appendixA

Appendix A
Translation Exercises for Independent Work
I. English-Chinese Translation
II. Chinese-English Translation
BACK
I. English-Chinese Translation
1. Of Studies
Studies serve for delight, for ornament and, for ability. Their chief use for delight is
in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the
judgment and disposition of business. For expert men can execute, and perhaps
judge of particulars, one by one; but the general counsels and the plots and
marshaling of affairs, come best from those that are learned. To spend too much time
in studies is sloth; to use them too much for ornament is affection; to make judgment
wholly by their rules is the humour of a scholar. They perfect nature, and are
perfected by experience; for natural abilities are like natural plants; that need
pruning by study; and studies themselves do give forth directions too much at large,
except they be bounded in by experience. Crafty men condemn studies, simple men
admire them, and wise men use them; for they teach not their own use; but that there
is a wisdom without them, and above them, won by observation. Read not to
contradict and confute; nor to believe and take for granted; nor to find talks and
discourse; but to weigh and consider. Some books are to be tasted, others to be
swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested; that is, some books are to be
read only in parts; others to be read, but not curiously; and some few to be read
wholly, and with diligence and attention. Some books also may be read by deputy,
and extracts made of them by others, but that would be only in the less important
arguments, and the meaner sort of books; else distilled books are like common
distilled waters, flashy things. Reading maketh a full man; conference a ready man;
and writing an exact man. And therefore, if a man write little, he had need have a
great memory; if he confer little, he had need have a present wit; and if he read little,
he had need have much cunning, to seem to know that he doth not. Histories make
men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral
grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend. Abeunt studia* (*Abeunt studia:(Latin)
studies pass into the character)in mores. Nay, there is no stand of impediment in the
wit but may be wrought out by fit studies; like as diseases of the body may have
appropriate exercises. Bowling is good for the stone and reins; shooting for the
lungs and breast; gentle walking for stomach; riding for the head; and the like. So if
a man's wit be wandering, let him study the mathematics; for in demonstrations, if
his wit be called away never so little, he must begin again. If his wit be not apt to
distinguish or find differences, let him study the Schoolmen; for they are
cyminisectores**(** cyminisectores:(Latin) hair-splitters). If he be not apt to beat
over matters, and to call up one thing to prove and illustrate another, let him study
the lawyers' cases. So every defect of the mind may have a special receipt.
2. Abraham Lincoln's Gettysburg Address
Four scores and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new
nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are
created equal.
Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation or any nation so
conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battlefield of
that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of the field, as a final resting-place for
those who here gave their lives that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and
proper that we should do this.
But, in a large sense, we can not dedicate-we can not consecrate-we can not
hallow-this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have
consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note,
nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is
for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who
fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated
to the great task remaining before us-that from these honored dead we take increased
devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion-that we
here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain-that this nation, under
God, shall have a new birth of freedom-and that government of the people, by the
people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.
3. History of Western Philosophy
During the 15th century, various other causes were added to the decline of the
Papacy to produce a very rapid change, both political and cultural. Gunpowder
strengthened central government at the expense of feudal nobility. In France and
England, Louis XI and Edward IV allied themselves with the rich middle class, who
helped them to quell aristocratic anarchy. Italy, until the last years of the century,
was fairly free from Northern armies, and advanced rapidly both in wealth and
culture. The new culture was essentially pagan, admiring Greece and Rome, and
despising the Middle Ages. Architecture and literary style were adapted to ancient
models. When Constantinople, the last survival of antiquity, was captured by the
Turks,
Greek refugees in Italy were welcomed by humanists. Vasco da Gains and
Columbus enlarged the world, and Copernicus enlarged the heavens. The Donation
Constantine was rejected as a fable, and overwhelmed with scholarly derision. By
the help of the Byzantines, Plato came to be (mown, not only in Neoplatonic and
Augustinian versions, but at fast hand. This sublunary sphere appeared no longer as
a vale of tears, a place of painful pilgrimage to another world, but as affording
opportunity for pagan delights, for fame and beauty and adventure. The long
centuries of asceticism were forgotten in a riot of art and poetry and pleasure. Even
in Italy, it is true, the Middle Ages did not die without a struggle; Savonarola and
Leonard were born in the same year. But in the main the old terrors had ceased to be
terrifying, and the new liberty of the spirit was found to be intoxicating. The
intoxication could not last, but for the moment it shut out fear. In this moment of
joyful liberation the modem world was born.
