[开题报告]2012-03-09
毕业论文开题报告模版、红色处为修改部分。内容尽量不同。
目前，随着对煤炭资源的需求不断增大，煤矿开采的深度逐渐增加，巷道围岩条件更加复杂，巷道支护越来越困难。我国的煤矿矿井主要有立井开拓、斜井开拓、平硐开拓和混合开拓等方式，多种不同的方案决定了矿井不同的施工设计方案。目前已形成多种方案并存，采区开采前进式的基本模式，以早出煤、快出煤，节约投资，尽早发挥矿井效益为原则的矿井设计与施工。
[2]蔡永乐，《矿井防灭火技术》，中国矿业大学出版社，2009.6
[3]姜有，《采煤概论》，徐州：中国矿业大学出版社.2011.9
[4]周贵全，《矿井瓦斯与利用》，徐州，中国矿业大学出版社，2009.8
[5]钱鸣高、石平五，《矿山压力与岩层控制》，中国矿业大学出版社，2003.6
[6]程居山，《矿山机械》，中国矿业大学出版社，1997.1
考核组负责人（签字）：
2010年月日
开题报告会记录卡
参加报告会成员：
报告会日期：地 点：
记录人：
报告会记录及考核意见：
①记录：
②建议：
③结论（按同意、不同意）：
负责人（签字）：
2010年月日
所在系的意见：（按同意、不同意）
负责人（签字）：
2010年月日
指导教师确认签字：
（签字）：
2010年月日
我国煤矿于1955年开始试用锚杆，1964年在试验平硐和少数矿井试验喷浆，喷射混凝土和锚喷支护。这是我国锚杆支护技术的初期阶段。这一阶段以钢绳水泥砂浆锚杆为代表，锚杆没有托板，锚杆之间缺乏联系。到了80～90年代，由于国家“七五”和“八五”科技攻关将锚杆支护定为软岩巷道支护的主攻方向之一，从而使锚杆支护技术有了新的发展，进入了以锚带网和锚梁网为代表的组合锚杆支护阶段。预应力锚杆支护体系阶段是锚杆支护的新阶段，其代表产品或结构主要有三种即桁架锚杆、水胀式锚杆和缝管式锚杆，这三类锚杆均具有良好的横向预应力和一定纵向预应力，其支护效果已经为国内外矿山支护实践所证实支护理论。
课堂教学中师生互动的方式及其有效性研究
《课堂教学中师生互动的方式及其有效性研究》开题报告[日期：2012-03-28]来源：课题研究作者：张秀芹[字体：大中小]《课堂教学中师生互动的方式及其有效性研究》开题报告一、本课题核心概念的界定师生互动：是师生双方以自己的固定经验来了解对象的一种相互交流与沟通的方式。
师生互动分为教师与学生个体之间的互动和教师与学生群体的互动；生生互动可分为学生个体之间的互动，学生群体之间的互动和学生个体与学生群体之间的互动，共五种类型。
课堂师生有效互动：指教师和学生之间进行的，可以激发学生学习兴趣、让学生主动积极地学习，并在其中获得丰富而有质量的学习经验的教学交流活动。
新课程的基本理念是为了每一个学生的发展，这是新课程改革的主题，这昭示着新课程呼唤以人为本，以学生为本。
为了实现这一教学目的，需要建立一个师生关系融洽，教学内容开放，教学形式多样，课堂气氛活泼的教学环境，而建立这一教学环境的关键是教学中师生开展有效的互动。
小学语文课堂教学是师生相互交往、共同发展的互动过程，课堂互动是以人为本的，在教育思想和合作探究理论指导下，构建一种能使师生共同参与的教学模式，不仅可以体现全新的教学理念，而且将极大的调动教与学两方面的积极性，学生的潜能和创新思维将得到充分的施展，学生的品位、意志和行为也将有很大的提高。
二、本课题国内外同一域现状与研究价值目前，国内外对于课堂师生互动教学模式的研究，国外起步较早，国内起步较晚。
国内主要近几年开始，且大都是国外“互动式”教学模式的介绍和验证，部分是教学经验的总结和升华，理论基础往往不够明确和完善，对照国外较成功的“互动式”教学经验，及新课程要求对学生采用“互动式”教学势在必行。
在国内的课堂教学中师生互动的形式较单调，多师生互动，少生生间互动。
而事实上，许多国外研究专家正把生生互动当作教学中尚待进一步开发的宝贵的人力资源，认为生生互动是教学成功的不可缺少的重要因素。
合作学习的代表人物约翰逊曾精辟地指出“实际上，教师的一切课堂行为，都是发生在学生同伴群体关系的环境之中的。
2012毕业论文开题报告综述
2012毕业论文开题报告综述【编者按】：论文频道为您提供各类开题报告范文参考，以及开题报告写作指导和格式排版要求，解决您在开题报告写作中的难题。
第1章绪论小综述（本章目的）1.1项目背景（提出问题）、项目意义（3~4行话）1.2开题报告国内外现状对比分析1.3研究内容（对几个关键点的研究）1.4论文结构小结第2章需求分析小综述2.1需求概述2.2业务流程（业务流程画出流程图并加以解释）2.3功能需求2.4非功能需求、性能、系统的稳定性、扩展性等。
小结第3章关键技术分析（不要在答辩时出现，走页数用）小综述此章不超过15页整个论文约75页第4章总体设计小综述1)设计目标、组织架构图2)系统架构图（拓扑图、物理架构图、逻辑架构图、功能架构图）小结第5章详细设计小综述1)重点介绍2~3个模块的详细设计，介绍模块的具体的功能，模块流程、数据库的设计（er图），展现几张表。
小结第6章系统测试小综述介绍测试流程、举出1~2个测试用例（表格形式），性能测试及测试用例。
小结第7章系统的验收及应用情况。
小综述有3~4章系统主要界面运用图。
小结第8章结论与展望（不足与改进）小综述小结参考文献：20篇（格式如下）【1】徐金梧等，turb实用大全，北京，机械工业出版社【】，1996(5) 开题报告目录模版目录1．选题背景及意义72．国内外研究现状及分析73．研究目标及内容83.1研究目标93.2研究内容93.3研究方法与技术线路94．系统解决方案及关键技术难点105．预期成果及可能的创新点106．论文工作计划116．1论文工作计划116．2本人工作内容11参考文献11撰写开题报告的注意事项errr!bkarkntdefined.相关文档errr!bkarkntdefined.开题报告内容撰写要求开题报告是学位论文重要的环节，用于向专业报告学生的学位论文所要研究的方向和课题。
直接决定学生是否能正式进入学位论文的教学环节。
依据学院培养大纲对论文的要求，针对我专业学生的特点，在总结其他专业和我专业学生在这方面工作的经验，特给出本要求。
2012开题报告模板及通用格式【模板】
2012开题报告模板及通用格式
【编者按】：论文频道为您提供各类开题报告范文参考，以及开题报告写作指导和格式排版要求，解决您在开题报告写作中的难题。
由于开题报告是用文字体现的论文总构想，因而篇幅不必过大，但要把计划研究的课题、如何研究、理论适用等主要问题说清楚，应包含两个部分：总述、提纲。
1总述
开题报告的总述部分应首先提出选题，并简明扼要地说明该选题的目的、目前相关课题研究情况、理论适用、研究方法、必要的数据等等。
2提纲
开题报告包含的论文提纲可以是粗线条的，是一个研究构想的基本框架。
可采用整句式或整段式提纲形式。
在开题阶段，提纲的目的是让人清楚论文的基本框架，没有必要像论文目录那样详细。
3参考文献
开题报告中应包括相关参考文献的目录
4要求
开题报告应有封面页，总页数应不少于4页。
版面格式应符合以下规定。
开题报告
学生：
一、选题意义
1、理论意义
2、现实意义
二、论文综述
1、理论的渊源及演进过程
2、国外有关研究的综述
3、国内研究的综述
4、本人对以上综述的评价
三、论文提纲
前言、
一、
1、
2、
3、
二、
1、
2、
3、
三、
1、
2、
3、
结论
四、论文写作进度安排
毕业论文开题报告提纲
一、开题报告封面：论文题目、系别、专业、年级、姓名、导师
二、目的意义和国内外研究概况
三、论文的理论依据、研究方法、研究内容
四、研究条件和可能存在的问题
五、预期的结果
六、进度安排。
开题报告(精选3篇)
开题报告（精选3篇）在当下这个社会中，报告使用的频率越来越高，我们在写报告的时候要避免篇幅过长。
那么大家知道标准正式的报告格式吗？下面的3篇开题报告是由作者精心整理的论文开题报告模板范文模板，欢迎阅读参考。
毕业论文开题报告之会计篇一一、选题背景（含国内外相关研究综述及评价）与意义1、课题来源课题为《贵州省盘县戒毒所医技楼建筑与装饰工程招标控制价编制》。
该医技楼结构形式为框架结构，建筑总高度19.80米，工程总建筑面积4532.0平方米，建筑层数为地上五层。
本工程属于钢筋混凝土框架结构体系，工程设计规模为小型，耐火等级二级、抗震设防烈度6度，主体结构合理使用年限50年。
地基基础设计等级为丙级；抗震等级为三级，上部结构的嵌固端为基础顶面。
建筑分类为多层民用建筑，建筑耐火等级为二级。
框架结构外填充墙均采用200厚加气混凝土砌块，内填充墙采用200或100厚加气混凝土砌块，均用混合砂浆。
所有构造柱、圈梁、过梁混凝土强度等级为C25，框架柱混凝土强度等级为C30，梁、板的混凝土强度等级均为C30。
2、选题背景（含国内外相关研究综述及评价）（1）国内相关研究综述招标控制价的产生的背景：随着近年建设工程的迅速发展，为加强建筑工程计价活动的监督管理，规范工程计价行为，维护建筑市场正常秩序，合理确定和有效控制工程造价，2008年12月1日起实施的《建设工程工程量清单计价规范》（GB50500—2008）规定：国有资金投资建设工程项目应实行工程量清单招标，并应当编制招标控制价。
目前我国的造价行业存在许多问题，比如不够重视投资决策阶段工程造价的确控、设计阶段的工程造价控制不严、还未全面采用国际上通用的工程量清单报价方式、施工阶段对工程造价控制不够、工程竣工结算阶段工程造价控制不力等。
（2）国外相关研究综述国外的工程造价估算是建立在价值工程基础上的，在建筑合同文本中须包括使用价值工程技术的条款。
它一般分为二种情况：一是自愿采用，承建商从自身利益出发，考虑采用价值工程技术，此时费用由承包商自身承担；另一种情况是强制运用，在合同中规定承包商须采用价值工程技术，至于费用一般由业主承担。
