联考基础班英语讲义(PPT)—语法

英语基础语法串讲
Time length: 6 hours
Lecturer: byk白玉宽
本课的目的
1.转变视角，纠正方法
•可怜的中国学生(政治、英语)•2006年雅思考试中国区口语的最低分2.理清头绪，建立框架
•语法的目的是什么？
•语法的主线是什么？
•见木见林，宏观掌控
语法的作用
1.信息理解的必要条件
•语法是组词成句的规律（和规则），没有语法的词汇堆砌将会变得杂乱无章、毫无意义。

Lateral thinking (迂回思维)first described Edward de Bone 1967 a few years older Edward's son you might imagine Caspar raise an adventurous thinker de Bone so famous Caspar's parents worried any time he would say something bright at school his teachers might snap where you get that idea from
•Lateral thinking (迂回思维), first described by Edward de Bone in 1967, is just a few years older than Edward's son.Y ou might imagine that Caspar was raise d to be an adventurous thinker, but the de Bone was so famous, Caspar's parents worried that any time he would say something bright at school, his teachers might snap, "Where do you get that idea from?"
2. 正确表达的衡量尺度
•掌握句型，轻松套用。

•面对如此雄伟的建筑，你不能不感到心潮澎湃。

十万中国人民用十年的时间才修完这座长城。

千百年来，他巍然屹立在世界的东方，象征着中华民族的勤劳、勇敢和坚不可摧。

3. 选择答案的主要依据
•With the possible exception of equal rights, perhaps the most controversial issue across the United States today is the
death penalty. Many argue that it is an effective deterrent (威
慑) to murder, while others maintain there is no convincing
evidence that the death penalty reduces the number of
murders.
•The principal argument advanced by those opposed to the death penalty, basically, is that it is cruel and inhuman
punishment, that it is the mark of a brutal society, and finally that it is of questionable effectiveness as a deterrent to crime anyway.
•In our opinion, the death penalty is a necessary evil.
Throughout recorded history there have always been those
extreme individuals in every society who were capable of
terribly violent crimes such as murder. But some are more
extreme than others.
•For example, it is one thing to take the life of another in a fit of blind rage, but quite another to coldly plot and carry out the murder of one or more people in the style of a butcher. Thus, murder, like all other crimes, is a matter of relative degree. While it could be argued with some conviction that the criminal in the first instance should be
merely isolated from society, such should not be the fate of the latter type murderer. （讲义P.68）
•…
•65. It can be inferred that the author thinks that
• A. the death penalty is the most controversial issue in the United States today
• B. the second type murderers (in Paragraph 4) should be sentenced to death
• C. the veto of the bill reestablishing the death penalty is of little importance
• D. the value of the death penalty as a deterrent to crime is not to be debated
4. 回避生词的有效手段
•藐视生词，藐视难句。

•The principal argument advanced by those opposed to the death penalty, basically, is that it is cruel and inhuman punishment, that it is the mark of a brutal society, and finally that it is of
questionable effectiveness as a deterrent to crime anyway.
•In our opinion, the death penalty is a necessary evil. Throughout recorded history there have
always been those extreme individuals in every
society who were capable of terribly violent crimes such as murder. But some are more extreme than others.
•For example, it is one thing to take the life of another in a fit of blind rage, but quite another to coldly plot and carry out the murder of one or more people in the style of a butcher. Thus, murder, like all other
crimes, is a matter of relative degree.While it could be argued with some conviction that the criminal in the first instance should be merely isolated from
society, such should not be the fate of the latter type murderer. （讲义P.68）
•阅读的目的是理解和获取信息，寻找你能控制的信息，回避你不认识的字词。

以句子为中心的语法体系——全新的语法视角
一、语法的核心单位——小句
以句子为中心就是以意义为中心
过分强调词法是陷入语言学习泥潭的根本原因
小句的基本结构:
•主+谓（谁做某事）
•主+谓+宾（谁做了什么）
•主+谓+宾+宾（谁对谁做了什么）•主+谓+宾+补（谁把谁怎么了）•主+系+表（谁是什么或怎么样）
(讲义P.23)
•简单句有五个基本句型。

• 1. 主语＋谓语（不及物动词）（＋状语）例如：
•（1）He gets up at six every morning. 他每天早晨六点起床。

•（2）You must leave now. 你现在必须走。

• 2. 主语＋系动词＋表语（状语）例如：
•（1）Their method of counting is different from ours. 他们数数的方式和我们的不同。

