激波拟合法shock-fitting method谱方法spectral method稀疏矩阵分解法split coefficient matrix method不定常法time-dependent method时间分步法time splitting method变分法variational method涡方法vortex method隐格式implicit scheme显格式explicit scheme交替方向隐格式alternating direction implicit scheme, ADI scheme 反扩散差分格式anti-diffusion difference scheme紧差分格式compact difference scheme守恒差分格式conservation difference scheme克兰克-尼科尔森格式Crank-Nicolson scheme杜福特-弗兰克尔格式Dufort-Frankel scheme指数格式exponential scheme戈本诺夫格式Godunov scheme高分辨率格式high resolution scheme拉克斯-温德罗夫格式Lax-Wendroff scheme蛙跳格式leap-frog scheme单调差分格式monotone difference scheme保单调差分格式monotonicity preserving diffe-rence scheme 穆曼-科尔格式Murman-Cole scheme半隐格式semi-implicit scheme斜迎风格式skew-upstream scheme全变差下降格式total variation decreasing scheme TVD scheme 迎风格式upstream scheme , upwind scheme计算区域computational domain物理区域physical domain影响域domain of influence依赖域domain of dependence区域分解domain decomposition维数分解dimensional split物理解physical solution弱解weak solution黎曼解算子Riemann solver守恒型conservation form弱守恒型weak conservation form强守恒型strong conservation form散度型divergence form贴体曲线坐标body- fitted curvilinear coordi-nates [自]适应网格[self-] adaptive mesh适应网格生成adaptive grid generation自动网格生成automatic grid generation数值网格生成numerical grid generation交错网格staggered mesh网格雷诺数cell Reynolds number数植扩散numerical diffusion数值耗散numerical dissipation数值色散numerical dispersion数值通量numerical flux放大因子amplification factor放大矩阵amplification matrix阻尼误差damping error离散涡discrete vortex熵通量entropy flux熵函数entropy function分步法fractional step method。
流体力学专业名词
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流体动力学fluid dynamics连续介质力学mechanics of continuous media介质medium流体质点fluid particle无粘性流体nonviscous fluid, inviscid fluid连续介质假设continuous medium hypothesis流体运动学fluid kinematics水静力学hydrostatics液体静力学hydrostatics支配方程governing equation伯努利方程Bernoulli equation伯努利定理Bernonlli theorem毕奥-萨伐尔定律Biot-Savart law欧拉方程Euler equation亥姆霍兹定理Helmholtz theorem开尔文定理Kelvin theorem涡片vortex sheet库塔-茹可夫斯基条件Kutta-Zhoukowski condition 布拉休斯解Blasius solution达朗贝尔佯廖d''Alembert paradox雷诺数Reynolds number施特鲁哈尔数Strouhal number随体导数material derivative不可压缩流体incompressible fluid质量守恒conservation of mass动量守恒conservation of momentum能量守恒conservation of energy动量方程momentum equation能量方程energy equation控制体积control volume液体静压hydrostatic pressure涡量拟能enstrophy压差differential pressure流[动] flow流线stream line流面stream surface流管stream tube迹线path, path line流场flow field流态flow regime流动参量flow parameter流量flow rate, flow discharge涡旋vortex涡量vorticity涡丝vortex filament涡线vortex line涡面vortex surface涡层vortex layer涡环vortex ring涡对vortex pair涡管vortex tube涡街vortex street卡门涡街Karman vortex street马蹄涡horseshoe vortex对流涡胞convective cell卷筒涡胞roll cell涡eddy涡粘性eddy viscosity环流circulation环量circulation速度环量velocity circulation偶极子doublet, dipole驻点stagnation point总压[力] total pressure总压头total head静压头static head总焓total enthalpy能量输运energy transport速度剖面velocity profile库埃特流Couette flow单相流single phase flow单组份流single-component flow均匀流uniform flow非均匀流nonuniform flow二维流two-dimensional flow三维流three-dimensional flow准定常流quasi-steady flow非定常流unsteady flow, non-steady flow 暂态流transient flow周期流periodic flow振荡流oscillatory flow分层流stratified flow无旋流irrotational flow有旋流rotational flow轴对称流axisymmetric flow不可压缩性incompressibility不可压缩流[动] incompressible flow浮体floating body定倾中心metacenter阻力drag, resistance减阻drag reduction表面力surface force表面张力surface tension毛细[管]作用capillarity来流incoming flow自由流free stream自由流线free stream line外流external flow进口entrance, inlet出口exit, outlet扰动disturbance, perturbation分布distribution传播propagation色散dispersion弥散dispersion附加质量added mass ,associated mass收缩contraction镜象法image method无量纲参数dimensionless parameter几何相似geometric similarity运动相似kinematic similarity动力相似[性] dynamic similarity平面流plane flow势potential势流potential flow速度势velocity potential复势complex potential复速度complex velocity流函数stream function源source汇sink速度[水]头velocity head拐角流corner flow空泡流cavity flow超空泡supercavity超空泡流supercavity flow空气动力学aerodynamics低速空气动力学low-speed aerodynamics 高速空气动力学high-speed aerodynamics 气动热力学aerothermodynamics亚声速流[动] subsonic flow超声速流[动] supersonic flow锥形流conical flow楔流wedge flow叶栅流cascade flow非平衡流[动] non-equilibrium flow 细长体slender body细长度slenderness钝头体bluff body钝体blunt body翼型airfoil翼弦chord薄翼理论thin-airfoil theory构型configuration后缘trailing edge迎角angle of attack失速stall脱体激波detached shock wave波阻wave drag诱导阻力induced drag诱导速度induced velocity临界雷诺数critical Reynolds number 前缘涡leading edge vortex附着涡bound vortex约束涡confined vortex气动中心aerodynamic center气动力aerodynamic force气动噪声aerodynamic noise气动加热aerodynamic heating离解dissociation地面效应ground effect气体动力学gas dynamics稀疏波rarefaction wave热状态方程thermal equation of state 喷管Nozzle普朗特-迈耶流Prandtl-Meyer flow瑞利流Rayleigh flow可压缩流[动] compressible flow可压缩流体compressible fluid绝热流adiabatic flow非绝热流diabatic flow未扰动流undisturbed flow等熵流isentropic flow兰金-于戈尼奥条件Rankine-Hugoniot condition状态方程equation of state量热状态方程caloric equation of state完全气体perfect gas拉瓦尔喷管Laval nozzle马赫角Mach angle马赫锥Mach cone马赫线Mach line马赫数Mach number马赫波Mach wave当地马赫数local Mach number冲击波shock wave激波shock wave正激波normal shock wave斜激波oblique shock wave头波bow wave附体激波attached shock wave激波阵面shock front激波层shock layer压缩波compression wave反射reflection折射refraction散射scattering衍射diffraction绕射diffraction出口压力exit pressure超压[强] over pressure反压back pressure爆炸explosion爆轰detonation缓燃deflagration水动力学hydrodynamics液体动力学hydrodynamics泰勒不稳定性Taylor instability盖斯特纳波Gerstner wave斯托克斯波Stokes wave瑞利数Rayleigh number自由面free surface波速wave speed, wave velocity波高wave height波列wave train波群wave group波能wave energy表面波surface wave表面张力波capillary wave规则波regular wave不规则波irregular wave浅水波shallow water wave深水波deep water wave重力波gravity wave椭圆余弦波cnoidal wave潮波tidal wave涌波surge wave破碎波breaking wave船波ship wave非线性波nonlinear wave孤立子soliton水动[力]噪声hydrodynamic noise水击water hammer空化cavitation空化数cavitation number空蚀cavitation damage超空化流supercavitating flow水翼hydrofoil水力学hydraulics洪水波flood wave涟漪ripple消能energy dissipation海洋水动力学marine hydrodynamics 谢齐公式Chezy formula欧拉数Euler number弗劳德数Froude number水力半径hydraulic radius水力坡度hvdraulic slope高度水头elevating head水头损失head loss水位water level水跃hydraulic jump含水层aquifer排水drainage排放量discharge壅水曲线back water curve压[强水]头pressure head过水断面flow cross-section明槽流open channel flow孔流orifice flow无压流free surface flow有压流pressure flow缓流subcritical flow急流supercritical flow渐变流gradually varied flow急变流rapidly varied flow临界流critical flow异重流density current, gravity flow堰流weir flow掺气流aerated flow含沙流sediment-laden stream降水曲线dropdown curve沉积物sediment, deposit沉[降堆]积sedimentation, deposition沉降速度settling velocity流动稳定性flow stability不稳定性instability奥尔-索末菲方程Orr-Sommerfeld equation涡量方程vorticity equation泊肃叶流Poiseuille flow奥辛流Oseen flow剪切流shear flow粘性流[动] viscous flow层流laminar flow分离流separated flow二次流secondary flow近场流near field flow远场流far field flow滞止流stagnation flow尾流wake [flow]回流back flow反流reverse flow射流jet自由射流free jet管流pipe flow, tube flow内流internal flow拟序结构coherent structure猝发过程bursting process表观粘度apparent viscosity运动粘性kinematic viscosity动力粘性dynamic viscosity泊poise厘泊centipoise厘沱centistoke剪切层shear layer次层sublayer流动分离flow separation层流分离laminar separation湍流分离turbulent separation分离点separation point附着点attachment point再附reattachment再层流化relaminarization起动涡starting vortex驻涡standing vortex涡旋破碎vortex breakdown涡旋脱落vortex shedding压[力]降pressure drop压差阻力pressure drag压力能pressure energy型阻profile drag滑移速度slip velocity无滑移条件non-slip condition壁剪应力skin friction, frictional drag壁剪切速度friction velocity磨擦损失friction loss磨擦因子friction factor耗散dissipation滞后lag相似性解similar solution局域相似local similarity气体润滑gas lubrication液体动力润滑hydrodynamic lubrication浆体slurry泰勒数Taylor number纳维-斯托克斯方程Navier-Stokes equation牛顿流体Newtonian fluid边界层理论boundary later theory边界层方程boundary layer equation边界层boundary layer附面层boundary layer层流边界层laminar boundary layer湍流边界层turbulent boundary layer温度边界层thermal boundary layer边界层转捩boundary layer transition边界层分离boundary layer separation边界层厚度boundary layer thickness 位移厚度displacement thickness动量厚度momentum thickness能量厚度energy thickness焓厚度enthalpy thickness注入injection吸出suction泰勒涡Taylor vortex速度亏损律velocity defect law形状因子shape factor测速法anemometry粘度测定法visco[si] metry流动显示flow visualization油烟显示oil smoke visualization孔板流量计orifice meter频率响应frequency response油膜显示oil film visualization阴影法shadow method纹影法schlieren method烟丝法smoke wire method丝线法tuft method氢泡法nydrogen bubble method相似理论similarity theory相似律similarity law部分相似partial similarity定理pi theorem, Buckingham theorem 静[态]校准static calibration动态校准dynamic calibration风洞wind tunnel激波管shock tube激波管风洞shock tube wind tunnel 水洞water tunnel拖曳水池towing tank旋臂水池rotating arm basin扩散段diffuser测压孔pressure tap皮托管pitot tube普雷斯顿管preston tube斯坦顿管Stanton tube文丘里管Venturi tubeU形管U-tube压强计manometer微压计micromanometer多管压强计multiple manometer静压管static [pressure]tube流速计anemometer风速管Pitot- static tube激光多普勒测速计laser Doppler anemometer, laser Doppler velocimeter 热线流速计hot-wire anemometer热膜流速计hot- film anemometer流量计flow meter粘度计visco[si] meter涡量计vorticity meter传感器transducer, sensor压强传感器pressure transducer热敏电阻thermistor示踪物tracer时间线time line脉线streak line尺度效应scale effect壁效应wall effect堵塞blockage堵寒效应blockage effect动态响应dynamic response响应频率response frequency底压base pressure菲克定律Fick law巴塞特力Basset force埃克特数Eckert number格拉斯霍夫数Grashof number努塞特数Nusselt number普朗特数prandtl number雷诺比拟Reynolds analogy施密特数schmidt number斯坦顿数Stanton number对流convection自由对流natural convection, free convec-tion强迫对流forced convection热对流heat convection质量传递mass transfer传质系数mass transfer coefficient热量传递heat transfer传热系数heat transfer coefficient对流传热convective heat transfer辐射传热radiative heat transfer动量交换momentum transfer能量传递energy transfer传导conduction热传导conductive heat transfer热交换heat exchange临界热通量critical heat flux浓度concentration扩散diffusion扩散性diffusivity扩散率diffusivity扩散速度diffusion velocity分子扩散molecular diffusion沸腾boiling蒸发evaporation气化gasification凝结condensation成核nucleation计算流体力学computational fluid mechanics多重尺度问题multiple scale problem伯格斯方程Burgers equation对流扩散方程convection diffusion equationKDU方程KDV equation修正微分方程modified differential equation拉克斯等价定理Lax equivalence theorem数值模拟numerical simulation大涡模拟large eddy simulation数值粘性numerical viscosity非线性不稳定性nonlinear instability希尔特稳定性分析Hirt stability analysis相容条件consistency conditionCFL条件Courant- Friedrichs- Lewy condition ,CFL condition 狄里克雷边界条件Dirichlet boundary condition熵条件entropy condition远场边界条件far field boundary condition流入边界条件inflow boundary condition无反射边界条件nonreflecting boundary condition数值边界条件numerical boundary condition流出边界条件outflow boundary condition冯.诺伊曼条件von Neumann condition近似因子分解法approximate factorization method人工压缩artificial compression人工粘性artificial viscosity边界元法boundary element method配置方法collocation method能量法energy method有限体积法finite volume method流体网格法fluid in cell method, FLIC method通量校正传输法flux-corrected transport method通量矢量分解法flux vector splitting method伽辽金法Galerkin method积分方法integral method标记网格法marker and cell method, MAC method特征线法method of characteristics直线法method of lines矩量法moment method多重网格法multi- grid method板块法panel method质点网格法particle in cell method, PIC method质点法particle method预估校正法predictor-corrector method投影法projection method准谱法pseudo-spectral method随机选取法random choice method激波捕捉法shock-capturing method激波拟合法shock-fitting method谱方法spectral method稀疏矩阵分解法split coefficient matrix method不定常法time-dependent method时间分步法time splitting method变分法variational method涡方法vortex method隐格式implicit scheme显格式explicit scheme交替方向隐格式alternating direction implicit scheme, ADI scheme 反扩散差分格式anti-diffusion difference scheme紧差分格式compact difference scheme守恒差分格式conservation difference scheme克兰克-尼科尔森格式Crank-Nicolson scheme杜福特-弗兰克尔格式Dufort-Frankel scheme指数格式exponential scheme戈本诺夫格式Godunov scheme高分辨率格式high resolution scheme拉克斯-温德罗夫格式Lax-Wendroff scheme蛙跳格式leap-frog scheme单调差分格式monotone difference scheme保单调差分格式monotonicity preserving diffe-rence scheme穆曼-科尔格式Murman-Cole scheme半隐格式semi-implicit scheme斜迎风格式skew-upstream scheme全变差下降格式total variation decreasing scheme TVD scheme 迎风格式upstream scheme , upwind scheme计算区域computational domain物理区域physical domain影响域domain of influence依赖域domain of dependence区域分解domain decomposition维数分解dimensional split物理解physical solution弱解weak solution黎曼解算子Riemann solver守恒型conservation form弱守恒型weak conservation form强守恒型strong conservation form散度型divergence form贴体曲线坐标body- fitted curvilinear coordi-nates[自]适应网格[self-] adaptive mesh适应网格生成adaptive grid generation自动网格生成automatic grid generation数值网格生成numerical grid generation交错网格staggered mesh网格雷诺数cell Reynolds number数植扩散numerical diffusion数值耗散numerical dissipation数值色散numerical dispersion数值通量numerical flux放大因子amplification factor放大矩阵amplification matrix阻尼误差damping error离散涡discrete vortex熵通量entropy flux熵函数entropy function分步法fractional step method。
航空技术术语中英文对照
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航空技术术语中英文对照precision recovery including maneuverable re-entry 包含可操纵重返之精确回收precision spin 準确螺旋precision spin 準确螺旋precision turn 準确转弯precision very high frequency omni direction range 精确极高频全向导航台precision-drop glider 精确空投滑翔机precision-guided munition 精确导引弹药preconscious level 前意识层次precooling 预冷precursor 母材predicted speed 计算速率prediction angle 预测角predictor 预测器preferential routes 优先使用航道preferential runway 优先使用的跑道pre-flight adaptation 飞行前适应preflight check 飞行前检查pre-flight inspection 飞行前检查prefragmented warhead 预成破片弹头pre-front squall line 锋前颮线preheating 预热pre-ignition 提前点火pre-launch console 发射前控制台preliminary design phase 初步设计阶段preliminary design review 初步设计审查preliminary estimation 初步估计preliminary flight qualification test 基础飞行资格考试preliminary flight rating test 基础飞行等级测试preliminary orbit determination 初步轨道决定preliminary performance estimation 初步性能估计preliminary weight estimation 初步重量估计premature detonation 过早爆震premature ventricular contraction 心室性早期收缩premixed laminar flame 预混层燄prepreg 预浸布prepreg material 预浸材料preprogrammed guidance 预置导引presbycusis 老年失聪presbyopia 老花眼presented target area 显示目标区preservative 防腐剂preset guidance 预置导引press roller 镇压轮,滚子press wheel 镇压轮pressive gradient 压力梯度pressurant gas 挤压气体pressure 压力pressure altitude 压力高度pressure altitude variation 压力高度差pressure anemomete 压力风速表pressure angle 压力角pressure anomaly 压力递减差距pressure breathing 加压呼吸pressure coefficient 压力係数pressure contour 等压线pressure demand oxygen equipment 压力需求式供氧装备pressure drag 压力阻力pressure drag 压力阻力pressure drag coefficient 压力阻力係数pressure fall center 降压中心pressure filler inlet 压力加油口pressure flap 均压阀pressure foredrag 头部压差阻力pressure gradient 压力梯度pressure head 压力落差,压头pressure head 压力头pressure instrument 压力式仪表pressure lapse rate 压力直减率pressure lubrication system 压力润滑系pressure nozzle 压力喷嘴pressure nozzle 压力喷嘴pressure pattern 气压型pressure pattern flight 气压型飞行pressure pattern flying 气压型飞行pressure plate anemometer 压板风速表pressure probe 压力探测器pressure pump 压力泵pressure pump 压力泵pressure recovery 压力復原pressure regulation 压力调节pressure rigid airship 压力硬式飞船pressure rise center 升压中心pressure suit 加压衣pressure system 气压系统,压力系统pressure tendency 压力趋势pressure transmission 压力传输pressure tube anemometer 压管风速表pressure warning unit 压力警告器pressure wave 压力波pressure-bag molding 压力袋成形pressure-fed 压馈pressure-volume diagram 压容图pressurized cabin 加压舱pressurized cabin 压力舱pressurized construction 加压结构pressurized tank 加压箱prestall buffet 失速前抖震pretest simulation 试验前模拟prevailing visibility 盛行能见度prevailing visibility 盛行能见度dymodel2007-12-7 11:12:14prevailing winds 盛行风preventive medicine 预防医学prima facie evidence 表见证据primacord 爆炸导火线primaquine 抗疟药物primary aerodynamic characteristics 主要气动特性primary circulation 主环流primary control surface 主要控制面primary cyclone 主气旋primary flight control 基本飞行控制primary flight control system 基本飞行控制系统primary flying training 初级飞行训练primary front 主锋primary instability 主要不稳定性primary instrument 主要仪器primary modulus of elasticity 基本弹性模数primary radar 初级雷达primary structure 主要结构primary surface 主平面primary surveillance radar 主搜索雷达primary target 主要目标primary training aircraft 初级教练机prime 注油prime meridian 原始子午线,本初子午线prime valve 注油阀priming device 气动注油装置,气爆装置principal axis 主轴principal moment of inertia 主惯性矩principal restraint 主限制principal strain 主应变principal stress 主应力principle axis 主轴线principle of superposition 叠加原理prior notice required 需事先通知prioritized significant events and conditions 重大事件优先顺序prior-to-flare speed 拉平前飞行速率private aircraft 私人飞机private glider pilot certificate 私人滑翔机驾驶员证书private pilot certificate 私人驾驶员证书probability 或然率,机率probability forecast 机率预报probability of hit 命中机率probability of kill 击落机率probable cause 可能原因probable error 概差,可能误差probable maximum precipitation 最大可降水量procedural knowledge 程序知识procedure turn 程序转弯procedures for air navigation services 飞航业务程序procedures inadequacy 程序不当processing speed 数据处理速率processing tomato harvester 加工用番茄收穫机processor 处理机,处理程式procurement 採购,购料,购置procurement specification 採购规范product certificate 產品证书product of inertia 惯性积product of inertia 惯性积product sample 產品样本production test flight 量產试飞proficiency check 熟练测验proficiency flight 熟练飞行profile drawing 剖面图profile grinding 轮廓轮磨,轮廓磨光profile line 剖面线profilometer 测面仪,测平仪prognostic chart 预测图prograde orbit 顺行轨道programmed roll 预定滚转programmed turn 预定转弯progress 进度,进行,进步progress chart 工作进度表progress report 进度报告progressive burning 增面燃烧progressive propellant 增面燃烧推进剂progressive schedule 进度时程progressive stall 渐进失速prohibited area 禁航区prohibited area 禁航区project design 方案设计project manager 专案主持人projected area 投影面积projected planform 投影平面形projected propeller area 螺旋桨投影面积projectile 射弹,拋射体projectile trajectory 拋射体弹道projection chart 投影图projection chart 地图投影法prolate ellipsoid 长椭球proliferation 核子扩散prone position 俯卧姿势proof strength 保证强度propaganda balloon 宣传气球propaganda balloon 宣传气球propagation constant 传播常数propagation error 传播误差propagation speed 传播速率propagation velocity 传播速度propane 丙烷propellant 推进剂dymodelpropellant tanks 推进剂箱propellant charge 推进剂药柱propellant charge 推进剂装药propellant loading ratio 推进剂装载比propellant outage 推进剂的储运损耗量propellant utilization system 推进剂利用系统propeller aerodynamic balance test 螺旋桨气动力平衡试验propeller airplane 螺旋桨飞机propeller anti icer 螺旋桨防冰器propeller axis of rotation 螺桨转轴(线)propeller balance 