2012毕业设计开题报告
南京工程学院毕业设计开题报告课题名称：中国科学院南京古生物博物馆设计学生姓名：王康指导教师：崔萌所在系部：建筑工程学院专业名称：建筑学南京工程学院2012年03 月10 日说明1．根据南京工程学院《毕业设计(论文)工作管理规定》，学生必须撰写《毕业设计（论文）开题报告》，由指导教师签署意见、教研室审查，系教学主任批准后实施。
2．开题报告是毕业设计（论文）答辩委员会对学生答辩资格审查的依据材料之一。
学生应当在毕业设计（论文）工作前期内完成，开题报告不合格者不得参加答辩。
3．毕业设计开题报告各项内容要实事求是，逐条认真填写。
其中的文字表达要明确、严谨，语言通顺，外来语要同时用原文和中文表达。
第一次出现缩写词，须注出全称。
4．本报告中，由学生本人撰写的对课题和研究工作的分析及描述，应不少于2000字，没有经过整理归纳，缺乏个人见解仅仅从网上下载材料拼凑而成的开题报告按不合格论。
5．开题报告检查原则上在第2～4周完成，各系完成毕业设计开题检查后，应写一份开题情况总结报告。
毕业设计(论文)开题报告学生姓名王康学号214080125专业建筑学指导教师姓名崔萌职称讲师所在系部建筑工程学院课题来源自拟课题课题性质工程设计课题名称中国科学院南京古生物博物馆设计毕业设计的内容和意义内容：（1）拟建综合性生态培训中心，以满足人们休闲、旅游和150人培训、会议的需要。
总建筑面积约8000㎡(增减不大于10％)。
(2）运用所掌握的生态建筑设计理论和设计方法，以建筑生态与低能耗思想为主线，解决多功能景观建筑的设计问题，其中包括：恰当处理建筑造型与地理环境相结合，建筑语言与历史文脉的沿续，建筑空间与生态空间的渗透，以及建筑节能技术措施的创造性运用；从中进一步掌握和领会多功能景观建筑的设计要点和过程。
（3）面布局合理，流线通畅，空间组织有趣，造型具有创意和个性，恰当地运用各种适宜的低能耗生态技术措施，耐火等级为二级；抗震按6度设防；建筑防火等级为二级。
开题报告(2012版)
毕业设计 (论文)开题报告经贸管理学院人力资源管理专业 2010级人力(1)班课题名称：关于民营企业的招聘管理研究
毕业设计(论文)起止时间：
2012年12月3 日～2013年5月20日学生姓名：吴联佳学号：3100521119
指导教师：汪本学
报告日期： 2012年1月10日
说明：
1.本报告必须由承担毕业设计(论文)课题任务的学生在接到“毕业设计(论文)任务书”、正式开始做毕业设计
(论文)的第2周或第3周末之前独立撰写完成，并交指导教师审阅。
2.每个毕业设计(论文)课题撰写本报告一份，作为指导教师、教研室主任审查学生能否承担该毕业设计(论文)
课题任务的依据，并接受学校的抽查。
论文开题报告
第六阶段2012.6导师审评，修改并最终定稿，进行答辩。
五、主要参考文献：
[1]胡春红，王欣当代大学生网络素质[A]中国地质大学，人文经管学院，20ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ6
[2]黄良永；网络环境下师范院校教师的素质[A]柳州师范高等专科学校电算中心；2002年
[7]张进良.教育技术学专业人才实践智慧的培育策略宰[A]湖南科技大学2011
[8]潘维真.地方性大学人才培养模式多样化改革探索温州大学2008（2）
[9]李国志.高职院校人才培养模式的内涵特征及选择原则[A]2008
[10]穆 岚.教师培养模式的考察分析与我国的现实选择[A]河南师范大学2004
指导教师签字
二、国内在该方向的研究现状及分析
在国内，对于培养高校师范大学生的网络素养正处于起步时期。近年来，我国相关领域的学者对培养高校师范大学生网络素养教育培养进行了诸多的探讨，但更多的是在理论层面的研究，在实践层面上，基于网络素养培养的文献课及专业课课程还是个甚少，许多实施方案仍不成熟，缺乏实际意义。
三、主要研究内容
3、总结，对发现的问题进行分析，阐明自己的看法和观点。
（二）进度安排及预期达到的目标
第一阶段2011.9确定题目
第二阶段2011.9--2011.10收集资料
第三阶段2011.10完成开题报告
第四阶段2011.11-2012.4资料搜集及整理、归纳、分析，充分与导师进行沟通，完成论文初稿，并完成论文中期报告。
[3]孙芳.网络文化对大学生素质形成的影响力研究合肥工业大学,2007(12)
[4]张露丹汪颖潘玉霞徐.对教育技术学本科专业人才培养的思考州师范大学信息传播学院,
2012届毕业生开题报告书
研究方法和技术路线
1.采用模块化设计的方法来设计好每一个基本模块，用基本语言来实现。
2.采用VC进行环境调试和运行。
进展计划
（2）还可以注册新用户，通过填写学生基本信息完成新用户注册。
（3）查阅图书时可以选择按编号和名字进行精确查找，也可实现按关键字进行模糊查找。还可以注册新用户。
书目查询功能
（1）按编号进行精确搜索图书：用户输入图书编号可以精确查出图书，并输出此书的所有信息。若系统中无此书，则输出“查无此书”。
（2）按名字进行精确搜索图书：用户输入图书书名可以精确查出图书，并输出此书的所有信息。若系统中无此书，则输出“查无此书”。
（3）还书：只有用户输入所借阅的书的编号和正确的账号和密码才能完成还书。如果用户未曾借阅过这本书，系统输出“未曾借阅过该书”。若账号或密码错误系统输出“账号错误”，“密码错误”。
（4）查阅自己的借书情况和个人情况：用户可以查阅用户的基本信息和借的书目。
未注册用户（游客）的功能:
（1）游客可以浏览所有的图书信息，但是无法借阅。
黄冈师范学院
本科生毕业论文（设计）开题报告书
学生
姓名
吴延陵
专业
班级
计算机科学与技术
200801班
指导
教师
吴志红
开题时间
2011年
12月20日
课题
名称
图书管理系统
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ选题依据和意义
随着人们知识层次的提高，图书馆成为日常生活中不可缺少的一部分。而图书馆的存书量和业务量庞大，仅仅靠传统的记账式管理是不可行的。图书管理系统应运而生，逐渐成为信息化建设的重要组成部分。图书管理系统为学校或社会型图书馆的管理员提供所有借阅者的详细信息，以及图书馆内库存的详细情况，而学生或普通用户则拥有借书和还书两大功能，管理员可以对图书进行新书注册和旧书删除等功能。作为计算机应用的一部分,具有手工管理所无法比拟的优点，例如:检索迅速、查找方便、易修改、可靠性高、存储量大、数据处理快捷、保密性好、寿命长、成本低等。
开题报告范文13篇
开题报告范文13篇开题报告范文篇1一、选题的根据1)本选题的理论现今社会施工企业的发展壮大，只有通过招投标来获取工程项目。
进入新世纪以来，建筑市场迅速扩大和不规范化，各种项目日益增多，而建筑施工企业得到项目的第一步也是最重要的一步就是投标。
在建筑施工市场上，招投标已经成为市场的主要交易方式。
实行招标投标，对建筑施工企业加强经营管理，缩短建设周期，确保工程质量，控制工程造价，优化资源配置等起着重要的作用。
目前建筑施工企业承揽工程项目的主要途径就是参加工程投标，而投标报价是进行工程项目投标的核心，它直接关系到建筑施工企业的生产经营绩效，是建筑企业赢得业务从而生存和发展的一个关键环节。
投标报价策略与技巧是建筑企业经营管理能力的重要体现，也是实现其整体经营战略目标的手段。
因此，投标与否，投何种性质的标，并如何做出具有竞争力的投标报价，以及如何运用投标报价的策略与技巧等问题，是建筑施工企业能否在激烈的工程项目投标竞争中获胜的关键问题。
我通过在大学的学习跟平常的实习深刻感受到了投标的重要性，查阅了大量资料，决定对投标报价进行深入研究。
2)本选题的实际意义投标报价策略就是指承包商在投标竞争中以报价为中心构建的投标指导思想、系统的工作部署及其参与投标竞争的'方式与手段。
国内外几乎每天都在进行招投标活动，作为一个承包商不可能见标就投，必须对工程项目有所选择。
为了提高中标率，获得较好的经济效益，正确有效地进行投标决策是一项非常重要的工作。
在竞争最为激烈工程承包中报价过高很难中标;报价过低，即使中了标也不能获取利润，迟早都会亏损破产。
运用有效的投标策略，制定适当的报价，既能中标又能带来利润，这是投标报价策略的中心问题，对参与投标的各承包商有着极强的现实意义，值得深入研究，探讨。
3)综述国内有关本选题的研究动态在建筑市场上，招投标已成为市场的主要交易方式，随着我国市场经济进程的推进和全球化竞争的展开，建筑企业以招标来获得项目的压力越来越大。
课题开题报告(通用10篇)
课题开题报告（通用10篇）（经典版）编制人：__________________审核人：__________________审批人：__________________编制单位：__________________编制时间：____年____月____日序言下载提示：该文档是本店铺精心编制而成的，希望大家下载后，能够帮助大家解决实际问题。