The authority of science, which is recognized by most philosophers of the modem
epoch, is a very different thing from the authority of the church, since it is
intellectual, not governmental. No penalties fall upon those who reject it; no
prudential arguments influence those who accept it. It prevails solely by its intrinsic
appeal to reason. It is, moreover, a piecemeal and partial authority; it does not, like
the body of Catholic dogma, lay down a complete system, covering human morality,
human hopes, and the past and future history of the universe. It pronounces only on
whatever, at the time, appears to have been scientifically ascertained, which is a
small island in an ocean of nescience. There is yet another difference from
ecclesiastical authority, which declares its pronouncements to be absolutely certain
and eternally unalterable; the pronouncements of science are made tentatively, on a
basis of probability, and are regarded as liable to modification. This produces a
temper of mind very different from that of the mediaeval dogmatist.
The men who founded modem science had two merits which are not necessarily
found together; immense patience in observation and great boldness in framing
hypothesis. The second of these merits had belonged to the earliest Greek
philosophers; the first existed, to a considerable degree, in the later astronomers of
antiquity. But no one among the ancients, except perhaps Aristarchus, possessed
both merits, and no one in the Middle Ages possessed either. Copernicus, like his
great successors, possessed both. He knew all that could be known, with the
instruments existing in his day, about the apparent motions of the heavenly bodies
on the celestial sphere, and he perceived that the diurnal rotation of the earth was a
more economical hypothesis than the revolution of all the celestial spheres.
4. How Should One Read n Book?
It is simple enough to say that since books have classes-fiction, biography,
poetry-we should separate them and take from each what it is right that each should
give us. Yet few people ask from books what books can give us. Most commonly we
come to books with blurred and divided minds, asking of fiction that it shall be true,
of poetry that it shall be false, of biography that it shall be flattering, of history that
it shaft enforce our prejudices. If we could banish all such preconceptions when we
read, that would be an admirable beginning. Do not dictate to your author; try to
become him. Be his fellow-worker and accomplice. If you hang back, and reserve
and, criticise at first, you are preventing yourself from getting the fullest possible
value from what you read. But if you open your mind as widely as possible, then
signs and hints of almost imperceptible fineness, from the twist and turn of the first
sentences, will bring you into a presence of human being unlike any other. Steep
yourself in this, acquaint yourself with this, and soon you will find that your author
is giving you, or attempting to give you, something far more definite.
The thirty-two chapters of a novel-if we consider how to read a novel first-are an
attempt to make something as formed and controlled as a building; but words are
more impalpable than bricks; reading is a longer and more complicated process than
seeing. Perhaps the quickest way to understand the elements of what a novelist is
doing is not to read, but to write; to make your own experiment with the dangers and
difficulties of words. Recall, then, some event that has left a distinct impressions on
you-how at the comer of the street, perhaps, you passed two people talking. A tree
shook; an electric light danced; the tone of the talk was comic, but also tragic; a
whole vision, an entire conception seemed contained in that moment.
But when you attempt to reconstruct it in words, you will find that it breaks into
thousands of conflicting impressions. Some must be subdued; others emphasized; in
the process you will lose, probably, all grasp upon the emotion itself. Then turn from
your blurred and littered pages to the opening pages of some great novelist-Defoe,
Jane Austen, Hardy. Now you will be better able to appreciate their mastery.
5. Words! Words! Words!
"It works." These words may be the final judgment on a missile project or a plan to
increase the efficiency of a labor group or could be the happy answer to the project
that proved too complicated for father to assemble. They also may describe what
goes on when the right mixture is put away in sealed bottles or jugs. Some earn their
living at a boiler "works" and it is the "works" that make a watch tick. Most people
work for a living, but what teenager hasn't "worked" on his dad for the use of the
car. And a boat will work its way through an ice field or an army through a swamp
or heavy going.
The physicist has a precise meaning for the word "work", but the metallurgist uses
the word in relation to a wide variety of processes. Cogging of ingots, rolling of bars
or sheets, forging of bars, blocks, or semi-finished parts, piercing of bars to form
tubing, drawing of wire through dies or the drawing of sheet into cups, swaging,
hammering, extruding, all are operations involving the "working" of materials and
produce parts that are classed as "worked" metals. "Work" to the metallurgist is any
operation that changes the shape of a metal part without changing its volume. A nail
bent by a hammer is "worked" and the straightening that follows is further working.
The making of an automobile fender, of a tube for toothpaste, or of an aluminum
safety is common examples which involve severe working of metals. Of all parts
made of metals, castings and sintered products are the only classes of final product
which do not, at some stage or other in their manufacture, go through one or more
operations which are classed as "working."