螺旋桨平衡propeller balance 螺旋桨平衡propeller balancing stand 螺旋桨平衡台propeller bar 螺桨閂propeller blade angle 桨叶角propeller blade aspect ratio 桨叶展弦比propeller blade element theory 螺旋桨叶素理论propeller blade shank 螺旋桨叶柄propeller brake 螺旋桨制动器propeller camber ratio 螺旋桨弧度比propeller cuffs 螺旋桨护甲propeller disc 螺旋桨盘propeller disk area 螺旋桨盘形面积propeller effective thrust 螺旋桨有效推力propeller feathering 螺旋桨顺桨propeller flutter 螺旋桨颤振propeller governor 螺旋桨调速器propeller horsepower 螺旋桨马力propeller hub 螺旋桨轂propeller interference 螺旋桨干扰propeller left-hand 左转螺旋桨propeller load 螺旋桨负载propeller load 螺旋桨负载propeller load curve 螺旋桨负载曲线propeller master blade 螺旋桨主叶propeller pump 旋叶泵propeller radius 螺旋桨半径propeller rake 螺旋桨倾角propeller reduction gear 螺旋桨减速齿轮propeller reinforcing girder 螺旋桨增强樑propeller root 螺旋桨叶根propeller section 螺旋桨剖面propeller slip function 螺旋桨滑流函数propeller speed 螺旋浆转速propeller static balance test 螺旋桨静力平衡试验propeller thrust 螺旋桨推力propeller tip speed 桨叶尖端速率propeller tipping 螺旋桨包梢propeller torque 螺旋桨转矩,螺旋桨扭力propeller wash 螺旋桨洗流propeller width ratio 螺旋桨宽度比propeller-blade speed 桨叶周围速率propelling nozzle 推进喷嘴proportional navigation 比例导航proportional navigation 比例接近法导航proprioceptor 本体感受器propulsion efficiency 推进效率propulsion efficiency 推进效率propulsion module 动力装置舱propulsion system 推进系统propulsion vehicle 运载火箭propulsion wind tunnel 发动机风洞propulsive duct 脉冲喷射发动机propulsive efficiency 推进效率propulsive unit 推进器组propulsive unit 推进器组propulsor 推进器protein 蛋白质proteinuria 蛋白尿prototype aircraft 原型飞机prototype construction 原型机结构prototype test flight 原型试飞prototyping 原型机製造protractor 分度规,量角器proving flight 验证试飞proving ground 试验场Provisional International Civil Aviation Organization 临时国际民航组织provisional weight 暂时重量proximate analysis 近似分析proximity fuze 近发引信proximity warning instrument 接近警告仪器proximityfuze 近发引信prudent limit of endurance 精确续航极限prudent limit of patrol 精确巡逻极限pseudo adiabat 假绝热线pseudo adiabatic lapse rate 假绝热直减率pseudo fly-by-wire 假电传飞控pseudo front 假锋pseudopursuit navigation 假追踪导航psychiatric evaluations 精神状况评估psychiatrist 精神病医师psychic evaluations 精神评估psychologic disorder 精神官能症psychological warfare 心理战psychologist 心理学家psychology 心理学psychophysiologic false myopia 身心性假性近视psychosis 精神病psychosomatic disorder 精神官能症psychotherapy 心理治疗dymodel2007-12-7 11:13:02psychotic disorder 精神性失常psy-chrometer 乾湿表public aircraft 勤务飞机public announcement 机上广播puddling furnace 搅练炉pull ring 拉环pull up 拉起puller 拉拔器pulley block 滑车组,滑轮组pull-out 拉平pull-up 拉升pulmonary bulla 肺大气泡pulmonary ventilation 肺通气量pulpitis 齿髓炎pulsating current 脉动电流,脉动气流pulsating direct current 脉动直流电pulsation 脉动pulse altimeter 脉波高度计pulse code 脉波密码pulse duration 脉波宽度pulse jet intermittent duct 脉冲喷射发动机pulse modulation 脉波调制pulse modulation 脉波调变pulse noise jamming 脉冲噪音干扰pulse radar 脉冲雷达pulse repetition rate 脉波重现率pulse spacing 脉波间隔pulse-code modulation 脉波电码调变pulsed plasma accelerator 脉冲电浆加速器pulse-frequency modulation 脉波频率调变pulsejet 脉冲喷射发动机pulsejet missile 脉冲喷射飞弹pulse-time modulation 脉波时间调变pulse-width modulation 脉波宽度调变pultrusion 拉挤成形pump 泵pump efficiency 泵效率pump speed 泵转速pump-fed 泵馈pumping 泵作用pumping frequency 泵频pumping friction 排吸摩擦pumping speed 泵压速率punch press 压孔机pundit 海岸光灯pure helicopter 纯直升机pure helicopter 纯直升机pure pursuit course lead 纯追击航线前置量purge 冲洗,排净purple 可能携带核弹pursuit 追踪,追击,驱逐pursuit airplane 驱逐机pursuit course 追击航线pursuit missile 尾追飞弹pursuit navigation 追击导航pursuit navigation 追逐航行pursuit-type aircraft 驱逐机push button indicator 按钮指示器push down 推头下降push forward 前推push plate conveyor 推板运送机push/pull microphone 推拉式传话筒push/pull rod 推拉桿pushback 后推,拖机作业pusher airplane 推式飞机pusher propeller 推式螺旋桨pusher propeller 推式螺旋桨pusher-type aircraft 推进式飞机pushing over 进入俯冲pushrod 推桿pylon eight 目标8字pyranometer 天空辐射表pyrgeometer 地面辐射表pyrheliometer 日射强度表pyroelectric detector 热电检知器pyrogen 烟火產生器pyrolysis products 解热生成物pyrometer 高温计pyrotechnic shock 烟火冲击pyrotechnics 烟火製造术pyroxylin primer 硝基纤维性底漆Q factor Q值Q-aerial Q型天线Q-band Q频带Q-code Q代码Q-corner (coffin corner) Q角落Q-fan 低噪音风扇Q-series propellants Q系列推进剂quad 四蕊导线quadrantal altitude 象限高度quadrantal deviation 象限罗差quadrantal error 象限误差quadrantal heading 象限航向quadrantal points 象限点quadrantal separation 象限隔离quadrantal signal 区信号quadruplane 四翼飞机quadruple register 四用记录器quality assurance 品质保证quality control 品质管制dymodel2007-12-7 11:13:54psychotic disorder 精神性失常psy-chrometer 乾湿表public aircraft 勤务飞机public announcement 机上广播puddling furnace 搅练炉pull ring 拉环pull up 拉起puller 拉拔器pulley block 滑车组,滑轮组pull-out 拉平pull-up 拉升pulmonary bulla 肺大气泡pulmonary ventilation 肺通气量pulpitis 齿髓炎pulsating current 脉动电流,脉动气流pulsating direct current 脉动直流电pulsation 脉动pulse altimeter 脉波高度计pulse code 脉波密码pulse duration 脉波宽度pulse jet intermittent duct 脉冲喷射发动机pulse modulation 脉波调制pulse modulation 脉波调变pulse noise jamming 脉冲噪音干扰pulse radar 脉冲雷达pulse repetition rate 脉波重现率pulse spacing 脉波间隔pulse-code modulation 脉波电码调变pulsed plasma accelerator 脉冲电浆加速器pulse-frequency modulation 脉波频率调变pulsejet 脉冲喷射发动机pulsejet missile 脉冲喷射飞弹pulse-time modulation 脉波时间调变pulse-width modulation 脉波宽度调变pultrusion 拉挤成形pump 泵pump efficiency 泵效率pump speed 泵转速pump-fed 泵馈pumping 泵作用pumping frequency 泵频pumping friction 排吸摩擦pumping speed 泵压速率punch press 压孔机pundit 海岸光灯pure helicopter 纯直升机pure helicopter 纯直升机pure pursuit course lead 纯追击航线前置量purge 冲洗,排净purple 可能携带核弹pursuit 追踪,追击,驱逐pursuit airplane 驱逐机pursuit course 追击航线pursuit missile 尾追飞弹pursuit navigation 追击导航pursuit navigation 追逐航行pursuit-type aircraft 驱逐机push button indicator 按钮指示器push down 推头下降push forward 前推push plate conveyor 推板运送机push/pull microphone 推拉式传话筒push/pull rod 推拉桿pushback 后推,拖机作业pusher airplane 推式飞机pusher propeller 推式螺旋桨pusher propeller 推式螺旋桨pusher-type aircraft 推进式飞机pushing over 进入俯冲pushrod 推桿pylon eight 目标8字pyranometer 天空辐射表pyrgeometer 地面辐射表pyrheliometer 日射强度表pyroelectric detector 热电检知器pyrogen 烟火產生器pyrolysis products 解热生成物pyrometer 高温计pyrotechnic shock 烟火冲击pyrotechnics 烟火製造术pyroxylin primer 硝基纤维性底漆Q factor Q值Q-aerial Q型天线Q-band Q频带Q-code Q代码Q-corner (coffin corner) Q角落Q-fan 低噪音风扇Q-series propellants Q系列推进剂quad 四蕊导线quadrantal altitude 象限高度quadrantal deviation 象限罗差quadrantal error 象限误差quadrantal heading 象限航向quadrantal points 象限点quadrantal separation 象限隔离quadrantal signal 区信号quadruplane 四翼飞机quadruple register 四用记录器quality assurance 品质保证quality control 品质管制dymodel2007-12-7 11:14:40psychotic disorder 精神性失常psy-chrometer 乾湿表public aircraft 勤务飞机public announcement 机上广播puddling furnace 搅练炉pull ring 拉环pull up 拉起puller 拉拔器pulley block 滑车组,滑轮组pull-out 拉平pull-up 拉升pulmonary bulla 肺大气泡pulmonary ventilation 肺通气量pulpitis 齿髓炎pulsating current 脉动电流,脉动气流pulsating direct current 脉动直流电pulsation 脉动pulse altimeter 脉波高度计pulse code 脉波密码pulse duration 脉波宽度pulse jet intermittent duct 脉冲喷射发动机pulse modulation 脉波调制pulse modulation 脉波调变pulse noise jamming 脉冲噪音干扰pulse radar 脉冲雷达pulse repetition rate 脉波重现率pulse spacing 脉波间隔pulse-code modulation 脉波电码调变pulsed plasma accelerator 脉冲电浆加速器pulse-frequency modulation 脉波频率调变pulsejet 脉冲喷射发动机pulsejet missile 脉冲喷射飞弹pulse-time modulation 脉波时间调变pulse-width modulation 脉波宽度调变pultrusion 拉挤成形pump 泵pump efficiency 泵效率pump speed 泵转速pump-fed 泵馈pumping 泵作用pumping frequency 泵频pumping friction 排吸摩擦pumping speed 泵压速率punch press 压孔机pundit 海岸光灯pure helicopter 纯直升机pure helicopter 纯直升机pure pursuit course lead 纯追击航线前置量purge 冲洗,排净purple 可能携带核弹pursuit 追踪,追击,驱逐pursuit airplane 驱逐机pursuit course 追击航线pursuit missile 尾追飞弹pursuit navigation 追击导航pursuit navigation 追逐航行pursuit-type aircraft 驱逐机push button indicator 按钮指示器push down 推头下降push forward 前推push plate conveyor 推板运送机push/pull microphone 推拉式传话筒push/pull rod 推拉桿pushback 后推,拖机作业pusher airplane 推式飞机pusher propeller 推式螺旋桨pusher propeller 推式螺旋桨pusher-type aircraft 推进式飞机pushing over 进入俯冲pushrod 推桿pylon eight 目标8字pyranometer 天空辐射表pyrgeometer 地面辐射表pyrheliometer 日射强度表pyroelectric detector 热电检知器pyrogen 烟火產生器pyrolysis products 解热生成物pyrometer 高温计pyrotechnic shock 烟火冲击pyrotechnics 烟火製造术pyroxylin primer 硝基纤维性底漆Q factor Q值Q-aerial Q型天线Q-band Q频带Q-code Q代码Q-corner (coffin corner) Q角落Q-fan 低噪音风扇Q-series propellants Q系列推进剂quad 四蕊导线quadrantal altitude 象限高度quadrantal deviation 象限罗差quadrantal error 象限误差quadrantal heading 象限航向quadrantal points 象限点quadrantal separation 象限隔离quadrantal signal 区信号quadruplane 四翼飞机quadruple register 四用记录器quality assurance 品质保证quality control 品质管制dymodel2007-12-7 11:15:05radar navigation chart 雷达航图radar navigation guidance 雷达导航radar navigator 雷达领航员radar netting 雷达网radar netting station 雷达网中心站radar netting unit 雷达网装备radar picket 雷达哨radar picket escort 雷达哨护航radar pilotage 雷达地标航行radar plot 雷达标示radar position symbol 雷达位置符号radar prediction 雷达预测radar pulse 雷达脉波radar range marker 雷达距离标尺radar ranging 雷达测距radar rating 雷达检定radar receiver 雷达接收机radar reconnaissance 雷达侦察radar reflectivity 雷达反射率radar repeat-back guidance 雷达回报导引radar report 雷达报告radar resolution 雷达解析度radar response 雷达反应radar return 雷达回波radar separation standards 雷达隔离标準radar service 雷达服务radar signal film 雷达讯号影片radar signature 雷达特徵radar silence 雷达静默radar storm detection 雷达风暴侦测radar surveillance 雷达监视radar target 雷达目标radar target 雷达目标radar target designation 雷达目标标示器radar target designation control 雷达目标标定控制radar target marker 雷达目标标示器radar target simulator 雷达目标模拟器radar track position 雷达追踪位置radar track speed 雷达测定的地速radar tracking station 雷达追踪站radar vector 雷达导引航向radar wind 雷达测风radar wind system 雷达测风系统radar-equipped inertial navigation system 雷达惯性导航系统radar-guided missile 雷达导向飞弹radar-guided weapon system 雷达导向武器系统radarscope 雷达幕,雷达显示器radarscope overlay 雷达幕重叠radarscope photography 雷达幕录影radial acceleration 径向加速度radial bearing 径向轴承radial bearing 径向轴承radial diffuser 径向扩散器radial displacement 径向位移radial drill 旋臂钻床radial fan 辐流式风扇radial flow 径向流动radial flow 辐射流,径向流radial G 径向重力radial heading 辐射航向radial jet 横向推进器radial load 径向负载radial load 径向负载radial search 辐射式搜索radial spar 辐射樑radial stress 径向应力radial turbine 径流式涡轮radial unbalance torque 辐向不均衡扭矩radial velocity 径向速度radial wing configuration 辐射翼外形radial wire 辐射金属线radial(flow) compressor 径流式压缩机radially expanding clutch 辐张离合器radian 弳,弧度radiance 辐射量radiant energy 辐射能radiant heat 辐射热radiant heat 辐射热radiation 辐射radiation aid 辐射辅助设备radiation belt 辐射带radiation dosage 辐射剂量radiation fog 辐射雾radiation heat transfer 辐射热传递radiation pressure 辐射压力radiation scattering 辐射散射radiational cooling 辐射冷却radiatus 辐状(云)radio 无线电radio aid 无线电辅助设施radio antenna 无线电天线radio approach aid 无线电进场辅助radio astronomy 射电天文学radio beacon 无线电信标radio beacon 无线电信标radio beacon marker 无线电信标标誌radio beam 无线电波束radio beam 无线电波束radio beam coupler 无线电波束耦合器radio bearing 无线电方位dymodel2007-12-7 11:15:41radio bearing deviation 无线电方位差radio biology 放射线生物学radio channel 无线电频道radio communication failure message 无线电通信失效电报radio countermeasure 无线电反制radio detection and ranging 雷达radio determination satellite 无线电定位卫星radio directional beacon 无线电方向信标radio direction-finding 无线电定向radio direction-finding chart 无线电定向航图radio direction-finding net 无线电定向网radio direction-finding station 无线电定向电台radio directive device 无线电定向装置radio distortion 无线电失真radio facility 无线电设备radio failure procedure 无线电失效程序radio fan-marker beacon 无线电扇形标誌信标radio fix 无线电定位radio fix 无线电定位radio frequency 无线电频率,射频radio frequency 无线电频率radio frequency oscillator 无线电频率振盪器radio guidance system 无线电导引系统radio homing beacon 无线电归向信标radio humidity test 无线电湿度试验radio inertial guidance system 无线电惯性导引系统radio interference 无线电干扰radio line of position 无线电位置线radio log 无线电记录簿radio loop 无线电环形天线radio loop nacelle 无线电环形天线罩radio loop nacelle 无线电环形天线盒radio magnetic indicator 无线电磁向仪radio marker 无线电标誌radio marker beacon 无线电标誌信标radio marker transmitter 无线电标誌发射机radio mast 无线电柱radio meteorograph 无线电气象计radio meteorology 无线电气象学radio navigation 无线电导航radio navigation 无线电导航radio navigational aid 无线电助航设备radio orientation 无线电定向radio pressure test 无线电压力试验radio range beacon 无线电导航信标radio range leg 无线电导航航道radio range orientation 无线电导航定向radio range orientation 无线电导航定向radio range receiver 无线电导航接收机radio range station 无线电导航台Radio Technical Commission For Aeronautics 航空无线电技术委员会(美)radio telephony network 无线电网radio telescope 无线电望远镜radio transmitter receiver 无线电收发报机radio vibration test 无线电振动试验radio wave 无线电波radio wave 无线电波radioactive iodinated serum albumin 放射碘血清蛋白radioactivity 放射性radio-chemistry 放射化学radioecology 辐射生态学radiograph 放射线照相radioisotope 放射性同位素radiolocation 无线电电台定位radiological defense 放射防卫radiological weapon 放射性武器radiometry 放射量测学radiosonde 雷送,无线电探空仪radiosonde balloon 雷送气球radiosonde observation 雷送观测radiotelegraph 无线电报radiotelephone 无线电话radish harvester 萝卜收穫机radius of action 作用半径,活动半径radius of damage 损坏半径(核爆)radius of gyration 迴转半径radius of gyration 迴转半径radius of navigation 航行半径radius of operation 作战半径radius of turn 转弯半径radius vector 径向量,向径rail type launcher 滑轨式发射器rail type launcher 滑轨式发射架rain climate 多雨气候rain cloud 雨云rain day 雨日rain drop 雨滴rain forest 雨林rain removal system 除雨系统rain repellent 排雨剂rain shadow 雨荫rain shower 阵雨rain stage 雨阶段raincrust 雨雪壳raininess 雨量强度,雨量特性rake of wingtip 翼尖斜削rake-up finger 耙草爪rake-up wheel 耙草轮rally point 返航集合点ram air turbine 冲压气涡轮dymodel2007-12-7 11:16:07ram drag 冲压阻力ram pressure 冲压力ram rocket 冲压火箭ram rocket 冲压火箭ram wing 冲翼(气垫船)ramjet 冲压喷射发动机ramjet missile 冲压喷射飞弹ramjet speed 冲压喷气发动机打开时之速率ramp weight 机坪重量ramshorn airfoil 翘尾翼形random access memory 随机存取记忆体random drift rate 随机漂移率random error 随机误差random vibration 随机振动range analog bar 射程相似标range angle 射程角range attenuation 距离衰减range corection 射程修正range correction 射程修正量range error probable 射程误差概率range gating 距离栅range light 跑道距离灯range lights 跑道头灯range octagon 射程八角形显示range of action 活动范围range of propeller 螺距范围range of target 目标距离range panel 靶场标板range rate 接近率range resolution 距离解析度range station 导航台range to target 目标距离range tracking 距离追踪range/azimuth display unit 射程方位显示器Rankine cycle 郎肯循环Rankine oval 郎肯椭圆体Rankine thermometric scale 兰氏温标RAPCON facility 雷达进场管制设施rapid decompression 急速减压rapid decompression 快速减压rapid eye movements 眼球快速移动rapid-extraction parachute 快速张开降落伞rapid-reload capability 快速再装载能力rare gas 稀有气体rare gas 稀有气体rarefied gasdynamics 稀薄气体动力学rate damping 速率阻尼rate gyro 速率陀螺仪rate integrating gyro 速率积分陀螺仪rate of ascent 上升率rate of closure 接近率rate of descent 下降率rate of heat release 释热率rate of roll 滚转率rate of sink 下沉率rate receiver 速率接收机rate transmitter 速率发射机rated altitude 额定高度rated brake horsepower 额定制动马力rated engine speed 发动机额定速率rated engine speed 发动机额定速率rated horsepower 额定马力rated horsepower 额定马力rated load 额定负载rated load 额定负载rated power output 额定动力输出rated revolution 额定转速rated thrust 额定推力rate-integrating gyro 速率积分陀螺仪ratiometer 比率计raw material 原料rawin 雷文,雷达测风rawinsonde 雷文送Rayleigh atmosphere 雷莱大气Rayleigh flow 雷莱流Rayleigh formula 雷莱公式Rayleigh line 雷莱线Rayleigh number 雷莱数Rayleigh process 雷莱过程Rayleigh scattering 雷莱散射razor-thin wing 特薄机翼reaching cruising altitude 到达巡航高度reactant 反应物reacted pressure 失速压力reaction control jet 反应控制喷流reaction control system 喷气操纵系统reaction engine 反应式发动机reaction time 反应时间reaction wheels 反作用轮read only memory 唯读记忆体readback 覆诵readout 读出readout station 读站ready room 準备室real basis 真实基準real fluid 真实流体real fuselage upsweep 后机身上掠real passenger compartment 后客舱real time 即时real time reconnaissance 即时侦察dymodel2007-12-7 11:16:32real time reconnaissance cockpit display system 即时侦察座舱显示系统rear furrow wheel 尾轮rear seat 后座rear wheel drive tractor 后轮驱动式曳引机rearward c.g. stalling speed 后重心失速速率rearward speed 后飞速率reattached flow 再附著流reattachment point 再附著点Reaumur thermometric scale 列氏温标reburn 再燃recalescent point 再炽点receiving only 仅可收报receptor 感受器reciprocal bearing 反向方位reciprocating compressor 往復式压缩机reciprocating motion 往復运动reciprocating pump 往復泵reciprocating sieve 往復式筛reciprocating type supercharger 往復式增压机reclamating hoe 开垦锄recognition light 识别灯recommended dietary allowances 营养摄取建议表recommended practice 建议措施recommended speed 建议速率recommit 重标战术行动recompression 再加压recon reconnaissance 侦察reconnaissance aircraft 侦察机reconnaissance airplane 侦察机reconnaissance missile 侦察飞弹reconnaissance satellite 侦察卫星reconnaissance satellite 侦察卫星record observation 记录观测recording airspeed indicator recording 自记空速表recording altimeter 自记高度表recording anemomete 自记风速表recording barometer 自记气压表recording optical tracking instrument 光学追踪记录仪recovery capsule 回收舱recovery factor 回收因数recovery footprint 回收地点recovery net 回收网recovery of spacecraft 太空航具回收recovery percentage 回收率recovery speed 改出速率recovery temperature 恢復温度recovery time 恢復时间recovery voltage 恢復电压recreational mode 休閒方式rectal fistula 直肠廔管rectangular aperture 矩形口径rectangular coordinate system 直角座标系rectangular spar 匣形樑rectangular wing 长方形机翼rectenna 校正天线rectification 整流,检波,校正rectification error 校正误差rectified air speed 修正表速rectified airspeed 校正空速rectified altitude 校正高度rectilinear flow 直线流rectilinear flow 直线流动rectilinear flying 直线飞行recurvature 转向red alert 紧急警戒red bug 设定红标red cell mass 红血球量red civil airway 红色民用航路red line 红线标誌red out 红视,红昏red snow 红雪red warning 红色警报red zone of intersection 红色交叉区redstone rocket 红石火箭reduced comfort boundary 降低舒适度reduced mass 折合质量reduced modulus 折合模数reduced modulus of elasticity 弹性折减模数reduced pressure 订正压力reduced take-off and landing 缩短起降reduced temperature 订正温度reduced thrust 减推力reduced volume 订正容积reducing flame 还原燄reducing gear 减速齿轮redundant design 餘赘设计redundant structure 静不定结构reel antenna 捲盘式天线reentrant angle 凹角re-entry 重返大气层,重返re-entry body 重返物体re-entry corridor 重返走廊re-entry plasma 重返电桨re-entry profile 重返剖面re-entry speed 再入速率re-entry trajectory 重返弹道re-entry vehicle 重返载具reference area 参考面积reference axis 参考轴reference frame 参考座标dymodel2007-12-7 11:16:53reference frame 基準座标系reference landing distance 参考著陆距离reference orbit 参考轨道reference pressure 参考压力reference speed 标準速率,稳定速率reference temperature 参考温度,基準温度reference trajectory 参考弹道refire time 再发射时间reflection 反射reflection rainbow 反射虹reflection suppression 反射消除reflection-interference wave 反射干涉波reflectivity 反射性,反射率reflex angle 反射角reflex circuit arrangement 反射电路配置reflex curvature airfoil 反翘翼形reflexed trailing edge airfoil 翘后缘翼形reflexed wing 上挠翼reflexed wing 反挠翼reflux 回流refraction 折射refraction dome 折光罩refractive index 折射率refrigeration cycle 冷冻循环refrigeration tunnel 结冰测试风洞refrigerator 冷冻机,冰箱refueling 再加油refueling flight 空中加油飞行refueling probe 受油探管refueling speed 空中加油飞行速率refurbishment 整修refusal speed 中断起飞极限速率refusal speed 放弃起飞极限速率regelation 再冻regenerative cooling 再生冷却regenerative cycle 再生循环regenerative detector 再生检波器regenerative gas turbine cycle 再生气涡轮循环regenerative reheating cycle 再生重热循环regime 工作状态region of influence 影响区region of normal command 正常飞行状态范围region of reversed command 反常飞行状态范围regional airport 区域性机场regional flight surgeon 区域性航空医官regional OPMET bulletin exchange 区域气象运用公告交换regional supplementary procedures 地区补充程序registered horse power 登记马力registered thrust 登记推力regression analysis 迴归分析regression of nodes 交点退行(天文)regressive burning 减面燃烧regressive orbit 逆行轨道regular sleep period 规律睡眠期间regulated take-off weight 规定起飞重量reheat effect 再热效应reheating 重热reheating cycle 重热循环rehydrated food 加水食物reinforced carbon/carbon 加强碳碳复合材料reinforced concrete 钢筋混凝土reinforced fiber composite 纤维加强复合材料reinforced plastics 强化塑胶reinforced plywood 加强层板reinforced shell fuselage 硬壳机身reinforcing 加强,补强reinforcing tape 加强带rejected item 剔退件rejected take off 拒绝起飞rejected take-off 放弃起飞relapsing fever 回归热relateral tell 中继同级传送relative airflow 相对气流relative azimuth angle 相对方位角relative bearing 相对方位relative displacement 相对位移relative efficiency 相对效率relative efficiency of biplane 双翼相对效率relative humidity 相对溼度relative humidity 相对溼度relative inclinometer 相对倾斜仪relative parallax 相对视差relative pitch 相对螺矩relative speed 相对速率relative target altitude 相对目标高度relative target bearing 相对目标方位relative target speed 目标相对速率relative velocity 相对速度relative vorticity 相对涡度relative wind 相对风relativity 相对性,相对论relaxation 鬆弛relaxation method 鬆弛法relaxation of stress 应力鬆弛relaxation time 鬆弛时间relaxed static stability 缓和静态稳定性relay aircraft 中继飞机relay station 中继站release agents 离型剂release altitude 投射高度dymodel2007-12-7 11:17:13release device 释放装置release hand 释放手柄release hook 释放鉤release mechanism 释放机构release pressure 释放压力release process 释放过程release shackle 释放掛鉤release speed 投放飞行速率release spring 放鬆弹簧release time 放行时间,释放时间relief crew 备勤组员relief map 地势图relief valve 排气阀relight 重新起动reluctance 磁阻。