文档下载后可定制修改，请根据实际需要进行调整和使用，谢谢!并且，本店铺为大家提供各种类型的经典范文，如工作资料、求职资料、报告大全、方案大全、合同协议、条据文书、教学资料、教案设计、作文大全、其他范文等等，想了解不同范文格式和写法，敬请关注!Download tips: This document is carefully compiled by this editor.I hope that after you download it, it can help you solve practical problems. The document can be customized and modified after downloading, please adjust and use it according to actual needs, thank you!In addition, this shop provides you with various types of classic model essays, such as work materials, job search materials, report encyclopedia, scheme encyclopedia, contract agreements, documents, teaching materials, teaching plan design, composition encyclopedia, other model essays, etc. if you want to understand different model essay formats and writing methods, please pay attention!课题开题报告（通用10篇）随着人们自身素质提升，报告与我们愈发关系密切，我们在写报告的时候要注意逻辑的合理性。
企业的财务分析开题报告(3篇)
第1篇一、课题背景与意义随着我国经济的快速发展，企业作为市场经济的基本单元，其财务状况直接关系到企业的生存和发展。
对企业进行财务分析，有助于揭示企业的财务状况、经营成果和现金流量，为企业管理者提供决策依据，同时也是投资者、债权人等利益相关者了解企业的重要途径。
因此，对企业进行财务分析具有重要的理论意义和实践价值。
二、研究目的与任务研究目的：1. 了解企业财务分析的基本理论和方法。
2. 分析我国企业财务状况的现状和问题。
3. 探讨企业财务分析对企业管理、投资者决策的影响。
4. 提出改进企业财务管理的建议。
研究任务：1. 梳理企业财务分析的相关理论，包括财务报表分析、财务比率分析、现金流量分析等。
2. 收集和分析我国企业的财务数据，了解企业财务状况的普遍特点。
3. 对特定企业进行财务分析，评估其财务风险和经营状况。
4. 基于分析结果，提出针对性的财务管理建议。
三、研究内容与方法研究内容：1. 企业财务报表分析：主要包括资产负债表、利润表和现金流量表的分析。
2. 财务比率分析：包括偿债能力、营运能力、盈利能力、发展能力等方面的分析。
3. 现金流量分析：分析企业的现金流入、流出和现金流量结构。
4. 企业财务风险分析：评估企业的财务风险，包括经营风险、财务风险和信用风险等。
研究方法：1. 文献研究法：查阅国内外相关文献，了解企业财务分析的理论和方法。
2. 案例分析法：选取具有代表性的企业案例，进行深入分析。
3. 定量分析法：运用财务比率、现金流量等指标，对企业财务状况进行量化分析。
4. 比较分析法：对比不同企业、不同行业、不同地区的财务状况，找出差异和规律。
四、研究进度安排1. 第一阶段（1个月）：完成文献综述，确定研究框架和内容。
2. 第二阶段（2个月）：收集企业财务数据，进行初步分析。
3. 第三阶段（3个月）：对特定企业进行深入分析，撰写分析报告。
4. 第四阶段（1个月）：总结研究成果，撰写论文。
五、预期成果1. 完成一篇关于企业财务分析的开题报告。
2012英语开题报告范文.doc
2012英语开题报告范文the intention of this study is to explore possible advantages of descriptive translation studies as in its application in translation practice and translation analysis.since early 20th century, translation studies gradually broke away from the marginal status within other related disciplines and established itself as an empirical science. from then on, schools of thought have kept coming out and each claims its legitimacy for existence. among these schools is descriptive translation studies (dts).dts approaches translation from an empirical perspective. translation is viewed to be a social activity having significant importance in the receiving culture and for the target community. therefore, translation is dealt with beyond the linguistic realization and language comparison, and is incorporated in social and cultural context.my attention was first directed to dts by its peculiar characteristic of observation, description and explanation. the subject is whatever happens in translation practice, from the determinationof prospective function of translation to the process of translator s choice of strategies, brainstorming and the revision, to the final product making appearance in the target community.the method of dts is basically descriptive. the prescriptive tendency and the problem-solution pattern is abandoned. translation phenomena are noted down. with accumulated data, some underlying truths about translation will come out which will prove to be instructive not only for theoretical probe but also for applied translation practice. i will apply this descriptive method in the case study of this thesis.a convenient tool has been set up to conduct dts. norm is operative at every stage of description and explanation. function, process and product and their relationship as well are skeletal structure of what constitute descriptive studiees. translation phenomena are accounted for with the help of norm.the case taken in this thesis is the chinese classic the dream of red mansions. two english versions translated respectively by yang hsien-yi and david hawks are compared and observations are made in regard to their translation approaches.in this regard, my observations are limited to several aspects, i hope in-depth observation and explanation will done in light of dts.2 outline2.1 development and major concepts of dtsin this part i will describe holms basic map of dts and the relationship between function, process and product. i will also discuss some important concepts such as pseudo-translation, multiple translation, translationese, norm etc.2.2 methodolgyi will in this part discuss the methodology of dts before i apply the same to the case study in this thesis with emphasis to be placed on semiotic