6. The Internet
From time to time, we need an expert. In such situations, the Internet has been like a
gift from the gods. In the old days, authorities were near at hand for expert advice;
the village seamstress on how to make a button hole, the blacksmith on how to take
care of a horse's hooves, or the apothecary on what to do about warts. On the
Internet, advice and answer sites are popping up all over the place, with
self-proclaimed experts at the ready.
Exp. corn claims to have "tens of thousands of experts who can help you," while the
more restrained Abuzz. corn, owned by The New York Times, limits its pitch to
"Ask Anything!, Real People. Real Answers." It's said that expert sites or knowledge
networks represent the latest stage in the Internet's evolution, a "democratization of
expertise." However, if your question is about something other than "Who invented
the light bulb?" the answers are likely to be a wild potpourri of personal opinions.
Top colleges and universities are rushing into online education, but the big news is
the proliferation of a new breed of for-profit online institutions bringing Internet
education to the masses. On the other hand, a Business Week survey of 247
companies found that only a handful would consider hiring applicants who earned
their MBA degrees online. Whether that will change as for-profit online universities
improve their offerings-and graduates prove their worth-is anyone's guess.
7. Online Newspapers
Online newspapers are a look into the future, and just pondering it raises the
question of whether it isn't nicer getting your daily news curled up in your favorite
chair with your ballpoint pen handy to circle items of interest, or scissors ready to
snip out articles you want to save. The Gazette Company is betting its subscribers
want both electronic and paper options, and so far it seems to be right.
The rest of the world is moving into cyberspace more slowly than the United States,
and, in the developing world, the Internet has hardly penetrated at all. U. N.
Secretary General Kofi Annan is determined to change this through the United
Nations Information Technology Service, which will train large numbers of people
to tap into the income-enhancing power of the Internet. Annan is also proposing an
Internet health network that will provide state-of-the-art medical knowledge to
10,000 clinics and hospitals in poor countries.
The onrushing Cyber Age has given newfound power to us all, as seen in Jody
Williams' one-woman organization using e-mail to promote a global ban on land
mines. Yet, this is but a glimpse of what's ahead in the minds of those immersed in
this great and accelerating transformation.
At Microsoft, Bill Gates predicts that by 2018 major newspapers will "publish their
last paper editions and move solely to electronic distribution," and that by 2020
dictionaries will redefine books as "eBook titles read on screen."
8. The Invention of Photography
The idea of photography had been around for a while. Scientists, artists and dabblers
dreamed of making these images permanent, and they were getting close.
There is much debate about who invented photography; several people were
working on the idea around the same time. For the general public, much of the
appeal of the first photographic images came from their perfection and detail. No
matter how good the craftsmanship, a painting is not a photograph. "Ah! What tales
might those pictures tell if their mute lips had the power to speech! How romance
then, would be infinitely outdone by fact," wrote Walt Whitman after a visit in 1896
to a New York gallery displaying daguerreotype portraits.
For more than 150 years, photography has had an extraordinary impact on the way
we live. From the start, it changed the way people saw themselves, and it launched
innovations in nearly every field. The sciences, the arts, politics, history-all were
transformed. Suddenly, too, the world must have seemed a much smaller place.
With his invention of the stroboscopic flash in the early 1930s, MIT engineer Harold
Edgerton was able to photograph events previously too quick to capture including
his famous picture of a milk drop's splash in 1957. Though majestic in appearance,
the splash is only half an inch across.
9. Noah's Ark
Noah's Ark has set sail again, crossing stormy scientific waters and buffeted by
winds of controversy. Today's metaphorical ark, however, is not carrying animals
two by two to safety. Rather, it could produce unlimited numbers of presently
endangered creatures.
Noah is the name given in advance to the clone of a dead gaur, a rare type of
endangered wild ox found in India, Bangladesh and Southeast Asia. The new Noah
is expected to be born any day now to Bessie, a cow living on a farm in Iowa. Cows
have given birth to gaurs before, but this is the first time that one animal species is
acting as surrogate mother to a clone of a different species. Advanced Cell
Technologies, a small biotechnology company in Massachusetts, is using a novel
cross-species nuclear-transfer technique that could usher in a new era in
conservation.
The cloning technique used with Bessie-the only cow in the experiment to carry an
embryo into late pregnancy-is a variation of the procedure that created Dolly the
sheep, the world's first cloned mammal. A needle is jabbed through an egg's
protective layer and used to remove the egg's nucleus, containing most of a cell's
genetic material. A second needle is used to inject a whole cell under the egg's outer
layer.