•（2）The soup tastes good. 汤的味道不错。

• 3. 主语＋谓语＋宾语例如：
•（1）She is writing a letter. 她正写信呢。

•（2）I saw that man again yesterday. 昨天我又看见那个人了。

• 4. 主语＋谓语＋间接宾语＋直接宾语例如：
•（1）His grandfather gave him a bicycle on his birthday. 他爷爷给他辆自行车作为生日礼物。

•（2）The young lady teaches us maths. 那位年轻的女士教我们数学。

• 5. 主语＋谓语＋宾语＋宾语补足语例如：
•（1）I thought him a very suitable person for that job. 我认为他是那份工作的合适人选。

•（2）We heard someone knocking at the door. 我们听见有人敲门。

二、句子成分的地位
（一）必要成分与非必要成分（二）主要成分与次要成分
三、句子成分分述
1. 主语
主语是信息描述的中心
主语的表现形式及谓语与主语的一致性：1)名词作主语
（讲义P.37-40）
名词的限定
名词的修饰
2 )代词作主语
(讲义P.39)
人称代词：you，I, we, they
名词性物主代词：mine, yours, theirs
不定代词: some, any, such, both, none 疑问代词: who, which, how much/many 关系代词: who, which, that,
3) 名词化的形容词
（讲义P.39）名词化的形容词作主语“the＋形容词（或过去分词或现在分词）”结构，如：the brave, the poor, the rich, the blind, the young, the old, the sick, the wounded, the injured, the unemployed, the dying, the living 等结构担任主语表示一类人时，谓语动词常用复数形式。

4) 名词化了的动词短语
(1)动名词
（讲义P.32）1. 动名词作主语
It（There）is no use/good＋动词的-ing 形式，表示“无用”，是固定用法，=It is of no use（good）to＋动词原形。

It is not much good developing the computer industry if we pay no attention to the work on software.
(2)动词不定式
不定式作主语往往导致不定式作表语。

To see is to believe.
To run away is to show we are afraid, and we are weak.
动词不定式的逻辑主语
在It is+形容词＋to do结构中，一般由for引出主语;如果作表语的形容词用来说明行为人的品质，则用of来引出其逻辑主语。

常见形容词有：absurd（荒唐的），clever（聪明的），bold（大胆的），good/kind（友善的），brave（勇敢的），considerate（考虑周到的），courageous（有勇气的），grateful（感激的），careful（细心的），careless（粗心的），cruel（残忍的），polite（有礼貌的），thoughtful（考虑周到的），wise（明智的），wicked（邪恶的），rude（无礼的）等。

5）从句作主语
名词从句的构成
•that陈述句
•Wh-特殊疑问式
•whether一般疑问句
•从句的语序
•让步意义在名词从句中的表现
Undoubtedly, _______ wins the election is going to have a tough job getting the economy back on its feet. GCT 2003年8.C A. anyone B. who C. whoever D. everyone
6)零主语
祈使句
Follow my advice and you will find your way easier to go.
Hands up or I’ll shoot.
请求式的祈使句也常使用完整句结构Will you please/Shall we/I…?
2. 谓语
谓语说明主语干什么、是什么或怎么样谓语必须由动词来充当
但动词充当的成分不一定是谓语
故有谓语动词与非谓语动词之分
1)动词与短语动词
do with/cope with/learn from
put out/ put off/turn on/ run out
run out of/ get on with
take action/take care
take care of/pay attention to/set fire to/lay emphasis on
2)及物与不及物
有些动词只能作不及物动词：go，hurry
有些动词只能作及物动词：like，do，make 大多数动词既可以作及物动词，也可以作不及物动词：live，write，keep，hide，behave，develop，walk back
许多动词短语加介词后成为及物动词短语：take care, run out, fall out
3)实意动词与连系动词
连系动词用以描述一种状态的存在或变化be，remain，seem, appear
look，smell，taste, sound, feel become, get, turn, go,
区分实意动词与连系动词要靠判断连带成分
4)终止性动词与延续性动词
能否描述状态的持续(完成时)：leave，put on, hide，take off，die
I’m leaving tomorrow.
误：He has left for a few weeks.
正：He has been away for a few weeks.误：I’ve quit the job for four months.
正：It’s four months since I quit the job.
5)时态
时态≠时间
时态﹦时间+方式
四种时间与四种方式•注重理解
6)语态
•语态问题是一个关系问题
•汉语:屋里飞来一只鸟。