approach and the concept norm.2012英语开题报告范文(2)a contrast study will be conducted here with the objective to find the difference of dts from other theories such as equivalence theory and the chinese xin da ya criteria. some advantage will possibly be shown in this study.2.4 case studyin this part, translation of the dream of red mansions (also translated as the story of the stone) will be under investigation in light of dts. translation samples to be quoted here will be selected at random.2.5 conclusionbased on the above elaboration of dts and the case study,possible conclusion will be on the advantage of dts in specific study of translation. suggestions on further research efforts will be made also.(note: while the topic will remain the same, the above arrangement of contents is subject to change in the process of writing.)of its complex subject-matter and available methods. translating is a mental, multi-factorial activity which cannot exhaustively be investigated within a linguistic framework ignoring the person of the translator. (wilss, 1982: 217)噢，这就是恐水病吧？你们贵族圈子怎么流行起这种病来啦？真够呛的！费芬斯小姐，您喝点茶大概没关系吧！（张南峰，1990：59-60）附录3- 范例(仅供参考)wilss, wolfram. the science of translation problems and methods. gunter narr verlag tubingen,1982.newmark, peter. a textbook of translation. new york: prenticehall, 1988.delabastita, dirk. translating puns: a false opposition in translation studies. target, 1991(3:2):137-152.专业：研究方向：作者：导师：写作时间：对外经济贸易大学英语学院（英文）school of international studiesuniversity of international business and economics pragmatic strategiesin advertising: implicatureswang yinga thesis submitted to school of international studies of university of international business and economicsin partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of master of arts。
哈工大毕业设计开题报告样例
(威海)毕业设计（论文）开题报告题目：车载雷达升降系统设计院（系）船舶工程学院专业机械设计制造及其自动化学生学号*********班号0711102指导教师开题报告日期2011年3月5日哈尔滨工业大学(威海)2012年03月说明一、开题报告应包括下列主要内容：1．题目2．课题来源及研究的目的和意义；3．国内外在该方向的研究现状及分析；4．主要研究内容；5．研究方案及进度安排，预期达到的目标及提交成果的形式；6．为完成课题已具备和所需的条件；7．预计研究过程中可能遇到的困难和问题，以及解决的措施；7．主要参考文献。
二、对开题报告的要求1．开题报告的字数应在3000字以上；2．阅读的主要参考文献应在10篇以上，其中外文资料应不少于三分之一。
本学科的基础和专业课教材一般不应列为参考资料。
3．参考文献按在开题报告中出现的次序列出；4．参考文献书写顺序：序号作者.文章名.学术刊物名.年，卷（期）：引用起止页。
三、如学生首次开题报告未通过，需在一周内再进行一次。
四、开题报告由指导教师填写意见、签字后，统一交所在院（系）保存，以备检查。
指导教师评语：指导教师签字：检查日期：目录一、课题来源及研究的目的和意义 (1)二、国内外在该方向的研究现状及分析 (1)1. 机动雷达在国外武器系统中的应用现状 (1)2. 机动雷达在国内武器系统中的特点和现状 (2)三、主要研究内容 (2)1. 研究目标及内容 (2)2. 其他技术性能指标 (2)3. 车载雷达天线液压升降系统的工作过程 (3)4. 详细研究内容 (3)四、研究方案及进度安排，预期达到的目标及提交成果的形式 (4)1. 成果展示形式 (4)2.主要技术性能指标 (4)3. 进度安排 (4)五、本课题已具备和所需条件 (4)1. 已具备条件 (4)2. 所需条件 (4)六、预计研究过程中可能遇到的困难和问题，以及解决的措施 (4)车载雷达升降系统设计一、课题来源及研究的目的和意义1964年，美国最早开始装备了反雷达导弹“百舌鸟”。
开题报告范文精选5篇
开题报告范文精选5篇开题报告是指开题者对科研课题的一种文字说明材料。
这是一种新的应用写作文体，这种文字体裁是随着现代科学研究活动计划性的增强和科研选题程序化管理的需要而产生的。
开题报告要怎么写呢?小编精选了一些关于开题报告的优秀范例，一起来看看吧。
开题报告1.1研究背景及意义1.1.1研究背景新中国成立的初期，我国的法治实践曾有过一段辉煌的成就，但是十年**，使法治建设和法学研究都陷入了低谷。
在改革开放以后，中国的法学研究和法治建设也都走上了正轨，尤其是我国已经建成了自上而下的法律体系。
这表明中国的法治建设取得了很大的成就，一种形式合理性的法律体系已经建立，中国已在根本上实现从无法可依到有法可依的历史性转变。
但同时中国的法治建设也暴露出了很多问题，主要体现在形式法治与实质法治之争的过程中。
首先，由于中国的法律体系是自上而下建构而成。
在法治建设过程中重点受到关注的是法律体系的逻辑合理性，而社会事实以及规则与事实之间的关系则没有得到足够的重视。
使得很多法律规范要么因其与百姓的现实生活无关而被无视，要么因其与社会风俗、生活惯例不同而没有得到人们的自觉有效的遵守。
其次，西方权利话语的力量在立法及司法实践中被人为放大，而传统的道德因素却被排斥在法院门外，导致了像《秋菊打官司》中主人公秋菊那一类人的彷徨和无助，而原本为传统道德所不容的“恶人”却能逍遥法外。
形式法治在法治实践中暴露的问题，凡此种种，不再一一列举。
针对法治实践中出现的种种问题，归根结底也是指导我国法学实践的基础理论面临的难题。
目前中国的改革进程已步入深水区，面对着快速发展和变化着的经济和社会生活，如何能够保证我们的立法既能适应时代的变化，妥善解决社会生活中出现的新问题，又能够保持法律的稳定性给百姓合理的预期;如何能够在司法实践中既排除了其它干扰，保持形式法治的纯洁性实现程序正义，而又不以牺牲传统道德、社会习俗为代价。
面对诸多难题，笔者认为仅仅分析实证主义法学的对法律的逻辑分析的研究方法是难以解决问题的，必须结合法社会学的实证调查、自然法学的价值研究等研究方法和理论成果才能摆脱目前我国法学理论界面临的困境。
2012届开题报告格式
[1]（美）迪尔奥（Deiro,J.A.）著；潘琳译.师生沟通的技巧[M].北京：北京师范大学出版社，2006（11）.
[2]全国十二所重点大学联合编写-2版.心理学基础[M].北京：教育科学出版社，2008,342.பைடு நூலகம்
[3]美.卡耐基.沟通的艺术.[M]北京：中国城市出版社，2007,5.
国内外关于师生沟通已经做了大量的研究，本研究是在已有研究的基础上，再通过问卷研究师生沟通中存在的问题，从而分析原因，提出策略。
主要内容和预期目标：
主要内容：一、对相关概念的界定以及问题的提出
二、小学师生沟通问题的现状调查
三、小学师生沟通问题的形成原因的深入分析
四、小学师生沟通问题的解决措施
预期目标：通过对小学师生沟通问题的现状调查与分析，概括与归纳其所存在的问题的原因，并试图提出相应的解决措施，从而促进师生有效沟通，使学生健康快乐成长。
[4]申继亮.师德心语[M].北京：北京师范大学出版社，2006（3）.
[5]佐斌.教师人际关系和谐[M].北京：中国轻工业出版社，2008（10）.
[6]张惠梅.师生沟通问题的研究[D].华南师范大学，2005（5）.
[7]沙纯娟.小学师生沟通的问题与策略研究[D].辽宁师范大学,2010.
[8]黎亚贤.小学师生沟通的有效性研究[D].东北师范大学,2010.