To complete the process, a tiny electrical current fuses the new cell to the egg. The
embryo starts to divide until, within days, the mass of cells grows to about 100 and
is big enough to be implanted in the surrogate mother's uterus.
10. Stumbling World Economies
One by one, economies around the world are stumbling. By cutting interest rates
again this week-for the seventh time this year-the Federal Reserve hopes it can keep
America out of recession. But in an increasing number of economies, from Japan
and Taiwan to Mexico and Brazil, GDP is already shrinking. Global industrial
production fell at an annual rate of 6 percent in the first half of 2001. Early estimates
suggest that gross world product, as a whole, may have contracted in the second
quarter, for possibly the first time in two decades. Welcome to the first global
recession of the 21st century.
So far, America itself has escaped a technical recession, defined as two quarto of
falling GDP. But on August 29 revised figures are expected to show that America's
GDP growth in the second quarter was close to zero or even negative, rather than the
0. 7 percent annual rate originally announced. With GDP growing well below trend
for several quarters, profits tumbling and unemployment rising, it now smells
horribly like a recession.
Earlier this year, when America first sneezed, the European Central Bank (along
with most private-sector economists) argued that the euro area was insulated from
America's slowdown and had little to worry about. This seems to have been wrong.
In Germany there are fears about recession as business investment and retail sales
tumble. Recent figures confirmed that Germany's GDP stagnated in the second
quarter. Italy's GDP fell in the second quarter, and although growth has held up
better in France and Spain, the growth in the euro area as a whole was close to zero
in the quarter. Nobody is forecasting an actual recession in the euro area this year,
but it is no longer expected to provide an engine for world growth.
11. Sudden-Wealth Syndrome
An abundance of money is no miracle cure for all human ills, as the new rich are
discovering. What is different this time is that there are so many more of them.
For all the existential angst that may go with being rich, there is no evidence to
suggest that those with money would rather be without. Yet there are specific
problems associated with being, and particularly with becoming, exceptionally
wealthy. The world's leading private banks now encourage some of their clients to
seek advice from psychoanalysts on their relationship with their wealth-not just in
America, but also in more reticent parts of the world, including stiff-upper-upped
Britain.
There has been plenty of publicity about "sudden-wealth syndrome" (also known as
"affluenza")-evidence mainly of the fact that comparatively indigent journalists like
to write about the new rich having a bad time, despite their fast cars and swanky
houses.
Though the bursting of the dotcom bubble has made some of them a lot less wealthy,
most are still rich by any definition. But gone is the belief that "instant wealth
automatically accompanies hard work and good ideas," says Andre Delbecq, a
management professor at the University of Santa Clara Business School. "It was a
wake-up call to a generation who grew up in affluence, teaching the new rich a
lesson about the fragility of wealth that their parents and grandparents learned from
the Great Depression and the Second World War."
12. I Am a Dollar
For generations I've been honest, sound and reliable. My safety is legendary.Some
call me Almighty. Others warn that worship of me is a sin. I am a dollar. A buck.
One of these 2. 61-by-6. 14-inch pieces of printed paper in your pocket or purse.
Credit cards were supposed to have made me obsolete years ago, but people use
me more than ever. In 1960, only $165.16 was in circulation for each one of you.
Now it's $ 888.85.
I'm the world's most important currency. Without me, international trade would
halt. The price of everything from Persian Gulf oil to Brazilian coffee is quoted in
my name.
Take a look at me. I cant' an engraving of George Washington after Gilbert Stuart's
painting. Bank tellers stack me face up so that can look at George in the eye.It's a
security feature. Counterfeit portraits often look dull or one-dimensional.
Seven Presidents are shown on my other denominations, but it's unlikely you've
eyed McKinley, Cleveland or Madison. No $ 500, $1, 000 or $ 5, 000 bills have
been issued since 1969 because demand is small. Salmon P. Chase, Linooln's
Secretary of the Treasury, graces the $10,000 bill. But only 345 of these are still in
your hands. Chase and the three Presidents were retired from circulation in 1969;
whenever one of them shows his face, the Federal Reserve Bank ships him to the
Treasury for destruction.
13. A Sleigh Ride
I left the dear- children all soundly sleeping and accompanied my sister Susan
home in the ox-sleigh; we made a merry party comfortably nested in our rude
vehicle, with a bed of clean straw, and a nice blanket over it, with pillows to lean
against; well wrapped up in our Scotch plaid, we defied the cold and chatted merrily
away, not a whit less happy than if we had been rolling along in a carriage with a
splendid pair of bays, instead of crawling along at a funeral pace, in the rudest of all
vehicles with the most ungraceful of all steeds; our canopy, the snow-laden branches
of pine, hemlock, and cedar, the dark forest around us; and our lamps, the pale stars
and watery moon struggling through "wrack and mist" and silver-tinged snow-cloud.