wind-tunnel report 光伏风洞试验报告
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Geschäftsführung: Sparkasse Aachen Commerzbank AG Aachen Amtsgericht Aachen Client:S.S.T. Solar System Technik GmbH, Schlins, Austria Project No.:SSS01 Report No.: SSS01-3Wind loads on the PV roofing systems Aerocompact S andAerocompact + of S.S.T. Solar System Technik GmbHDetermining the characteristic values for uplift and slidingaccording to ASCE/SEI 7-05Aachen, 01/31/2013Dr.-Ing. Th. KrayDipl.-Ing. (FH) F. HunkeI.F.I. Institutfür Industrieaerodynamik GmbHInstitute at the Aachen Universityof Applied SciencesWelkenrather Straße 120D – 52074 AachenGermanyTelephone: +49 241/879708-0Telefax: +49 241/879708-10E-Mail: info@ifi-aachen.deNotified testing laboratory, inspectionand certification body no. 1368 ac-cording to the CPDC o n t e n t s1 Introduction (4)1.1 The wind tunnel model of the Aerocompact S PV roofing system (5)1.2 The wind tunnel model of the Aerocompact + PV roofing system (7)2 Summary (9)3 Fundamentals (11)3.1 General (11)3.2 Method of analysis (11)3.3 Design velocity pressure (14)3.4 Uplift and sliding forces (15)3.5 Analysis (15)4 Results (19)4.1 Analysis of the aerodynamic properties of the array of panels (19)4.2 Determination of the loads (20)4.3 Characteristic length L and minimum array size (29)4.4 Pressure coefficients for the design of structural elements (31)4.5 Effect of the static friction coefficient of the layers under the panels (32)4.6 Effect of the tangential component of the weight on inclined flat roofs (33)4.7 Effect of the building shape (33)4.8 EXCEL-calculation tool (35)5 References (35)Report No.: SSS01-3Wind loads on the PV roofing systems Aerocompact S and Aerocompact + of S.S.T. SolarAnnex A: Test methodsAnnex B: Wind load conceptsCaution:The formulas given for the calculation of the ballast apply to flat roofs with sharp eaves. If the PV system is used on a roof with curved or mansard eaves or on a roof with a slope greater than 7°, ballasting must be examined individu-ally. This is also the case in the presence of significantly higher buildings in the direct neighbourhood to the system.The given measurement results are not valid for PV systems installed on build-ings higher than 18.3 m (60 ft).Report No.: SSS01-3Wind loads on the PV roofing systems Aerocompact S and Aerocompact + of S.S.T. Solar1 IntroductionThe company S.S.T. Solar System Technik GmbH develops and produces mounting systems for photovoltaic panels on flat roofs. In this context, flat roofs are defined as roofs having a slope of less than ± 7° (cf. ASCE/SEI 7-05), so that with view to the wind flow over them, it can be assumed that the flow separates on the roof edge or parapet. This is different from the situation on pitched roofs where the air flow sepa-ration is on the ridge or high point of the roof. Typical for the flow over flat roofs is the forming of edge vortices due to cornering flow. These forms of flow also called "delta wing vortices", present high local rotational speeds and create correspondingly high suction effects on the roof, especially in the corner and edge zones.The installation of PV systems leads to the problem of their securement, since these systems are mainly installed onto existing roofs and shall not or cannot be secured against sliding or uplift by the use of penetrating fasteners through the roof mem-brane. In the past, in order to protect the roof membranes and to increase friction, it was generally chosen to lay the PV elements on granular rubber tiles in combination with additional weights. However, since many flat roofs have only limited load bearing capabilities, people involved in the PV sector are trying to find systems which need as little ballast as possible or are secured by their dead load alone in situations of normal exposure. Today, these systems, described as "ballast-free" or more correctly "low ballast" are subject to controversial discussions in Technical literature, since ac-cording to ASCE/SEI 7-05 there are no values for the pressure compensation mech-anisms used in these cases.Therefore, in the present study the PV roofing systems Aerocompact S and Aero-compact + of S.S.T. Solar System Technik GmbH were submitted to wind tunnel tests in compliance with the guidelines of the ASCE/SEI 7-05 [1], Chapter 6.6. I.F.I. Institut für Industrieaerodynamik GmbH, Institute at the Aachen University of Applied Sciences (in the following I.F.I. for short) was commissioned by S.S.T. Solar System Technik GmbH to carry out these tests and to calculate any resulting ballast require-ments depending on the wind exposure of the site.Report No.: SSS01-3Wind loads on the PV roofing systems Aerocompact S and Aerocompact + of S.S.T. Solar1.1 The wind tunnel model of the Aerocompact S PV roofing systemFor the wind tunnel tests a panel dimension of 1675 mm x 1020 mm (65.9 in x 40.2 in) was chosen for both PV roofing systems. The PV panels and the wind deflectors may be mounted on two different substructures which consist of folded flat section profiles.The Aerocompact S system is south oriented and covered by a wind deflector on the north side. The modules are angled at 15° to the roof membrane. The wind deflectors are inclined by 75° to the roof membrane in the lower part, whereas the upper part is bended to the back starting from about one third of the deflectors’ total height. In this way, pressure compensation occurs due to a ridge gap resulting from the mounting of the rear wind deflector to the substructure with a width of 95 mm (3.7 in) between the upper edge of the wind deflector and the upper edge of the module. At the short side the modules are screwed together with the flat section profiles. The PV panels are aligned with a gap of 20 mm (0.8 in) between one another. The lower edges of the modules and of the wind deflectors are separated from the roof membrane by a 11 mm (0.4 in) gap over the entire length. The spacing of two rows behind one an-other corresponds to approximately 1.808 m (71.2 in). As a result, the Aerocom-pact S system has a total height of 322 mm (12.7 in) for the given panel dimensions. All gaps were reproduced to correct scale in the wind tunnel model. In Figure 1.1 an exemplary 2x2 array is shown in different views.In the wind tunnel scale model PV panels were arranged on a flat roof in a configura-tion of eight panels in landscape orientation per row and eight rows behind one an-other, the total length per row resulting in approximation 13.5 m (44.3 in).In order to determine the characteristic loading for all positions across the roof, the edge zones of the roof were, as ordered, measured with and without panels on top. For this purpose, for Aerocompact S two models of an industrial building were con-structed on a scale of 1:40 with dimensions of 13.5 m x 13.8 m x 8.0 m (44.3 ft x 45.3 ft x 26.2 ft) when the edge zones are covered with modules and 16.7 m x 17.0 m x 8.0 m (54.8 ft x 55.8 x 26.2 ft) in the configuration of uncovered edge zones.Figure 1.2 and Figure 1.3 show the models of the typical buildings with the Aerocom-pact S system investigated in open country exposure (Exp. C) in the approach sec-Report No.: SSS01-3Wind loads on the PV roofing systems Aerocompact S and Aerocompact + of S.S.T. SolarReport No.: SSS01-3Wind loads on the PV roofing systems Aerocompact S and Aerocompact + of S.S.T. Solartion of the boundary layer wind tunnel. The critical configuration with sharp roof edg-es (without parapet) was investigated.Figure 1.1: South oriented PV roofing system Aerocompact SFigure 1.2: Wind tunnel model of the typical building with uncovered edge zones and the Aerocom-pact S system with view into the approach section of the small I.F.I. boundary layer windtunnel; open terrain corresponding to exposure category CReport No.: SSS01-3Wind loads on the PV roofing systems Aerocompact S and Aerocompact + of S.S.T. SolarFigure 1.3: Wind tunnel model of the typical building with covered edge zones and the Aerocom-pact S system with view into the approach section of the small I.F.I. boundary layer windtunnel; open terrain corresponding to exposure category C1.2 The wind tunnel model of the Aerocompact + PV roofing systemThe panels of the nonpenetrating Aerocompact + system are installed on a substruc-ture and are inclined towards one another with a slope of 10° to the roof membrane. At the ridge the main pressure equalization results from a 123 mm (4.8 in) gap. Two modules inclined towards one another are referred to as a double module or module unit. At the short side the modules are screwed together with the flat section profiles. The PV panels are aligned with a gap of 20 mm (0.8 in) between one another. The lower edges of the modules are separated from the roof membrane by a 10 mmReport No.: SSS01-3Wind loads on the PV roofing systems Aerocompact S and Aerocompact + of S.S.T. Solar(0.4 in) gap over the entire length. The distance between the lower modules’ edges of two rows behind one another corresponds to approximately 157 mm (6.2 in). As a result, the Aerocompact + system has a total height of 235 mm (9.3 in) for the given panel dimensions. All gaps were reproduced to correct scale in the wind tunnel mod-el. In Figure 1.4 an exemplary array is shown in isometric view.In the wind tunnel scale model PV panels were arranged on a flat roof in a configura-tion of eight panels in landscape orientation per row and six rows behind one anoth-er, the total length per row resulting in approximation 13.5 m (44.3 in).Figure 1.4: East-west oriented PV roofing system Aerocompact +In order to determine the characteristic loading for all positions across the roof, the edge zones of the roof were, as ordered, measured with and without panels on top. For this purpose, for Aerocompact + two models of an industrial building were con-structed on a scale of 1:40 with dimensions of 13.5 m x 13.7 m x 8.0 m (44.3 ft x 44.9 ft x 26.2 ft) when the edge zones are covered with modules and 16.7 m x 16.9 m x 8.0 m (54.8 ft x 55.4 x 26.2 ft) in the configuration of uncovered edge zones.Report No.: SSS01-3Wind loads on the PV roofing systems Aerocompact S and Aerocompact + of S.S.T. SolarFigure 1.5 shows the models of the typical buildings with the Aerocompact + system and uncovered and covered edge zones. The investigations were conducted in open country exposure (Exp. C) in the approach section of the boundary layer wind tunnel. The critical configuration with sharp roof edges (without parapet) was investigated.Figure 1.5: Wind tunnel models of the typical buildings with uncovered and covered edge zones andthe Aerocompact + system; open terrain corresponding to exposure category C2 SummaryThe present analysis provides exact design bases for the actions of the wind on the south oriented Aerocompact S and east-west oriented Aerocompact + systems. The test results may be used in compliance with ASCE/SEI 7-05, Chapter 6.5.2 for standard terrain conditions (Exp. B, C and D) on flat roof and low rise buildings. The necessary ballast for the securement of the PV system can therefore easily be de-termined depending on the roof zone and the design wind dynamic pressure on site for the respective building height.The design of elements of the substructure and the required ballast against uplift and sliding forces depend on the structural connection between modules and thus on the loaded area. For small interconnected structures the probability of a gust causing a simultaneous peak load on the whole structure is high, whereas for large loaded are-as timely averaged load coefficients may be applied.This approach is supported by the securement of the analysed system using connections between the module units. This means that in the case of a local wind load exceeding the calculated uplift of an individual panel, there will be no irreversible damage since the connection between the panels within a row and the rows among themselves will hold a panel in its place. This approach is justified because the well-known causes of maximum wind loading, wind gusts induced by weather or by building-generated turbulence, cannot affect a larger field in a whole or at the same time.Another element attenuating the formation of edge vortices in the edge zones of the roof is the presence or rather the height (in relation to the building height) of a para-pet. This is explained by raising the vortices above the roof surface which reduces suctions on PV panels underneath. In the present study, the more critical situation without a parapet was examined.Since the results are each given in relationship to a panel surface of one square me-tre, it is possible to scale them to other panel dimensions on condition that the essen-tial geometric parameters (such as proportion and arrangement of the ventilation gaps, height of the ridge, ground clearance, etc.) do not deteriorate on the aerody-namic point of view.The measurements could prove that pressure and force coefficients on PV module units mounted on flat roofs are clearly lower than the pressure and force coefficients of similar geometries (e.g. multispan roofs) according to ASCE/SEI 7-05 – which strictly speaking do not apply to them – since wind loads on PV modules are mostly characterised by pressure compensation mechanisms.Report No.: SSS01-3Wind loads on the PV roofing systems Aerocompact S and Aerocompact + of S.S.T. SolarReport No.: SSS01-3Wind loads on the PV roofing systems Aerocompact S and Aerocompact + of S.S.T. Solar3 Fundamentals3.1 GeneralThe distribution of loads on a flat roof is determined by the wind direction and the wind displacement due to the volume of the building. The American standard ASCE/SEI 7-05 takes this fact into account by defining load fields for flat roofs de-pending on the relative building dimensions. The width of these edge zones is calcu-lated for buildings lower than or equal to 18.3 m (60ft) in accordance with ASCE/SEI 7-05 from the smaller value of 0.4 x building height and 0.1 x least horizontal dimen-sion but not less than 0.04 x least facade width or 0.9 m (3 ft). Figure 3.1 to Figure3.4 illustrate the distribution of these load fields on an industrial building lower than 18.3 m (60 ft) for the PV roofing systems Aerocompact S and Aerocompact +; all wind directions are overlapped for the calculation of the wind loads.The mounting of a PV system – which is a low element compared to the height of the building – has only insignificant and in any case locally very limited effects on the wind displacement and therefore on the load distribution on the roof and on the fa-cades. Therefore the analysis and calculation of the wind loads depending on the position on the roof is carried out following the key in the standard.3.2 Method of analysisThe pressure coefficients given in ASCE/SEI 7-05 refer only to a windproof roof membrane and therefore cannot be applied to the configuration of PV systems ventilated from underneath. Therefore, the pressure distributions on the Aerocom-pact S and Aerocompact + systems were investigated in wind tunnel tests accord-ing to the ASCE/SEI 7-05, Chapter 6.6. However, these wind loads still have an effect on the roof membrane under the PV systems.In order to calculate the wind loads, the wind pressure distributions on the upper and lower sides of the panels were measured in a wind tunnel test. The measurement values were processed under consideration of the spatio-temporal correlation in such a way that the results can be used by analogy with the coefficients given in ASCE/SEI 7-05.Report No.: SSS01-3Wind loads on the PV roofing systems Aerocompact S and Aerocompact + of S.S.T. SolarFigure 3.1: Representation of the edge zones for a building height less than 18.3 m (60 ft) (in ac-cordance with ASCE/SEI 7-05, Figure 6-11B) for the calculation of the wind