在国内,比较系统研究此问题的唐思群和屠荣生在《师生沟通的艺术》中，提出有效促进师生沟通的基本条件，分析了师生沟通中常见的错误和障碍，提出了师生沟通的口语艺术、体态艺术和积极聆听的艺术,对师生沟通进行了理论和实践的探索。申继亮教授在《师德心语》(2006)中指出：灵活运用沟通技巧是优化师生关系的重要方面。书中详细介绍了“关注技巧”、“积极聆听技巧”、“探讨技巧”、“同理心”四种技巧，同时指出运用这些技巧的注意事项。佐斌教授在《教师人际关系和谐》(2008)中提出教师应正确认识自我，关注师生关系的和谐，保持师生人际关系的融洽，促进共同发展的指导思想。教师要做到有效沟通，首先要具备建构和谐人际关系的素质，才有能力处理好领导关系、同事关系、师生关系，因此拥有人际和谐的美丽与幸福。
开题报告-金色笔记
英国文学论文——论英国小说《金色笔记》论文作者：英语论文论文属性：职称论文Scholarship Papers登出时间：2012-03-06编辑：lena ding点击率：451论文字数：6524论文编号：org201203061041111241语种：英语论文English地区：中国价格：免费论文收藏：google书签雅虎搜藏百度搜藏关键词：Cubismnovel formrepresentation of realityshaping principlesimultaneitymultiplicityreflexivity摘要：本文运用跨学科的研究方法解读《金色笔记》的小说形式是一种创造性的、有意义的尝试，以期为充实莱辛小说研究提供一个新的视角和研究思路。
AbstractThe Golden Notebook is the most famous work by Doris Lessing. It is remarkable for its rich characterization, sharp political and social criticism, and original experiment on the novel form. The thesis mainly focuses on th e significance of Lessing’s experimentation on the novel form.Doris Lessing reflects upon and explores the relation between representation of reality and novel forms in the book. Based on the shaping principle s by Cubism, the most influential Western art movement in modern times, she constructs the novel form of The Golden Notebook. The principles include the union of time and space, multiplicity of perspectives in representing reality and reflexivity in literary and art creation and observation.The paper expounds the argument from three aspects. Chapter One traces the historical evolution of novel forms and highlights the originality of the novel form in The Golden Notebook. Chapter Two illustrates the close relation between novel and painting and specifies the parallel relation between the novel form in The Golden Notebook and Cubism. Chapter Three analyses in detail the novel form of The Golden Notebook and its parallel relationship with Cubism in terms of shaping principles and dynamics. The interdisciplinary perspective employed in the thesis intends to provide a different reading and research orientation in evaluating the novel form.Key words: Cubism; novel form; representation of reality; shaping principle; simultaneity; multiplicity; reflexivityContentsAbstract (Chinese & English)Introduction 1Chapter One: Forms in Novel 71.1 What Is Form? 71.2 The Evolution of Novel Forms 81.3 What Is New in the Form of The Golden Notebook 11Chapter Two: Novel and Painting 152.1 Novel and Painting 152.2 What Is Cubism? 18Chapter Three: Cubism in the Form of The Golden Notebook 203.1 Simultaneity: The Union of Time and Space 203.1.1 Temporal Form in The Golden Notebook 223.1.2 Spatial Form in The Golden Notebook 243.2 Multiplicity: Fragments and Unity 263.2.1 Breaking into Fragments: Divided Selves in the Four Notebooks 283.2.2 Parts into Whole: the Golden Notebook 313.2.3 An Irony: Free Women 313.3 Reflexivity: From Reality to Observation 34Conclusion 39Bibliography 44AcknowledgementsIntroductionLiterary Review of Doris Lessing and The Golden NotebookAfter many years of toiling in writing, Doris Lessing has now safely established herself as being “the most extraordinary woman writer” (Greene, 1994: 1) and “very much a representative writer for our time” (Bloom, 1986: 7). Her major work The Golden Notebook has been ranked by many critics as “one of the most powerful of post-war British novels” and “the most remarkable work by a woman to appear in Britain since Virgini a Woolf’s” (Bradbury, 2004: 381).Doris Lessing’s critical reputation is remarkable from the very beginning of her literary career. Her success as a professional writer began with the publication of her first novel The Grass Is Singing. It was accepted by Michael Joseph in London in 1950 and was an instant success, being im media tely recognized as an exceptional novel on colonialism. “I had very good reviews, and I had enough money to keep me going f or a bit” (Bookshelf, 1992), as Doris Lessing recalled her early success in an interview by BBC Radio. Her fame has gained steadily ever since.It took Lessing nearly two decades following her first novel to write her next important work, the series of Children of Violence, between 1952, when M art ha Quest was published, and 1969, when The Four-Gated City appeared. In the context of postwar retreat to the conventional and the conservative, The Children of Violence was “something new” (Greene, 1994: 15) indeed. It focuses on Martha Quest’s difficult, painful process of educating herself in search of true identity. Despite its conventional form, the vivid depiction of Martha’s growth in conscious ness evokes the warm sympathy from many readers, especially young women who seemed to have undergone similar frustration. True to what Jenny Taylor observes, “Martha’s quest became the epic, archetypal story of our times” (Taylor, 1982: 5).With the publication of The Golden Notebook, Lessing seems to have reached the peak of her literary fame. The impact it brought to readers as well as critics is tremendous. Gayle Greene frankly evaluates it as “a transformative work and touchstone for a generation” (Gree ne, 1994: 17).Despite her intention of minimizing feminism both as a historical and a con tem porary influence on her writing, Lessing is regarded as one of the early voices of the feminist movement, and The GoldenNotebook one of its key texts. Margaret Drabble hails The Golden Notebook as “a document in the history of (women’s) liberation”(Showalter, 2004: 311). “It was the first book I’ve read, apart from Simone de Beauvoir’s Second Sex, which seemed to be really addressing the problems of women in the contemporary world,” says Margaret Drabble, “Nobody seemed to have written about them in the way that we were experiencing them” (Bookshelf, 1992). Showalter uses the word “monumental” to highlight it among the works of twentieth-century women writers. She interprets the novel as “the work of essential feminist implications” (Showalter, 2004: 311). Elizabeth Wilson describes it as “a manual of woman experience” (Wilson, 1982: 71). Susan Lardner calls it “a feminist gospel, a representative of Modern Woman” (Lardner, 1983: 144). Susan Lyndon describes it as “almost a Little Red Book of women’s liberationists,” “probably the most widely read and deeply appreciated book on the women’s liberation reading list, Simone de Beauvoir’s The Second Sex and Betty Friedan’s The Feminine Mystique notwithstanding” (Lyndon, 1970: 48). Ellen Brooks describes Lessing’s depiction of women as “the most thorough and accurate of any in literature” (Brooks, 1973: 101).However, Doris Lessing herself is somewhat indignant with such critical categorization. In the 1971 introduction to The Golden Noteb ook, she clarifies that “the novel was not a trumpet for Women’s Liberation” (Lessing, 1975: 25). She declares that rather than the sex war, the theme of “breakdown” was the point she aimed at in her novel. She questions the validity of grouping her and her work into feminism and the Women’s Liberation Movement by pointing out that the novel came out ten years earlier than the launching of the Movement (Lessing, 1975: 24).While women are thrilled to find themselves truly depicted and named in the book, the novel receives very different readings from men. To be sure, some men recognize its importance. For exam ple, Louis Kampt describes Lessing’s massive novel as a “significant and exemplary at tem pt to deal with,” “the central questions of modernism” and “a very true, and very great work of art” (Kampt, 1967: 322,326). Rober t Taubman believes it is “unique in its truthfulness and range” (Taubman, 1964: 402). And Irving Howe calls it “the most absorbing and exciting piece of new fiction I have read in a decade” (Howe, 1986: 181). But most other male critics and reviewers find some ways to discount it. Anthony Burgess laments and dismisses The Golden Notebook as “a crusader’s novel,” “unacceptable as a work of art” (Burgess, 1967: 19). P.W. Frederick McDowell similarly criticizes the novel, saying that it is “disorganized,” “subjective” and “a cross between a standard novel and a confession” (McDowell, 1965: 330). Other critics concede that The Golden Notebook has interest for what is revealed about women’s lives but deny that it is art. Walter Ellen concludes that the novel “fails as a work of art” and “the structure is clumsy, complicated rather than complex” (Ellen, 1964: 277). Frederick Karl calls it “the most considerable single work by an English author in the 1960s,” but he too dismisses it on purely literary grounds as “a carefully organized but verbose, almost clumsily written novel” (Karl, 1971: 291). James Gindin, one of the first critics on Doris Lessing, criticizes Lessing’s tendency to condition her characters historically, which suggests an aesthetic shortcoming in creating unforgettable characters that may transcend time and place (Gindin, 1986: 24). Even Harold Bloom, the chief editor of Modern Critical Views, suggests in his introduction to the book that Doris Lessing lacks the style that a piece of art may need when he remarks “Lessing has the spirit, if not the style, of the age” (Bloom, 1986: 7).More recent criticism shares Doris Lessing’s denial of The Golden Notebook as a feminist text. And manycritics are aware of its scope which goes beyond feminist concerns. Ruth Whittaker remarks that reading The Golden Notebook is that of absorbing several different novels (Whittaker, 1988: 75). This observation is true because people’s responses vary according to their process of growth and changing perceptions. And The Golden Notebook is credited with the title of an “encyclopedia of ideas” (Greene, 1994: 1). Viewed in this light, the title is appropriate because The Golden Notebook takes on a lot of big issues at present, including sex, race, class, imperialism, the hope and failure of communism, mental illness and psychosis, even the art and problems of writing. All of these big things are included in one 600-page, epic-like novel. Joanne Frye’s argument also supports the view that the novel “does not argue a feminist position or even center exclusively in female experiences; instead it examines broadly the crises of the twentieth century society and the problems of characterizing those crises in novelistic form” (Frye, 1986: 172). The criticism listed above seems to prove that the novel accomplishes quite well Lessing’s ambition “to describe and present the intellectual and moral climate of the time” (Lessing, 1975: 28).While some critics explore the themes of The Golden