•谁作主语,取决于谁是被描写的对象•Sth is done by sb.
•被动语态中的时态
7)语气——虚拟语气（讲义P.33-35）
(1)假设
条件句中的假设：if，as if/as though
wish后
It’s time that…
had/would rather: I’d rather you didn’t take those important documents with you.
if only: If only I had prepared for the questions before I came to this interview.
(2)建议
a.此类动词有：suggest（建议），propose（提议），recommend（建议），move（提议），advise（建议），insist（坚持），urge（极力主张），ask，require，request（要求），demand，desire，order，command（命令），decide，intend（打算），prefer（宁愿）等。

宾语及其对应名词的同位语。

b.表示要求的句式：
It is necessary /essential/important（重要的）/vital（极重要的，不可缺少的）
/imperative（必须的）/urgent（紧要的）/advisable（应该的）/proper（适当的）/obligatory（必须的）/desirable（令人满意的，值得的）/appropriate（合适的）/ fitting（合适的）/strange（奇怪的）that…
A recent survey suggested that if money were not an issue, most mothers ____ not to work at all. （2004GCT）C
A. should prefer
B. prefer
C. would prefer
D. preferred
If they had sent a check to the telephone company last week, their
telephone_______ out of service at this moment. GCT 2003年C
A. will not be
B. will not have been
C. would not be
D. would not have been
The extensive survey suggested that their assumptions _______ totally wrong.
GCT 2003年7.A
A. were
B. be
C. was
D. would be
3.宾语
1)宾语与主语的一致性
自身代词不能作主语，但能作宾语Behave yourself!
hide oneself behind the door own:
my own car
a car of your own
2) 不定式作宾语
（讲义P.30-31）动词＋带to的不定式结构
只能跟动词不定式的动词: afford，agree，aim，appear，arrange, ask，believe，care，claim，decide，decline（拒绝），demand，desire，determine，endeavor（努力），expect，fail，hesitate，hope，intend，long，manage，mean，offer，pretend，promise，refuse，struggle，seek，swear（发誓），undertake（承担），wish等。

•动词＋疑问代（副）词＋不定式
常见的动词：advise，decide，discuss，find out，discover，forget，inquire（询问），know，learn，remember，see，settle，teach，tell，think，consider，show，understand，wonder等。

疑问代（副）词包括what，when，where，which，how，whether等，但不包括why。

3) 动名词作宾语
•某类动词和短语后面只能接动名词做宾语，不能是动词不定式，如：acknowledge，admit（坦白，承认），
advise，advocate，anticipate，appreciate，avoid，can’t help，consider，contemplate（深思），
delay，deny，dislike，enjoy，escape（躲过，避
开），excuse，fancy，finish，give up，imagine，include，keep on，justify，mean（意味着，等于），mind（在乎），miss，postpone，practise，
prohibit，put off，quit，recall，resist，resume，
risk（冒险于……），suggest，threaten等。

•表示征询意见的“How about＋动名词？”，“What about ＋动名词？”
4) 这些词既可以接不定式，也可接动名词，不需要区分
•begin
•continue
5) 这些词既可以接不定式，也可接动名词，但有区分
•like/dislike/hate
•try
•stop
•go on
4. 双宾语结构
•哪些动词:give, offer, tell, teach, make, buy, charge, do, find, lend, send, pass, leave •to与for
•被动语态问题
5. 补语
“宾语+补语”构成复合宾语
动词+宾语+补语=汉语中的兼语结构
能跟复合宾语的动词及其相应的补语形式：1）elect, choose, make, call, name, think, consider通常用名词作宾语补足语。

They made him head of the workshop.
2) find, wish, set, keep, get, make, believe, consider, think, prove后可接带形容词补语的复合结构
I believe them honest.
3) ask, tell, know, expect, allow, persuade, permit, remind, want, warn 后接带不定式的复合宾语。

I warned him not to do that again.
let , make, have, see, hear, watch, feel, notice, observe 等动词后的不定式不带to；help后的to可带可不带。

4）keep，leave, have, get, find, feel, hear, notice, observe, see, smell, watch后可接带现在分词的复合宾语。

Keep the fire burning low.
5) keep，leave, have, get, make, find, feel, hear, see, notice, watch后可接带过去分词的复合宾语。

They went away and left the work unfinished.
The speaker tried hard to make himself understood.
6) choose, treat, regard, recognize, look upon, think of, accept 等动词后可接as引起的补足语。

I look upon him as my best friend.
7) 个别动词后可接介词短语作补语：find，keep。

We found him in very good condition.
6.表语
•表语说明主语是什么或怎么样。

•名词性的表语（名词、代词、不定式、动名词、宾语语从句）说明主语是什么You are somebody, but we are nobodies. That is why I refused to go the party.
What I don’t understand is why he said nothing at the moment.。