loads on theAerocompact S system; the edge zones are completely covered with modulesFigure 3.2: Representation of the edge zones for a building height less than 18.3 m (60 ft) (in ac-cordance with ASCE/SEI 7-05, Figure 6-11B) for the calculation of the wind loads on theAerocompact Ssystem; the edge zones are not covered with modulesroof-zone 3roof-zone 2roof-zone 1roof-zone 3roof-zone 2roof-zone 1Report No.: SSS01-3Wind loads on the PV roofing systems Aerocompact S and Aerocompact + of S.S.T. SolarFigure 3.3: Representation of the edge zones for a building height less than 18.3 m (60 ft) (in ac-cordance with ASCE/SEI 7-05, Figure 6-11B) for the calculation of the wind loads on theAerocompact + system; the edge zones are completely covered with modulesFigure 3.4: Representation of the edge zones for a building height less than 18.3 m (60 ft) (in ac-cordance with ASCE/SEI 7-05, Figure 6-11B) for the calculation of the wind loads on theAerocompact +system; the edge zones are not covered with modulesroof-zone 3roof-zone 2roof-zone 1roof-zone 3roof-zone 2roof-zone 1Report No.: SSS01-3Wind loads on the PV roofing systems Aerocompact S and Aerocompact + of S.S.T. SolarDescriptions of the boundary layer wind tunnel, of the model and the measuring technique can be found in annex A of this report. The literature presents different concepts for the determination of wind loads on buildings and building parts (includ-ing the supporting structure and panels). Among the most common ones are the quasi-steady wind load concept and the extreme value analysis. Both methods are described in detail in annex B of this report.3.3 Design velocity pressureIn order to determine the characteristic wind loads, the calculated pseudo-steady pressure coefficients () ,p n e t C θ, see Annex B, or rather the force coefficients () f Cθobtained from integration of pressures on the upper and lower sides of the PV panels and wind deflectors, or the components of these coefficients in the coordinate axes have to be multiplied with the design velocity pressure q z . The following equation (1) gives the velocity pressure:=⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅20.613zz z t d q K K K v I (1) where-q z is the local peak velocity pressure at height z (including a para-pet) of the industrial building according to ASCE/SEI 7-05 -K z velocity pressure exposure coefficient defined in ASCE/SEI 7-05, section 6.5.6.6 -K zt topographic factor (ASCE/SEI 7-05, section 6.5.7.2) -K d wind directionality factor, see ASCE/SEI 7-05, section 6.5.4.4 -v basic wind speed [m/s] from ASCE/SEI 7-05, figure 6-1 - I importance factor (ASCE/SEI 7-05, section 6.5.5)The ASCE/SEI 7-05 basic wind speed is based on 3-second gust at 10 m height, 50-year return and exposure C. The reference height chosen for determining the design velocity pressure is the building height. The building in the wind tunnel test has a building height of z = h = 8.0 m (26.2 ft).Report No.: SSS01-3Wind loads on the PV roofing systems Aerocompact S and Aerocompact + of S.S.T. Solar3.4 Uplift and sliding forcesIn order to take account of the different locations in which the system is used, the measurement results were analysed in the form of non-dimensional force coefficients () ,f x C θ, () ,f y C θ und () ,f z Cθ for maxima and minima. The design velocity pressure can then be determined depending on the basic wind speed, the exposure category and the building height z , then allowing conversion of these force coefficients into the local sliding and uplift forces F x , F y and F z in a coordinate system parallel to the roof. In the following only the minima will be pursued, as these govern the uplift and sliding securement of PV roofing systems on flat roofs.The non-dimensional force coefficients () ,f x C θ, () ,f y C θ und () ,f z Cθ were deter-mined for loaded areas with a characteristic length of 1 m and 5 m using extreme value analysis. The loaded area corresponds to the projected area of modules and wind deflectors from a plan view on the module units. The diagonal of the loaded ar-ea corresponds to the characteristic length L according to Annex B, equation (B10), which was used for the calculation of the integration time t .3.5 AnalysisFigure 3.5 shows the definition of the wind directions and of the coordinate system which is the basis for the analysis of the wind loads acting on the south oriented Aerocompact S system. For wind coming from the north and the south the flow is perpendicular to the rows, for wind coming from the east and the west, the flow is parallel to the rows.Figure 3.6 shows the definition of the wind directions and of the coordinate system which is the basis for the analysis of the wind loads acting on the east-west oriented Aerocompact + system. For wind coming from the east and the west the flow is per-pendicular to the rows, for wind coming from the north and the south, the flow is par-allel to the rows.Because of the small projected surface exposed to wind flow and the arrangement in rows, the wind forces due to friction along the rows are neglectable. The analysis was carried out in such a way that the force coefficients were calculated per module unit.Report No.: SSS01-3Wind loads on the PV roofing systems Aerocompact S and Aerocompact + of S.S.T. SolarFigure 3.5: Definition of the wind directions and of the coordinate system for the south oriented PVroofing system Aerocompact SFrom the force coefficients () ,f x C θ, () ,f y C θ and () ,f z Cθ it is possible to calculatethe design wind loads by analogy with equation (B9). By multiplication with the PV panel surface A (reference area of one module unit) and with the local peak velocity pressure q z the components of the force vector F x , F y und F z are determined for each wind direction θ under consideration of the load factor for wind load S W as follows:()()=⋅⋅⋅ ,x f x z WF C q A S θθ (2)()()=⋅⋅⋅ ,y f y z WF C q A S θθ (3)Report No.: SSS01-3Wind loads on the PV roofing systems Aerocompact S and Aerocompact + of S.S.T. Solar()()=⋅⋅⋅ ,z f z z W FC q A S θθ (4) where:()xF θ sliding force per module unit in x-direction ()y F θ sliding force per module unit in y-direction ()z F θuplift force per module unit in z-direction A reference area of one module unit (surface of a double module for thesystem Aerocompact +; surface of a single module for the systemAerocompact S )z q local peak velocity pressure at height z (including a parapet) of the in-dustrial building according to ASCE/SEI 7-05() ,f x C θ force coefficient in x-direction() ,f y C θ force coefficient in y-direction() ,f z C θ force coefficient in z-directionW S load factor for wind load according to ASCE/SEI 7-05 The following equations can be deduced from the friction:==⋅,0R R N F F μ (5)()=-+N D L z B F G F G θ (6) where:-R F is the static friction force -,0R μ is the static friction coefficient -N F is the normal force -D L G is the dead load of the module unit with the mass D L m - B G is the additional weight (ballast) with the mass Bm Under consideration of the mass of a module unit D L m the necessary additional mass Bm for uplift and sliding safety is calculated including a load factor of S D = 0.9 as fol-lows:Report No.: SSS01-3Wind loads on the PV roofing systems Aerocompact S and Aerocompact + of S.S.T. Solar()()+⎧⎫⎤⎪⎪⎥⋅+⎪⎪⎥⎣⎦⎪⎪-=⎨⎬⋅⎪⎪⎪⎪⋅⎡⎤-⎪⎪⎢⎥⋅⎪⎪⎣⎦⎩⎭,0,;m a x W Z R D L B u p l i f t s l i d i n g D W Z D L D S F m m S g S F m S gθθ (7)Figure 3.6: Definition of the wind directions and of the coordinate system for the east-west orientedPV roofing system Aerocompact +The constants used in equation (7) are given in the following table.Table 3.1:Load factors for dead and wind load as well as acceleration due to gravity used for the calculation of the ballastg 9.81 m/s² acceleration due to gravityS W 1.6 - load factor for wind load according to ASCE/SEI 7-05S D0.9 - load factor for dead load according to ASCE/SEI 7-054 Results4.1 Analysis of the aerodynamic properties of the array of panelsThe aerodynamic forces on the panels are the result of the local deflection of the wind on the panels. The acceleration of the flow over the panels creates suction (negative pressure). Cornering wind leads to the peak loads for most of the modules placed in arrays. Because of the wind displacement due to the buildings on which the PV roofing systems were examined, the flow is not homogeneous over all the panels on the roof, meaning that the critical wind directions vary from panel to panel.Conversely this fact supports the effect of uplift securement in the array or its inter-connected panels, since there are always some zones which are submitted to small-er loads for a certain wind direction and therefore the simultaneity of maximum wind loading decreases as the length and the number of rows increases.When designing the building structure, the values given in the following for the wind loads on the PV panels shall not be superimposed on the other loads of the structure, since uplift forces compensate the pressures on the structure on the safe side and downward forces from the suction under the panels bring about an equally high load acting in opposite direction on the roof membrane under the panels, with the conse-quence that the forces cancel each other out. The structural wind loads of a building are essentially determined by the wind displacement and remain unchanged even if a (flat) PV system is built on it.The additional roughness of the roof resulting for the wind from the PV system can-not increase displacement. Peak suctions are rather extenuated since local vortex structures and the flow reattachment are obstructed.Report No.: SSS01-3Wind loads on the PV roofing systems Aerocompact S and Aerocompact + of S.S.T. SolarReport No.: SSS01-3Wind loads on the PV roofing systems Aerocompact S and Aerocompact + of S.S.T. SolarTherefore, the dimensioning of a structure must be carried out only under considera-tion of the weight of the panels, their ballasting for securement and possible snow loads. In the United States the latter is given in the Standard ASCE/SEI 7-05, Chap-ter 7.4.2 Determination of the loadsUplift and sliding force coefficients ,f x C , ,f y C and ,f z Cwere determined for eachmodule unit from the worst case wind direction which causes the largest ballast ac-cording to equation (7). The wind direction independent forces F x , F y and F z relevant for ballast design resulting from these force coefficients are used in the following for further calculations.Since in reality there are also arrays in which roof-zones 3 and 2 are only partly covered with PV panels, the force coefficients given in Table 4.1 to Table 4.8 are conservative.The uplift and sliding force coefficients of the investigated Aerocompact S PV roofing system are listed in Table 4.1 to Table 4.4 under consideration of the distribution into roof-zones 1, 2 and 3 as defined in ASCE/SEI 7-05, Figure 6-11B. Additionally, sub-zones were delimited within the different zones in order to reproduce the progression of the wind loads over the roof, which is illustrated in Figure 4.1.For the Aerocompact S system the subzones for application to exposure categoriesB andC are defined this way:The northern edge is divided into the following subzones:∙ Corner, zone 3∙ Edge, zone 2o 1st – 3rd running m² panel surface area/ rowo from the 4th running m² panel surface area/ rowThe eastern and western edges are divided into the following subzone:。
英汉航空技术词汇
![英汉航空技术词汇](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/7b89dcd15fbfc77da269b178.png)
这是我收集的部分技术词汇,敲的时候可能有手误,不过错误应该极少。
飞机设计这部分词汇取自多年前我校研究生院组织编写的一本小册子的相应部分,非常精炼准确,可惜早已绝版。
一些术语这里没有,我在课堂上给出。
结构力学和材料力学部分摘录自一本书,在我们这门课中有些词汇要用到,一并给大家。
飞机设计Absolute ceiling 绝对升限Absolute similarity 完全相似Active laminar flow control 主动层流控制Adiabatic exponent 绝热指数Adiabatic flow 绝热流Adjustable tab 调整片Advance ratio(ration) 前进比Advancing blade 前行桨叶Adverse pressure gradient 逆压梯度Aerial survey airplane 航测飞机Aerobatics 特技飞行术Aerodynamic brake, airbrake flap 减速板Aerodynamic center 气动中心Aerodynamic coefficient 空气动力系数Aerodynamic compensation 气动补偿Aerodynamic derivative 气动导数Aerodynamic heating 气动加热Aerodynamic retardation 气动阻滞Aerodynamic twist 气动扭转Aerodynamical interference 空气动力干扰Aerodynamics 空气动力学,空气动力特性Aeroelastic effect test 气动弹性试验Aeroelasticity 气动弹性力学Aerogator (口语)领航员Aerohydroplane 水上飞机Aeroplane 飞机Aerospace vehicle 宇航飞行器Aft center of gravity limit 重心后限Agricultural aircraft 农业机Aileron 副翼Air filter 空气滤Air flap 鱼鳞片(或风门片)Air intake test 进气道试验airliner 客(定期)班机Air refueling aircraft 空中加油机Air superiority fighter 空中优势战斗机Air superiority mission 占领制空权任务Air-carrier aircraft 民航飞机,运输机Air-cushion landing gear 气垫式起落架Air-interception aircraft 截击机Air-trajectory reference frame 气流坐标系Airborne early warning and control aircraft 空中预警引导机(发出预警并引导战斗机)Aircraft air conditioning system 飞机空气调节系统Aircraft wheel 机轮Airflow pulsation 气流脉动Airfoil 翼型Airfoil thickness 翼型厚度Airfoil with reverse camber 反弯度翼型Airplane 飞机Airship 飞艇Airspeed 空速All-cargo aircraft 货机All-movable stabilizer 全动平尾All-moving fin 全动垂尾All-weather aircraft 全天候飞机All-wing aircraft 飞翼,飞翼式飞机Ambulance aircraft 救护机Amphibian 水陆两用机Amphibian/amphibious aircraft 水陆两用飞机Angle of attack 迎角Angle of climb 航迹倾斜角Annular wing 环翼Anti-submarine warfare aircraft 反潜机Applied brake time 刹车时间Apply aileron 偏转副翼Arc tunnel 电弧风洞Area rule 面积率Arrow wing 箭形翼Articulated landing gear 摇臂式起落架Artificial transition 人工转换Artillery observation aircraft 炮兵校射机Aspect ratio 展弦比Assault aircraft 强击机,机降突击运输机(美)Associated mass 连续质量Atmosphere 大气Attacker 强击机(攻击机)Auto rotation 自转Auto-stabilizer 增稳器Autogyro 旋翼机Automatic antiskid brake system 自动防滑刹车系统Autorotation state 自旋状态Available fuel consumption 可用燃油量Available power 可用功率Available power of helicopter 直升机可用功率Available thrust 可用推力Avoid shaded area 回避区Axis system 坐标轴系Axisymmetrical flow 轴对称流Backswept wing aircraft 后掠翼飞机Balance weight 配重Bank 坡度Barotropic fluid 正压性流体Base drag 底部阻力Bernoulli’s equation 伯努利方程Bernoulli’s theorem 伯努利定理Bicycle landing gear 小车式起落架Big aircraft 重型飞机Bimotor aircraft 双发发动机飞机Biplane 双翼机Blade azimuth angle 桨叶方位角Blade element theory 叶素理论Blade geometric twist 桨叶几何扭转Blade section pitch 桨叶剖面安装角Blade tip-root loss factor叶端损失系数Blade-vortex interaction桨涡干涉Blended wing body 翼身融合体Blockage effect 阻塞效应Blown flap 吹气襟翼Bobtailed aircraft 无尾飞机Body 机身Body-fixed reference frame 机体坐标系Bogie landing gear 小车式起落架Bombardment aircraft 轰炸机Bound vortex 附着涡Boundary condition 边界条件Boundary layer 附面层Boundary layer control 附面层控制Boundary layer thickness 附面层厚度Brake control box 刹车控制盒Brake disc 刹车盘Brake efficiency coefficient 刹车效率系数Brake running distance 刹车滑跑距离Brake running time 刹车滑跑时间Brake speed 刹车速度Brake torque 刹车力矩Braking energy 刹车能量Breakout force 起动力Bubble 气泡Buffeting 抖振Buffeting test 抖振试验Bulkhead 隔框Buoyancy 浮力Buoyancy correction 浮力修正Cabin air pressure control system 座舱压力调节系统Cabin air pressure discharge valve 座舱排气活门Cabin air supply flow rate 座舱供气量Cabin altitude 座舱高度Cabin leakage 座舱泄露Cabin pressure difference 座舱剩余压力Cabin pressure inflow safety valve 座舱负压活门Cabin pressure regulator 座舱压力调节器Cabin silencer 座舱消音器Cabin ventilation 座舱通风Calibrated airspeed 校正空速Calibration-model test 标准模型试验Camber 弯度Canard aircraft 鸭式飞机Canard configuration 鸭式布局Canard surface flaps 鸭式前置翼面襟翼Canopy 座舱盖Cargo aircraft 货机cargo liner 货(定期)班机Carried-body test 携带试验Carrier-based plane 舰载飞机Cascade wind tunnel 叶栅风洞Cathedral angle 下反角Ceiling 升限Center of gravity 重心Chandelle 战斗转弯Characteristics of mode 模态特性Choke-out (风洞)壅塞Circulation 环量Civil airworthiness requirements 民用适航性要求Civil or military design specification 民用军用设计规范Climb 爬升Climb rate 爬升率Close-support aircraft 近距空中支援机Closed-circuit wind tunnel 回流式风洞Coaxial propellers 共轴桨Coaxial twin rotor helicopter 共轴式双旋翼直升机Cockpit cover 座舱盖Coefficient of viscosity 粘性系数Collective-pith control 总距控制Combat turn 战斗转弯Combat-and-trainer aircraft 战斗教练机Compensator 补偿装置Composite aircraft 子母机Composite helicopter 组合式直升机Compound helicopter 复合式直升机Compressibility 可压缩性Compression wave 压缩波Conceptual design 概念设计Conceptual sketch 概念草图Configuration 结构型式Conical camber 锥形弯曲Conical flow 锥形流Conical twist 锥形扭转Constant pressure difference control 等压差调节Constant-speed propeller 恒速桨Continuity 连续性Continuous wind tunnel 连续式风洞Continuum 连续介质Contra-rotating propellers 共轴桨Contraction cone(section) 收缩段Control 操纵或控制调节Control column 驾驶杆Control configured vehicle 随控布局飞机Control deflection 操纵面偏角Control displacement 驾驶位移Control force 操纵力Control stick 驾驶杆Control surface 操纵面Control tab 操纵片Control-fixed 握杆Control-free 松杆Controllability 操纵性Conventional(design) aircraft 常规(布局)飞机Convertible aircraft 推力换向式飞机,客货可易性飞机Coordinate system 坐标系Counter weight 配重Countermeasures aircraft 干扰飞机,电子对抗飞机Covering 蒙皮Cowling 整流罩Critical Mach number 临界马赫数Critical Reynolds number 临界雷诺数Critical section 临界截面Cross derivative 交叉导数Cross-wind landing 侧风着陆Cross-wind take-off 侧风起飞Cruise 巡航Cruise range 巡航范围Cruising speed 巡航速度Cryogenic wind tunnel 低温风洞Cyclic pitch control 周期变距操纵Cylinder piston housing 气缸座Damped vibration 阻尼振动Data process 数据处理Deck-based aircraft 舰载飞机Decompression accelerator 减压加速度Deep stall 深度失速Delta wing 三角形机翼Density 密度Departure 失控过渡Depress the aileron 使副翼向下偏转Descent 下降Design analysis 设计分析Design concept 设计概念Design lift coefficient 设计升力系数Design requirement 设计规范Detail design 详细设计Diamond region of test section 试验段菱形区Differential aileron 差动副翼Diffuser 扩压段Dihedral angle 上反角Dimensional theory 量纲理论Directional control 航向控制Directional stability 航向稳定性Directional static stability 横侧稳定性Disc area 桨盘面积Disk plane 桨盘平面Distance of landing run 着陆滑跑距离Distance of take-off run 起飞滑跑距离Disturbance 扰动Dive 俯冲Dog tooth 犬齿(锯齿)Dorsal fin 背鳍Double cavity landing gear 双腔式起落架Double delta wing 双三角翼Doublet 偶极子Downwash 下洗Downwash correction 下洗修正Draft 吃水Drag 阻力Drag coefficient 阻力系数Drag divergence 阻力发散Drag due to lift 升致阻力,感应阻力,诱导阻力Drone aircraft 无人驾驶飞机,靶机Drop test 地面落震试验Droppable fuel tank 副油箱Ducted propeller 函道螺桨Duplicated