Notebook, others notice the innovation Doris Lessing does on the form. Because of its structure of a novel inside a novel, some critics classify The Golden Notebook into metafiction. Malcolm Bradbury is sure of its metafictional category as he says, “The Golden Notebook is no doubt a work of metafiction” (Bradbury, 2004: 380). For other people, the form of The Golden Notebook carries the theme of “fragmentation” or “breakdown” in a way that the novel itself has been fragmented into different sections. In his introduction to the Chinese version of The Golden Notebook, Chen Caiyu maintains that the form of the novel explains the content included in the novel (Chen Caiyu, 1999: 72). And Jiang Hong shares his view as to the form of the novel ( Jiang Hong, 2003: 95).With The Golden Notebook, Doris Lessing has secured her place in the literary world. Honors from all levels and many countries heap on her ever since. In June 1995, she received an Honorary Degree from Harvard University. She was on the list of nominees for the Nobel Prize for Literature and Brit ain’s Writer’s Guild Award for Fiction in 1996. And the honors keep on coming: her autobiography was nominated for the 1997 National Book Critics Circle Award in the autobiography/biography category. In May 1999, she was presented with XI Annual International Catalunya Award, an award by the government of Catalunya. On December 31,1999, in the last Honors List before the new Millennium, Doris Lessing was appointed a Companion of Honor, an exclusive honor for those who have done conspicuous national service. It was officially bestowed by Queen Elizabeth II. In 2001, she was awarded the Prince of Asturias Prize in Literature, one of Spain’s most important distinctions, for her brilliant literary works in defense of freedom and Third World causes. She has also received the David Cohen British Literature Prize ().Doris Lessing is a very prolific writer. Besides The Golden Notebook, she published nineteen novels, eleven volumes of short stories, six works of nonfiction, five plays, and a volume of poetry, and two volumes of autobiography. Her works are widely translated, and she is recognized internationally as a committed novelist dealing with serious issues. Her most recent novel The Sweetest Dream was published in 2001.The Significance of the ThesisMany critics have discussed the themes in The Golden Notebook. In fact, widely included in the novel are familiar themes, which have been explored by different generations of writers. What is different and new about The Golden Notebook is its form, with itself echoing the content in its fragmentation so that theme and form reflect each other. As Ruth Whittaker said, “The Golden Notebook was a radical exam ination of the novel form” (Whittaker, 1988: 76).However, many critics tend to downplay the significance and the function of the novel form Doris Lessing took pains to elaborate. In one of her letters to the publisher, Doris Lessing claims that The Golden Notebook is an at tem pt to “go beyond what has been possible” and “provides a new way of look at life” (Lessing, 1974: 20). She once again asserts in an interview that “It (The Golden Notebook) was a very highly structured book, carefully planned and the point of that book was the relation of its p art s to each other” (Lessing, 1975: 51). She also accuses people of their indifference to or misunderstanding with the significance of the shape of the book as she says, “they were not interested in the shape of the novel, and the point of that shape, and what it meant” (Lessing, 1975: 51).Then, what is the shape of the novel? And what is the point of that shape? And what does it mean? We may as well ask ourselves these questions Doris Lessing once asked us. To her regret, there appears no such art icle or treatise so far on a thorough exploration of the form of The Golden Notebook to do justice to Lessing’s admirable effort in enriching the novel form s and narrative techniques. Most reviews and criticism bend on the discussion about the themes in the novel while remarking on the novel form in no more than several lines. What Doris Lessing suggests to us is that the key to understanding the book lies in its form. And the writer’s own words cannot afford to be discounted.Form usually serves as the carrier of the content and the instrument to convey the content to readers. In fact, literature transmits ideology significantly from forms. As Terry Eagleton suggests, “the true bearers of ideology are the very forms,” and “in selecting a form, the writer finds his choice already ideologically circumscribed” (Eagleton, 1976: 45). In Fredric Jameson’s view, “formal processes” “carry ideological messages of their own, distinct from the ostensible or manifest content of the works” (Jameson, 1982:98-99). Raymond Williams describes forms as “involving social assumptions of causation and consequence” (W illiams, 1977: 176). In fact, Jameson extends the ideology of form to the aesthetic act itself. He elaborates that “the production of aesthetic or narrative form is an ideological act in its own right, with the function of inventing imaginary or formal sol utions to irresolvable social contradictions” (Jameson, 1982: 79).As is shown from what are quoted above, it’s a shared view that the form an artist or a writer chooses reflects his or her perceptions and outlooks about the outside world. To sum up, the formal study of a work is not only necessary but also important to the understanding of the work and its writer. If, as Lessing claims, she tries something new in the form of The Golden Notebook, which she thinks as being overlooked by most critics of her time and not given a justified consideration, I think it’s necessary to analyze, in my thesis, the form of The Golden Notebook so as to find a key to better understand her and her marvelous work.Format of the ThesisThe thesis is an at tem pt to find the plausible explanations to the problems the previous critics have overlooked, or could not foresee, or have not solved, on the study of the novel form in The Golden Notebook.The thesis falls into three chapters. Chapter One is a survey of novel forms in literature history. Chapter Two provides an introduction to the relation between novel and painting, the theoretical background from which my thesis has been developed. Chapter Three presents a detailed study of the form in The Golden Notebook and its parallel relation with Cubism.The Golden Notebook is to be abbreviated as GN when the quotations from it are involved.Chapter OneForms in NovelIf there is something new in the form of The Golden Notebook, it is necessary for us to be informed of what is old based on the survey of the evolutionary history of novel forms. In doing so, we may understand and appreciate better the innovation in the very form of The Golden Notebook.Before our brief survey of the historical change in the novel form, it is necessary to explain the word “form” and in what sense of it that I build on my thesis.1.1 What Is Form?“Form” is one of the most frequently used terms in literary criticism, but also one of the most diverse in terms of its meanings. It is often used merely to design ate a genre or literary type (“the lyric form”, “the short story form”), or for patterns of meter, lines and rhymes (“the verse form”, “the stanza form”). It is also, however, the term for a central critical conception. In this application, the form of a work is the principle that determines how a work is ordered and organized (Abrams, 2004: 101).Th e concept of form varies according to critics’ specific assumptions and theoretical orientation. Many neoclassic critics, for exam ple, think of the form of a work as a combination of component p art s, matched to each other according to the principle of decorum (a term designating the propriety, or fitness in unity of subject matter, characters, actions and the style). In the early nineteenth century, Samuel Taylor Coleridge distinguished between the mechanic form, which is a fixed, preexistent shape, and the organic form, which is like a growing plant achieving its final form, in which the parts are integral to and interdependent with the whole (Burke, 1973: 27-91). Many New Critics use the word “structure” interchangeably with “form”, and regard it primarily as an interaction or ironic and paradoxical tension in an organized totality of “meanings”. Various exponents of Archetypal Theory regard the form of a literary work as a recurrent pattern of human experience which shares with myths, rituals, religions and dreams. And structuralists conceive a literary structure based on the model of linguistic theory (Wellek, 1963:59-88). Narratologists concern the general theory and practice of narratives in all literary forms. They deal especially with academic explorations such as types of narrators, the identification of structural elements and their diverse modes of combination, recurrent narrating devices. Narratologists, accordingly, do not treat a narrative in the traditional way, as a fictional representation of life, but as a sys tem atic formal construction. In other words, they focus on the formal patterns and technical devices of narrative to the exclusion of its subject matter and social values. R. S. Crane, a leader of the Chicago School of criticism, however, made a distinction between “form” and “structure”. The form of a li terarywork is the “dynamics”, the particular working or emotional power that the composition is designed to effect, which functions as its shaping principle. This formal principle controls and synthesizes the “structure” of a work (Crane, 1953: 69). In so doing, he bridges the formal study, or more specifically, the narratological way of formal study of a literary work, with social, historical and cultural study, placing the formal study into a larger social, historical and cultural context. The formal study, thus, acquires a greater depth than before. In this thesis, I base my survey of the novel form in The Golden Notebook mainly on the sense of “form” as proposed by Crane by analyzing first the mechanical structure in form, and then exploring the shaping principle behind it.1.2 The Evolution of Novel FormsAs far as novel forms are concerned, the classification is quite different based on different standards and criteria. Novels can be classified into dozens of forms, and may belong to several of these categories at the same time. Distinctions among forms can be drawn in many ways. Such distinctions include the