Here then were we breaking the deep silence of the deep woods with the hum of
cheerful voices and the wild mirth that bursts from light-hearted children. No other
sound was there except the heavy tread of the oxen and lumbering sound of the
sleigh as it jolted over the fallen sticks and logs that lay beneath the snow.
14. Genius Sacrificed for Failure
About 150 years ago, a village church vicar in Yorkshire, England, had three lovely,
intelligent daughters but his hopes hinged entirely on the sole male heir, Bran-well,
a youth with remarkable talent in both art and literature.
Branwell's father and sisters hoarded their pennies to pack him off to London's
Royal Academy of Arts, but if art was his calling, he dialed a wrong number. Within
weeks he hightailed it home, a penniless failure.
Hopes still high, the family landed Branwell a job as a private tutor, hoping this
would free him m develop his literary skills and achieve the success and fame that
he deserved. Failure again.
For years the selfless sisters squelched their own goals, fainting themselves out as
teachers and govemesses in support of their increasingly indebted brother,
convinced the world must eventually recognize his genius. As failure multiplied,
Branwell turned to alcohol, then opium, and eventually died as he had lived; a
failure. So died hope in the one male-but what of the three anonymous sisters?
During Branwell's last years, the girls published a book of poetry at their own
expense (under a pseudonym, for fear of reviewers' bias against females). Even
Branwell might have snickered; they sold only two copies.
Undaunted, they continued in their spare tune, late at night by candlelight, to pour
out their pent-up emotion, writing of what they knew best, of women in conflict
with their natural desires and social condition-in reality, less fiction than
autobiography! And 19th century literature was transformed by Anne's Agnes Grey,
Emily's Wuthering Heights, and Charlotte's Jane Eyre.
But years of sacrifice for Branwell had taken their ton. Emily took ill at her brother's
funeral and died within 3 months, aged 29; Anne died 5 months later, aged 30;
Charlotte lived only to age 39. If only they had been nurtured instead of having 4
been sauced.
No one remembers Branwell's name, much less his art or literature, but the Bronte
sisters' tragically short lives teach us even more of life than literature. Their
sacrificed genius cries out to us that in modem society we must value children not
by their physical strength or sexual gender, as we would any mere beast of burden,
but by their integrity, strength, commitment, courage-spiritual qualifies abundant in
both boys and girls. China, a nation blessed by more boys and girls than any nation,
ignores at her own peril the lesson of the Bronte tragedy.
15. Versatile Man
It is, perhaps, no accident that many of the outstanding figures of the past were
exceptionally versatile men. Right up until comparatively recent times, it was
possible for an intelligent person to acquaint himself with almost every branch of
knowledge. Thus, men of genius like Leonardo da Vinci or Sir Philip Sidney
engaged in many careers at once as a matter of course. Da Vinci was so busy with
his numerous inventions, that he barely found the time to complete his paintings;
Sidney, who died in battle when he was only thirty-two years old, was not only a
great soldier, but a brilliant scholar and poet as well. Both these men came very near
to fulfilling the Renaissance ideal of the "universal man", the man who was
proficient at everything.
Today, we rarely, if ever, hear that a musician has just invented a new type of
submarine. Knowledge has become divided and sub-divided into countless,
narrowly-defined compartments. The specialist is venerated; the versatile person, far
from being admired, is more often regarded with suspicion. The modem world is a
world of highly-skilled "experts" who have had to devote the greater part of their
lives to a very limited field of study in order to compete with their fellows.
With this high degree of specialization, the frontiers of knowledge are steadily being
pushed back more rapidly than ever before. But this has not been achieved without
considerable cost. The scientist, who outside his own particular subject is little more
than a moron, is a modem phenomenon; as is the man of letters who is barely aware
of the tremendous strides that have been made in technology. Similarly,
specialization has indirectly affected quite ordinary people in every walk of life.
Many activities which were once pursued for their own sakes, are often given up in
despair: they require techniques, the experts tell us, which take a lifetime to master.
Why learn to play the piano, when you can listen to the world's greatest pianists in
your own drawing room?
Little by little, we are becoming more and more isolated from each other. It is almost
impossible to talk to your neighbour about his job, even if he is engaged in roughly
the same work as you are. The Royal Society in Britain includes among its members
only the most eminent scientists in the country. Yet it is highly disconcerting to find
that even here, as one of its Fellows put it, at a lecture only 10% of the members can
understand 50% of what is being said!。