aileron 双段副翼Dutch roll 荷兰滚Dutch roll mode 荷兰滚模态Dynamic ceiling 动升限Dynamic derivative 动导数Dynamic pressure 速压,动压Dynamic stability 动稳定性Dynamic test 动力试验Dynamics derivative test 动导数试验Dynamics stability 动稳定性Early warning aircraft 预警机Earth axis 地面坐标系Earth’s atmosphere 大气层Earth-fixed reference frame 地面坐标系Effective angle of attack 有效迎角Effective Reynolds number 有效雷诺数Elastic limit 弹性极限Electronic counter-measures aircraft 电子干扰飞机Elevator 升降舵Elongated aircraft 升降舵偏角/gEmergency door 应急舱门Empenage 尾翼Endurance 续航时间Energy equation 能量方程Entralpy 焓Entropy 熵Equation of continuity 连续性方程Equation of motion 运动方程Equation of state 状态方程Equilibrium 平衡Equivalent airspeed 当量空速Expansion wave 膨胀波Experiment data reduction 试验数据处理Experimental aerodynamics 实验空气动力学Extension mechanism 收放机构External stores test 外挂物试验Factor of safety 安全系数Fail-safe design 破损安全设计Fairing 整流罩False spar 纵墙Fatigue 疲劳Fatigue limit 疲劳极限Fatigue load 疲劳载荷Fatigue test 疲劳试验Feathering motion 变距运动Fighter 战斗机Fighter bomber 战斗轰炸机Fillet 整流片,整流包皮(两个面结合处的)Fin 垂直安定面Final approach 终进场Final assembly process 总装Finite element method 有限元素法First law of therme dynamics 热力学第一定律Five-digit series airfoils 五位数翼型Fixed trimmer 修正片Fixed trimming tab 修正片(固定调整片)Flap 襟翼Flaperon 襟副翼Flare 拉平段Flare out landing 拉平着陆Flare-out 着陆拉平Flick roll 急横滚Flight attitude 飞行姿态Flight control actuator 舵机Flight control system 飞行操纵系统,飞行控制系统Flight dynamics 飞行动力学Flight envelope 飞行包线Flight path axis 航迹坐标系Flight performance 飞行性能Flight profile 飞行剖面Flight test 飞行试验Flight-path angle 航迹倾斜角Flight-path axis 航迹坐标系Flight-path track angle 航迹转弯角Float 平飞减速段Float-tube landing gear 浮筒式起落架Flood ability 抗沉性Flow field 流场Flow field calibration 流场校正Flow pattern 流谱Flow quality 流场品质Flow visualization 流谱观察试验Fluid 流体Fluid dynamics 流体动力学Fluid particle 流体质点Fluid tube 流管Flutter 颤振Flutter test颤振试验Flying boat 水上飞机Flying quality 飞行品质Flying wing 飞翼Force test 测力试验Form drag 型阻forest protection airplane 护林机Forward center of gravity limit 重心前限Forward flight 前飞Forward-retracting gear 前收式起落架Four-digit series airfoils 四位数翼型Fowler flap 富勒襟翼Fracture mechanics 断裂力学Frame 隔框Free stream 自由流Free vortex 自由涡Free-flight test 自由飞试验Fuel consumption per hour 小时耗油量Fuel consumption per kilometer 公里耗油量Fuel tank 油箱Fuel weight 油重Full scale wind tunnel 全尺寸风洞Full-scale development proposal 总体设计方案Fuselage 机身G overloading 过载Gas constant 气体常数Gearing ratio 传动比Geometric twist 几何扭转Get-away speed 离水速度Glide 下滑段Glide ratio 下滑比Glider 滑翔机Go around 复飞Gross weight 总重Ground effect 地面效应Ground effect test 地面效应试验Ground resonance 地面共振Ground run 地面滑跑段Ground speed 地速Ground-air-ground load 地空地载荷Guide plate 折流板Gull tape wing 海鸥式机翼Gun tunnel 炮风洞Gust 突风,阵风Gust load 突风载荷Half-model testing 半模型试验Hammerhead stall 失速翻滚特技Heat barrier热障Heat shield 隔热屏Heat transfer coefficient 传热系数Helicopter 直升机High Reynolds number wind tunnel 高雷诺数风洞High-lift device 增升装置High-speed wind tunnel 高速风洞Hinge moment 铰链力矩Hinge-moment test 铰链力矩试验Homoentropic flow 均熵流Honeycomb sandwich structure 蜂窝夹层结构Hook’s law 胡克定律Horizontal acceleration and deceleration capacity 水平加减速性能Horizontal flight 水平飞行Horizontal tail 水平尾翼Horse-shoe vortex 马蹄涡Horsepower loading 马力载荷Hospital or ambulance airplane 救护机Hot-wire anemometer 热线风速仪Hovercraft 气垫飞行器Hovering 悬停Hovering ceiling 悬停升限Hub 桨毂Hybrid platform wing 混合平面形状机翼Hydrodynamic performance水动性能Hydrodynamics 流体动力学Hypersonic flow 高超音速流Hypersonic shock layer 高超音速激波层Icing wind tunnel 结冰风洞Ideal fluid 理想流体Ideal gas 理想气体Immelmann turn 战斗半径Impact load 撞击载荷Impact pressure 撞击压力Inboard/inner aileron 内侧副翼,副翼内段Incompressible fluid 不可压缩流体Indicated airspeed 指示空速Induced drag 诱导阻力Inertial coupling 惯性耦合Inertial transducer 惯性传感器Inflow ratio 内流比,入流比Insubmersibility 抗沉性Integral fuel tank 整体油箱Integral structure 整体结构Interactions of balance system 天平干扰系统Interceptor 截击机Interference drag 干扰阻力Intermeshing rotor helicopter 交叉式双旋翼直升机Intermittent wind tunnel 暂冲式风洞Internal energy 内能Inverted flight 倒飞Isentropic flow 等熵流Jet airplane 喷气式飞机Jet flap 喷气襟翼Jet test 喷流试验Jettison test 投放试验KarMan V ortex street 卡门涡街Kinematic viscosity 运动粘性系数Krueger flap 克鲁格襟翼Lag 时滞Lag of wash 洗流时差Lagging motion 摆振运动Lambda shock lambda 波Laminar boundary layer 层流附面层Laminar flow 层流Laminar flow control 层流控制Laminar separation 层流分离Laminar-flow airfoil 层流翼型Landing 着陆Landing distance 着陆距离Landing gear 起落架Landing impact 着陆撞击Landing sink-speed 着陆下滑速度Landing speed 着陆速度Lateral control 横向操纵Lateral stability 横向稳定性Lateral static stability 横向静稳定性Laval nozzle 拉瓦尔喷管Leading edge 前缘Leading edge flap 前缘襟翼Leading edge radius 前缘半径Leading-edge notch 锯齿Leading-edge slot 前缘缝翼Leading-edge suction 前缘吸力Left rotation propeller 反转桨Level flight ceiling 平飞升限Lift coefficient 升力系数Lift dumper 扰流板Lift effect 升力效应Lift-drag ratio 升阻比Lifting rotor 旋翼Lifting-line theory 升力线理论Lifting-surface theory 升力面理论Limit load 载荷极限Linearized theory 线化理论Load 载荷Load factor 载荷因子Load feel unit 载荷感觉机构Load spectrum 载荷谱Lockout deboost valve 锁闭减压阀Loiter 巡防,巡逻Longeron 桁梁Longeron fuselage 梁式机身Longitudinal beam 纵梁Longitudinal control 纵向操纵Longitudinal motion 纵向运动Longitudinal stability 纵向稳定性Loop 斤斗Low density wind tunnel 低密度风洞Low-level high-speed flight 地空高速飞行Low-level strike mission 地空攻击任务Low-speed wind tunnel 地速风洞Lowering mechanism 收放机构Ludwieg tube 路德维希风洞Mach cone 马赫锥Mach number 马赫数Mach wave 马赫波Magnetic balance 磁悬挂天平Magnetofluid dynamics 磁流体动力学Man powered aircraft 人力飞机Maneuver 机动飞行Maneuver flap 机动襟翼Maneuver load 机动载荷Maneuver point 机动点Maneuver-flap 机动襟翼Maneuverability 机动性Mathematical simulation 数学模拟Maximum lift coefficient 最大升力系数Maximum speed 最大速度Mean aerodynamic chord 平均气动弦Mean geometric chord 平均几何弦Mean increase of resistance in waves 波浪中阻力平均增量Mean wetted length 平均浸湿长度Mechanical type balance 机械式天平Medium 介质Method of singularitics 线化理论Military transport aircraft 军用运输机Minimum drag 最小阻力Minimum speed 最小速度Mode 模态Model 模型Model support 模型支架Momentum method 动量法Monocoque fuselage 硬壳式机身Monocoque wing 硬壳式机翼Monoplane 单翼机Multi-purpose fighter 多用途战斗机Multi-rotor helicopter 多旋翼式直升机NACA airfoil profiles NACA翼型Nacelle 短舱Neutral point 中性层Noise 噪音Nose 机头Nose cone/dome 机头罩Nosewheel landing gear 前三点式起落架Oblique wing 斜机翼One-dimensional flow 一维流Open-circuit wind tunnel 开路式风洞Operation radius 活动半径Optical measurement testing method 光测法Optimization 优化Optimization design 优化设计Ornithopter 扑翼机(振翼机)Outboard/outer aileron 外侧副翼,副翼外段Overall shaping 草图设计Pancake landing 平坠着陆Panel 壁板Parasite drag 废阻力Partial similarity 部份相似Particular military requirement 特殊军事要求Passenger aircraft 旅客机Path line 迹线Pay load 有效载荷Peaky airfoil profile 尖峰翼型Percentage of blockage 阻塞度Perfect fluid 完全流体Perfect gas 完全气体Performance 性能Performance parameters 性能参数Photometry 光测Phugoid mode 沉浮模态Physical simulation 物理模拟Pilotless aircraft 无人驾驶飞机Pilots’ outside vision angles 飞行员视角Piston engine airplane 活塞式飞机Pitching 俯仰Pitching moment 俯仰力矩Piton tube 皮托管Piton-static tube 风速管Plain flap 简单襟翼Plenum chamber 驻室Pneumatic storage bottle 冷气瓶Podded nacelle rack 发动机吊挂Poisson’s ratio 泊松比Polar 极曲线Power required 需用功率Power required of helicopter 直升机需用功率Power rogallo-wing craft 伞翼飞机Power-off stall 无动力失速preliminary design 初步设计Pressure 压强Pressure center 压力中心Pressure drag 压差阻力Pressure reducing valve 减压阀Pressure test 测压试验Pressure-control valve 调压阀Pressurized cabin 气密舱Pressurized wind tunnel 压力风洞Production design 生产设计,施工设计Profile meanline 翼型中弧线(翼型中线)Propeller 螺旋桨Propeller blade angle 桨叶角Propeller disk area 螺旋桨桨盘面积Propeller disk loading 螺旋桨桨盘载荷Propeller efficiency 螺旋桨效率Propeller feathering 顺桨Proportional limit 比例极限Pursuit airplane 歼击机Quasi-steady assumption 准定常假设Radio-controlled aircraft 遥控飞机Radius of action 活动半径Raising/lowering mechanism 收放机构Random vibration 随机振动Range 航程Rarefied gas 稀薄气体Rate of advance 进矩比,前进比Rate of climb 爬升率Real gas 实际气体Reconnaissance aircraft 侦察机Recorder 记录器Rectangular wing 矩形机翼Rectified airspeed 校正空速Reference frame 坐标轴系Reflection of waves 波的反射Reformation 变形Reject take-off 中止飞行Relativity principle 相似性原理Remotely piloted vehicle 遥控飞机Reserve fuel 储备燃油Retraction/extension mechanism 收放机构Retreating blade 后行桨叶Reversal flow area 反流区Reversement 反航向特技Reversible-pitch propeller 反矩桨Reynolds number 雷诺数Ring 隔框Rise motion 升沉运动Roll 滚转Rolled-up vortex 卷起涡Rolling moment 滚转力矩Rotational flow 有旋流Rotor 旋翼Rotor aerodynamic efficiency in hovering 悬停时旋翼气动效率Rotor angle of attack 旋翼迎角Rotor brake system 旋翼刹车系统Rotor coning angle 旋翼锥度角Rotor disk loading 旋翼桨盘载荷Rotor down-wash angle 旋翼下洗角Rotor solidity 旋翼实度Rotor theory 旋翼理论Rotor thrust 旋翼推力Rotor torque 旋翼扭矩Rotor vortex system 旋翼涡系Rudder 方向舵Rudder pedals 脚蹬机构S-N curve S-N曲线Safe-life design 安全寿命设计Sailplane 滑翔机Sandwich structure 夹层结构Saw cut 锯口Scale effect 尺度效应Seakeeping 耐波性Sealed cabin 密封舱Seaplane 水上飞机Seaplane take-off taxing time and distance 水上飞机起飞滑跑时间和距离Search and rescue aircraft 救援机Seaworthiness 适航性Second law of thermodynamics 热力学第二定律Second throat 第二喉道Section of propeller blade 桨叶剖面Semi-monocoque fuselage 桁条式机身Semiattached body axis 半机体坐标系Separation 分离Service ceiling 实用升限Servo tab 弹簧补偿片Servo-compensator 随动补偿片Settling chamber 稳定段Settling section 安定段Shell wing 单块式机翼Shimmy damper 减摆器Ship-board plane 舰载飞机Shock absorber 缓冲器Shock stall 激波失速Shock tube wind tunnel 激波管风洞Shock wave 激波Shock wave-boundary layer interaction 激波附面层干扰Short-period mode 短周期模态Short-range take-off and landing plane 短距起落飞机Side force 侧力Side-by-side rotor helicopter 横列式双旋翼直升机Side-stick controller 侧杆操纵器Sideslip 侧滑Similarity criterion 相似准则Similarity law 相似率Similarity phenomenon 相似现象Similarity theory 相似理论Simple cruise mission 巡航任务Simulation test 模拟试验Single-rotor helicopter 单旋翼直升机Six-digit series airfoils 六位数翼型Skid-landing gear 滑橇式起落架Skimmy damper 减摆器Skin 蒙皮Slat 前缘缝翼Slender wing 细长翼Slip 侧滑Slip flap 开裂式襟翼Slip stream 滑流Slope of lift curve 升力线斜率Slot 翼缝Slot-tip/slotted aileron 开缝副翼Slotted flap 开缝襟翼Slow roll 慢横滚Small disturbance 小干扰Smoke wind tunnel 烟风洞Snap roll 急横滚Sonar 声纳Sonic barrier 音障Sonic boom 音爆Sound speed 音速Soundwich 消音蜂窝夹层结构Source 源Space shuttle 航天飞机Spar 翼梁Spar-wing 梁式机翼Specific heat 比热Specific heat ratio 比热比Speed brake 减速板Speed coefficient 速度系数Speed for maximum endurance 最经济速度Speed for maximum range 最大航程速度Speed range 速度范围Spin 尾旋Spin wind tunnel 尾旋风洞Spiral 盘旋升降Spiral mode 螺旋模态Split aileron 分裂式副翼Split flap 开裂式襟翼Spoiler 扰流片Sporting airplane 体育运动机sport airplane 体育运动机Spray resistance 滑行阻力Spring tab 弹簧补偿片Stability 稳定性Stability augmentation system 增稳系统Stability axis 稳定性坐标系Stability coefficient 稳定系数Stability wind tunnel 稳定性风洞Stability(seaplane) 安定性(水上飞机)Stabilizer 水平安定面Stagnation line 驻线Stagnation point 驻点Stall 失速Stall angle 失速迎角Stall without power 无动力失速Stalling speed 失速速度Standard atmosphere 标准大气压Starting load 启动载荷Static derivative 静导数Static pressure 静压Static stability 静稳定性Static temperature 静温Static test 静力试验Steady flight 定常飞行Steady flow 定常流Steady turn 定常盘旋Steep climbing turn 战斗转弯Stick force per g 每g驾驶力Stick-fixed 握杆Stick-free 松杆Straight and level flight 水平直线飞行Stain-gauge balance 应变式天平Strake 边条Strake-wing 边条翼Strategic bombing mission 战略轰炸任务Stream function 流函数Stream line 流线Stream tube 流管Streamline curvature effect 流线弯曲效应Stress 应力Stress concentration 应力集中Stress intensity factor 应力强度因子Stringer 桁条Strip of artificial roughness 粗糙带Structural design limits 结构设计极限Subsonic barrier 音障Subsonic flow 亚音速流Subsonic leading-edge 亚音速前缘Subsonic trailing-edge 亚音速后缘Subsonic wind tunnel 亚音速风洞Suction flap 吸气襟翼Supercritical airfoil 超临界翼型Supersonic airfoil profile 超音速翼型Supersonic flow 超音速流Supersonic leading-edge 超音速前缘Supersonic propeller 超音速桨Supersonic trailing-edge 超音速后缘Supersonic wind tunnel 超音速风洞Support interference correction 支架干扰校正Surface effect take-off and landing system 气垫式起落架Survivability 生存能力Sweep-back angle 后掠角Sweepback wing 后掠翼System 系统T-tail T型尾翼Tab 补偿片Tail 尾翼Tail fairing 机尾罩Tail skid 尾撬机尾座护座Tail unit 尾翼Tailless aircraft 无尾飞机Tailless configuration 无尾布局Tailplane 水平安定面Tailwheel landing gear 后三点式起落架Take-off distance 起飞距离Take-off gross weight 起飞总重Take-off power 起飞功率Take-off speed 起飞速度Take-off thrust 起飞推力Take-off weight 起飞重量Tandem propeller 纵串桨Tandem twin rotor helicopter 纵列式双旋翼直升机Tanker aircraft 空中加油机Taper ratio 根梢比Tapered wing 梯形机翼Target plane 靶机Target drone 靶机Taxi 滑行Telemetry 遥测Telescopic landing gear 支柱式起落架Test and research airplane 实验研究机Testing calibration models 标模试验Testing com0lete force models 全机测力试验Testing dynamic stability models 动导数试验Testing engine inlets 进气道试验Testing hinge-moment models 铰链力矩试验Testing inlet-diffuser buzz 进气道喘振试验Testing pressure models 压力分布试验Thermal boundary layer 温度附面层Thermal stress 热应力Thermal vibration 热振动Thickness 厚度Thin airfoil theory 薄翼理论Three-dimensional boundary layer 三维附面层Three-dimensional flow 三维流Three-dimensional wing 三维机翼Throat 喉道Thrust required 需用推力Tip path plane 桨盘面Tip stall 翼梢失速Tip-speed ratio 飞行状态系数(前进比)Torpedo bomber 鱼雷机Torque peak 力矩峰值Torque tube 扭力筒刹车壳体Total pressure 总压Total temperature 总温Touch down 接地Touch-down speed 接地速度Touring aircraft 游览机Track landing gear 履带式起落架Trailing edge 后缘Trailing edge angle 后缘角Trailing vortex 尾涡Trailing-edge flap 后缘襟翼Trainer 教练机Transition 转换Transonic flow 跨音速流Transonic wind tunnel 跨音速风洞Transport aircraft 运输机Transverse beam 横梁Tricycle landing gear 前三点式起落架Trim angle 纵倾角Trim system 配平系统Trimmer 配平装置Trimming 配平True airspeed 真空速Truss fuselage 桁架式机身Tubeless tyre 无内胎轮胎Tuft method 丝线法Turbo-prop airplane 涡轮螺旋桨飞机Turbulence intensity 紊流度Turbulence sphere 紊流球Turbulent boundary layer紊流附面层Turbulent separation 紊流分离Turn 盘旋Turn radius 盘旋半径Turning quality 回转性Turning speed 盘旋速度Twin-finned tail 双垂尾Twist of propeller blade 桨叶扭转Two-dimensional flow 二维流Two-dimensional wing 二维机翼Two-dimensional wing test 二维机翼实验Two-dimensional wing tunnel 二维风洞Tyre inflation pressure 轮胎充气压力Ultimate load 设计载荷Ultimate strength 强度极限Undercarriage 起落架Unsteady flow 非定常流Utility airplane 事务机V-tail V型尾翼V/STOL wind tunnel 垂直/短距起落实验风洞Variable swept wing 变后掠翼Variable-density wind tunnel 变密度风洞Variable-geometry aircraft 变后掠翼飞机Variable-pitch propeller 变矩桨Ventral fin 腹鳍Vertical stabilizer 垂直安定面Vertical tail 垂直尾翼Vertical take-off and landing plane 垂直起落飞机Vibration 振动Viscosity 粘性Viscous force 粘性力Viscous pressure drag 粘性压差阻力Viscous sublayer 粘性底层Vortex 漩涡Vortex generator 漩涡发生器V ortex lift 涡升力V ortex-ring state 涡环状态Wake 尾迹Wash-in 正扭转Wash-out 负扭转Water resistance 水阻力Water tank 水池Wave drag 波阻Wave off 复飞Weapons drop 武器消耗Weathercock stability 风标稳定性Wetted area 浸湿阻力Wheel brake system 机轮刹车系统Wheel load for design 机轮设计载荷Wheel speed transducer 机轮速度传感器Whip stall 机头急坠失速Wind axis 气流坐标系Wind chord 翼弦Wind tunnel 风洞Wind tunnel axial system 风洞轴系Wind tunnel balance 风洞天平Wind tunnel energy ratio 风洞能量比Wind tunnel test 风洞实验Wind tunnel wall interaction 洞壁干扰Windmilling of propeller 螺旋桨自转Windshield 风挡Wing 机翼Wing box 翼盒Wing fence 翼刀Wing incidence angle 机翼安装角Wing loading 翼载Wing platform 机翼平面形状Wing rib 翼肋Wing section 翼剖面Wing setting angle 机翼安装角Wing span 翼展Wing spar 翼梁Wing tip 翼尖Wing top end plate 翼梢端板Wing-over 翻滚特技Wing-tip vortex 翼端涡Winged helicopter 带翼式直升机Winglet 端翼Wingtip wheel 护翼轮Working section 试验段Yawing 偏航Yawing moment 偏航力矩Yield limit 屈服极限Young’s modules 杨氏模量Zero lift angle 零升迎角Zero-lift chord 零升力弦Zero-lift drag 零升阻力Zero-lift moment 零升力矩Zoom 跃升Zoom up 急跃升troposphere 对流层stratosphere 平流层mesosphere 中间层thermosphere 热层extrosphere 散逸层结构力学/材料力学常用词汇(1)allowable stressalternating load 交变载荷alternating stress 交变应力angle of twistaverage strainaverage stressaxial forcebar 杆件beambeam of constant strengthbendingbending momentbending moment diagrambody forcebrittle fracturebulk modulus of elasticitycanonical equation 正则方程cantilever beamcharacteristic of cyclecombined deformationcomplex state of stressescompressionconcentrated forcecontinuous beamcore of the cross sectioncreepcreep failurecritical forcedeflection 挠度deformationdislocation 位错distortional strain energy intensity 形状改变比能distributed forcedynamic factordynamic loadeccentric axial force 偏心载荷eccentricity 偏心距elastic bodyelastic deformationelastic limitelasticityelastic-plastic bendingelementendurance limitequivalent lengthexternal forceextrusionfactor of safetyfailurefailure by fracturefatigue failurefatigue limitflexural center 弯曲中心flexural rigidity 抗弯刚度flexural section modulus 抗弯截面模量forced vibrationframegeneralized Hook’s lawHooke’s law in shearimpact loadimpact toughness 冲击韧度internal forceisostatic 主应力迹线loadmacroscopic behavior 宏观行为maximum distorsion energy theory 形状改变比能理论maximum shearing stress theorymaximum tensile strain theorymaximum tensile stress theorymean stressMechanics of Materialsmember 构件method of forcemicroscopic structure 微观结构modulus of elasticityMohr’s circlenecking 颈缩neutral axisneutral surface 中性层normal strainnormal stressone dimensional state of stressesOtto Mohroverhanging beam 外伸梁parallel axis theorem 平行移轴定理permanent deformationplane state of strainsplane state of stressesplastic deformationplastic hingeplastic strainplastic torsionplastic yieldingplastic zoneplasticityPoisson’s ratiopolar moment of inertia 极惯性矩prestrain stressprincipal element 主单元体principal plane 主平面principal strainprincipal stressprincipal stress trajectories 主应力迹线pulsating cycle 脉动循环pure bendingpure shearreciprocal displacement theorem 位移互等定理reciprocal work theoremreduced factor 折减系数redundant constrainresidual deformationresidual stressresonancerigidity 刚度rigid joint 刚节点Saint-Venantshaftshearshear forceshear force diagramshear modulus of elasticityshearing state of stresses 纯剪切状态shearing strainshearing stresssimply supported beamskew bending 斜弯曲slenderness ratio 长细比slip failure 滑移失效slip-linesslope 转角specific elongation 延伸率specific energystabilitystate of stress at a given point 一点处的应力状态static loadstatically determinate beamstatically indeterminate 静不定strain energystreckgrenze limit ?????strength 强度stressstress amplitudestress circle 应力圆stress concentrationstress concentration factor 应力集中系数stress-strain diagram 应力-应变图super-statically determinate beamsurface forcesymmetrical cycle 对称循环tensile test 拉伸试验tension 拉伸the law of conservation of energy 能量守恒定律theory of strengththermal stress 温度应力three dimensional state of stresses 三向应力状态three dimensional stress circle 三向应力圆three-moment equation 三弯矩方程torsiontorsion momenttorsion rigidity 抗扭刚度Trescatwo dimensional state of stressesultimate strength 强度极限ultimate stress circleultimate stressunit-load methodvolumetric strain energy intensity 体积改变比能volumetric strain 体积应变。