form in which the works are written, such as epistolary novels, which take the form of letters written between or among characters; the settings, such as regional novels, which focus on life in a certain area; and the purpose, such as propaganda novels, which try to convince the reader to adopt a certain point of view. Other examples of distinct forms include picaresque novels, which describe the adventures of rogues; Gothic novels, which describe ghosts and other elements of the supernatural; science fiction, which portrays other worlds or other possibilities for our world; and detective stories, which focus on mysteries.A few broad genres of the novel reflect some general tendencies. Social novels tend to focus on the outward behavior of characters and how other characters react. Psychological novels explore the inner workings of an individual’s mind. Education novels reco unt a person’s development as an individual. Philosophical novels provide a platform for authors to explore intellectual or philosophical questions. Popular novels usually involve adventure, intrigue, romance or mystery to appeal to a wide range of people. Experimental novels are works in which writers make major innovations in form and style. My thesis intends to focus more on the history of narrative experiments done to the novel form itself rather than discussing it in the light of literary genres.A review of the history of experimentation on the form of novel is of vital importance for a better understanding of the significance of Doris Lessing’s uniqueness and contribution as far as The Golden Notebook is concerned.As the most flexible form of all narrations, the novel form has never been monolithic. Writers in each generation make effort in creating something new to the novel forms. One of the earliest examples of the novel of experimentation is Tristram Shandy (1759-1767) by English writer Laurence Sterne. The book is the autobiography of Tristram Shandy but Tristram himself does not appear until the middle p art of the novel. And the book does not narrate Tristram’s life events accordingly. Instead, it dwells much on small details about the book itself. The novel is filled with asides, wild scholarly digressions, comic scenes, blank pages (to be filled in by the reader), and other experimental features, including a black page to express grief for a departed character (Sterne, 1978). Sterne’s Tristram Shandy opens up a new front for the novel: experimentation with structure and language.During the 19th century the prevailing trend in the novel was realism. The realistic novel relies on the principle of imitating the familiar surface of real life. The form of realistic novels are conventional,including an omniscient point of view, a chronological narrative with a beginning, middle part and an end, as well as conventional sentence structure and non-reflexive subject matter. But still, some experimental efforts appeared at this time. One example is Notes from Underground(1864) by Russian writer Fyodor Dostoevsky. Dostoevsky plunges the reader into the narrator’s complex mindset (Dostoevsky, 1993). The term underground refers to the n arrator’s inner psychology, which dominates the novel and allows the reader little objective perspective. This immersion of the reader in an individual’s thoughts was not a common literary approach at the time.In the late 19th and early20th centuries novelists experimented with narrative form and also continued to produce realistic works with conventionally resolved plots. One of the most important English novelists of the early 20th century was Joseph Conrad. Conrad is considered a master of prose in the English language, and a transitional figure from realism to modernism (Wang Zuoliang & Zhou Yuliang, 1994: 206). Conrad challenges the 19th-century manner of telling a story. In most novels up until this time there is a narrator who describes the characters and action but is outside the story itself. Conrad’s novels employ a character who tells a story within the frame of a third-person narrative. The results open unsettling questions — questions about whom the reader should trust and believe. Conrad also breaks from tradition by using symbolic patterns and recurring images to convey meaning to the reader, rather than the long descriptive passages favored by 19th-century novelists.The 20th century is a time of innovation in form and exploration of new subject matter for the novel. The movement, known as “Modernism”, challenges the mimetic quest of the realistic novel. Virginia Woolf wrote a manifesto for the 20th-century writers in her essay“Modern Fiction” (1925). Life, she argues, is not what the 19th-century realists plotted:Life is not a series of gig lamps symmetrically arranged; life is a luminous halo, a semi-transparent envelope surrounding us from the beginning of consciousness to the end. Is it not the task of the novelist to convey this varying, this unknown and uncircumscribed spirit, whatever aberration or complexity it may display, with as little mixture of the alien and external as possible?(Woolf, 1985: 2034)Woolf’s manifesto reflects a shift of art ists’ interest from the outside world to man’s inner life. She uses the stream-of-consciousness technique, a literary technique in which authors represent the flow of sensations and ideas, to capture the fleeting and chaotic human conscious and subconscious (Li Weiping, 1996: 4). In her works, the linear narrative structure, which is characteristic of realistic novels, gave way to a more fragmented prose, or fluid, unorganized thoughts were expressed without formal sentence structures. The omniscient point of view is dissected into a multiplicity of apparently random impressions. The chronological narrative is modified or abandoned. Woolf’s experimentation on the novel form adds the new dimension to plot and the depth of character portrayal.James Joyce, the Irish writer, also rejects the traditional plotted novels in favor of narratives that register the less-regular motions of consciousness. He expands on stream-of-consciousness technique in Ulysses (1922), a detailed recounting of the events and moments of consciousness in the lives of several Dublin residents during a single day (Joyce, 1988). The book is Joyce’s masterpiece, an exploration of the possibilities of the English language and a work that renders both the physical world of his charactersand the workings of their minds (Li Weiping, 1996: 90).American writer William Faulkner follows the trend of European authors such as Virginia Woolf and James Joyce, in innovating with style. Like t he European authors, Faulkner’s greatness lies not only in his themes but also in his way of rendering them — with experiments in fragmented narrative. In novels such as As I Lay Dying (1930), Faulkner uses stream of consciousness to reproduce the perceptions of different people and to mix fact with legends and illusions (Faulkner, 1990). One of his goals is to present the world as a place where no objective truth exists —that is, a place in which each person has a drama tically different impression of the world (Li Weiping, 1996: 212).Experiments with various aspects of the novel continued through the latter half of the 20th century. In 1962 Doris Lessing published The Golden Notebook. The form of the book is so new that most readers, even the critics, felt too shocked to make sense of it at first. But the significance of the novel form and Lessing’s contribution to th e experimentation on the novels has been noticed over time. Then what is new in its form? The next section devotes to the description of the uniqueness in the form of The Golden Notebook.ConclusionThe central question raised both in Cubism and The Golden Notebook is how to depict reality or truth (the word used by Anna), either by means of art istic devices or by literary forms and language. To find a form for suitable representation of reality is invariably the task for writers and artists in all generations.Since Aristotle, many writers and critics maintain the theory of mimesis that literature and art should imitate reality as truly as they can. For exam ple, Shakespeare holds “mirror theory” to define the nature and function of literature. Dryden claims that literature should be true to real life (Yin Qiping & Gao Fen，2001：4-6). In modern criticism, Tzvetan Todorov invents the term “verisimilitude” to est ablish the major characteristic in the tradition of mimesis theory. By verisimilitude he means that literary works should be in accordance with realities, which are identified and represented in realistic ways in their works (Culler, 1975: 208). The art theories development follows nearly the same route as literary theories do. As I have discussed in previous chapters, before Cubism, artists’ views and representation of external reality are largely realistic in terms of themes and techniques. Therefore, literary works and artistic works before the 20th century are essentially mimetic to the external world. To some extent, before the 20th century, the value of a literary work and art was determined by its ability to imitate the outside world. The more accurate, minute a description of the external details is, the more successful it is as an art to mirror the external reality. The fundamental reason for mimetic mode of representing the world is that people take the external reality as stable, objective, independent of human consciousness and observation. The reality is just “out there”. The task of novelists and artists is to imitate them as vividly and truly as they can. However, in each generation, there are those writers and artists who set out to subvert the realist tradition, to show how it is inadequate for their own particular time, to find out other ways of conveying their perceptions of what constitutes reality. Since Henry James, some writers and critics question the validity and effectiveness of mechanical mimesis theory in literary representation of reality. Henry James first points out that the novel is nothing but “personal impressions on life” (James, 1979: 487). For him, the novel is largely the product of fleeting impressions and its extension by means of imagination which is。
大学毕业论文开题报告开题报告
贵州民族学院人文科技学院学部：工学部年级：2009 级毕业论文(设计）任务书
学生姓名：陈航宇专业: 信息管理与信息系统指导教师: 陈浩
贵州民族大学人文科技学院
本科毕业论文（设计)开题报告论文音乐网站的发展与现状分析
学院(系）人文科技学院
专业信息管理与信息系统
班级09信管(2）班
姓名陈航宇
学号200911102004
指导教师陈浩
填表日期2012。
12.13
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5、要有10篇以上相关文章的阅读量。
6、开题报告撰写不少于1000.
