组织行为学复习重点_F

MGT1000 Organization Behavior考试复习重点Chapter 9 Foundations of group behavior1, Demonstrate how norms and status exert influence on an individual’s behavior.Norms: Acceptable standards of behavior within a group that are shared by the group’s membersConformity: Gaining acceptance by adjusting one’s behavior to align with the norms of the groupReference Groups: Important groups to which individuals belong or hope to belong and with whose norms individuals are likely to conform●Status: A socially defined position or rank given to groups or group members by others●Status derived from one of three sources: 1) Power a person has over others; 2) Ability to contribute to group goals; 3)Personal characteristics2, Identify the five stages of group development.Forming: Members feel much uncertaintyStormingStage: Lots of conflict between members of the groupNorming Stage: Members have developed close relationships and cohesivenessPerforming Stage: The group is finally fully functionalAdjourning Stage: In temporary groups, characterized by concern with wrapping up activities rather than performance3, Show how role requirements change in different situations.Role: A set of expected behavior patterns attributed to someone occupying a given position in a social unitRole Identity: Certain attitudes and behaviors consistent with a roleRole Perception: An individual’s view of how he or she is supposed to act in a given situation – received by external stimuli Role Expectations: a) How others believe a person should act in a given situation; b) Psychological Contract: an unwritten agreement that sets out mutual expectations of management and employeesRole Conflict: A situation in which an individual is confronted by divergent role expectations4, Contrast the strengths and weaknesses of group decision making.Group Strengths:Generate more complete information and knowledgeOffer increased diversity of views and greater creativityIncreased acceptance of decisionsGenerally more accurate (but not as accurate as the most accurate group member)Group Weaknesses:Time-consuming activityConformity pressures in the groupDiscussions can be dominated by a few membersA situation of ambiguous responsibility5, Contrast the benefits and disadvantages of cohesive groups.Cohesiveness: Degree to which group members are attracted to each other and are motivated to stay in the group Benefits: A cohesive group will be more productive than will a less cohesive group.Chapter10 Understanding work teams1, Contrast groups and teams.Work GroupA group that interacts primarily to share information and to make decisions to help each group member perform within his or her area of responsibilityNo joint effort requiredWork TeamGenerates positive synergy through coordinated effort. The individual efforts result in a performance that is greater than the sum of the individual inputs2, Compare and contrast four types of teams.Problem-Solving TeamsGroups of 5 to 12 employees from the same department who meet for a few hours each week to discuss ways of improving quality, efficiency, and the work environmentSelf-Managed Work TeamsGroups of 10 to 15 people who take on the responsibilities of their former supervisorsCross-Functional TeamsEmployees from about the same hierarchical level, but from different work areas, who come together to accomplish a task Virtual TeamsTeams that use computer technology to tie together physically dispersed members in order to achieve a common goal3, Identify the characteristics of effective teams.Effective teams produce outstanding results and succeed in achieving despite difficulties.Members feel responsible for the output of their team and act to clear difficulties standing in their way.4, Showhow organizations can create team players.Selection---Make team skills one of the interpersonal skills in the hiring process.Training---Individualistic people can learnRewards---Rework the reward system to encourage cooperative efforts rather than competitive (individual) onesContinue to recognize individual contributions while still emphasizing the importance of teamwork5, Decide when to use individuals instead of teams.The work is not complex and there is not a need for different perspectives; the work does not create a common purpose or set of goals for the group that is larger than the aggregate of the goals for individuals; members of the group are not involved in interdependent tasks.Chapter11 Communication1, Contrast downward, upward, and lateral communication with examples.Downward:Communication that flows from one level of a group or organization to a lower level. E.g. managers communicate with employees.Upward communication flows to a higher level in the group or organization. E.g. employees provide feedback to senior managers.Lateral:communication takes place among members of the same groups, members of groups at same level, managers at same level and so on.2,Describe the communication process and distinguish between formal and informal communication. Communication process:The Sender–initiates message; Encoding–translating thought to message; The Message–what is communicated; The Channel– the medium the message travels through; Decoding–the receiver’s action in making sense of the message; The Receiver–person who gets the message;Noise–things that interfere with the message; Feedback–a return message regarding the initial communicationFormal ChannelsAre established by the organization and transmit messages that are related to the professional activities of members Informal ChannelsUsed to transmit personal or social messages in the organization. These informal channels are spontaneous and emerge as a response to individual choices3, Analyze the advantages and challenges of electronic communication.4, Identify common barriers to effective communication.Filtering: A sender’s manip ulation of information so that it will be seen more favorably by the receiverSelective Perception: People selectively interpret what they see on the basis of their interests, background, experience, and attitudesInformation Overload: A condition in which information inflow exceeds an individual’s processing capacityEmotions: How a receiver feels at the time a message is received will influence how the message is interpreted Language: Words have different meanings to different peopleCommunication Apprehension: Undue tension and anxiety about oral communication, written communication, or both Gender Differences: Men tend to talk to emphasize status while women talk to create connections5, Contrast oral, written, and nonverbal communication.Oral Communication(speech, discussion)Advantages: Speed and feedbackDisadvantage: Distortion of the messageWritten Communication(memo, email, device that transmitted via written words or symbols)Advantages: Tangible and verifiableDisadvantages: Time consuming and lacks feedbackNonverbal Communication(a smile, a glance, a body movement)Advantages: Supports other communications and provides observable expression of emotions and feelings Disadvantage: Misperception of body language or gestures can infl uence receiver’s interpretation of messageChapter13 Power and politics1, Contrast the five bases of power.Formal Power--Established by an individual’s position in an organizationCoercive Power:A power base dependent on fear of negative resultsReward Power:Compliance achieved based on the ability to distribute rewards that others view as valuableLegitimate Power: The formal authority to control and use resources based on a person’s position in the formal hierarchy Personal power---Power that comes fro m an individual’s unique characteristicsExpert Power:Influence based on special skills or knowledgeReferent Power:Influence based on possession by an individual of desirable resources or personal traits2, Identify nine power or influence tactics and their contingencies.Nine influence tactics:Legitimacy, Rational persuasion, Inspirational appeals, Consultation, Exchange, Personal appeals, Ingratiation, Pressure, Coalitions3, Identify the causes and consequences of political behavior.Factors: individual factors (high self-monitors, high-Mach, expectations of success, organization investment) and organization factors (low trust, role ambiguity, promotion opportunities, high performance pressure). Favorable outcomes---rewards and averted punishment.4, Distinguish between legitimate and illegitimate political behavior.Legitimate Political behaviorNormal everyday politics - complaining, bypassing, obstructingIllegitimate Political behaviorExtreme political behavior that violates the implied rules of the game: sabotage, whistle-blowing, and symbolic protest5, Apply impression management techniques.Conformity, Excuses, Apologies, Self-Promotion, Flattery, Favors,AssociationChapter14 Conflict1, Differentiate between the traditional, human relations and interactionist views of conflict. Traditional View of Conflict---The belief that all conflict is harmful and must be avoidedHuman Relations View of Conflict---The belief that conflict is a natural and inevitable outcome in any groupInteractionist View of Conflict---The belief that conflict is not only a positive force in a group but that it is absolutely necessary for a group to perform effectively。