05_Wind Tunnel&POD_pdf
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要
性
能 功率 (kw) 400 619 400 特点 (收缩比)
闭口回流 (4,-) 闭口回流 (4.16) 回 /直流两用 (4.41) 闭口回流
最大速度 (米/秒) 45 25 18 58 55
Ø Ø 北京大学φ 北京大学φ2.25 2.25米回流型低速风洞 米回流型低速风洞
• 1958年建成,周培源 • 1974年, 进行大气边 界层试验,孙天风 • 1997年改造,顾志福
Elective Course for Graduate Students
5.1 风 洞 概 述
• 风洞的基本类型与特点 A Taxonomy of Wind Tunnels • 风洞发展史 A Review of the Development of W.T. • 我国建筑风洞的建设 State of the Art of Chinese W.T. • 大气边界层风洞与浪槽实验室 The Joint Laboratory of Wind Tunnels & Water Flume • 风洞性能评价 How to Assess a Wind Tunnel
30 18 31 90 5~70
- 1000 1000
直流闭口 闭口回流 双试验段 闭口回流 (5.58)
• Φ 2.25×3.65 • 风速60m/s • 是国内较早开展建筑风 工程研究的风洞
NH-2
FL-8
7
Ø 1986 Ø 广东省建筑科学研究院风洞, 广东省建筑科学研究院风洞, 1986
Ø Ø 同济大学国家重点实验室 同济大学国家重点实验室
优点: (1)易于 控制空气质量;(2)所需 能量较少; (3)工作时噪音小。 缺点: (1)初始 建造费 用高; (2)长时间使用 时,需采用冷却装置。
流体力学英语
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流体动力学 fluid dynamics 说明连续介质力学mechanics of continuous 说明介质 medium 说明流体质点 fluid particle 说明无粘性流体nonviscous fluid, inviscid 说明连续介质假设continuous medium hypothesis 说明流体运动学 fluid kinematics 说明水静力学 hydrostatics 说明液体静力学 hydrostatics 说明支配方程 governing equation 说明伯努利方程 Bernoulli equation 说明伯努利定理 Bernonlli theorem 说明毕奥-萨伐尔定律 Biot-Savart law 说明欧拉方程 Euler equation 说明亥姆霍兹定理 Helmholtz theorem 说明开尔文定理 Kelvin theorem 说明涡片 vortex sheet 说明库塔-茹可夫斯基条件 Kutta-Zhoukowski condition 说明布拉休斯解 Blasius solution 说明达朗贝尔佯廖 d''''Alembert paradox 说明雷诺数 Reynolds number 说明施特鲁哈尔数 Strouhal number 说明随体导数 material derivative 说明不可压缩流体 incompressible fluid 说明质量守恒conservation of mass 说明动量守恒conservation of momentum 说明能量守恒conservation of energy 说明动量方程 momentum equation 说明能量方程 energy equation 说明控制体积 control volume 说明液体静压 hydrostatic pressure 说明涡量拟能 enstrophy 说明压差 differential pressure 说明流[动] flow 说明流线 stream line 说明流面 stream surface 说明流管 stream tube 说明迹线path, path line 说明流场 flow field 说明流态 flow regime 说明流动参量 flow parameter 说明流量flow rate, flow discharge 说明涡旋 vortex 说明涡量 vorticity 说明涡丝 vortex filament 说明涡线 vortex line 说明涡面 vortex surface 说明涡层 vortex layer 说明涡环 vortex ring 说明涡对 vortex pair 说明涡管 vortex tube 说明涡街 vortex street 说明卡门涡街 Karman vortex street 说明马蹄涡 horseshoe vortex 说明对流涡胞 convective cell 说明卷筒涡胞 roll cell 说明涡 eddy 说明涡粘性 eddy viscosity 说明环流 circulation 说明环量 circulation 说明速度环量 velocity circulation 说明偶极子 doublet, dipole 说明驻点 stagnation point 说明总压[力] total pressure 说明总压头 total head 说明静压头 static head 说明总焓 total enthalpy 说明能量输运 energy transport 说明速度剖面 velocity profile 说明库埃特流 Couette flow 说明单相流single phase flow 说明单组份流 single-component flow 说明均匀流 uniform flow 说明非均匀流 nonuniform flow 说明二维流 two-dimensional flow 说明三维流 three-dimensional flow 说明准定常流 quasi-steady flow 说明非定常流unsteady flow, non-steady flow 说明暂态流 transient flow 说明周期流 periodic flow 说明振荡流 oscillatory flow 说明分层流 stratified flow 说明无旋流 irrotational flow 说明有旋流 rotational flow 说明轴对称流 axisymmetric flow 说明不可压缩性 incompressibility 说明不可压缩流[动] incompressible flow 说明浮体 floating body 说明定倾中心 metacenter 说明阻力 drag, resistance 说明减阻 drag reduction 说明表面力 surface force 说明表面张力 surface tension 说明毛细[管]作用 capillarity 说明来流 incoming flow 说明自由流 free stream 说明自由流线free stream line 说明外流 external flow 说明进口 entrance, inlet 说明出口 exit, outlet 说明扰动 disturbance, perturbation 说明分布 distribution 说明传播 propagation 说明色散 dispersion 说明弥散 dispersion 说明附加质量added mass ,associated mass 说明收缩 contraction 说明镜象法 image method 说明无量纲参数 dimensionless parameter 说明几何相似 geometric similarity 说明运动相似 kinematic similarity 说明动力相似[性] dynamic similarity 说明平面流 plane flow 说明势 potential 说明势流 potential flow 说明速度势 velocity potential 说明复势 complex potential 说明复速度 complex velocity 说明流函数 stream function 说明源 source 说明汇 sink 说明速度[水]头 velocity head 说明拐角流 corner flow 说明空泡流 cavity flow 说明超空泡 supercavity 说明超空泡流 supercavity flow 说明空气动力学 aerodynamics 说明低速空气动力学 low-speed aerodynamics 说明高速空气动力学 high-speed aerodynamics 说明气动热力学 aerothermodynamics 说明亚声速流[动] subsonic flow 说明跨声速流[动] transonic flow 说明超声速流[动] supersonic flow 说明锥形流 conical flow 说明楔流 wedge flow 说明叶栅流 cascade flow 说明非平衡流[动] non-equilibrium flow 说明细长体 slender body 说明细长度 slenderness 说明钝头体 bluff body 说明钝体 blunt body 说明翼型 airfoil 说明翼弦 chord 说明薄翼理论 thin-airfoil theory 说明构型 configuration 说明后缘 trailing edge 说明迎角angle of attack 说明失速 stall 说明脱体激波detached shock wave 说明波阻 wave drag 说明诱导阻力 induced drag 说明诱导速度 induced velocity 说明临界雷诺数 critical Reynolds number 说明前缘涡leading edge vortex 说明附着涡 bound vortex 说明约束涡 confined vortex 说明气动中心 aerodynamic center 说明气动力 aerodynamic force 说明气动噪声 aerodynamic noise 说明气动加热 aerodynamic heating 说明离解 dissociation 说明地面效应 ground effect 说明气体动力学 gas dynamics 说明稀疏波 rarefaction wave 说明热状态方程thermal equation of state 说明喷管 Nozzle 说明普朗特-迈耶流 Prandtl-Meyer flow 说明瑞利流 Rayleigh flow 说明可压缩流[动] compressible flow 说明可压缩流体 compressible fluid 说明绝热流 adiabatic flow 说明非绝热流 diabatic flow 说明未扰动流 undisturbed flow 说明等熵流 isentropic flow 说明匀熵流 homoentropic flow 说明兰金-于戈尼奥条件 Rankine-Hugoniot condition 说明状态方程equation of state 说明量热状态方程caloric equation of state 说明完全气体 perfect gas 说明拉瓦尔喷管 Laval nozzle 说明马赫角 Mach angle 说明马赫锥 Mach cone 说明马赫线 Mach line 说明马赫数 Mach number 说明马赫波 Mach wave 说明当地马赫数local Mach number 说明冲击波 shock wave 说明激波 shock wave 说明正激波normal shock wave 说明斜激波oblique shock wave 说明头波 bow wave 说明附体激波 attached shock wave 说明激波阵面 shock front 说明激波层 shock layer 说明压缩波 compression wave 说明反射 reflection 说明折射 refraction 说明散射 scattering 说明衍射 diffraction 说明绕射 diffraction 说明出口压力 exit pressure 说明超压[强] over pressure 说明反压 back pressure 说明爆炸 explosion 说明爆轰 detonation 说明缓燃 deflagration 说明水动力学 hydrodynamics 说明液体动力学 hydrodynamics 说明泰勒不稳定性 Taylor instability 说明盖斯特纳波 Gerstner wave 说明斯托克斯波 Stokes wave 说明瑞利数 Rayleigh number 说明自由面 free surface 说明波速wave speed, wave velocity 说明波高 wave height 说明波列 wave train 说明波群 wave group 说明波能 wave energy 说明表面波 surface wave 说明表面张力波 capillary wave 说明规则波 regular wave 说明不规则波 irregular wave 说明浅水波shallow water wave 说明深水波deep water wave 说明重力波 gravity wave 说明椭圆余弦波 cnoidal wave 说明潮波 tidal wave 说明涌波 surge wave 说明破碎波 breaking wave 说明船波 ship wave 说明非线性波 nonlinear wave 说明孤立子 soliton 说明水动[力]噪声 hydrodynamic noise 说明水击 water hammer 说明空化 cavitation 说明空化数 cavitation number 说明空蚀 cavitation damage 说明超空化流 supercavitating flow 说明水翼 hydrofoil 说明水力学 hydraulics 说明洪水波 flood wave 说明涟漪 ripple 说明消能 energy dissipation 说明海洋水动力学 marine hydrodynamics 说明谢齐公式 Chezy formula 说明欧拉数 Euler number 说明弗劳德数 Froude number 说明水力半径 hydraulic radius 说明水力坡度 hvdraulic slope 说明高度水头 elevating head 说明水头损失 head loss 说明水位 water level 说明水跃 hydraulic jump 说明含水层 aquifer 说明排水 drainage 说明排放量 discharge 说明壅水曲线back water curve 说明压[强水]头 pressure head 说明过水断面 flow cross-section 说明明槽流open channel flow 说明孔流 orifice flow 说明无压流free surface flow 说明有压流 pressure flow 说明缓流 subcritical flow 说明急流 supercritical flow 说明渐变流gradually varied flow 说明急变流rapidly varied flow 说明临界流 critical flow 说明异重流density current, gravity flow 说明堰流 weir flow 说明掺气流 aerated flow 说明含沙流 sediment-laden stream 说明降水曲线 dropdown curve 说明沉积物 sediment, deposit 说明沉[降堆]积 sedimentation, deposition 说明沉降速度 settling velocity 说明流动稳定性 flow stability 说明不稳定性 instability 说明奥尔-索末菲方程 Orr-Sommerfeld equation 说明涡量方程 vorticity equation 说明泊肃叶流 Poiseuille flow 说明奥辛流 Oseen flow 说明剪切流 shear flow 说明粘性流[动] viscous flow 说明层流 laminar flow 说明分离流 separated flow 说明二次流 secondary flow 说明近场流 near field flow 说明远场流far field flow 说明滞止流 stagnation flow 说明尾流 wake [flow] 说明回流 back flow 说明反流 reverse flow 说明射流 jet 说明自由射流 free jet 说明管流pipe flow, tube flow 说明内流 internal flow 说明拟序结构 coherent structure 说明猝发过程 bursting process 说明表观粘度 apparent viscosity 说明运动粘性 kinematic viscosity 说明动力粘性 dynamic viscosity 说明泊 poise 说明厘泊 centipoise 说明厘沱 centistoke 说明剪切层 shear layer 说明次层 sublayer 说明流动分离 flow separation 说明层流分离 laminar separation 说明湍流分离 turbulent separation 说明分离点 separation point 说明附着点 attachment point 说明再附 reattachment 说明再层流化 relaminarization 说明起动涡 starting vortex 说明驻涡 standing vortex 说明涡旋破碎 vortex breakdown 说明涡旋脱落 vortex shedding 说明压[力]降 pressure drop 说明压差阻力 pressure drag 说明压力能 pressure energy 说明型阻 profile drag 说明滑移速度 slip velocity 说明无滑移条件 non-slip condition 说明壁剪应力skin friction, frictional drag 说明壁剪切速度 friction velocity 说明磨擦损失 friction loss 说明磨擦因子 friction factor 说明耗散 dissipation 说明滞后 lag 说明相似性解 similar solution 说明局域相似 local similarity 说明气体润滑 gas lubrication 说明液体动力润滑 hydrodynamic lubrication 说明浆体 slurry 说明泰勒数 Taylor number 说明纳维-斯托克斯方程 Navier-Stokes equation 说明牛顿流体 Newtonian fluid 说明边界层理论boundary later theory 说明边界层方程boundary layer equation 说明边界层 boundary layer 说明附面层 boundary layer 说明层流边界层laminar boundary layer 说明湍流边界层turbulent boundary layer 说明温度边界层thermal boundary layer 说明边界层转捩boundary layer transition 说明边界层分离boundary layer separation 说明边界层厚度boundary layer thickness 说明位移厚度 displacement thickness 说明动量厚度 momentum thickness 说明能量厚度 energy thickness 说明焓厚度 enthalpy thickness 说明注入 injection 说明吸出 suction 说明泰勒涡 Taylor vortex 说明速度亏损律velocity defect law 说明形状因子 shape factor 说明测速法 anemometry 说明粘度测定法 visco[si] metry 说明流动显示 flow visualization 说明油烟显示 oil smoke visualization 说明孔板流量计 orifice meter 说明频率响应 frequency response 说明油膜显示 oil film visualization 说明阴影法 shadow method 说明纹影法 schlieren method 说明烟丝法smoke wire method 说明丝线法 tuft method 说明氢泡法 nydrogen bubble method 说明相似理论 similarity theory 说明相似律 similarity law 说明部分相似 partial similarity 说明定理pi theorem, Buckingham theorem 说明静[态]校准 static calibration 说明动态校准 dynamic calibration 说明风洞 wind tunnel 说明激波管 shock tube 说明激波管风洞shock tube wind tunnel 说明水洞 water tunnel 说明拖曳水池 towing tank 说明旋臂水池rotating arm basin 说明扩散段 diffuser 说明测压孔 pressure tap 说明皮托管 pitot tube 说明普雷斯顿管 preston tube 说明斯坦顿管 Stanton tube 说明文丘里管 Venturi tube 说明U形管 U-tube 说明压强计 manometer 说明微压计 micromanometer 说明多管压强计 multiple manometer 说明静压管 static [pressure]tube 说明流速计 anemometer 说明风速管Pitot- static tube 说明激光多普勒测速计laser Doppler anemometer,laser Doppler velocimeter 说明热线流速计 hot-wire anemometer 说明热膜流速计hot- film anemometer 说明流量计 flow meter 说明粘度计 visco[si] meter 说明涡量计 vorticity meter 说明传感器 transducer, sensor 说明压强传感器 pressure transducer 说明热敏电阻 thermistor 说明示踪物 tracer 说明时间线 time line 说明脉线 streak line 说明尺度效应 scale effect 说明壁效应 wall effect 说明堵塞 blockage 说明堵寒效应 blockage effect 说明动态响应 dynamic response 说明响应频率 response frequency 说明底压 base pressure 说明菲克定律 Fick law 说明巴塞特力 Basset force 说明埃克特数 Eckert number 说明格拉斯霍夫数 Grashof number 说明努塞特数 Nusselt number 说明普朗特数 prandtl number 说明雷诺比拟 Reynolds analogy 说明施密特数 schmidt number 说明斯坦顿数 Stanton number 说明对流 convection 说明自由对流natural convection, free convec-tion 说明强迫对流 forced convection 说明热对流 heat convection 说明质量传递 mass transfer 说明传质系数 mass transfer coefficient 说明热量传递 heat transfer 说明传热系数heat transfer coefficient 说明对流传热 convective heat transfer 说明辐射传热 radiative heat transfer 说明动量交换 momentum transfer 说明能量传递 energy transfer 说明传导 conduction 说明热传导conductive heat transfer 说明热交换 heat exchange 说明临界热通量 critical heat flux 说明浓度 concentration 说明扩散 diffusion 说明扩散性 diffusivity 说明扩散率 diffusivity 说明扩散速度 diffusion velocity 说明分子扩散 molecular diffusion 说明沸腾 boiling 说明蒸发 evaporation 说明气化 gasification 说明凝结 condensation 说明成核 nucleation 说明计算流体力学computational fluid mechanics 说明多重尺度问题multiple scale problem 说明伯格斯方程 Burgers equation 说明对流扩散方程convection diffusion equation 说明KDU方程 KDV equation 说明修正微分方程 modified differential equation 说明拉克斯等价定理Lax equivalence theorem 说明数值模拟 numerical simulation 说明大涡模拟large eddy simulation 说明数值粘性 numerical viscosity 说明非线性不稳定性 nonlinear instability 说明希尔特稳定性分析 Hirt stability analysis 说明相容条件 consistency condition 说明CFL条件Courant- Friedrichs- Lewy condition ,CFL condition 说明狄里克雷边界条件Dirichlet boundary condition 说明熵条件 entropy condition 说明远场边界条件far field boundary condition 说明流入边界条件 inflow boundary condition 说明无反射边界条件nonreflecting boundary condition 说明数值边界条件numerical boundary condition 说明流出边界条件 outflow boundary condition 说明冯.诺伊曼条件von Neumann condition 说明近似因子分解法approximate factorization method 说明人工压缩 artificial compression 说明人工粘性 artificial viscosity 说明边界元法boundary element method 说明配置方法 collocation method 说明能量法 energy method 说明有限体积法finite volume method 说明流体网格法fluid in cell method,FLIC method 说明通量校正传输法flux-corrected transport method 说明通量矢量分解法flux vector splitting method 说明伽辽金法 Galerkin method 说明积分方法 integral method 说明标记网格法marker and cell method, MAC method 说明特征线法method of characteristics 说明直线法method of lines 说明矩量法 moment method 说明多重网格法 multi- grid method 说明板块法 panel method 说明质点网格法particle in cell method, PIC method 说明质点法 particle method 说明预估校正法 predictor-corrector method 说明投影法 projection method 说明准谱法 pseudo-spectral method 说明随机选取法random choice method 说明激波捕捉法 shock-capturing method 说明激波拟合法 shock-fitting method 说明谱方法 spectral method 说明稀疏矩阵分解法split coefficient matrix method 说明不定常法 time-dependent method 说明时间分步法 time splitting method 说明变分法 variational method 说明涡方法 vortex method 说明隐格式 implicit scheme 说明显格式 explicit scheme 说明交替方向隐格式alternating direction implicit scheme, ADI scheme 说明反扩散差分格式anti-diffusion difference scheme 说明紧差分格式compact difference scheme 说明守恒差分格式conservation difference scheme 说明克兰克-尼科尔森格式 Crank-Nicolson scheme 说明杜福特-弗兰克尔格式 Dufort-Frankel scheme 说明指数格式 exponential scheme 说明戈本诺夫格式 Godunov scheme 说明高分辨率格式high resolution scheme 说明拉克斯-温德罗夫格式 Lax-Wendroff scheme 说明蛙跳格式 leap-frog scheme 说明单调差分格式 monotone difference scheme 说明保单调差分格式monotonicity preserving diffe-rence scheme 说明穆曼-科尔格式 Murman-Cole scheme 说明半隐格式 semi-implicit scheme 说明斜迎风格式 skew-upstream scheme 说明全变差下降格式total variation decreasing scheme TVD scheme 说明迎风格式upstream scheme , upwind scheme 说明计算区域 computational domain 说明物理区域 physical domain 说明影响域domain of influence 说明依赖域 domain of dependence 说明区域分解 domain decomposition 说明维数分解 dimensional split 说明物理解 physical solution 说明弱解 weak solution 说明黎曼解算子 Riemann solver 说明守恒型 conservation form 说明弱守恒型weak conservation form 说明强守恒型strong conservation form 说明散度型 divergence form 说明贴体曲线坐标body- fitted curvilinear coordi-nates 说明[自]适应网格[self-] adaptive mesh 说明适应网格生成 adaptive grid generation 说明自动网格生成 automatic grid generation 说明数值网格生成numerical grid generation 说明交错网格 staggered mesh 说明网格雷诺数 cell Reynolds number 说明数植扩散 numerical diffusion 说明数值耗散 numerical dissipation 说明数值色散 numerical dispersion 说明数值通量 numerical flux 说明放大因子 amplification factor 说明放大矩阵 amplification matrix 说明阻尼误差 damping error 说明离散涡 discrete vortex 说明熵通量 entropy flux 说明熵函数 entropy function 说明分步法fractional step method 说明。
WIND TUNNEL
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专利名称:WIND TUNNEL发明人:IDE YASUO,MAEDA HIDEKI 申请号:JP8482981申请日:19810602公开号:JPS57199930A公开日:19821208专利内容由知识产权出版社提供摘要:PURPOSE:To permit experiment under the conditons resembling to natural conditions while preventing the disturbance of the wind in a wind tunnel that occurs with the inflow and outflow of heat through the body of the wind tunnel by applying heat insulation on at least the flow regulating part or measuring part of the body of the wind tunnel. CONSTITUTION:The flow of the wind generated by a fan 1 disposed at one end of a body is expanded in a wind conducting part 2, and is regulated to uniform flow in a flow regulating part 3 where a flow regulating device 4 such as a grating is installed as well as a contracting part 5 where the sectional area of the body decreases sharply. If necessary, this flow is disturbed properly by a turbulence generator 6, after which it enters a measuring part 7 and is discharged to the outside of the body through a discharge port 9. Heat insulating materials 10 consisting of glass wool materials are covered over the entire circumference of the part 3 and on roughly the entire circumference of the part 7 excluding the part of the body for observing the inside. The inflow and outflow of heat through the walls of the part 3 and the part 7 is prevented by this, and the convection in the body and the difference in density are eliminated. Ideal experiment in the wind tunnel is accomplished even with a slight velocity of wind.申请人:MITSUBISHI JUKOGYO KK更多信息请下载全文后查看。
小型鸟类及昆虫飞行气动特性测试风洞设计及流场校测
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ISSN1006-7167CN31-1707/TRESEARCHANDEXPLORATIONINLABORATORY第39卷第9期 Vol.39No.92020年9月Sep.2020 小型鸟类及昆虫飞行气动特性测试风洞设计及流场校测荣 臻, 叶 耀(浙江大学航空航天学院,杭州310027)摘 要:介绍了浙江大学新建的一座用于小型鸟类及昆虫飞行及气动特性研究的风洞。
该风洞采用了回流式布局、10层阻尼网及收缩比为14.8的设计方式,实验段风速可从0~20m/s连续调节。
整个风洞系统可以实现倾斜,气流倾斜角由下冲角8°至爬升角8°,角度调整间隔0.1°,实现飞行生物相对静止飞行(体轴系不变)的同时改变飞行迎角姿态(风轴系改变),开展飞行生物在起飞、降落、爬升及俯冲等状态下开展气动及流场可视化测量。
利用激光多普勒测速仪开展流场校测:来流15m/s条件下,截面动压稳定场系数低于0.5%;实验段中心区湍流度在闭口条件下低于0.05%;在实验段出口布置安全网,湍流度变为0.5%。
关键词:低速风洞;小型鸟类及昆虫飞行;气动设计中图分类号:V211.7 文献标志码:A 文章编号:1006-7167(2020)09-0070-04DesignandPerformanceEvaluationofaNewLow turbulenceWindTunnelforSmallBirdsandInsectsFlightExperimentsRONGZhen, YEYao(SchoolofAeronauticsandAstronautics,ZhejiangUniversity,Hangzhou310027,China)Abstract:AnewwindtunnelforexperimentsonsmallbirdsandinsectsflightwascompletedatZhejiangUniversity,anditisaclosed circuitdesign,withasettlingsectioncontaining10screensandacontractionratioof14.8variedfrom0to20m/s.Thewholemachinecanbetiltedtogiveupto8°descentand8°climb,withintervalangleof0.1°.Itcanchangetheattitudeofflightangleofattackwhiletheflyinganimalsarerelativelystaticinflight,anditcancarryoutthevisualizationmeasurementofaerodynamicandflowfieldofflyinganimalsundertheconditionsoftake off,landing,climbinganddiving.AnLDVsurveyshowedthatthedynamicpressurestabilitycoefficientoftheflowfieldislowerthan0.5%andtheturbulencelevelintheclosedpartofthetestsectionwasbelow0.05%at15m/s,whilewasupto0.5%withsafetynetattheexitoftestsection.Keywords:low speedwindtunnel;smallbirdandinsectflight;aerodynamicdesign收稿日期:2019 12 12基金项目:国家自然基金青年基金(11502234);浙江省自然基金一般项目(LY18A020001)作者简介:荣 臻(1981-),男,山西晋中人,副研究员,主要研究方向为实验空气动力学,高超声速空气动力学,仿生空气动力学。
机械工程学专业词汇英语翻译(C)1