7、理、工科可不提交文献综述。
毕业论文（设计）指导教师意见表学部：工学部专业：信息管理与信息系统年级:2009级
毕业论文（设计）评阅教师意见表
学部：工学部专业:信息管理与信息系统年级: 2009级贵
州民族大学人文科技学院学部:工学部年级：2009 毕业论文（设计）答辩记录表论文（设计）题目：音乐网站的发展与现状分析
学生姓名：陈航宇专业：信息管理与信息系统指导教师:陈浩。
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点阵液晶显示器(LCD)具有信息丰富、功耗低的特点。因此在利用单片机开发各种测试仪器的过程中，LCD常用于显示测试的结果和内容。其中,LCD显示器的驱动问题自然成为技术开发过程中必须解决的一个问题：如何才能驱动显示器的各点,使LCD能够按照正确的格式显示出不同的字符或具有不同格式的同一个字符。
主要参考文献：
1，《Delphi5从入门到精通》，Marco Cantu著，电子工业出版社。
2，《Delphi开发使用手册》，机械工业出版社。
3，《Delphi编程技术内幕》Charlie Calvert著,机械工业出版社
4，Mastering Delphi X Marco Cantu》
5《基于MDK的STM32处理器开发应用》李宁著北京航空航天大学出版社
1.3单片机发展趋势
8位、16位、32位单片机共同发展这是当前单片机技术发展的一个动向。长期以来，单片机技术的发展是以8位机为主的。随着移动通讯、网络技术、多媒体技术等高科技产品进入家庭，32位单片机应用得到了长足发展。以Motorola 68K为CPU的32位单片机97年的销售量达8千万枚。过去认为由于8位单片机功能越来越强，32位机越来越便宜，使16位单片机生存空间有限，而16位单片机的发展无论从品种和产量方面，近年来都有较大幅度的增长。除此以外，低功耗CMOS化，微型单片化，主流与多品种共存，大容量与高性能，串行扩展技术都是单片机的发展趋向
指导教师意见：
签名：年月日
件跨入“奔腾”时代以后，才实现了中西文的统一显示，但是这一切均得益于硬件资源的飞速发展。这是因为汉字的显示处理需要占用更多的资源，以国标GB2312为例，一、二级汉字库共收录了6000多个汉字，每个汉字按16×16点阵计算，一个字模就需要占用32字节的存储空间，整个字库的规模达到200K字节以上，点阵越大,其字库规模可能成倍甚至数倍地增加，因此导致早期的计算机处理汉字显得力不从心。而现在，单片机因其结构简单、体积小、开发成本低，在工业控制和日常生活中得到了广泛应用，但也正因如此，其硬件资源受到很大限制，处理能力无法和PC机相比，在汉字的显示和处理上更受限制。但现在人们已经不再满足于简单的LED显示，是趋向于信息量更大，更直观的LCD等方式，因此对汉字进行显示和处理成为不可回避的问题。
具体进度安排（论文工作各阶段的内容、进行方式、主要措施、完成期限等）：
第1周：收集资料，确定方案。
第2周：参考任务书，完成开题报告。
第3到9周：设计编写软件。
第7周：提交中期报告，总结情况。
第10周：进行软件调试修改。
第11周：完成毕业论文。
第12周：提交论文，根据导师意见进行修改等。
第13周：修改论文准备答辩。
汉字的显示和输出，普遍采用点阵方法。由于汉字数量多且字形变化大，对不同的字形汉字的输出，就有不用的点阵字形。所谓汉字的点阵码，就是汉字点阵字形的代码。存储在介质中的全部汉字的点阵码又称为字库。16×16点阵的汉字其点阵就有16行，每一行有16个点。如果每一个点用一个2进制位来表示，则每一行有1个二进制位，需要两个字节来存放每一行上的16个点，并且规定点阵中二进制位0为白点，1为黑点，这样一个16×16点阵的汉字需要用2×16即32个字节存放一个汉字，构成它在字库中的字模信息。要显示或打印输出一个汉字时，计算机汉字系统根据该汉字的机内码找出其字模信息在字库中的位置，再取出其字模信息作为字形在屏幕上显示或在打印机上打印输出。
2.2汉字显示原理
在PC机的文本文件中，汉字时以机内码的形式储存的，每个汉字占用两个字节长度，为了和ASCII码区别，范围从十六进制的0A1H开始（小于80H的为ASCII码）；将机内码每个字节的最高位屏蔽掉，再以十六进制的形式显示出来，则为国际码；将机内码的每个字节减去0A0H再以十进制显示出来，即为该汉字的区位码。
本科毕业论文（设计）开题报告
题目：基于STM32的汉字库下载的软件设计
学院：信息与电子工程学院
专业：电子信息工程
班级：电子0803
学号：0811100316
学生姓名：祝斌
指导教师：阮元
二○一二年三月
毕业论文题目：基于STM32的汉字库下载的软件设计
1，选题依据：
1源于西方，而西文和中文有着截然不同的特点。为了能显示和处理汉字,经历了使用“汉卡”，改造DOS等方法,但中、西文软件的运行速度和性能还是有着明显的差距。最终在软件推出WINDOW 95 ,硬
在利用单片机进行测试仪器开发的过程中,为了获得驱动LCD显示的字符的点阵结构,直接的做法是：从微机的汉字库系统中,逐点数出所需字符的点阵存储格式,记录下来,再手工换算成单片机能够识别的格式,由单片机利用这些数据驱动LCD.显然,在显示多个字符的时候,这一方法就显得十分笨拙。
本课题就是设计一个汉字下载软件，供显示汉字时使用。
根据对汉字使用频率程度的研究，可把汉字分成高频字（约100个）常用字（约3000个），次常用字（约4000个），罕见字(约8000个)和死字（约45000个），即正常使用的汉字达15000个。我国1981年公布了《通讯用汉字字符集（基本集）及其交换码标准GB2312-80方案》，把高频字、常用字和次常用字集合成汉字基本字符集（共6763个），在该字符集中按汉字使用的频度，又将其分为一级汉字3755（按拼音排序）、二级汉字3008个（按部首排序），再加上西文字母、数字、图形符号等700个，国家标准的汉字字符集（GB2312-80）在汉字操作系统中士以汉字库的形式提供的。汉字库将字库分成94个区，每个区有94个汉字，每一个汉字在字库中有确定的区和位编号（用两个字节），这就是所谓的区位码（区位码的第一个字节表示区号，第二个字节表示位号，因而只要知道了区位码，就可知道汉字在字库中的地址，每个汉字在字库中是以点阵字模形式存储的，如一般采用16×16的点阵形式，每个点用一个二进制位表示，存1的点，当显示的，可以再屏上显示一个亮点。存0的点，则在屏上不显示，这样就把存某字的16×16点阵信息直接用在显示器上，按上述原则则显示器将出现对应的汉字。
2，研究内容与初步方案：
2.1，软件开发工具：Delphi
Delphi，是Windows平台下著名的快速应用程序开发工具(Rapid Application Development，简称RAD)。Delphi是一个集成开发环境（IDE），使用的核心是由传统Pascal语言发展而来的Object Pascal，以图形用户界面为开发环境，透过IDE、VCL工具与编译器，配合连结数据库的功能，构成一个以面向对象程序设计为中心的应用程序开发工具。Delphi被称为第四代编程语言，它具有简单、高效、功能强大的特点。和VC相比，Delphi更简单、更易于掌握，而在功能上却丝毫不逊色；和VB相比，Delphi则功能更强大、更实用。可以说Delphi同时兼备了VC功能强大和VB简单易学的特点。