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cable stayed bridge 斜拉桥 cad 计算机辅助设计 calculator 计算机 calculus of approximation 近似计算 calculus of finite differences 差分演算 calibration 校准 calibrator 校准器 calorific capacity 热容量 calorimetric measurement 量热测量 camber changing flap 改变机翼弯度的襟翼 canal 管道 canal vortex 沟渠涡旋 canal wave 沟渠波 canard 鸭翼 canonical coordinate 正则坐标 canonical distribution 正则分布 canonical equation of motion 正则运动⽅程 canonical equations 正则⽅程 canonical form 正则形式 canonical momentum 正则动量 canonical transformation 正则变换 canonical variable 正则变量 cantilever 悬臂梁 caoutchouc elasticity 橡胶弹性 capacitive transducer 电容传感器 capacity 功率 capacity measure 容积量度 capacity strain gage 电容应变计 capillarity ⽑细现象 capillary absorption ⽑细管吸收 capillary action ⽑细酌 capillary attraction ⽑细引⼒ capillary condensation ⽑细凝缩 capillary constant ⽑细常数 capillary energy 表⾯张⼒能 capillary fissure ⽑细裂纹 capillary flow ⽑管流 capillary force ⽑细⼒ capillary gravity wave ⽑细重⼒波 capillary level oscillation ⽑细⾯振动 capillary phenomenon ⽑细现象 capillary pressure ⽑细压⼒ capillary rise ⽑细升⾼ capillary tension ⽑细张⼒ capillary tube ⽑细管 capillary viscosimeter ⽑细管粘度计 capillary waves ⽑细波 capture 俘获 carbon fiber 碳纤维 cardan angle 卡登⾓ cardan rings 卡登环 cardiac dynamics ⼼脏动⼒学 cardiac work ⼼脏的⼯作 cargo 货物 carrier gas ⽓体载体 carrier inertial force 牵连惯性⼒ carrier liquid 载体液体 carrier oscillation 载波振荡 carrier rocket 运载⽕箭 carrier velocity 牵连速度 carrying capacity 负荷量 cartesian coordinates 笛卡⼉坐标 cartesian vector 笛卡⼉⽮量 cascade excitation 级联激发 cascade flow 翼栅怜 cascade of aerofoil 翼型叶栅 cascade tunnel 叶栅风洞 case depth 渗碳层深度 case hardening 表⾯硬化 casing 外壳 castigliano theorem 卡斯蒂利亚诺定理 casting stress 铸造应⼒ catapult 弹射器 catenary 悬链线 catenoid 悬链曲⾯ cauchy deformation tensor 柯挝变张量 cauchy equation of motion 柯嗡动⽅程 cauchy integral theorem 柯锡分定理 cauchy law of similarity 柯梧似性定律 cauchy residue theorem 柯涡数定理 cauchy riemann equations 柯卫杪 匠眺 cauchy stress tensor 柯桅⼒张量 caudad acceleration 尾向加速度 causality 因果律 caving 空泡形成 cavitating flow ⽓⽳流涡空流 cavitation ⽓蚀现象 cavitation bubble 空泡 cavitation damage 空化损坏 cavitation effect 空化效应 cavitation erosion 空蚀 cavitation nucleus 空化核 cavitation number 空化数 cavitation parameter 空化参数 cavitation phenomenon ⽓蚀现象 cavitation shock ⽓蚀冲击 cavitation tunnel 空泡试验筒 cavity 空腔 cavity collapse 空泡破裂 cavity drag 空泡阻⼒ cavity flow ⽓⽳流涡空流 cavity flow theory 空泡另论 cavity formation 空泡形成 cavity pressure 空腔压⼒ cavity resonator 空腔共振器 cavity vibration 共振腔振动 ceiling 上升限度 celestial mechanics 天体⼒学 cell model 笼⼦模型 cell reynolds number 格雷诺数 cellular grid 状栅格 cellular structure 栅格结构 center 中⼼ center line 中⼼线 center line average height 中线平均⾼度 center line of the bar 杆件轴线 center of area ⾯积中⼼ center of buoyancy 浮⼼ center of curvature 曲率中⼼ center of gravity 重⼼ center of inertia 惯性中⼼ center of inertia system 惯性中⼼坐标系 center of inversion 反演中⼼ center of mass 质⼼ center of mass coordinate 质⼼坐标系 center of mass law 质⼼定理 center of mass motion 质⼼运动 center of mass system 质⼼坐标系 center of mass theorem 质⼼定理 center of oscillation 震荡中⼼ center of percussion 撞恍⼼ center of rotation 转动中⼼ center of similarity 相似中⼼ center of twist 扭转中⼼ center of vorticity 涡⼼ center to center distance 中⼼距 center to center spacing 中⼼距 centered compressional wave 有⼼压缩波 centered rarefactional wave 有⼼稀疏波 centi 厘 centigrade temperature 摄⽒温度 centimetre 厘⽶ centimetre gramme second 厘⽶克秒 central 中⼼的 central angle 中⼼⾓;圆⼼⾓ central axis of inertia 惯性中⼼轴 central body 中枢体 central difference method 中⼼差分法 central force 有⼼⼒ central force field 有⼼⼒场 central gas stream 中⼼⽓流 central impact 对⼼碰撞 central limit theorem 中⼼极限定理 central line 中线 central moment 中⼼⼒矩 central point 中⼼点 central potential 有⼼⼒势 central principal axis of inertia 中⼼惯性轴 central principal moment of inertia 中⼼知动惯量 centre 中⼼ centre of buyoncy 浮⼼ centre of curvature 曲率中⼼ centre of force ⼒⼼ centre of gravity 重⼼ centre of gyration 旋转中⼼ centre of inertia 质⼼ centre of mass 质⼼ centre of mass motion 质⼼运动 centre of mass system 质⼼系 centre of percussion 撞恍⼼ centre of pressure 压⼒中⼼ centrifugal 离⼼的 centrifugal acceleration 离⼼加速度 centrifugal effect 离⼼效应 centrifugal field 离⼼⼒场 centrifugal force 离⼼⼒ centrifugal governor 离⼼式蒂器 centrifugal inertial force 惯性离⼼⼒ centrifugal load 离⼼荷载 centrifugal pendulum 离⼼摆 centrifugal potential 离⼼势 centrifugation 离⼼分离 centrifuge 离⼼机 centrifuge modelling 离⼼模拟 centripetal 向⼼的 centripetal acceleration 向⼼加速度 centripetal force 向⼼⼒ centrode 瞬⼼轨迹 centroid 质⼼ centroid axis 重⼼轴线 centroid of area ⾯⼼ centroidal principal axes of inertia 重⼼诌性轴 centrosymmetric 中⼼对称的 cgs system cgs 单位制 chain drive 链条传动 chain graph 链图 chain reaction 连锁反应 chain transmission 链条传动 chance event 随机事件 chance quantity 随机量 chance variable 随机变量 change 变化 change of coordinates 坐标变换 change of form 形态变化 change of state 物态变化 change of the variable 变数更换 change of the wind 风向改变 changing load 交变负载 channel 渠道 channel diffusion 通道扩散 channel flow 渠道怜 chaos 混沌 chaplygin correspondence principle 恰普雷⾦对应原理 chaplygin equation 恰普雷⾦⽅程 chaplygin fluid 恰普雷⾦铃 chaplygin function 恰普雷⾦函数 chapman enskog method 查普曼⾖科格⽅法 chapman enskog solution 查普曼⾖科格解 chapman jouguet condition 查普曼儒盖条件 chapman jouguet hypothesis 查普曼儒盖假设 chapman kolmogoroff equation 查普曼柯尔莫果洛夫⽅程 chapman layer 查普曼层 characteristic 特性 characteristic curve 特性曲线 characteristic datum 特盏 characteristic determinant 特招列式 characteristic diagram 特者图 characteristic einstein temperature 爱因斯坦特章度 characteristic energy 特哲量 characteristic equation 特性⽅程 characteristic frequency 特盏率 characteristic function 特寨数 characteristic hydraulic number 特蘸压数 characteristic length 特栅度 characteristic line 特性线 characteristic matrix 特肇阵 characteristic parameter 特性参数 characteristic plane 特战⾯ characteristic quantity 特性量 characteristic surface 特怔⾯ characteristic surge impedance 特性浪涌阻抗 characteristic temperature 特章度 characteristic value 特盏 characteristic vector 特崭量 characteristic velocity 特召度 characteristic wavelength 特炸长 characteristics 特性 charge 装药 charpy impact machine 却贝冲辉验机 charpy impact test 却贝冲辉验 chatter amplitude 颤动幅度 chatter mark 振颤痕 chatter vibration 颤动 chattering 颤动 check 校验 check analysis 检验分析 chilling 冷硬 choke 扼⼒ choke free ⽆阻塞的 choked nozzle 壅塞式喷管 choked wind tunnel 阻塞式风洞 choking 壅塞 choking coil 扼⼒ choking mach number 壅塞马赫数 choking region 壅柳 choking velocity 壅塞速度 chopped wave 斩波 choppy sea 三⾓浪 chord 翼弦 chord length 弦长 chronometry 测时 ciliary motion 纤⽑运动 circle errors of gyroscope 陀螺盘旋误差 circle of curvature 曲率圆 circle of inertia 惯性圆 circle of inflexions 挠曲圆 circular cone 圆锥 circular cylinder 圆柱 circular function 圆函数 circular motion 圆周运动 circular orbit 圆形轨道 circular pendulum 圆摆 circular shaft 圆轴 circular tube 圆管 circular velocity 圆速度 circular vibration 圆振动 circular vortex 圆涡 circular vorticity 圆涡 circular wave number vector 圆波⽮量 circular whirl 圆涡 circulating air 循环空⽓ circulating flow 环流 circulating water 循环⽔ circulation 循环 circulation branch 环林⽀ circulation coefficient 环恋数 circulation constant 环粒数 circulation free ⽆环聊 circulation index 环粮数 circulation layer 环零 circulation loop 循环管路 circulation of the vector field ⽮量场环路 circulation of water ⽔循环 circulation pattern 环良 circulation preserving motion 环量守恒运动 circulation process 循环过程 circulation theorem 环哩理 circulation water channel 循环⽔槽 circulator sector 扇形 circulatory flow 环流 circulatory integral 循环积分 circulatory motion 环了动 circulatory system 循环系统 circumference 圆周 circumferential component 周缘分量 circumferential direction 周向 circumferential force 切向⼒ circumferential speed 周向速率 circumglobal radiation 球⾯总辐射 circumgyration 回转 circumpolar vorticity 环极涡旋 circumsphere 外接球 cistern barometer 液槽⽓压计 civil engineering ⼟⽊⼯程 clamped beam 固⽀梁 clapeyron elastic body 克拉佩隆弹性体 clapotis 驻波 clapp oscillator 克拉普振荡器 classical mechanics 经典⼒学 classical physics 经典物理学 classical statistical mechanics 经典统计⼒学 classical theory of probability 经典概率论 classical thermodynamics 经典热⼒学 clausius clapeyron equation 克劳修斯克拉佩隆⽅程 clausius clapeyron relation 克劳修斯克拉佩隆⽅程 clausius duhem inequality 克劳修斯迪昂不等式 clausius planck inequality 克劳修斯普朗克不等式 clearance 间隙 cleavage 劈裂 cleavage crack 解理裂纹 cleavage fracture 解理断裂 cleavage fracture strength 解理断裂强度 cleavage plane 裂开⾯ cleavage strength 解理强度 cleft 裂纹 cleft family 裂⼝族 cleftiness 裂隙 climbing 攀移 climbing speed 上升速率 clinoaxis 斜轴 clipper 快速帆船 clockwise 顺时针⽅向的 clockwise rotation 顺时针旋转 closed loop 闭环 closed shell 闭壳 closed system 闭合系 closed wind tunnel 闭式回羚洞 closing pressure 关闭压⼒ co oscillating tides 共振潮 co oscillation 合振荡 co tidal line 等潮线 coagulation 凝聚 coalescence 聚并 coanda effect 柯安达效应 coasting motion 惯性运动 coating thickness 涂层厚度 cockpit 驾驶舱 coefficient of amplification 放⼤系数 coefficient of apparent expansion 表观膨胀系数 coefficient of compressibility 压缩系数 coefficient of condensation 凝结系数 coefficient of consolidation 固结系数 coefficient of contraction 收缩系数 coefficient of cubical expansion 体胀系数 coefficient of diffusion 扩散系数 coefficient of dispersion 弥散系数 coefficient of eddy viscosity 湍脸性系数 coefficient of elasticity 弹性系数 coefficient of elongation 伸长系数 coefficient of expansion 膨胀系数 coefficient of friction 摩擦系数 coefficient of heat conduction 热传导系数 coefficient of heat transmission 传热系数 coefficient of infiltration 浸渗系数 coefficient of internal friction 内摩擦系数 coefficient of kinetic friction 动摩擦系数 coefficient of linear extension 线伸长系数 coefficient of mutual diffusion 相互扩散系数 coefficient of pivoting friction 枢轴摩擦系数 coefficient of pressure diffusion 加压扩散系数 coefficient of regression 回归系数 coefficient of resistance 阻⼒系数 coefficient of restitution 恢复系数 coefficient of rolling friction 滚动摩擦系数 coefficient of sliding friction 滑动摩擦系数 coefficient of stability 稳定性系数 coefficient of static friction 静摩擦系数 coefficient of surface expansion 表⾯膨胀系数 coefficient of thermal conductivity 导热系数 coefficient of thermal expansion 热膨胀系数 coefficient of transmission 透射系数 coefficient of viscosity 粘性系数 coherence distance 相⼲距离 coherence function 相⼲函数 coherence length 相⼲距离 coherence scattering 相⼲散射 coherent structure of turbulence 湍拎⼲结构 coherent wave 相⼲波 cohesion 内聚 cohesion force 内聚⼒ cohesion pressure 内聚压⼒ cohesion strength 内聚强度 cohesionless soil ⽆粘聚性⼟ cohesive energy 内聚能 cohesive soil 粘聚性⼟ coiled spring 螺旋形弹簧 cold bending test 冷弯曲试验 cold brittleness 冷脆性 cold crack 冷裂纹 cold cutting 冷切 cold deformation 冷变形 cold drawing 冷拉 cold energy 冷能 cold flow 冷流 cold plasma 冷等离⼦体 cold pressure 冷压 cold rolling 冷轧 cold wave 冷波 cold working 冷加⼯ collapse 崩溃 collapse mechanism 破坏机构 collapsible tube 可折皱管 collapsing force 破坏⼒ collar vortex 涡环 collateral motion 次级运动 collective mode of motion 集体运动模式 collective motion 集体运动 collimation 视准 collision 碰撞 collision chain 碰撞链 collision cross section 碰撞截⾯ collision diameter 碰撞直径 collision diffusion 碰撞扩散 collision excitation 碰撞激发 collision frequency 碰撞频率 collision heating 碰撞加热 collision integral 碰撞积分 collision invariant 碰撞不变量。
空气动力学学报说明书
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空气动力学学报(双月刊)第35卷 第6期(总第167期)(K O N G Q I D O N G L I X U EX U EB A O )2017年12月目 次综述现代大型飞机起落架气动噪声研究进展刘沛清,邢 宇,李 玲,郭 昊 (751)…………………………………………………研究论文基于P O D 方法的复杂外形飞行器热环境快速预测方法聂春生,黄建栋,王 迅,李 宇 (760)………………………………高超声速风洞轴对称喷管收缩段设计胡振震,李震乾,陈爱国,石义雷 (766)……………………………………………………高超声速壁湍流入口条件生成方法的比较禹 旻,袁湘江,朱志斌 (772)………………………………………………………尖楔前体飞行器F A D S 系统的神经网络算法王 鹏,胡远思,金 鑫,张卫民 (777)……………………………………………翼吊布局民机短舱位置气动影响张冬云,张美红,王美黎,向传涛 (781)…………………………………………………………一种仿H X 扁平面对称类升力体布局气动特性分析刘深深,解 静,冯 毅,唐 伟,桂业伟 (787)…………………………过失速薄翼增升流动控制方法吴继飞,王志金,G U R S U LI s m e t (792)……………………………………………………………电大尺寸目标电磁散射的并行F V T D 计算许 勇,黄 勇,余永刚 (797)………………………………………………………城市地貌高空台风特性及湍流积分尺度的研究王澈泉,李正农,胡佳星,张学文,周利芬,曹守坤 (801)……………………基于网格框架的结构网格自动重构技术庞宇飞,卢风顺,蔡云龙,张书俊,孙俊峰 (807)………………………………………基于P a r e t o 分布的风压极值计算方法李正农,曹守坤,王澈泉 (812)……………………………………………………………荧光油流显示技术在高超声速风洞中的应用陈 磊,朱 涛,徐 筠,江 涛 (817)……………………………………………民用飞机静压孔布局规律周 峰,赵克良,张 淼,汪君红 (823)…………………………………………………………………电弧风洞转动部件动密封试验杨远剑,陈德江,赵文峰,张松贺,江 波 (828)…………………………………………………飞翼布局气动外形设计余永刚,黄 勇,周 铸,黄江涛 (832)……………………………………………………………………导弹侧向喷流干扰及多喷口耦合效应数值模拟贾洪印,吴晓军,周乃春,赵 辉 (837)…………………………………………大展弦比机翼跨声速静气动弹性风洞试验郭洪涛,陈德华,吕彬彬,余 立,祖孝勇 (841)……………………………………考虑隐身约束的舰载飞翼无人机翼尖装置气动设计和分析李继广,陈 欣,李 震 (846)……………………………………飞翼布局飞行器舵面缝隙对操纵效率的影响姚军锴,曹德一,何海波 (850)……………………………………………………移动式冰风洞试验方法研究和应用李 斯,于 雷,金 沙,裴如男 (855)………………………………………………………空气动力分析中动网格技术的数值阻尼赵张峰,邓洪洲 (860)……………………………………………………………………渐扩后倾肩臂孔平板气膜冷却特性数值模拟黄 康,马护生 (866)………………………………………………………………低速高雷诺数风洞腹撑支架干扰研究郑新军,焦仁山,苏文华,马洪雷,张连河 (870)…………………………………………8mˑ6m 风洞大尺度模型进气道和喷流试验技术陈 洪,刘李涛,巫朝君 (875)………………………………………………扇翼飞行器气动特性优化设计李仁凤,乐贵高,马大为,陈 帅 (879)……………………………………………………………偏转头弹箭飞行特性张志勇,陈志华,黄振贵 (883)………………………………………………………………………………分离形式后体喷流试验技术及阻力修正方法邓祥东,郭大鹏,季 军,白玉平,杨庆华 (887)…………………………………基于自适应重叠网格的三角翼跨声速流场计算王 娜,叶 靓 (893)……………………………………………………………低亚声速火箭橇尾流场特性分析房 明,孙建红,王从磊,余元元,张延泰 (897)………………………………………英文编审: 姜 屹 责任编辑: 王 颖期刊基本参数:C N 51-1192/T K*1980*q *16*168*z h +e n *P *¥30.00*1000*30*2017-12A C T A A E R O D Y N A M I C A S I N I C AC h i n e s eA e r o d y n a m i c sR e s e a r c hS o c i e t yV o l .35,N o .6, D e c .,2017C O N T E N T S R e v i e wP r o g r e s s i na e r o a c o u s t i c i n v e s t i g a t i o no fm o d e r n l a r g e a i r c r a f t l a n d i n gge a r L I UP e i q i n g ,X I N G Y u ,L IL i n g ,G U O H a o (751)……R e s e a r c hA r t i c l e sF a s t a e r o h e a t i n gp r e d i c t i o nm e t h o d f o r c o m p l e x s h a p e v e h i c l e sb a s e do n p r o p e r o r t h o g o n a l d e c o m po s i t i o n ……………… N I EC h u n s h e n g ,HU A N GJ i a n d o n g,WA N G X u n ,L IY u (760)……………………………………………………………………C o n t r a c t i o nd e s i g n f o r a x i s -s y mm e t r i cn o z z l e s i nh y p e r s o n i cw i n d t u n n e l …………………………………………………… HUZ h e n z h e n ,L I Z h e n q i a n ,C H E N A i g u o ,S H IY i l e i (766)…………………………………………………………………………A s s e s s m e n t o f i n f l o wb o u n d a r y c o n d i t i o n s f o r h y pe r s o n i cw a l l b o u n d e d t u r b u l e n tf l o w s …………………………………… Y U M i n ,Y U A N X i a ng j i a n g,Z HUZ h i b i n (772)……………………………………………………………………………………N e u r a l n e t w o r ka l g o r i t h mf o rF A D Ss y s t e ma p p l i e d t o t h e v e h i c l e sw i t hs h a r p w e d g e d f o r e -b o d i e s ……………………… WA N GP e n g,HU Y u a n s i ,J I N X i n ,Z HA N G W e i m i n (777)………………………………………………………………………A e r o d y n a m i c i n f l u e n c e o f n a c e l l e p o s i t i o no f aw i n g -m o u n t e d c i v i l a i r c r a f t …………………………………………………… Z H A N G D o n g y u n ,Z H A N G M e i h o n g,WA N G M e i l i ,X I A N GC h u a n t a o (781)………………………………………………………A e r o d y n a m i c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a n a l y s i s f o rH Xa n a l o g l i f t i n g b o d y……………………………………………………………… L I US h e n s h e n ,X I EJ i n g,F E N G Y i ,T A N G W e i ,G U IY e w e i (787)………………………………………………………………L i f t e n h a n c e m e n t c o n t r o lm e t h o do f t h i n f l a t -p l a t e a t p o s t s t a l l a n g l e s o f a t t a c k …………………………………………… WUJ i f e i ,WA N GZ h i j i n ,G U R S U LI s m e t (792)……………………………………………………………………………………P a r e l l e l F V T Dc o m p u t a t i o n f o r e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c s c a t t e r i n g o f e l e c t r i c a l l y l a r g e o b je c t s …………………………………… X U Y o n g ,HU A N G Y o n g ,Y U Y o n g g a n g(797)……………………………………………………………………………………S t u d y o n t y p h o o n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a t h i g hu r b a n l a n d f o r ma l t i t u d e a n d t u r b u l e n c e i n t e g r a l l e n gt hs c a l e …………………… WA N GC h e q u a n ,L I Z h e n g n o n g ,HUJ i a x i n g,Z HA N G X u e w e n ,Z H O U L i f e n ,C A Os h o u k u n (801)………………………………A u t o m a t i c r e m e s h i n g t e c h n i qu e f o r s t r u c t u r e d g r i db a s e do n g r i d f r a m e w o r k ……………………………………………… P A N G Y u f e i ,L U F e n g s h u n ,C A IY u n l o n g ,Z H A N GS h u j u n ,S U NJ u n f e n g(807)…………………………………………………M e t h o do f e s t i m a t i n g ex t r e m ew i n d p r e s s u r eb a s e do n t h eP a r e t od i s t r i b u t i o n ……………………………………………… L I Z h e n g n o n g ,C A OS h o u k u n ,W a n g C h e qu a n (812)………………………………………………………………………………A p p l i c a t i o n s o f f l u o r e s c e n c e -o i l -f l o wv i s u a l i z a t i o n t e c h n i q u e i nh y p e r s o n i cw i n d t u n n e l t e s t ……………………………… C H E NL e i ,Z HU T a o ,X U Y u n ,J I A N G T a o(817)…………………………………………………………………………………S t a t i c p o r t o r i e n t a t i o n r u l e f o r c i v i l a i r c r a f t Z HO U F e n g ,Z HA O K e l i a n g ,Z H A N G M i a o ,WA N GJ u n h o n g(823)……………………S e a l c o m pl e m e n t a t i o n t e s t f o r r o t a t a b l e p a r t s i na r ch e a t e dw i n d t u n n e l ……………………………………………………… Y A N G Y u a n j i a n ,C H E N D e j i a n g ,Z H A O W e n f e n g ,Z H A N GS o n gh e ,J I A N GB o (828)……………………………………………A e r o d y n a m i c d e s i g no f a f l y i n g -w i n g a i r c r a f t Y U Y o n g g a n g ,HU A N G Y o n g ,Z H O UZ h u ,HU A N GJ i a n g t a o (832)…………………N u m e r i c a l i n v e s t i g a t i o no n c o u p l i n g e f f e c t s o fm u l t i p l e s p o u t s a n d l a t e r a l j e t i n t e r a c t i o no v e rm i s s i l e c o n f i gu r a t i o n …… J I A H o n g y i n ,WU X i a o ju n ,Z HO U N a i c h u n ,Z H A O H u i (837)……………………………………………………………………W i n d t u n n e l t e s t o n t r a n s o n i c s t a t i c a r e o e l a s t i c i t y o f h i g h -a s p e c t -r a t i ow i n g ………………………………………………… G U O H o n g t a o ,C H E N D e h u a ,L Y U B i n b i n ,Y U L i ,Z U X i a o y o n g (841)……………………………………………………………A e r o d y n a m i c d e s i g na n da n a l y s i s o f t i p d e v i c e s o n c a r r i e r -b a s e d f l y -w i n g U A V w i t hs t e a l t hc o n s t r a i n t s ………………… L I J i gu a n ,C H E N X i n ,L I Z h e n (846)………………………………………………………………………………………………G a p i n f l u e n c e o n r u d d e r e f f i c i e n c y o f f l y i n g w i n g ai r c r a f t Y A OJ u n k a i ,C A O D e y i ,H E H a i b o (850)………………………………S t u d y a n da p p l i c a t i o no fm o v a b l e i c i n g wi n d t u n n e l t e s tm e t h o d L I S i ,Y U L e i ,J I NS h a ,P E IR u n a n (855)………………………N u m e r i c a l d a m p i n g o f d y n a m i cm e s h f o r a e r o d y n a m i c a n a l ys i s Z HA OZ h a n g f e n g ,D E N G H o n g z h o u (860)…………………………N u m e r i c a l s i m u l a t i o no n c o o l i n g c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f p l a t e f i l mf r o mb a c k w a r d -e x p a n d i n g s h o u l d e r a r mh o l e ……………… HU A N G K a n g ,MA H u s h e n g (866)…………………………………………………………………………………………………V e n t r a l s u p p o r t i n t e r f e r e n c e i n l o w -s p e e da n dh i g hR e y n o l d sn u m b e rw i n d t u n n e l ………………………………………… Z H E N G X i n j u n ,J I A O R e n s h a n ,S U W e n h u a ,MA H o n g l e i ,Z H A N GL i a n h e (870)…………………………………………………I n l e t a n d j e t t e s t t e c h n i q u e s f o r l a r g e s c a l em o d e l i n8mˑ6m L o wS pe e d W i n dT u n n e l …………………………………… C H E N H o n g ,L I U L i t a o ,WU C h a o ju n (875)………………………………………………………………………………………O p t i m i z a t i o nd e s i g n f o r a e r o d y n a m i c p e r f o r m a n c e o f f a n -w i n g a i r c r a f t L IR e n f e n g ,L EG u i g a o ,MA D a w e i ,C H E NS h u a i (879)…F l i g h t c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f d e f l e c t e dn o s e p r o je c t i l e Z H A N GZ h i y o n g ,C H E NZ h i h u a ,HU A N GZ h e n g u i (883)…………………………S l e e v e -t y p e af t e r b o d y j e t e x p e r i m e n t t e c h n i q u e a n d i t s d r ag c o r r e c t i o nm e th o d ……………………………………………… D E N G Xi a n g d o n g ,G U O D a p e n g ,J I J u n ,B A IY u p i n g ,Y A N G Q i n g h u a (887)………………………………………………………N u m e r i c a l s i m u l a t i o no f t r a n s o n i c f l o wf i e l do v e r d e l t aw i n g w i t ha d a p t i v e o v e r l a p p e d g r i d s ys t e m ……………………… WA N G N a ,Y EL i a n g(893)…………………………………………………………………………………………………………A n a l ys i s o fw a k e f l o wc h a r a c t e r i s t i c s f o r l o ws u b s o n i c r o c k e t s l e d …………………………………………………………… F A N G M i n g ,S U NJ i a n h o n g ,WA N GC o n g l e i ,Y U Y u a n y u a n ,Z h a n g Ya n t a i (897)…………………………………………………现代大型飞机起落架气动噪声研究进展(751-759,d o i:10.7638/k q d l x x b-2017.0063)刘沛清,邢宇,李玲,郭昊主要概括了国内外在大型飞机起落架气动噪声研究领域,利用风洞试验㊁飞行试验和数值模拟等手段,所取得的研究成果和最新进展㊂主要包括起落架噪声的产生机理㊁起落架降噪的主要方法㊁风洞试验需要遵循的相似律和工程预测起落架噪声方法的发展等㊂并对起落架噪声的未来研究进行了展望㊂基于P O D方法的复杂外形飞行器热环境快速预测方法(760-765,d o i:10.7638/k q d l x x b-2015.0157)聂春生,黄建栋,王迅,李宇采用本征正交分解对数据库进行降阶处理,结合相应的基系数插值方法,快速预测出未知状态热流㊂与C F D结果的对比表明,该方法可大幅提高计算效率且不损失预测精度,实现了沿给定弹道的三维热环境快速预测,能够反映真实的热流空间分布特征,快速获得激波干扰区热流,有力地弥补了工程算法的不足㊂高超声速风洞轴对称喷管收缩段设计(766-771,d o i:10.7638/k q d l x x b-2015.0141)胡振震,李震乾,陈爱国,石义雷构造了A Q A曲线,分析了高超声速风洞轴对称喷管喉道曲率半径是否连续对喉部流动和喷管出口流场的影响㊂研究结果表明喉道曲率半径连续时结果达到最佳,而上游曲率半径偏大优于偏小的情况㊂基于三角/双曲函数设计了一种新的收缩曲线,与B样条函数构造的曲线一样可达到出入口曲率半径任意可调的目的,但控制更为方便,是确保喉道曲率连续的不错选择㊂高超声速壁湍流入口条件生成方法的比较(772-776,d o i:10.7638/k q d l x x b-2015.0177)禹旻,袁湘江,朱志斌给定恰当的入口条件是开展壁湍流数值模拟的关键问题㊂采用直接数值模拟,讨论了自然转捩㊁波纹壁面促发的"B y p a s s"转捩和利用时间发展湍流场进行参数回收这几种方法在高超声速条件下的可行性,分析了各自存在的优点和不足㊂计算表明,B y p a s s转捩和参数回收方法与自然转捩相比,能更快速促发转捩,但自然转捩得到的湍流场品质更好㊂尖楔前体飞行器F A D S系统的神经网络算法(777-780,791,d o i:10.7638/k q d l x x b-2015.0064)王鹏,胡远思,金鑫,张卫民对人工神经网络算法在尖楔前体飞行器用嵌入式大气数据传感系统中的应用进行了探讨㊂通过合理选择网络结构参数及训练验证,分别建立了F A D S系统的含有单隐含层的三层神经网络模型及含有双隐含层的四层神经网络模型,对攻角等飞行参数参数进行求解㊂数值仿真结果表明,建立的用于尖楔前体飞行器的F A D S系统的神经网络算法求解精度较高,且含有双隐含层的网络模型精度优于单隐含层的模型精度㊂Ⅰ文章导读췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍翼吊布局民机短舱位置气动影响(781-786,d o i :10.7638/k q d l x x b -2015.0069)张冬云,张美红,王美黎,向传涛使用C F D 方法对孤立通气短舱㊁某型民机机翼/机身组合体以及机翼/机身/短舱组合体构型进行粘性绕流数值模拟,分析流场特征,得出短舱安装干扰阻力水平;分别改变短舱安装的前伸量㊁下沉量㊁俯仰角㊁内撇角等参数,研究短舱不同在翼位置对高速巡航升阻特性的影响㊂一种仿H X 扁平面对称类升力体布局气动特性分析(787-791,d o i :10.7638/k q d l x x b -2015.0187)刘深深,解静,冯毅,唐伟,桂业伟提出了一种对H T V -2进行改进的仿H X 气动模型,对二者气动特性进行了对比分析㊂探究了仿H X 外形的横侧向稳定性,对两侧小翼关键气动布局参数进行了分析,对控制舵进行了匹配设计㊂结果表明H X 外形能够增强偏航稳定性,其效果与翼高及面积呈正相关,小安装角度下对安装角度不敏感㊂经过匹配设计,该方案具备较高的控制效率和合理的配平攻角范围㊂过失速薄翼增升流动控制方法(792-796,d o i :10.7638/k q d l x x b -2015.0068)吴继飞,王志金,G U R S U LI s m e t采用吸气流动控制方法对薄翼升力特性进行了试验研究,来流速度为5m /s ,雷诺数R e =6.7ˑ104㊂研究表明,过失速条件下,合适的吸气控制可以使翼型失速迎角延迟近7ʎ,最大升力系数可增大近一倍;在翼型前缘进行吸气流动控制时,较小吸气流量即可延缓翼型失速;流动控制参数存在优化空间,当吸气相对位置位于x /c =0.4附近时,吸气流量小于3%即可产生较大的升力增量㊂电大尺寸目标电磁散射的并行F V T D 计算(797-800,d o i :10.7638/k qd l x x b -2015.0071)许勇,黄勇,余永刚电大尺寸目标电磁问题的高精度数值计算通常伴随着大存储量和大计算量的沉重负担㊂本文构建了直接求解电磁学麦克斯韦方程组的时域有限体积法(F V T D )解算器,解决大规模网格的大计算量,采用M P I 并行编程,进行网格分割㊁负载平衡以及通信设置,对电大尺寸飞翼外形进行了L 波段双站电磁散射计算㊂结果表明p m b R C S 3d 这一并行高精度电磁模拟软件具有稳定和鲁棒特性,适合应用于目标更高频段电磁计算㊂城市地貌高空台风特性及湍流积分尺度的研究(801-806,822,d o i :10.7638/k q d l x x b -2015.0090)王澈泉,李正农,胡佳星,张学文,周利芬,曹守坤基于2014年第10号台风麦德姆 在城市地貌的高空实测风场资料,共选取五个时距分析其特性㊂然后采用两种基于T a y l o r 假定的方法来计算湍流积分尺度,分别从平均风速㊁湍流度和阵风因子等要素来探讨不同时距对湍流积分尺度的影响㊂分析结果表明当平均时距为5m i n 时最为合理㊂Ⅱ文 章 导 读췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍基于网格框架的结构网格自动重构技术(807-811,d o i:10.7638/k q d l x x b-2015.0179)庞宇飞,卢风顺,蔡云龙,张书俊,孙俊峰针对多学科耦合计算过程中出现的外形剧烈变化情况,提出了一种基于网格框架的多块结构网格自动重构技术,基本思想是:首先提取多块分区结构网格的网格框架,然后借助其它学科计算得到的物面变形信息以及拟合样条曲线来重构框架线,最后利用更新的框架线自动生成变形网格㊂该方法已被应用到某翼身组合体外形的气动弹性计算㊂基于P a r e t o分布的风压极值计算方法(812-816,d o i:10.7638/k q d l x x b-2015.0143)李正农,曹守坤,王澈泉通过P a r e t o分布I型分布拟合峰值样本的高尾部数据,利用广义极值分布和广义P a r e t o分布之间的关系对风压的极值做出估计,得到基于P a r e t o分布的风压极值计算方法㊂利用高层建筑风洞试验多次独立采样得到的数据,将基于P a r e t o分布的风压极值计算方法从风压极值的期望值和指定保证率的极值两个方面进行了验证㊂荧光油流显示技术在高超声速风洞中的应用(817-822,d o i:10.7638/k q d l x x b-2015.0150)陈磊,朱涛,徐筠,江涛通过原理性试验分析了系统组成中主要部件的参数指标,搭建了试验平台,完成不同颜色和类型荧光示踪剂的对比试验,筛选出性能可靠的荧光示踪剂,制作了荧光油膜,最后成功地将荧光油流技术应用到C A R D C 中的Φ1m高超声速风洞中㊂该技术具有信噪比高㊁精度高㊁获取到信息的细节量多等优点㊂最后对荧光油流图像定量化显示技术进行了研究,结果表明,根据荧光油膜发出的荧光信号,能够推算出荧光油膜的厚度信息㊂民用飞机静压孔布局规律(823-827,d o i:10.7638/k q d l x x b-2015.0140)周峰,赵克良,张淼,汪君红对民用飞机静压孔布局规律进行了研究㊂利用数值模拟方法得到机身表面静压随马赫数㊁攻角变化较小的区域,定义为稳压线;通过圆柱绕流压力分布理论,获得与数值模拟结果一致的稳压线分布规律㊂开展高/低速测压风洞试验,结果表明稳压线及静压孔布局规律的正确㊁普适㊂所得稳压线分布规律可为常规布局民用飞机静压孔布局提供直接参考㊂电弧风洞转动部件动密封试验(828-831,d o i:10.7638/k q d l x x b-2015.0147)杨远剑,陈德江,赵文峰,张松贺,江波翼/舵等部件在转动条件下热结构/匹配/密封考核一直是高超声速飞行器研制阶段的技术难点㊂为此在电弧风洞上开展了相应的试验技术研究,针对关键技术问题提出了解决方案㊂试验结果表明:试验模型表面热流分布与飞行条件下较为一致,转动过程中流场稳定,在国内首次实现了高超声速飞行器转动部件动密封地面试验考核㊂Ⅲ文章导读췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍飞翼布局气动外形设计(832-836,878,d o i :10.7638/k q d l x x b -2015.0163)余永刚,黄勇,周铸,黄江涛双后掠前缘飞翼布局的纵向气动特性设计主要难点是如何在小俯仰力矩的约束下实现高升阻比设计㊂本文从平面形状㊁重心位置㊁翼型选择/优化与配置等方面提出了一些设计思路,并以此设计了气动外形㊂通过数值模拟和风洞试验两种手段,验证了设计思路的合理性㊂该布局在亚声速设计点具有较高升阻比和较小的俯仰力矩系数㊂导弹侧向喷流干扰及多喷口耦合效应数值模拟(837-840,d o i :10.7638/k q d l x x b -2015.0083)贾洪印,吴晓军,周乃春,赵辉利用数值模拟手段对导弹的侧向喷流干扰流场进行了研究,重点讨论了采用空气冷喷流模拟的相似准则问题㊂通过与燃气喷流的对比,验证了方法的可靠性㊂对某导弹外形的多喷口耦合效应进行了研究,分析了侧向多喷口耦合干扰下的放大因子及流场结构,相关结论可为导弹喷流控制系统设计提供参考依据㊂大展弦比机翼跨声速静气动弹性风洞试验(841-845,d o i :10.7638/k q d l x x b -2015.0075)郭洪涛,陈德华,吕彬彬,余立,祖孝勇基于风洞试验研究了某翼身组合体的跨声速静气动弹性效应㊂研究结果表明:在设计巡航点,静气动弹性可使机翼的升力系数减小㊁升阻比增加㊁焦点前移,并在超过巡航马赫数后使得气动特性恶化㊂试验结果表明,跨声速时,马赫数和速压对静气动弹性效应具有较大影响,且影响规律呈复杂非线性特征,难以仅靠理论分析准确预计㊂考虑隐身约束的舰载飞翼无人机翼尖装置气动设计和分析(846-849,d o i :10.7638/k q d l x x b -2015.0061)李继广,陈欣,李震在隐身要求约束下,设计了舰载飞翼无人机翼下增升装置㊂并针对未来雷达探测的反隐身技术,分析了增升装置对尾流消弱的作用,从而提高了该探测方式的隐身效果㊂计算结果表明,该增升装置可以较好地增加升力㊁减弱诱导阻力㊁提高升阻比,并能起到减弱尾流的作用㊂最后分析了其机理,解释了大迎角条件下气动优化效果更好的原因,并与常规布局飞机翼尖小翼的作用作了对比㊂飞翼布局飞行器舵面缝隙对操纵效率的影响(850-854,d o i :10.7638/k q d l x x b -2015.0088)姚军锴,曹德一,何海波采用数值模拟方法分析了飞翼布局飞行器舵面缝隙对各舵面操纵效率的影响㊂结果表明:舵面缝隙使得内侧㊁外侧升降副翼的操纵效率均有所降低;有缝隙存在时开裂式方向舵的操纵效率比无缝隙高㊂内㊁外侧升降副翼操纵效率降低的原因是下表面气流通过舵面缝隙流至上表面从而降低了上下表面压力差和阻滞了主流;开裂式方向舵大舵偏时操纵效率增加的机理在于有缝隙时下翼面高压气流通过缝隙注入上翼面回流区从而降低回流范围㊂Ⅳ文 章 导 读췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍移动式冰风洞试验方法研究和应用(855-859,d o i:10.7638/k q d l x x b-2015.0121)李斯,于雷,金沙,裴如男开展了移动式冰风洞喷雾参数测量,进行了发动机短舱唇口模型㊁N A C A23012翼型模型的结冰和防/除冰试验,掌握了移动式冰风洞云雾校测㊁试验的基本方法㊂移动式冰风洞在户外模拟结冰条件虽然受环境因素影响较大,但喷雾性能良好,试验结果能够反映一般结冰规律,可以满足飞机进气系统防/除冰试验要求㊂空气动力分析中动网格技术的数值阻尼(860-865,d o i:10.7638/k q d l x x b-2015.0080)赵张峰,邓洪洲在F L U E N T中动网格宏模块由于数据传递方式的限制,修改了常加速度N e w m a r k法的原有算法,模块软件算法的有效性存在质疑㊂针对这个问题,首先给出算例来显示软件算法的缺陷特征,提出了软件算法会引入数值阻尼的假定;而后通过数学手段证明数值阻尼的存在,并给出数值阻尼的理论计算公式;之后通过算例验证理论公式的有效性;最后给出了理论的工程应用㊂渐扩后倾肩臂孔平板气膜冷却特性数值模拟(866-869,d o i:10.7638/k q d l x x b-2015.0081)黄康,马护生为进一步改善气膜冷却效果,提出了渐扩后倾肩臂孔的构型㊂对圆形孔㊁扩张孔㊁原肩臂孔和渐扩后倾肩臂孔在吹风比0.5~2.0情况下的平板气膜冷却特性进行了数值计算㊂结果表明,采用渐扩后倾肩臂孔的平板模型可提高展向平均气膜冷却效率,在各吹风比方案下气膜冷却性能均优于其它三种孔型㊂低速高雷诺数风洞腹撑支架干扰研究(870-874,d o i:10.7638/k q d l x x b-2015.0114)郑新军,焦仁山,苏文华,马洪雷,张连河针对F L-9低速高雷诺数风洞腹撑支架干扰问题,采用风洞试验研究的方法,开展了F L-9风洞内式天平腹撑支杆的二维截面形状㊁三维外形㊁支杆直径选取等相关研究㊂获得了对雷诺数不敏感㊁支架干扰量小且稳定的腹撑支杆方案,并通过与其他风洞试验结果的对比,进一步验证了F L-9风洞内式天平单支杆腹撑系统的精准度㊂8mˑ6m风洞大尺度模型进气道和喷流试验技术(875-878,d o i:10.7638/k q d l x x b-2015.0133)陈洪,刘李涛,巫朝君采用单台抽吸流量达383m3/m i n的真空泵抽吸系统和最大落压比达3.5的喷流模拟器,在8mˑ6m风洞建立了大尺度模型进气道和喷流试验技术,可实现8mˑ6m试验段大尺度战斗机100%进气流量和高落压比模拟要求,能够更为精细地模拟战斗机气动外形,获得更为准确的进气道性能㊁喷流对战斗机气动特性影响及矢量喷管性能参数㊂Ⅴ文章导读췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍扇翼飞行器气动特性优化设计(879-882,892,d o i :10.7638/k q d l x x b -2015.0173)李仁凤,乐贵高,马大为,陈帅采用多目标优化和数值模拟结合的方法对扇翼飞行器气动特性进行了优化设计㊂计算得到多结构参数影响下扇翼飞行器高升力㊁低阻力的优化结构参数和主要影响因素㊂研究结果表明,建立的近似数学模型和优化结果精度较高,满足工程需要㊂优化后,扇翼飞行器的升力和推力较大,飞行器气动特性得到显著改善㊂偏转头弹箭飞行特性(883-886,d o i :10.7638/k q d l x x b -2015.0182)张志勇,陈志华,黄振贵偏转头弹箭通过头部偏转来改变气动力,达到增加弹箭射程与提高机动性的目的㊂对头部偏转角0ʎ~8ʎ㊁马赫数2~5条件下的飞行流场进行数值模拟并验证仿真的可靠性㊂然后利用仿真数据计算偏转头弹箭的外弹道轨迹,结果表明,偏转头弹箭能带迎角稳定飞行,其升阻比远大于普通弹箭,弹箭射程提高且机动性能优于普通弹箭㊂分离形式后体喷流试验技术及阻力修正方法(887-892,d o i :10.7638/k qd l x x b -2015.0113)邓祥东,郭大鹏,季军,白玉平,杨庆华详细介绍了分离形式后体喷流模型设计中需要注意的关键技术问题,以及相应的设计方法㊂针对某型飞机,精细化设计后体喷流模型的密封以及内外腔压力监测点,并对天平阻力项结果进行修正,得到与国外同类型试验阻力测量精度相一致的结果,阻力测量精度达到0.0005㊂证明该修正方法能有效地应用于分离形式后体喷流试验阻力数据的修正,精度满足国军标阻力测量指标㊂基于自适应重叠网格的三角翼跨声速流场计算(893-896,d o i :10.7638/k q d l x x b -2016.0138)王娜,叶靓在自适应重叠网格系统下,数值求解N a v i e r -S t o k e s 方程,开展了钝前缘三角翼跨声速流场的计算研究㊂网格方面采用了贴体网格与可自适应的直角网格交叠来捕捉脱体涡系的发展变化及涡与激波的干扰㊂比较了雷诺平均与D E S 计算的结果差异㊂在重叠网格系统下,网格构建简便,适用性好;对于大迎角状态,D E S 方法能够有效地模拟脱体涡系的发展变化㊂低亚声速火箭橇尾流场特性分析(897-901,d o i :10.7638/k qd l x x b -2017.0132)房明,孙建红,王从磊,余元元,张延泰采用不可压N a v i e r -S t o k e s 方程和R e a l i z a b l e k -ε湍流模型,对低亚声速条件下火箭橇试验的流场进行数值模拟,得到了火箭橇的流场特性,并与飞机流场进行了对比㊂结果表明,低亚声速情况下(60~90m /s ),火箭橇的阻力系数约为0.65,升力系数约为-0.005,并且气动升力小于自重的1.9%㊂速度对流场特性影响小,护板可改善尾流特性,与飞机尾流特性具有较好的相似性㊂Ⅵ文 章 导 读췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍第35卷 第6期空气动力学学报V o l .35,N o .62017年12月A C T AA E R O D Y N A M I C AS I N I C A D e c .,2017췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍췍文章编号:0258-1825(2017)06-0751-09现代大型飞机起落架气动噪声研究进展刘沛清*,邢 宇,李 玲,郭 昊(北京航空航天大学航空科学与工程学院,北京 100083)摘 要:起落架部件是现代大型飞机在起飞㊁着陆阶段时最主要的一类机体气动噪声源㊂本文主要概括了国内外利用风洞试验㊁飞行试验和数值模拟等手段在大型飞机起落架气动噪声研究领域所取得的研究成果和最新进展,主要包括起落架噪声的产生机理㊁起落架降噪的主要方法㊁风洞试验需要遵循的相似律和工程预测起落架噪声方法的发展等㊂已有的研究表明,起落架宽频噪声主要包括分离噪声和上下游部件相互干扰噪声两类,而纯音噪声主要来自空腔结构的声激振现象㊂使用整流罩㊁等离子体激励等主㊁被动控制技术抑制钝体分离和流动干扰现象,这些方法能够显著降低起落架噪声㊂文末还对起落架噪声的未来研究进行了展望㊂关键词:起落架;气动噪声;风洞试验;噪声机理;降噪技术中图分类号:V 226;T B 533+.3 文献标识码:A d o i :10.7638/k q d l x x b -2017.0063 收稿日期:2017-04-19; 修订日期:2017-06-13基金项目:国家自然科学基金(11772033)作者简介:刘沛清*(1960-),男,教授,博导,主要从事空气动力学㊁水动力学实验和数值模拟工作.E -m a i l :l p q@b u a a .e d u .c n 引用格式:刘沛清,邢宇,李玲,等.现代大型飞机起落架气动噪声研究进展[J ].空气动力学学报,2017,35(6):751-759.d o i :10.7638/k q d l x x b -2017.0063 L I UPQ ,X I N GY ,L I L ,e t a l .P r o g r e s s i n a e r o a c o u s t i c i n v e s t i g a t i o no fm o d e r n l a r g e a i r c r af t l a n d i n gg e a r [J ].A c t aA e r o d yn a m i c aS i n i c a ,2017,35(6):751-759.P r o g r e s s i na e r o a c o u s t i c i n v e s t i g a t i o no fm o d e r n l a r g e a i r c r a f t l a n d i n g ge a r L I U P e i q i n g *,X I N G Y u ,L IL i n g,G U O H a o (S c h o o l o f A e r o n a u t i cS c i e n c e a n dE n g i n e e r i n g ,B e i h a n g U n i v e r s i t y ,B e i j i n g 100083,C h i n a ) A b s t r a c t :L a n d i n g g e a ri so n eo ft h e m o s ti m p o r t a n ta e r o a c o u s t i cn o i s es o u r c e sd u r i n gm o d e r n l a r g ea i r c r a f t st a k e o f fa n dl a n d i n g .T h i s p a pe rs o m er e s e a r c ha c h i e v e m e n t sa n dl a t e s t d e v e l o p m e n t s m a d e t h r o u g h w i n d t u n n e l e x p e r i m e n t s ,f l y o v e r e x pe r i m e n t s a n d n u m e r i c a l s i m u l a t i o n s i n t h e a e r o a c o u s t i c i n v e s t i g a t i o nf i e l d o f l a n d i ng g e a r i n th e l a s t d e c a d e s .T hi s p a pe r a b r i ef o v e r v i e w o f f o u ra s p e c t s i n c l u d i ng th en o i s e g e n e r a t i o n m e c h a n i s m s ,t h en o i s er e d u c t i o n t e c h n i q u e s ,t h e s i m i l a r i t y r u l e o f w i n d t u n n e la e r o a c o u s t i c e x pe r i m e n t s a n d t h e p r e d i c t i o n m e t h o d sf o r l a n d i n gg e a r s .L a n d i n gg e a rb r o a d b a n dn o i s ec a nb e g e n e r a l l y c a t e g o r i z e d i n t ot w o p a r t s i s th e f l o ws e p a r a ti o n i n d u c e dn o i s e a n d t h e o t h e r i s t h e i n t e r a c t i o nn o i s e b e t w e e nu ps t r e a m a n dd o w n s t r e a m c o m p o n e n t s .M o r e o v e r ,t h er e s o n a n t p h e n o m e n o na p p e a r e di ns o m ec a v i t yc o n f i g u r a t i o n s c a na l s o g e n e r a t et o n a ln o i s e .S o m ea c t i v ea nd p a s s i v en o i s ere d u c t i o n m e t h o d s s u c ha sf a i r i ng a n d p l a s m aa c t u a t o r s whi c hc a ns u p p r e s st h ef l o w s e pa r a t i o na n di n t e r a c t i o n p h e n o m e n aa r eu s e dt or e d u c el a n d i n gg e a rn o i s e .F i n a l l y,p r e d i c t i o no ff u r t h e rr e s e a r c h o n l a n d i n gge a r n o i s e i s p r e s e n t e d . K e yw o r d s :l a n d i n gg e a r ;a e r o a c o u s t i c s ;w i n dt u n n e le x p e r i m e n t ;n o i s e g e n e r a t i o n m e c h a n i s m ;n o i s e r e d u c t i o nm e t h o d0 引 言随着航空运输业的迅猛发展,在近地面起飞㊁降落阶段,大型客机产生的噪声问题日益受到人们的关注和重视㊂国际民用航空组织(I C A O )对航空器噪声的适航标准越来越严格,对于飞越㊁横侧及近场三个测量点(分别位于与跑道中心线及其延长线相平行且距离跑道中心线450m 的边线上㊁跑道中心线的延长线上且距起飞滑跑起点6500m 处和跑道中心线的延长线上且距跑道入口2000m 处)测得的有效感知声压级(E f f e c t i v eP e r c e i v e dN o i s eL e v e l ,E P N L ),其第四阶段的有效感知声压级噪声指标要比第三阶段还要低10d B[1]㊂美国N A S A的未来航空器减噪目标要求在2020年和2050年,比目前第四阶段的适航标准有效感知声压级分别降低42d B和71d B[2]㊂欧洲的A C A R E计划也提出类似的要求,预计在2020年和2050年民机的噪声水平相比于2000年分别降低50%和65%㊂中国民航部门也针对航空器噪声提出了相应的审定标准,并写入中国民航规章第36部(C C A R-36)[3-4]㊂现代大型民用飞机的噪声水平已成为制约飞机取得适航证的关键因素之一[5]㊂因此,国内外相关单位对飞机的主要噪声源㊁噪声产生机理和控制方法开展了大量的研究㊂现代大型飞机的主要噪声源包括发动机噪声和机体噪声两大类㊂早在1970年代,G i b s o n[6-7]㊁R e v e l l[8]等人通过飞行试验测量了滑翔机㊁运输机等不同种类的飞机飞过机场时产生的噪声大小和噪声源分布,并指出机体部件是一类可能的噪声源㊂自20世纪80年代初以来,随着民用飞机大涵道比涡轮风扇发动机的广泛应用,发动机噪声已经显著下降㊂尤其在飞机起飞㊁降落阶段,起落架放下且增升装置打开,发动机处于低功率状态,此时起落架㊁增升装置等机体部件产生的气动噪声已经与飞机发动机噪声处于相同的水平,甚至超过发动机噪声[9-13]㊂因此机体噪声已经成为大型客机一类重要的噪声源㊂无论是从航空适航条例还是从舒适性㊁环保等方面来看,开展机体噪声相关问题的研究并进行相应的减噪是十分必要的㊂ D o b r z y n s k i[9]总结过去40年间国内外在飞机机体气动噪声领域的成果后指出,若按产生的噪声强度依次排列,现代大型飞机的机体噪声源包括起落架㊁前缘缝翼㊁后缘襟翼㊁襟翼侧缘㊁增升装置导轨,及扰流板和部件间的相互影响;但对于窄体飞机和支线飞机,增升装置噪声的强度几乎与起落架噪声相当㊂因此起落架噪声被认为是现代大型飞机最重要的一类机体噪声㊂本文主要综述起落架相关的气动噪声问题的研究进展㊂1起落架噪声产生机理航空部件气动噪声的研究方法主要有风洞试验㊁飞行试验㊁数值模拟和理论分析等多种方法㊂综合考虑研究成本㊁时间㊁结果精度等因素,过去几十年对起落架进行气动声学研究最常用的方法还是风洞试验㊂起落架噪声主要为宽频噪声,其产生机理包括两大类:一类是钝体分离噪声,即气流流过起落架钝体部件发生流动分离㊁再附着等流动现象而辐射的噪声;另一类是干扰噪声,即上游部件的非定常湍流尾迹作用于下游部件而产生的噪声[1,4]㊂但是主要噪声源位置和远场噪声特性与起落架构型密切相关㊂20世纪70年代末,H e l l e r和D o b r z y n s k i[14]对一个简化的两轮小车式起落架进行了远场噪声大小和指向性的测量,并分析了各个起落架部件对总噪声的贡献㊂结果表明起落架过顶方向的噪声主要产生于起落架轮胎,而侧边方向的噪声则主要来自于支撑杆部件㊂D o b r z y n s k i等人[15]在D NW-L L F风洞中对全尺寸A320和A340的前起落架和主起落架进行了试验研究,发现起落架辐射的总声压级与起落架的支柱尺寸㊁轮胎直径和支柱数目等参数密切相关,会随着支柱尺寸和数目的增加而增大㊂G u o等人[16]在L S A F 气动声学风洞中对全尺寸B737飞机的主起落架辐射的噪声进行了测量,发现起落架低频㊁中频和高频的噪声源分别为起落架轮胎㊁主支柱和细小部件㊂Y o k o k a w a等人[17]在日本R T R I风洞对40%缩放的两轮主起落架模型进行了远场噪声测量,发现两轮中间的连接轴区域是最主要的噪声源㊂L a z o s[18]测量了四轮起落架的时均流场,并指出前后两轮之间存在一个非定常的旋涡,这被认为是四轮起落架主要的噪声源㊂除了两轮和四轮起落架外,人们对现代大型宽体客机中更常见的六轮小车式主起落架构型也进行了深入的研究㊂S t o k e r[19-20]㊁H o r n e[21-22]㊁R a v e t t a[23]㊁R i n g s h i a[24]等人分别对B o e i n g777六轮小车式主起落架的缩比模型进行了试验研究,J a e g e r[25]㊁O e l e m a n s[26]㊁H u m p h r e y s[27]等人分别对其它六轮小车式起落架进行了试验研究,从他们的试验结果中,能够总结出一些非常重要的起落架噪声特点,一是起落架轮胎的数量不仅会改变低频噪声的大小,也会影响高频噪声的大小,另一个就是真实起落架上存在的小尺寸细小零部件,会产生额外的高频噪声㊂此外,起落架的安装效应会导致真实起落架与风洞试验中起落架产生的噪声存在差异㊂除试验研究外,C F D和F W-H方程相结合的混合方法㊁C A A计算气动声学等数值计算方法逐渐成为研究起落架等飞机部件气动噪声的另一类主要方法㊂X i a o等人[28]用D D E S方法模拟了四轮起落架的流场,结果显示从起落架前轮会脱落出很强的旋涡,周期性地撞击后轮,同时旋涡也会与前轮的后侧有周期性地相互作用,这些流动现象可以产生很强的辐射噪声㊂D r a g e[29]等人对简化的B747前起落架进行了数值模拟,并将得到的结果运用F W-H方程进行远场噪声的计算,他们发现对起落架的几何形状进行很小的改动,可能会导致辐射的噪声场有很大的差别㊂S o u l i e z等人[30]采用C F D和F W-H方程相结合的混合方法计算稍复杂四轮起落架的远场噪声,但是他在257空气动力学学报第35卷。
钻石状大跨结构的风荷载试验研究
![钻石状大跨结构的风荷载试验研究](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/7ba5fb81ba4cf7ec4afe04a1b0717fd5360cb28d.png)
钻石状大跨结构的风荷载试验研究发布时间:2021-04-27T11:16:30.787Z 来源:《工程管理前沿》2021年第3期作者:肖雁陈伏彬翁兰溪[导读] 通过对钻石状大跨结构进行风洞试验,研究了不同风向角条件下结肖雁1,陈伏彬1,翁兰溪2,1.长沙理工大学土木工程学院,湖南长沙,410114;2.中国电建集团福建省电力勘测设计院有限公司,福建福州,350003 [摘要]通过对钻石状大跨结构进行风洞试验,研究了不同风向角条件下结构的风压分布特性,给出了结构表面的平均风压系数、脉动风压系数云图,所得结果可为该结构的抗风设计提供参考。
[关键词]大跨度结构;风压系数;风洞试验 Experimental study of wind load on diamond shaped long span structure XIAO Yan1, CHEN Fu-bin1, WENG Lan-xi2(1.School of Civil Engineering, Changsha University of Science &Technology, Changsha410114,China ;2.Power China Fujian Electric Power Engineering Co., Ltd., Fuzhou 350003,China) [Abstract] In this paper, wind tunnel test of diamond shaped long span structure is carried out, the wind pressure distribution characteristics of the structure under different wind direction angles are studied. The average wind pressure coefficient and the pulsating wind pressure coefficient cloud map of the cantilever structure are given. The results obtained can a provide reference for the wind-resistant design of the structure. [Key words] long span structure; wind pressure coefficient; wind tunnel test 1 引言大跨度结构以其空间大、造型独特等特点,广泛应用于大型场馆、高铁站、机场等建筑物。
直流低速风洞收缩段的数值模拟研究
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直流低速风洞收缩段的数值模拟研究李海燕;王毅【摘要】采用商用软件FLUENT对双三次曲线和维辛斯基曲线这两种收缩段曲线进行了数值模拟,旨在通过仿真结果为低速风洞收缩段的设计选择一种较为合适的曲线.从流函数、静压、速度图中可以看见,收缩段曲线采用双三次曲线时各截面参数均匀,可以达到很好的收敛效果,通过本次数值模拟计算可为低速直流风洞的设计及优化提供了重要的依据.【期刊名称】《计测技术》【年(卷),期】2012(032)001【总页数】4页(P19-21,25)【关键词】风洞;收缩段;数值模拟;收缩曲线【作者】李海燕;王毅【作者单位】中航工业北京长城计量测试技术研究所,北京 100095;中航工业北京长城计量测试技术研究所,北京 100095【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TB937;V211.74;V211.750 引言风洞是一种专门设计的空气试验装置,它用动力装置在其试验段内造成可调节速度的气体流,以进行各种类型的空气动力学试验研究。
风洞试验一直在空气动力学研究和飞行器气动设计中占有重要的位置。
在飞行器的研制和发展中,很多气动布局的新技术都是在大量的风洞试验中取得的。
即使在计算机硬件技术发展日新月异、计算流体力学日益完善的今天,特别是多物理场耦合的情况下[1-3],风洞试验在获得原始数据、观察试验现象以及试验验证中依然起着不可替代的作用。
我们通常把马赫数小于0.3的风洞称为低速风洞。
直流低速风洞主要包括稳定段 (稳定段内还安装蜂窝器和阻尼网)、收缩段、试验段、扩散段和动力段等几部分。
随着试验空气动力学的发展,提高风洞气流品质也愈来愈受到重视,对于风洞的收缩段的优化设计备受关注。
收缩段是风洞洞体的重要部分,其作用是均匀加速气流,要求段内流动连续,在洞壁上避免分离,出口气流速度分布均匀且稳定。
因此它的结构形式和加工质量对保证试验段气流均匀度、控制流场紊流度和附面层厚度起着至关重要的作用。
上海大学的李强等[4]以及空气动力研究基地的刘政崇等[5]在相关研究中都详细地介绍了不同的收缩段曲线对收缩段内流场的影响。